为您找到与说明书怎么写英语相关的共200个结果:
商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的,内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。下面读文网小编为大家带来商务英语文书写作常用结束语,欢迎大家阅读!
1. Please excuse my late reply to your very friendly letter of March 1.
2. I hope you will forgive me for not having written you for so long.
3. I hope you will excuse me for not having replied to you until today. 4. I humbly apologize you for my delay in answering to your kind letter of May 5.
5. I have to (must) apologize you for not answering your letter in time.
6. I must ask you to kindly accept our excuses, late as they are.
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商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的,内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。下面读文网小编为大家带来商务英语文书写作常用开头语,欢迎大家阅读!
1. I have the pleasure of stating, in answer to your inquiry of the 4th inst, that
2. In reply to your letter of the 5th of May, I have to inform you that (of)
3. I hasten to answer your inquiry of the l5th May, by stating that
4. We are in receipt of yours of the 5th June, in reply to which we are pleased to state that
5. In reply to yours of the l0th May, relative to……, I would say that
6. I am in receipt of your favour of the 7th May, and in response I inform you that (of)
7. In response to your letter of l0th May, I wish to say that
8. In answer to your favour of the 5th May regarding…… I reply as follows:
9. Answering your letter of the 8th of February re……, I would say that
10. In reply to your letter of February 8th, I inform you that (of)
11. Replying to yours of the 8th of February regarding……, I would say that
12. Replying to your favour under date of February 8th re……, I say that
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说明书,是对某事或物来进行相对的详细描述,方便人们认识和了解某事或物。那么你知道说明书用英语怎么说吗?下面跟读文网小编一起学习说明书的英语知识吧。
1. Too often he only absorbs half the information in the manual.
他对于说明书上所说的经常是一知半解。
2. The instructions look very complicated.
这说明书看起来很难懂。
3. This composite illustration was made by putting together a number of drawings.
这本综合说明书是集若干图片汇合而成的.
4. It took me a long time to catch on to the directions.
我花了很久才弄明白说明书的意思.
5. An order form was included with the prospectus.
订单附在说明书上.
6. The written directions are attached to the tool.
这个工具附有使用说明书.
7. Builders will then be sent the specifications and asked to submit a tender for the work.
建筑商们将会收到说明书,并被邀请参与该项目投标。
8. Having seen the manual, he pick the extinguisher.
看完了说明书,他拿起了灭火器。
9. I'm not mechanical like my father; I have to follow the instructions.
我没有爸爸那么精通机械,所以得按说明书上说的去做。
10. Always read the instructions before you start taking the medicine.
在服药之前一定要先阅读说明书。
11. The engineer needs to carefully study the manufacture's data sheets.
技术员需要认真研究产品说明书.
12. I wonder if the literature can be put in straightforward Chinese.
我不知道那些说明书能不能译成简明易懂的中文.
13. I can't make head ( n ) or tail of these instructions.
我对这说明书摸不着头脑.
14. If you read the instructions, you'll see where you went wrong.
你要是看一下说明书就知道你错在哪儿了.
15. Thank you. There are some illustrations of the latest model computers.
谢谢您. 这是一些最新型电脑的说明书.
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小编为大家整理了用药说明书英语翻译。一起来学习一下吧!
眼药水
To prevent contamination, do not let the tip of the eye drop applicator touch any surface (including the eye) and keep the container tightly closed.
为防止污染,切勿将点眼器碰触物体表面(包括眼睛),将盖盖紧。
The bottle may not be full; this is to provide proper drop control.
眼药瓶内留有一定空隙,便于滴药时控制。
How to apply: First, wash your hands. Tilt your head back and, with the index finger, pull the lower eyelid away from the eye to form a pouch. Drop the medicine into the pouch and gently close your eyes. Do not blink. Keep your eyes closed for 1 to 2 minutes.
用法:先洗手。头后仰,用食指将下眼睑下拉,使成袋状。将药物滴入袋内,轻轻合上眼睛。勿眨眼。合眼1-2分钟。
If your medicine is for glaucoma or inflammation of the eye: Follow the directions for application that are listed above. However, immediately after placing the drops in your eye, apply pressure to the inside corner of the eye with your middle finger. Continue to apply pressure for 1 to 2 minutes after the medicine has been placed in the eye. This will help prevent the medicine from being absorbed into the body and causing side effects.
青光眼或炎症眼药:按药物说明使用。药物滴入眼睛后,即用中指按压眼内角1-2分钟,以防止药物被躯体吸收,导致副作用。
After applying the eyedrops, wash your hands to remove any medicine.
用药毕,洗手,放好药品。
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以下是小编为大家整理的英语数字书写规律的用法总结,希望能帮助大家更好提高英语水平。
在汉英笔译和英语写作中,经常会遇到数字;哪些场合用单词表示,哪些场合用阿拉伯数字表示,往往使人难以确定,现行语法书中也极少涉及此类问题。
实际上,以英语为母语的国家,在书写数字时已形成几条约定俗成的规则:
一. 英美等国的出版社在排版时遵循一条原则,即1至10用单词表示,10以上的数目用阿拉伯数字(也有的以100为界限),这条原则值得我们行文时借鉴。
Eg. That table measures ten feet by five.
那个工作台长10英尺,宽5英尺。Eg. The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50-minute class session two or three times a week.
由一个教授和十名学生每周会晤两三次,每次授课时间45到50分钟,是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。
二. 遇到日期、百分比、带单位的特殊数字,通常用阿拉伯数字。
Eg. Maximum swivel of table is l20.
工作台的最大回转角度是120度。
Eg. 3rd March l991或3 March l991;
a discount of 5 percent(5%的折扣);
Eg. purchased 7 yards of carpet(买7码地毯);
Eg. ordered 2 pounds of minced steak
(订购2磅剁碎的肉)。
如果涉及的数目和单位是不定数,可用单词表示。
Eg. about five miles per hour(每小时大约5英里)
Eg. at least ten yards away(至少有10码远)
Eg. hesitated for a moment or two(犹豫了片刻)
Eg. I have warned you a hundred times(我已经警告你多少遍了)。
三. 人数用阿技伯数字表示显得更简洁明了,但不定数量、近似值用单词表示较恰当。
Eg. There are 203817 voters on the electoral rolls.
选举名单上有203817个投票人。
Eg. Nearly thirty thousand voters took part in this election.
近3万个投票人参加了这次选举。
四. 在科技文章中,数字频繁出现,用阿拉伯数字比用单词陈述更有利。
Eg. The new engine has a capacity of 4.3 litres and a power out-put of 153 kilowatts at 4400 revolutions per minute.
这台新发动机的容积为4.3升,转速为每分钟4400转时输出功率是153千瓦。
Eg. We know that the weight of a cubic foot of air at 0oC and 76cm,pressure is 0.08l pound, or 12 cubic feet of air weigh a pound.
我们知道,1立方英尺的空气在0摄氏度和760毫米汞柱压力下,重量是0.81磅,也就是说12立方英尺空气的重量是1磅。
五. 句首不用阿拉伯数字,句末要尽量避免用阿拉伯数字。
Eg. 4th July is an important date in American history.
应该写成The fourth of July...
Eg. 19 couples took part in the ballroom dancing competition.
19对选手参加了交际舞比赛。
应改写成:Nineteen couples took...
Eg. 60%profit was a reported.
据报道有60%的利润。
应改写成:Sixty per cent profit…
Eg. 1345 kilograms force was applied at the center point of the bar.
试验时在杆的中点加1345公斤力。
可改成When tested, a force of l345 kg was applied...
六. 遇到分数,可用带连字符号的单词表示。
Eg. At 1east two-thirds of the class have had colds.
这个班至少有三分之二的学生患重感冒。
Eg. Nitrogen forms about four-fifths of the atmosphere.
氮约占大气的五分之四。
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假设有人给了你一次生命,你将会如何用笔书写你的人生,让你的生命更加充满意义。下面是读文网小编为大家带来的经典英语散文欣赏:书写你的生命,希望大家喜欢!
Suppose someone gave you a pen — a sealed, solid-colored pen.
You couldn't see how much ink it had.
It might run dry after the first few tentative words or last just long enough to create a masterpiece (or several) that would last forever and make a difference in the scheme of things.
You don't know before you begin.
Under the rules of the game, you really never know.
You have to take a chance!
Actually, no rule of the game states you must do anything. Instead of picking up and using the pen, you could leave it on a shelf or in a drawer where it will dry up, unused.
But if you do decide to use it, what would you do with it? How would you play the game?
Would you plan and plan before you ever wrote a word?
Would your plans be so extensive that you never even got to the writing?
Or would you take the pen in hand, plunge right in and just do it, struggling to keep up with the twists and turns of the torrents of words that take you where they take you?
Would you write cautiously and carefully, as if the pen might run dry the next moment, or would you pretend or believe (or pretend to believe) that the pen will write foreverand proceed accordingly?
And of what would you write: Of love? Hate? Fun? Misery? Life? Death? Nothing? Everything?
Would you write to please just yourself? Or others? Or yourself by writing for others?
Would your strokes be tremblingly timid or brilliantly bold? Fancy with a flourish or plain?
Would you even write? Once you have the pen, no rule says you have to write. Would you sketch? Scribble? Doodle or draw?
Would you stay in or on the lines, or see no lines at all, even if they were there? Or are they? There's a lot to think about here, isn't there?
Now, suppose someone gave you a life...
里面有多少墨水你看不到。
很可能刚刚试写几字便用干耗尽;也可能足以完成一部或几部杰作,永存于世,使世事为之大变。
而这一切你在动笔之前却是一无所知。
根据游戏的规则,你确实永远也不会知道,
只能冒一下险。
而事实上,也没有规则说你就一定要做些什么。你大可以把笔搁在架子上、放在抽屉里,弃置不用,任墨水蒸发干净。
然而,如果你真的决定使用,你会做什么?怎么来做这个游戏?
你会左计划、右计划,然后才慢慢下笔吗?
计划会不会太泛太多,根本就达不到写作这一步?
会不会提笔在手,迫不及待地投入其中,任由手中的笔、笔下的字带着你在词海中上下翻腾、左突右冲?
会不会下笔谨小慎微,似乎墨水随时都将干涸?会不会假装或相信、或假装相信笔中墨水永不会枯竭,任你挥洒?
你会写些什么?爱情?仇恨?乐趣?痛苦?生命?死亡?虚无空空抑或世事万种?
是会用来自娱?还是取悦他人?还是为人写作而愉悦自身?
你的一笔一划会颤抖怯懦还是亮丽大胆?花里胡哨还是朴实无华?
你确实会去写吗?你一旦有了这枝笔,却也没有规则说你一定就要去写。你会粗粗写来?潦潦草草?信手涂鸦?还是认真描画?
你会写在线里还是写在线上,或者对纸上的线格根本就视而不见?真的有什么线格吗?此时此刻,有很多东西值得思考,不是吗?
那么,假设有人给了你一次生命……
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写作能较全面地反映一个人的语言水平,故在四、六级英语考试中占有重要的地位。从现在学生掌握的单词量和所接受的阅读训练来说,六级作文并不难,但有些学生就是写不好、成绩不佳,甚至连八分段也未能进入。究其原因,笔者认为有以下几个方面的因素:
说明文以背景介绍法最为常见。背景介绍法就是从谈论话题的相关背景开始,从而给读者一种心理准备,很自然的导入对话题的讨论。这种方法一般以Nowadays, with the development of society, sth has become increasingly serious 等开头,常见用词还有:common, popular, prevalent, rampant 等。
还可以用数据法开头,即用具体的数据来引出要谈论的话题。这样的数据会让读者觉得很有说服力。但考试现场我们一般难以找到准确的相关数据,所以02.6月“大学生使用电脑”之类的文章就是让我们通过对图表中具体数据的描述来展开文章。很多同学总觉得图表作文难写。其实这类文章的开头高度模式化,常见语言由As can be revealed from the table 等。
这类文章还可以用场景描写开头。但一般没有固定模式,需要作者根据具体话题设计一个场景,然后用精彩的语言将这个场景苗栩栩如生地描绘出来,让读者如临其境,从而产生强烈的阅读欲望。如我在一篇文章中为考生设计的“诚信危机”的开头
Customers falling victims of false commercials; patients losing lives for the effect of shoddy medicines; students caught cheating in exams; scholars found plagiarizing in their writings published. All these are nothing new. What’s alarming is that these phenomena are on the rise these days.(description)(下面可列举原因)
当然还有很多其他开头方法,在此不一一赘述。至于主体和结尾部分,这种文章的写作模式化也很强。下面就这次考试的题目给大家提供一篇文章供大家参照:
Nowadays, it is known to all that China has become a place of rampant pirated products: pirated CDs, pirated VCDs, pirated DVDs, pirated books… They are available everywhere and we are so accustomed to the phenomenon that we won’t feel it strange to see pirated copies of the latest movies even before they are on shown in theatres.
The reasons for the phenomenon, which are obvious to all, can be listed as follows:
First of all, the price of the products that are pirated is too high that most people cannot afford it. Second, the price of the pirated products is much lower and, in some cases, the pirated product doesn’t necessarily mean low quality. Also playing a part is the local government. Some officials give top priority to economy. They will tolerate, or even encourage, anything so long it can bring them financial income.
But the pirated products really do much harm. First, they infringe intellectual property rights. Second, they offend against the rules of the market. As a result of piracy, companies investing in invention will inevitably run bankruptcy and our society will stop where it is. No advance. No progress.
In view of the seriousness of the problem, effective measures should be taken: for one thing, it is high time that people all over China realized the harm of piracy; for another, the government should issue strict laws and regulations in order to put the situation under control.
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说明指解释清楚:说明原因。也指解释的话:产品使用说明。那么,你知道说明的英语怎么说吗?
她向老板说明了自己那种表现的原因。
She explained her conduct to her boss.
盒上印有装配模型的简要说明。
Simple directions for assembling the model are printed on the box.
我向他作了详细说明,好让他能找到那房子。
I gave him full directions to enable him to find the house.
说明英语怎么写
这并不足以说明问题。
That's not an adequate explanation.
他指着图表来说明他的论点。
He pointed at the diagram to illustrate his point.
我们虽然依照说明书去做,但是还不能将这机器装配起来。
We followed the directions but could not put the machine together.
给一个词下定义要比举例说明它的用法困难。
To give a definition of a word is more difficult than to give an illustration of its use.
说明书是针对直接承包者的。说明书对工程项目提供顺序井然、层次清晰的文字说明材料。
They present a written description of the project in an orderly and logical manner.
按照说明保存该控件的说明文件。
Follow the instructions to save a description file for the control.
以下说明中未详尽说明详见各施工图。
Please refer to each shop drawing for details not covered in this instruction.
这仅有助于说明这一点。
This only goes to show the point.
代表团认为有必要说明自己的立场。
The delegation deems it necessary to state its position.
演讲者举出他提到的那些书的段落来说明他的话题。
The speaker illustrated his talk with readings from the books that he hadmentioned.
事实充分说明这种做法是正确的。
The results show clearly that this procedure is correct.
但它很好地说明了概念。
But it illustrates the concept well.
那么,这说明了什么?
So what does this show?
我们相信这张图片已经足以说明一切了。
We believe the picture does all the explaining for us.
我一直在等待有人向我说明这个神秘符号。
I kept waiting for someone to show me the secret handshake.
他费了很大的劲,才向他说明了这件事。
They had some difficulty in explaining this to him.
如 图3说明的那样,我除去了所有域。
As Figure 3 illustrates, I removed all the fields.
诚实还得来自社会的压力:在家庭、在学校、在工作中,我们每一个人可以通过自身言行说明哪些行为是不允许的,以此鼓励人们诚实。
Honesty will have to come from social pressure: in the family, at school, on thejob, each and every one of us can encourage honesty by showing whichbehaviors are unacceptable.
本文(第二篇文章)中的一些代码利用了第一篇文章中的代码,但没有详细说明。
Some of the code in this second article draws upon code in the first article withoutexplaining the details.
说明在哪里下载这个服务器以及如何安装它。
Shows you where to go to download the server and how to install it.
让我们用一个示例来加以说明。
Let me illustrate this with an example.
从那以后我们又添加了一些说明 的文字。
Since then we have added some language explaining it.
是的,说明他们的意思。
Yes, to explain what they meant.
如果没有关键字,您没有什么要做的,那么说明您是不感兴趣的。
If there are no keywords, there is nothing for you to do, so indicate that you arenot interested.
那就说明了她不在这里的原因。
That explains why she is not here.
请你说明一下怎样填这张表好吗?
Could you explain how to fill this out?
我之所以选择这三种方法,并不是因为它们如何棒,而是举例说明你可以用来优化程序的几种方式。
I chose these three methods not because they are exhaustive, but to illustratesome ways in which you can optimize your program.
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在英语说明文中,阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重,其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述,英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分:第一部分一般是文章的第一段,提出文章的主题,也就是说,文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容;第二部分是文章的主体,可由若干个段落组成,对文章的主题进行展开说明;第三部分是结尾段,对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出,要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中,常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种:
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
Early Rising
Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First, it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly, early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,“Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all, …Secondly, …And finally, …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all, …Secondly, …And finally,
必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first, second…等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
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国际音标(英语语音) | |||||||
元 音 | 单元音 | 前元音 | [i:] | [i] | [e] | [æ] | |
中元音 | [ʌ] | [ə:] | [ə] | ||||
后元音 | [u:] | [u] | [ɔ:] | [ɔ] | [a:] | ||
双元音 | 开合双元音 | [ei] | [ai] | [ɔi] | [əu] | [au] | |
集中双元音 | [iə] | [εə] | [uə] | ||||
辅 音 | 爆破音 | 清辅音 | [p] | [t] | [k] | ||
浊辅音 | [b] | [d] | [g] | ||||
摩擦音 | 清辅音 | [f] | [s] | [ʃ] | [θ] | [h] | |
浊辅音 | [v] | [z] | [ʒ] | [ð] | |||
破擦音 | 清辅音 | [tʃ] | [tr] | [ts] | |||
浊辅音 | [dʒ] | [dr] | [dz] | ||||
鼻音 | (浊辅音) | [m] | [n] | [ŋ] | |||
舌侧音 | (浊辅音) | [l] | [r] | ||||
半元音 | (浊辅音) | [w] | [j] |
前元音:[i:] [i] [e] [æ]
前元音发音要领:舌尖抵下齿,舌前部向硬颚抬起,双唇不要收圆。
注意:[i:]是长元音,发长元音时要比发短元音长两倍以上。
[i:]①舌尖抵下齿,舌前部尽量向硬颚抬起。②嘴唇向两旁伸开,成扁平形。
[i] ①舌尖抵下齿,舌前部向硬颚抬起。② 发音短促,上下齿之间可容纳小指尖。
[e] ①舌尖抵下齿,舌前部稍抬起,比[i:]低。②牙床开得比[i:]宽,上下齿间可容纳一个食指。
[æ]①舌尖抵下齿。 ②双唇向两旁平伸,嘴张开比e大,两齿间可以容纳食指和中指。
中元音:[ʌ] [ǝ:] [ǝ]
中元音发音要领:舌尖抵住下齿,但不如发前元音时抵得那样紧。舌身的中部隆起,扁唇(双唇不要收圆)。
[ǝ:]①舌中部稍抬起。②双唇和发[i:]时相似。
[ǝ] ①舌中部抬起。②牙床半开半合,短促有力。
[ʌ] ①舌中部稍抬起。②开口程度和[æ]相似,唇形扁。
后元音:[ɑ:] [ɔ] [ɔ:] [u] [u:]
后元音发音要领:
①舌尖不触下齿,舌身后缩,舌后部向软颚抬起,除[ɑ:]外,双唇要收圆。
②发[ɑ:][ɔ:][u:]时要注意长度,不要发得太短。
[ɑ:] 舌尖不触下齿,口张大,舌身平放后缩。
[ɔ] ①舌尖不触下齿,口张大,舌身尽量降低并后缩。②双唇稍稍收圆。
[ɔ:] ①舌后部比发[ɔ]时抬得略高。②双唇也收得更圆更小,并须用力向前突出。
[u] ①舌尖不触下齿, 舌后部向软颚抬起,舌身后缩。 ②双唇收圆,稍向前突出。
[u:] 双唇比发[u]时收得更圆更小,向前突出,舌后部比发[u]时抬得更高。
双元音:[ei] [ai] [ɔi] [ǝu] [au] [iǝ] [uǝ] [Ɛǝ]
双元音发音要领:①由两个元音组成,发音时由第一个向第二个元音的部位滑动,但不完全到达第二个元音的部位。
②前重后轻,第一个元音响亮清晰。第二个元音轻弱模糊。
③前长后短,第一个元音较长。第二个元音较短促。
[ei] ①由[e]向[i]滑动,但不到[i]的部位就停止发音。②发音过程中下颚和下唇向上移动。
[ai] ①[a]是个前元音(不是后元音[ɑ:]),和汉语普通话“a”音相似。②从[a]向[i]滑动。
[ɔi] ①开始部分舌位在[ɔ]和[ɔ:]之间。②由上述部位向[i]滑动,由圆唇变成扁唇。
[ǝu]由[ǝ]向[u]滑动, 双唇由扁到略为收圆,但不到[u]的部位就停止发音。
[au] ①开始部分和[ai]中的[a]相同,①由[a]向[u]滑动时把双唇逐渐收圆,舌后部随之稍稍抬起。
[iǝ] ①发[i]时注意用扁唇,嘴不要张得太开,以免发成[e]或[æ]。②舌身稍向后缩,从[i]很快滑向[ǝ]。
[Ɛǝ] ①[Ɛ]是个前元音,发音时舌尖触下齿,舌位半开,舌前隆起。②舌身稍向后缩,由从[Ɛ]很快滑向[ǝ]
[uǝ] ①[u]不要发成[u:]。②舌身稍向前移,由从[u]很快滑向[ǝ]
三、辅音发音说明
爆破辅音:[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
爆破音发音要领:
[p] [t] [k]是清辅音,发音时声带不振动,送气要强。
[b] [d] [g]是浊辅音,发音时声带必须振动,送气要强。
[p] [b]双唇紧闭,然后突然分开,气流冲出口腔。
[t] [d]舌尖紧贴上齿龈,形成阻碍,然后突然下降,气流冲出口腔。
[k] [g]舌后部隆起,紧贴软颚,形成阻碍,然后突然离开,气流冲出口腔。
摩擦辅音:[f] [v] [s] [z] [ʃ] [Ʒ] [Ɵ] [ð]
摩擦音发音要领:
[f] [s] [ʃ] [Ɵ]是清辅音,发音时声带不振动。
[v] [z] [Ʒ] [ð]是浊辅音,发音时声带必须振动。
[f] [v]①下唇轻触上齿。②气流由唇齿间的缝隙中通过,摩擦成音。
[s] [z] ①舌端及舌尖靠近上齿龈,但不接触。②上下齿靠拢,但不要咬住。③气流由舌端与上齿龈之间逸出,摩擦成音。
[ʃ] [Ʒ]①舌尖和舌端抬向上齿龈后部,但不接触。②舌身两侧紧贴上颚,形成狭长的通道③双唇略微突出。
[Ɵ] [ð]①舌尖置于上下门齿之间。②气流由舌齿间的窄小缝隙逸出,摩擦成音。
摩擦音[h] [r] [j] [w]及舌侧音 [l]
摩擦音发音要领:
[h]是清辅音,发音时声带不振动。
[r] [j] [w]是浊辅音,发音时声带必须振动。
[h]①发音器官呈发元音的姿势,声门张开。②气流不受阻碍,自由逸出口腔,声带不振动
[r] ①舌尖卷起,靠近上齿龈后部②舌两侧紧贴上齿龈两侧。③双唇收圆略突出,声带振动。
[j] ①舌前部向硬颚抬起,但不抵住。②双唇向两旁伸展成扁平形,声带振动。③发音急促短暂,一经发出,立刻向后面的元音滑动。
[w] ①舌后端向软颚抬起,但不抵住。②双唇收圆略突出,声带振动。②发音急促短暂,一经发出,立刻向后面的元音滑动。
[l] ①舌端紧抵上齿龈,气流从舌的一侧或两侧逸出。②舌前向硬颚抬起,气流从舌的两侧逸出。声带振动
破擦音:[tr] [dr] [ʧ] [ʤ] [ʦ] [ʣ]
破擦音发音要领:
[tr] [ʧ] [ʦ]是清辅音,发音时声带不振动。
[dr] [ʤ] [ʣ]是浊辅音,发音时声带必须振动。
[ʧ] [ʤ] ①舌尖和舌端抵住上齿龈,形成阻碍。②气流舌和齿龈间冲出。
[tr] [dr]①舌身作发[r]音的姿势。②舌尖抵上齿龈后部,堵住气流。③发出短促的[t]后立即发[r]。
[ʦ] [ʣ]①舌端贴住上齿龈,堵住气流。②然后舌尖略为下降,气流随之泄出。
鼻(辅)音:[m] [n] [ŋ]
鼻音发音要领:
①软颚下垂,口腔通道完全堵塞,气流从鼻腔逸出。
②三个鼻辅音[m] [n] [ŋ]都是浊辅音,发音时声带必须振动。
③鼻辅音在词末时,发音略为延长。
[m]双唇紧闭,舌身平放,软颚下垂,气流从鼻腔逸出。
[n]①舌尖紧贴上齿龈,形成阻碍。②双唇不闭,软颚下垂,气流从鼻腔逸出。
[ŋ]舌后部抬起并抵住软腭,软颚下垂,堵住口腔通道,气流从鼻腔逸出。
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也许你们的班级也有班规,那你能够根据你的情况写一篇关于班规类型的英文作文吗?下面是读文网小编带来班规英语作文,以供大家学习参考。
Students should get to school for a half-hour reading before 7:30. Everyone should be in class on time. Every class we should listen to the teachers carefully and quickly get to work on the activity. And we should do our homework carefully. Our teachers are able to know from our work how we are going on with our lessons. So, it is a must to hand in our class work and homework on time. The fourth rule is that everyone must do their own work. Cheating will not be allowed. The last rule is important, too. We should keep our classroom as clean as possible. We should remember to throw waste things into the waste basket, not on the floor. Do not write on the desks, tables, or chairs. In this way, we will have a good environment for learning.
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语说明文的写作方法,以供大家学习参考。
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
Early Rising
Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First, it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly, early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,“Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all, …Secondly, …And finally, …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all, …Secondly, …And finally,
必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first, second…等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
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在商务英语信函写作中,首先要掌握的是写作格式。本文叙述了商务英语信函写作格式的构成及其格式特征,并指出在写作中应注意的格式特点及主要环节。
根据个人或公司的喜好,可以选择使用齐头式或缩头式。但不论选择哪一种格式,一般商务英语书信的结构都包括以下几部分内容:
(1) 信头(the letter - head)
(2) 案号和日期(the reference and date)
(3) 封内名称和地址(the inside name and address)
(4) 开头称呼语(the salutation)
(5) 信文(the message or the body of the letter)
(6) 结尾敬语(the complimentary close)
(7) 写信人签名或签署(the writer’s signature and designation)
(8) 注意事项(the attention line)
(9) 事由、标题(the subject line)
(10) 经办人代号(the reference notation)
(11) 附件(the enclosure)
(12) 抄送(the carbon copy notation)
(13) 附言(the postscript)
在商务英语书信中,上述每一部分内容都有自己固定的位置,包含自己独特的内容,它们是不能随意互换的。
信头所包含的是写信人的基本情况,包括他的姓名、地址、电话号码、电传号码以及传真号码甚至E - mail 地址。信头在信纸的最上方,
有的公司把信头直接印在所使用的信纸上。质量优良的信纸以及一个整洁、匀称的信头,可以展示一个公司的风采,增强公司的信誉。
案号是写信时所给的、以便查询的字母或数字。经常以“Our ref”和“Your ref”来区分。它的位置一般是在信头的右边。而日期在信头以下三行或四行,不管是齐头式还是缩头式,一般把日期放在右端,这可起到行尾的作用,使信看上去更整齐。在商务英语书信中,日期一定
要写全,不能用数字的形式,因为美国和英国的日期标示法是不同的。英国的日期标示法是“24thMarch. 2002”, 而美国的日期标示法则是“March24 ,2002”。月、日的后面用逗号,年份后面不用标点。
封内名称和地址即收信人的名称和地址,要放在信纸的左上方,在日期以下三行或更多行,这可根据信的长短来定。
封内名称和地址要用齐头式,
紧靠信纸的左边,这样会使信看上去整齐。
开头称呼语是写信人开始信文的礼貌用语,一般商务英语书信中多用Dear Sir , Dear Sirs 或Gentlemen ,并且独立成行,在封内名称和地址以下三行。在Dear Sir 或Dear Sirs 后面用逗号,而在Gentlemen 后面用冒号。
信文是实质性的内容,信文的书写要求是简洁、清晰、礼貌;语法正确,切中要点;段落划分明确,每段集中于一个话题;打印准确,布局要有艺术性,使你的信件看上去赏心悦目。尤其注意页边空栏,它是信文的框架。信文多用单行距,有些短信可用双行距。
结尾敬语是信件结束时的一种礼貌用语。它只是一种礼貌用语,在信中没有实际意义,传统使之成为必须,并已成为习惯,所以一直沿用至今。传统的结尾敬语有: Yours faithfully , Yours truly(多用于美国) 等,也有人用倒装的Faithfully yours , Truly yours 等。结尾敬语必须和信文紧连一起,不能分开,更不能把它单独放到另一页。如遇此种情况,则信件必须重新安排、打樱签署是写信人或其所代表公司的名称或标记。公司名称可以打印,而主管人签名则必须是手写,两者都不可用印章代替。这部分在结尾敬语以下三行,大约留出五行或更多的空间。
注意事项的习惯用语是:For the attention of 或简单的Attention ,下面一般要加上横线。当信件是写给特定的人或主办部门时,则用此用语。它在开头称呼语以上两行。除齐头式外,可放在信文以上中间。
事由或标题在开头称呼语以下两行,下加横线,除齐头式外,一般放在信文以上中间。经常是用一词或简单的几个词来表示信文的主题,让收信人先对所谈内容有所了解。
经办人代号在签署以下两行。是打字员名字的首字母缩写,可用小写,也可用大写。
附件在经办人代号以下两行。写信人可标示出一个或多个信中所提到的附件。经常使用的形式有: Enclosure , Enclosures ,Encl.,Enc. 等。
抄送在附件以下两行。抄送有明、暗两种方式。明示的标记为cc ,后面加上收件人或公司的名字,可打印在原件和复印件上。暗示的标记为bcc ,后加收件人或公司的名字,只打印在复印件上,并且只有写信人和收信人知道。
附言在抄送以下两行。如写信人想增加些信中忘记提到的内容,可用此方式,但应尽量避免使用。因为它可能会给人一种错觉,即在写信前,你未能很好地安排你的信件。这可能会影响到你的信誉。
在上述十三部分内容中,前七部分是每一封商务英语信件所必需包含的内容,而后几部分则是可有可无的。
总之,当你书写商务英语书信的时候,必须谨记:选定一种格式,坚持使用,不能变来变去;结构中的内容要安排合理得当,所必需的七部分内容一个都不能少。布局好的信件是双方交易的好的开始。一封布局优雅、端庄匀称的信件,会留给人一种良好的印象,促进双方的进步往来,直至交易的达成。
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说明有解释清楚,讲明和说明的文字的意思。买了一件新的电器,我们通常都要看清它的说明书,那么你知道说明用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
instruction
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以下是小编整理的情感类英语美文欣赏:钱钟书写给林书武的三封英语信, 希望对你有所感触。
赏析钱钟书写给林书武的三封英语信
钱钟书是我国博通古今中外的大学问家、作家。学术巨著《管锥篇》博大精深;长篇小说《围城》脍炙人口。他还是《毛泽东选集》英译本定稿人。为了使读者进一步欣赏钱钟书的英语文采,现把钱钟书给林书武的三封英语信刊登出来,边加汉译,同时,做些必要的注解,以飨读者。
第一封信
My Dear Shu-Wu1, May 14
Your letter gives me a joyful surprise2. Your English is astonsihingly good. This is not“flannel”or“butter”3 but my sincere opinion (my hand upon my heart!). The idea found fromyour version of Chairmans statement is, to say the least, quite unjust4. Perhaps your hand isrecovering some of its old cunning momentarily lost through long lack of practice5. At any rate,it would be a pity-nay, a sin, a crime6-to let your7 English get rusty & become finallyunserviceable.
Yours in haste
By a slip of pen, you wrote “allocation”instead of “Collocation”9.This is a mere peccadillo.Don’t let meticulousness about such trifles cramp your style.
书武:
看了来信,又惊又喜。你的英语之好,出人意外。这不是兜圈子的奉承话,而是真诚的意见(我手按在胸前发誓!)。你以前翻译主席文章的段落,我看了以后有些想法。现在看来,那些想法至少是很不公正的。你长期以来缺乏实践,一时失去的原有的灵巧手法,也许逐渐得到恢复。不管怎么样,让你的英语生锈,最终变得无法利用,那是件憾事——不,是罪过,是犯罪。
钱钟书匆匆
5月14日
又及,由于笔误,你把collocation写成allocation.这只是一个小错。别把这些小事看得过重,变得谨小慎微,妨碍你写作方式的完善。
注解:
1、My Dear ……是英语书信的一种格式,并不非译出来不可。这里可译作:书武。林书武当时是中国社会科学院语言研究所研究人员。1970年冬,下放河南息县劳动锻炼,在那段时间跟钱钟书有过一段交往。此信写于1971年5月。
2、a joyful surprise: 又惊又喜。英语的短语,译成汉语时往往变成动词短语。
3、flannel, 花言巧语。此信中用双引号有两处。第一处有“所谓的”的意思,注8为第二处,意指原词。
4、这是一个复杂句,但并不难分析。要说的是:“to say the least”,是个插入语;英语句子常用插入语。例如:Your composition, to put it bluntly, is ill?written.你的作文,坦率地说,写得很不好。
5、momentarily lost修饰cunning; through long lack of practice, 这里又是名词短语变作译文中动词短语的例子。
6、sin和crime, 几乎是同义词。这里连用,旨在加强语气。?
7、词底下划一横线,表强调之意。
8、钱钟书的署名采用威妥玛氏拼音符号。猜想他以前已有这种用法。
9、Co 底下加二道短横线,意为要注意。
第二封信
My Dear Lin1, May
Excuse this belated reply to your very kind May Day greetings. Its almost iterally “a dayafter the fair”. What with fixing the mosquito net, queuing for sweets at the co-op store,fetching & distributing letters, & the thousand and one odds and ends which eat awayones time, the red letter day was over before I know where I was3. Well4, here go my bestwishes in which my wife joins. Your letter makes me ashamed. I feel guilty like a swindler whohas won your “gratitude”without doing anything to earn it. Your characteristic generosityhas led you to overestimate the aids to study I gave. Yes, vocabulary is important.Pedagogues used to distinguish a pupils active or5 writing & speaking vocabulary.As youknow, the latter is far more extensive than the former. How to turn the supinely passive intothe nimbly active—that’s the big problem6. However, enough of shop talk. Tomorrow to thebattle & more power to your elbow!7?
Yours Sincerely,
林:
5月1日承蒙来信祝贺节日,迟复为歉。称之为“定期集市后的一天”,此语非虚。安蚊帐,在合作社小店排队买糖果,往邮局取信,回来分发,以及忙乎耗费时间的没完没了的琐事,不知不觉中纪念日已经过去了。在此,我和妻子向你致以最良好的祝愿。你的来信,使我感到惭愧。我像个骗子,没干什么就获得了你的感谢,感到内疚。我对你的学习,帮助甚少,你特有的忠厚,使你过高估计这种帮助。是的,词汇是重要的。教师通常把词汇分为积极的和消极的词汇,前者为写和说的词汇,后者为阅读的词汇。正如你所知道的,学生的词汇中,后者远比前者多得多。如何把呆板的消极词汇变成灵活的积极词汇,这是个大问题。但有关行内的议论,就说这么多吧。明天就要投入战斗了,加油干!
钱钟书谨上 5月2日
注解:
1、此信写于1972年5月2日,距上封信近一年。
2、Excuse my late arrival, 或Excuse me for coming late都可以说,但中国学生似乎更喜欢采用后一个句型。所以信中说Excuse this belated reply, 更显得新颖。
3、这是一个复杂句。Thousand and one odds and ends, 极言琐事繁多。Red?letter day: 日历上节日、纪念日都是用红色字体印,故称。这个句子定是神来之笔,百读不厌。
4、Well是个多义词。作为感叹词,也可以表达多种意思,不能一律译作、“嗳”、“嗯”、“啊”。这里信中用来改变话题。
5、Or,除了常见的“或者”义之外,这里是“等于”、“即”的意思。
6、How to ……是个话题,that是主话。这样的写法突出重点,又很生动。7、两句都是不完全句。前一个常用,如快下课时说,Enough for the time being(暂时就谈这么多), So much for today(今天就讲这么多)。后一个是口号式句,简洁有力。
第三封信
My Dear Lin1,
I am deeply grateful, but I have smiting of conscience2. As you know, I have my ownration of sugar, & I must not deprive you of yours3. As to the tibits, a healthy youngman has more need of them to stay his hunger4 between the meals--much more that and oldman does. So I am returning them with heartfelt thanks--accompanied with a little token ofesteem5. The latest No. of Broadsheet is worth glancing at.6
Your thankfully
林:
很感谢你,但我深感不安。正如你知道的,白糖,我有自己的定量,我不应该取你的。至于那些精美的点心,健康的小伙子比老人更加迫切需要,以便在两顿饭之间充饥。所以我怀着衷心的谢意把糖和点心还给你,同时附上一些英文报纸杂志,聊表敬意。最近一期的Broadsheet(报纸)值得一看。
钱钟书 谨上
注解:
1、这封信没署日期。大概写于1972年钱钟书杨绛离开河南明港,提前返回北京的几个月前。信中提到“白糖”、“点心”等话,指的是林书武为了感谢钱钟书赠送英语书报,对林书武学习上的指导,送给钱钟书的东西。
2、smite和conscience搭配,是地道的英语,如:His conscience smote him. 他受到了良习的谴责。也可以说成:He had smiting of conscience.
3、to deprive you of yours, 夺取你的东西,不能说成to deprive yours.同类动词还有一些,例如:rob, Those barking of a dog robbed me of my sleep. 狗吠了又吠,弄得我无法入睡。
4、to stay ones hunger是地道的英语,学生往往想不到这种用法。充饥,不要说成to fill oneshunger, 要采用这里的说法。
5、a little token of esteem, 当时钱钟书还送给林书武一些英文报纸杂志。
6、to be worth 接动词的ing形式,表示值得做……,这里的is worth glancing at, 值得一看。注意:跟to be worthy的差别:to be worthy of something: 应该得到某事物;to be worthy to do sth.:应该做某物。
总的来说,钱钟书这三封英语信,是珍贵的学习资料。除了其思想内容之外,单从英语写作技巧来说,就有许多值得学习的地方。以下仅提出两点。1、这三封信句法变化丰富,相邻的两句句型绝不相同。简单句,复杂句,定语从句,非完全句,等等,变化多端,多有神来之笔。钱钟书的英文信,富有灵气。2、用词特点之一是多用近义词,如flannel和butter; sin 和crime; 词的搭配很地道,如“充饥”,“值得一看”等等的英语表达式,都是不可更改的。
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笔者在商务英语教学中发现,外贸英语中有一些使用十分频繁的词汇很容易被误译,原因是商务英语中相同的单词在不同情况下具有不同的含义。现将这些单词的不同用法和含义试加比较说明。
Part time barman required.Hours and salary negotiable.
This Bill of Lading is issued in a negotiable form, so it shall
constitute title to the goods and the holder, by endorsement of this B/L.
译文:
招聘兼职酒店保安,工作时间和薪水面议。
所签发的提单可为转让的,故只要在提单上背书,便确定了货物和持票人的所有权。
注解:
在第一句话中,negotiable的意思是“可商议的”,在第二句话中的意思则是“可转让的”,“可转让提单”经过背书后即可将所有权转让给他人,值得注意的是,negotiating bank则是议付银行,即购买或贴现汇票的银行。
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想必很多同学大意丢了准考证,忘记了准考证号,你知道,如果自己的准考证号忘了那要怎么办吗?如果不知道,那就让小编来告诉你方法。
如果你在考完试后,在你自己常用的东西上记下了自己的准考证号,或者在“2014年6月英语四级考试准考证保存专区”里保持了,那就不用担心,直接找出当初记录的数据就可以了
一般情况,学校里的四六级考试座位都是按照学号等等顺序排列的,所以你身边做的基本上会是你的同学。所以,查询成绩的时候,你可以问问你的同学他的准考证号,你再类推一下,就能得到你的准考证号
如果你真的想不起来你的任何关于准考证号的信息,那你可以登录99宿舍网,下载客户端,输入自己的姓名,省市,学校,考试类型(选填考场号),点击提交后即可查询
上述几个程序都无法达成,那你可以登录自己学校的查成绩的系统,上面会有自己的四六级考试成绩的记录。不过,一般学校网上都会比查成绩的时间晚出现你的成绩
最后还有一个方法就是,只能默默等到开学后,去自己学院记录成绩的老师那查找自己的四六级成绩。这种方法已经是下下策了,一般来说,上面的几种方法已经足够你查询到成绩了!
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