为您找到与营养与食品卫生英语教程的百科相关的共200个结果:
下面是读文网小编整理的21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册课后题,希望对大家有帮助。
卡罗琳·凯恩
人们普遍认为美国的教育制度已深陷困境。人人都意识到了这些可怕的事实:学校系统经费短缺,老师不会拼写,学生不会阅读,高中毕业生在地图上连中国也找不到。
我们大多数人都知道,或自以为知道,这应该怪谁:怪执法不严的法庭,怪软弱无能的校董会,怪荒.唐可笑的政府法令。要找个顶罪的坏蛋很容易。
但也许问题不是在于我们的机制而是在于我们的态度。可悲的是, 虽然我们大多数人都声称自己相信教育的价值, 但我们却不重视智力活动。
我们美国人是一个宽厚、仁慈的民族。我们有致力于每一项美好事业的机制 ── 从拯救无家可归的猫到防止第三次世界大战爆发。但是为促进思考的艺术我们做了些什么呢?当然在日常生活中我们没有为思考留出时间。假定一位男子对朋友们说,“今晚我不去参加家长教师联谊会(或不去看棒球赛或诸如此类的事)了,因为我需要留一些时间给我自己,留一些时间进行思考”?对这位男子邻居们就会避而远之;家人就会为他感到羞耻。如果一个十几岁的青少年说,“今天晚上我不去跳舞了,我需要一些时间进行思考”,那又会怎么样呢?他的父母会立即开始在黄页簿中查寻精神病医生的电话。
几年前一位学院行政管理人员告诉我,如果他想进行任何认真的思考,他只得早上5点30分起床 ── 我猜想因为那是唯一没人会打扰他的时刻。前些时候,我听到一位教授说,当他的朋友们撞见他正在读书时,他们会说,“啊,有这么多空闲时间一定很开心。” 尽管我是一名英语教师 ── 是一个应该更明事理的人 ── 但我却发现自己每次悄悄溜进图书馆看书时,都会隐隐约约感到有点心虚。 人们普遍认为:如果一个人在思考或阅读,他就是在无所事事。在生活中的每一天,我们都在通过言行表达这种看法。还有,我们疑惑不解为什么孩子们不肯认真对待他们的学习,为什么他们对老师说,“我为什么要学这玩意儿?这些东西以后对我什么用也没有;我永远都用不着。”
要理解为什么对思考会有这种偏见并不难。问题之一就是,在我们大多数人看来,思考似乎有无所事事之嫌。一个陷于沉思的人看上去的样子就叫人没劲。他靠着椅背,支起双脚,一口一口地抽着烟斗,两眼茫然地凝视着前方。他的样子完全是在浪费时间。而且,他把所有的累活都留给了我们!
我们希望他能站起来干些有用的事 ── 也许是打扫屋子,或者给草坪刈草。我们忿忿不平是很自然的。
但是,思考决非懒惰。思考是人所能从事的最有成果的活动之一。我们创造的每一样美丽和有用的东西之所以存在都是因为曾经有人花费时间和精力去思考它。
思考的确需要时间和精力。许多人错误地以为,如果一个人有“天赋”或“有才华”或“有才干”,绝妙的思想就会自动在他的头脑中闪现。遗憾的是,才智的发挥并不是这样的。就连爱因斯坦在能够系统地阐明他的相对论之前也不得不研究思考了几个月。我们这些智力平平的人连想出一个稍微好一点的主意都得费尽心思,更别提一个绝妙的主意了。
我们不相信思考的另一个原因是,它似乎不合乎人之常情。人是社会性的物种,但思考却是一种人们独处时做得最好的活动。所以,我们很担心那些爱思考的人。遇上一个有意选择独自一人坐着思考, 而不去参加聚会或观看足球比赛的人,我们会感到困惑。我们心里会想这样的人需要心理咨询。而且,这样的人有时会显得很不友好 ── 这使我们深感不安。
我们的忧虑毫无必要。智慧如同友善一样也是人性的一部分。如果一个人完全把自己隔离起来,那当然不正常。但如果一个人任凭自己的思想因弃置不用而枯竭,那同样也不正常。
如果美国人什么时候相信了思考的重要性, 我们也许就会找到办法来解决我们学校的问题,那些现在似乎不可能解决的问题。但我们如何重新唤起对思考艺术的兴趣呢?开始的最好地方是在家里。家庭成员应该养成习惯说这样的话,“今天晚上我来洗碗,我知道你要继续进行思考。”
这听上去也许荒.唐。但如果我们要作为一个自由的民族生存下去,我们就必须尽快采取一些这样的行动, 因为这个国家并不像有些广告商所引导我们相信的那样,是靠石油在运转。它是靠思想在运转。
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下面是读文网小编整理的计算机英语教程第三版,希望对大家有帮助。
本书旨在切实提高读者实际使用英语的能力,并遵循立足实用,软件,硬件和网络并重,同时兼顾技术发展热点的原则. 本书体例以课为单元,课文内容选材广泛,风格多样;给出课文中出现的新词,读者由此可以积累计算机专业的基本词汇;给出课文中的常用词组;讲解课文中出现的疑难句子;每单元一个核心,系统地讲述计算机领域中常见的语法;既有语法练习,也有针对课文的练习,还有专门针对"计算机水平考试"的练习;技能训练模拟了一个工作环境,以训练读者运用语言的能力;阅读材料进一步扩大读者的视野.书后附有"英语基本句型"和"英语单词速记法". 本书既可作为大,中专院校的计算机专业英语教程,也可供所有使用计算机的人员自学.
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下面是读文网小编整理的护理英语教程,希望对大家有帮助。
该书共有十四个单元、三个附录。由医学英语构词法、常用疾病护理英语和英语护理论文写作、附录三部分构成。第一部分为医学英语构词法,介绍了医学词根、前后缀等内容,突出对医学词汇前缀,后缀,词根的理解和分析。第二部分以人体系统为导向,内容包括循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、生殖、内分泌、肌肉与骨骼等系统的常见疾病,每个单元又以解剖、生理、病理及临床表现为轴线展开。详细介绍该系统常见疾病的医学术语构词、相关文章阅读,并附有一定量的练习;同时在十三单元,介绍了英文护理论文的写作内容和方法、语言特点、常用句型等,在十四单元介绍了美国注册护士考试的概况等。第三部分为附录,提供了常用护理词汇、参考阅读文献等,以拓展学生的知识面。《护理英语教程》适合高等医药院校护理专业学生、研究生使用,同时可从事护理临床、科研以及教学的工作者参考。
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下面是读文网小编整理的商务英语教程,希望对大家有帮助。
Unit 1 Trade
Warming-up Activities
Main Text
Capacity Build-up
Optional Activities
Unit 2 Brands
Warming-up Activities
Main Text
Capacity Buid-up
Optional Activities
Unit 3 Performance
Warming-up Activities
Main Text
Capacity ... [显示全部]
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下面是读文网小编整理的商务英语口语教程,希望对大家有帮助。
UNIT 1 FIRST DAY IN THE OFFICE(第一天上班)
UNIT 2 APPOINTMENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS
UNIT 3 CALLING OR VISITING CUSTOMERS(拜访客户)
UNIT 4 CUSTOMERS COMPLAINTS(客户抱怨)
UNIT 5 WORKSHOP(在车间)
UNIT 6 SHOWING SAMPLES(展示样品)
UNIT 7 DINNG WITH CUSTOMERS(同客户一起进餐)
UNIT 8 SOCIAL CUSTOMS(社会习俗)
UNIT 9 HOUSES AND FLATS(房屋公寓)
UNIT 10 SIGNING CONTRACTS(签合同)
UNIT 11 MEETING(会议)
UNIT 12 SALESMANSHIP(推销)
UNIT 13 BUSINESS NEGOTIATION(商务谈判)
UNIT 14 CAREERS (事业)
UNIT 15 JOB INTERVIEWS(应聘面试)
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下面是读文网小编整理的商务英语口语教程齐伟钧,希望对大家有帮助。
著 译 者: 齐伟钧
ISBN: 7810464434
出版日期: 2003-07-01
出 版 社: 上海外语教育出版社
上架时间: 2011-07-12
定 价:¥11.00
UNIT 1 FIRST DAY IN THE OFFICE(第一天上班)
UNIT 2 APPOINTMENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS
UNIT 3 CALLING OR VISITING CUSTOMERS(拜访客户)
UNIT 4 CUSTOMERS COMPLAINTS(客户抱怨)
UNIT 5 WORKSHOP(在车间)
UNIT 6 SHOWING SAMPLES(展示样品)
UNIT 7 DINNG WITH CUSTOMERS(同客户一起进餐)
UNIT 8 SOCIAL CUSTOMS(社会习俗)
UNIT 9 HOUSES AND FLATS(房屋公寓)
UNIT 10 SIGNING CONTRACTS(签合同)
UNIT 11 MEETING(会议)
UNIT 12 SALESMANSHIP(推销)
UNIT 13 BUSINESS NEGOTIATION(商务谈判)
UNIT 14 CAREERS (事业)
UNIT 15 JOB INTERVIEWS(应聘面试)
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下面是读文网小编整理的金融英语教程介绍,希望对大家有帮助。
Chapter 1 Money
1.1 Definition of Money
1.2 Types of Money
1.3 Functions of Money
1.4 Interest and Interest Rate
1.5 Money Supply
1.6 China's Monetary System
Exercises
Chapter 2 Foreign Exchange
2.1 Definitions and Quotations
2.2 Foreign Exchange Transactions
Exercises
Chapter 3 Balance of Payments
3.1 The Definition of BOP
3.2 The General Principle of BOP
3.3 The Components of Balance of Payment Statement
3.4 Equilibrium of BOP
Exercises
Chapter 4 International Monetary System
4.1 The Gold Standard
4.2 Bretton Woods System
4.3 The Jamaica System
4.4 The Present and the Future
Exercises
Chapter 5 Financial Market
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Money Market
5.3 Capital Market
Exercises
Chapter 6 Securities
6.1 Overview
6.2 Stock
6.3 Bond
Exercises
Chapter 7 Loans
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Major Loan Categories
7.3 Loan Classification by Risk
Exercises
Chapter 8 Accounting
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Accounting Principles
8.3 Accounting Equation
8.4 Double Entry Bookkeeping System
8.5 Financial Statements
Exercises
Chapter 9 International Settlement ( I )
9.1 Instruments of International settlement
9.2 Remittance
9.3 Collection
Exercises
Chapter 10 International Settlement (II )
Chapter 11 Financial Institutions in China
Chapter 12 International Financial Institutions ( I )
Chapter 13 International Financial Institutions ( II )
Chapter 14 Insurance
Chapter 15 A Brief Account of Financial Crisis
Keys to Exercises
参考文献
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下面读文网小编为大家带来有关营养卫生的医学英语词汇,欢迎大家学习!
antagonistic action 拮抗作用
anthraquinone 蒽醌
anti-cancer drugs 抗癌药物
antiketogenesis 抗生酮作用
antioxidant 抗氧化剂
antitrypsin 抗胰蛋白酶
anthropometry 人体测量学
apatite 磷灰石
apparent digestibility 表现消化率
appetite 食欲
apoferritin 脱铁铁蛋白
apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白
applied nutrition 应用营养
arcus senilis 老年环
arginine 精氨酸
arsenic 砷
Arthrinium 节菱孢属
aquatic organism 水生生物
aquatic product 水产品
arachidonic acid 花生四烯酸
Ascaris lumbricoides 蛔虫
Ascaris vermicularis 蛲虫
Ascomycetes 子囊菌纲
ascorbate 抗坏血酸盐
ascorbic acid 抗坏血酸
Aspergillus 曲霉属
Aspergillus albicans 白曲霉
Aspergillus candidus 亮白曲霉
Aspergillus flavus 黄曲霉
Aspergillus fumigatus 烟曲霉
Aspergillus glaucus 灰绿曲霉
Aspergillus nidulans 构巢曲霉
Aspergillus niger 黑曲霉
Aspergillus niveus 霉白曲霉
Aspergillus ochraceus 赭曲霉
Aspergillus parasiticus 寄生曲霉
Aspergillus restrictus 局限曲霉
Aspergillus terreus 土曲霉
Aspergillus ustus 焦曲霉
Aspergillus versicolor 采色曲霉
Aspergillus wentti 温特曲霉
atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化
availability 可利用率
avidin 抗生物素蛋白
azide 重氮化合物
autophagy 自吞噬
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下面读文网小编为大家带来有关营养食品卫生的医学英语词汇,欢迎大家学习!
cleavage of phosphide ester linkage 磷酯键裂解
cleft palate 腭裂
Clitocybe 杯伞属
Clostridium 芽胞杆菌属
Clavus secalinus 麦角
Claviceps purpurea Tulasne 麦角菌
cleaner 洗涤剂
Clostridium botulinum 内毒杆菌
Clostridium butylicum 丁酸杆菌
Clostridium perfringens 产气荚膜杆菌
coagulant 凝固剂
coagulase 凝固酶
cobalt 钴
cobalt chloride 氯化钻
coffee 咖啡
colchicine 秋水仙碱
cold frozen 冷冻
cold press 冷榨
cold sterilization 冷灭菌
cold storage 冷藏
coliform group 大肠菌群
colitap 大肠菌快速检验纸片
coli test 大肠杆菌试验
colliod 胶体
colloid system 胶体系统
colonization factor antigen,CFA 定居因子抗原
complementary action 互补作用
concentrated milk 浓缩奶
concentration factor 浓集系数
condensed milk 炼乳
congenital mercury poisoning 先天性汞中毒
conglycinin 伴大豆球蛋白
conjunctival dryness 结膜干燥
contaminants in food 食品污染物
contaminants of biological origin 生物性污染物
contaminants of chemical origin 化学性污染物
contaminants of radioactive origin 放射性污染物
contamination 污染
control organ of food hygiene 食品卫生监督机构
control system of food hygiene 食品卫生监督制
copper 铜
corn cockle seed 麦仙翁籽
corn soybean milk (CSM) 玉米大豆乳
coronary heart disease 冠心病
cowmilk 牛乳
Coxsackie virus 柯沙奇病毒
crayfish 蝲蛄
critical porion 敏感期
Curcuma longa 姜黄
curcumin 姜黄素
β-cyanoalanine β-氰丙氨酸
cumulative coefficient 蓄积系数
cumulative toxicity index 蓄积毒性系数
cumulative toxicity test 蓄积毒性试验
cyanogenetic glycoside plant poisoning 含氰甙植物中毒
cyanogenetic glycoside 含氰甙
cyanomethemoglobin 氰化正铁血红蛋白
cycasin 苏铁素
cysteine 半胱氨酸
cystine 胱氨酸
cytochrome 细胞色素
cytochrome oxidase 细胞色素氧化酶
cyclamate 环己氨基磺酸盐
cyclic N-nitroso compound 环状N-亚硝基化台钧
cyclochlorotine 环氯素
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下面读文网小编为大家带来有关营养食品卫生的医学英语词汇,欢迎大家学习!
dietary history 饮食习惯
dietary fiber 膳食纤维
dietary guidelines 膳食指南
dietary recall 膳食回顾
dietary reference values,DRVs 膳食参考量
difference between species 种间差异
digestibility 消化率
digestion 消化
dihydrochalcone 二氢查耳酮
dihydronivalenone 二氢雪腐烯酮
dihydrosafrole 二氢黄樟素
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol 1,25-二羟维生素D3
7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene;7,12-DMBA 7,12-二甲基苯并(a)蒽
dioxin 二噁英
direct calorimetry 直接测热法
discrimination factor 差异系数
dominant lethal test 显性致死试验
dopamine-β-hydroxylase 多巴胺-β-羟化酶
dose-effect(dose-response) relationship 剂量效应(反应)关系
drogs 废渣
dried bean curd 豆腐干
Drosophila melanogaster recessive lethal test 果蝇隐性致死试验
Drosophila recessive lethal assay 果蝇隐性致死试验
duodenum 十二指肠
dwarfism 矮小,侏儒症
diterpene 双萜
dithion 畜虫磷
diverticulosis 憩室病
DNA repair synthesis test DNA修复合成试验
domestic animal 家畜
dystrophic hyperkeratosis 营养不良性角化过度
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下面读文网小编为大家带来有关营养食品卫生的医学英语词汇,欢迎大家学习!
epithollium 上皮
epoxide 环氧化物
12,13-epoxytrichothecenes 12,13-环氧单端孢霉烯族化合物
ergocalciferol 麦角骨化醇,维生素D2
ergometrine 麦角新碱
ergometrinine 麦角异新碱
ergot 麦角
ergotamine 麦角胺
ergotism 麦角中毒
ergotoxine 麦角毒
Escherichia 埃希菌属
Esherichia coli 大肠杆菌
essential amino acid 必需氨基酸
essential fatty acid 必需脂肪酸
Erwinia 欧文菌属
erythocytes 红细胞
erythroskyrin 红天精
esterification 酯化(作用)
ethnic 人种的,人种学的
Eumycetes 真菌纲
evaporated milk 脱脂牛奶
estrogen 雌激素
ethion 乙硫磷
estimated safe and adequate intake 安全适当的建议摄入量
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下面读文网小编为大家带来营养食品卫生常用词汇,欢迎大家学习!
food additive 食品添加剂
food chain 食物链
food colour 食用色素
food composition 食物成分
food contamination 食品污染
food fortifier 食品强化剂
food grain other than wheat and rice 杂粮
food hygiene 食品卫生学
food hygiene law 食品卫生法
food hygienic quality detection 食品卫生质量鉴定
Food and Argriculture Organization,FAO 联合国粮农组织
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of U.S. 美国食品与药物管理局
food origin disease 食源性疾病
food poisoning 食物中毒
Food toxicology 食品毒理学
Food Safety Council of U.S. 美国食品安全性协会
foot-and-mouth disease virus 口蹄疫病毒
food spoilage 食品腐败变质
food stamp 食品券
food storage 食品贮存
fortification 加强,强化
fresh water crab 河蟹
fresh water fish 淡水鱼
fried bean curd 油豆腐
fruitarian 果食者
full blood count 全血计数
fumigant 熏蒸剂
fungi 真菌
fungicide 杀菌剂
fusarenon-X 镰刀菌烯酮-X
Fusarium 镰刀菌属
Fusarium equiseti 木贼镰刀菌
Fusarium lateritium 砖红镰刀菌
Fusarium oxysporum 尖孢镰刀菌
Fusarlum poae 梨孢镰刀菌
Fusarium spp. 镰刀菌
Fusarium toxin 镰刀菌毒素
Fusarfum tricinctum 三线镰刀菌
Fusarlum moniliforme 串株镰刀菌
Fusarium nivale 雪腐镰刀菌
Fusarium graminearum 禾谷镰刀菌
Fusarlum roseum 粉红镰刀菌
Fusarlum scripi 藤草镰刀菌
Fusarium semitectum 半裸镰刀菌
Fusarinm solani 茄病镰刀菌
Fusarium sporotrichioides 拟枝孢镰刀菌
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下面读文网小编为大家带来营养食品卫生常用词汇,欢迎大家学习!
macrocytic anemia,macrocyte 巨红细胞
macroelement 宏量元素
magnesium 镁
maize 玉米
malathion,Karbofos 马拉硫磷
malnutrition 营养不良
Mad Cow Disease 疯牛病
mammitis,mastitis 乳房炎
management of food hygiene 食品卫生管理
management of food poisoning 食物中毒管理
manganese 锰
manibot utilissima 木薯
marasmus 消瘦,消耗
marine fish 海鱼
matrix 基质
megajoule 兆焦
megaloblastic anemia,megalobast 巨幼红细胞
melanin 黑色素
mercury 汞
maximum no-effect level (MNL) 最大无作用量
maximum probable number of coliform group 大肠菌群最近似数
maximum no-effect dose 最大无作用剂量
maximum residue limit 最高容许残留量
maximum residue limit 最大残留限量
meat factor 肉类因子
medium lethal dose (LD50) 半数致死量
metabolic antagonist 代谢拮抗物
metabolic half-life (Ti) 代谢半衰期
metabolism 代谢
metabolism test of xenobiotics 外来化合物代谢试验
Metagonimus Yokogawai 横川后殖吸虫
Metallic toxicant 金属毒物
metallothionein,MT 金属硫蛋白
methemoglobinemia 高铁血红蛋白血症
methemoglobin reductase 高铁血红蛋白还原酶
methionine 蛋氨酸
methyl 2-benzimidazole-carbamate (MBC) 多菌灵
3-methyleholanthrene(3-MCA) 3-甲基胆蒽
4-methylimidazole 4-甲基咪唑
methylene blue 亚甲蓝,美蓝
Micrococcus 微球菌属
Micrococcus roseum 玫瑰微球菌
microelement 微量元素
micronucleus test 微核试验
microsome mediated assay 微粒体间介试验
millet 小米
milk curd 凝乳
milker 挤奶器
milk sugar,lactose 乳糖
mineral 无机盐
minimal effect level 最小有作用剂量
minimium observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) 最小可见损害作用水平
miscible calcium pool混溶钙池
mite 螨类
mitochondrion 线粒体
mixed polysaccharide 杂多糖
moisture absorption 吸湿性
molasses 糖蜜
mollusc 软体动物
molybdenum 铝
muscimol 毒蝇母
mutagenicity test 致突变试验
myoglobin 肌红蛋白
myosin 肌球蛋白
myristic acid 豆蔻酸
monascorubin 红粬红素
Monascus purpureus 紫红粬霉
moniliformin 串珠镰刀菌素
Monoamine oxidase 单胺氧化酶
monoglyceride 单酸甘油脂
monosacchavide 单糖
monosodium glutamate 谷氨酸钠,味精
monomethylhydrazine 甲基联氨
monounsaturated 单不饱和的
monuron,N′-(P-chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea 灭草隆
moral rule 道德规范
mottling of teeth 斑牙症
mouse 鼠类
mouse unit,MU 小鼠单位
Mucor 毛霉属
mung bean 绿豆
muscarine 毒蝇碱
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小编为大家整理了计算机英语基础教程。希望对你有帮助哦!
一、基本信息
出版社: 清华大学出版社; 第1版 (2011年3月1日)
丛书名: 高职高专新课程体系规划教材·计算机系列
平装: 234页
正文语种: 英语
开本: 16
ISBN: 7302248486, 9787302248484
条形码: 9787302248484
尺寸: 25.6 x 18.2 x 1.2 cm
重量: 422 g
二、内容简介
《计算机英语基础教程》是一本面向21世纪的高职高专计算机专业英语教材,内容涉及计算机基础知识、软件开发、编程语言、数据库技术、计算机网络、信息管理、动画与游戏以及其他深刻影响人们现实生活的信息技术的英语知识。《计算机英语基础教程》选材广泛,以计算机和IT领域的最新英语时文和经典原版教材为基础,通过大量精心挑选的阅读材料,配以相应的随课注释和练习,使读者能够快速掌握计算机英语的特点和大量的术语词汇,并提高阅读和检索计算机原版文献资料的能力,特别是版式设计创意新颖,极大地方便了读者学习和查阅。书后还附有核心英语语法附录和术语、词汇索引。
《计算机英语基础教程》可供高等专科、高等职业院校计算机及IT相关专业的学生使用,也可供参加计算机水平考试的学生、IT行业的工程技术人员及中等专科学校和职业高中选用。
三、目录
Lesson 1 What Is a Computer?
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 2 Representing Information as Bit Patterns
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 3 What Is an Operating System?
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 4 Overview of Systems Development
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 5 Data Structure Fundamentals
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 6 Object-Oriented Programming VS.Procedual Programming
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 7 Java
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 8 0verview of a Database Management System
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 9 Basics of the Relational Model
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 10 Network Architecture
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 11 The Internet
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 12 Network Security
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 13 What Is an Information System?
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 14 Electronic Commerce and Electronic Business
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 15 Elements of a 3D Game
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Lesson 16 Basics of Animation
TERMINOLOGY
EXERCISES
Reading Material(阅读材料)
Note
Appendix A Key to Verb Patterns
Appendix B Relative Clauses and Other Types of Clause
Vocabulary Index
Key Terms Index
Bibliography
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营养从字义上讲“营”的含义是“谋求”,“养”的含义是“养生”,“营养”就是“谋求养生”。养生是中国传统医学中使用的术语,即指保养、调养、颐养生命。那么你知道营养用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
1. It makes sense to eat a reasonably balanced diet when slimming.
在减肥过程中保持饮食的营养相对均衡是明智的。
2. The mother provides the embryo with nourishment and a place to grow.
母亲为胎儿提供营养和成长的空间。
3. It is always important to choose enjoyable, nutritious foods.
选择好吃的、营养价值高的食物总是很重要。
4. Sugar gives quick relief to hunger but provides no lasting nourishment.
糖能快速缓解饥饿感,但不能提供持久的营养。
5. The fertiliser releases nutrients gradually as bacteria decompose it.
随着细菌的分解,肥料逐渐释放出各种营养成分。
6. About thirty percent of the country's children were malnourished.
这个国家约有30%的儿童营养不良。
7. Some ready made meals are nutritious and very easy to prepare.
一些预制膳食很有营养,而且烹调起来很简单。
8. Forty per cent of the population is suffering from malnutrition.
人口中有40%的人营养不良。
9. Infections are more likely in those suffering from malnutrition.
营养不良的人更有可能被传染。
10. Non-fat dairy products supply the needed nutrients without excessive calories.
脱脂乳制品能提供身体所需的营养,而不含过多的热量。
11. Nutrients from the digested food can be absorbed into the blood.
消化的食物中的营养成分能够被吸收到血液中去。
12. It does sometimes help to know the nutritional content of foods.
知道食物所含的营养成分有时的确有帮助。
13. She was undernourished, an observation that prompted yet another unasked question.
她看上去营养不良,这一发现又引出了一个未被问及的问题。
14. Most of these nourishing substances are in the yolk of the egg.
这些营养物质中的大部分在蛋黄里。
15. To make sure the children are well-nourished, vitamin drops are usually recommended.
为确保孩子充分摄取营养,通常推荐使用维生素滴剂。
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下面是学习英语语法的基础知识哦,来学习下吧!
英语语法基础知识入门教程
音 标
学习提示:
在我们开始学习英语语音音标之前,有一点大家要记住:不要试图用汉语普通话的近似的音去代替英语的音标。例如,有人把英语字母“n’'念成“恩”,用汉语的“e”来代替英语的[e],把字母f、m、x分别念成“爱弗”、“爱木”、“爱克斯”。这是一种很坏的习惯,它使你永远也学不到纯正的英语发音。记住,英语的音标跟汉语的音标缺乏可比性。例如,英语的单元音有十二个之多,而汉语只有六个。即使是两者相似的音,它们在发音的口型、音的长短上都有差别。
音素分类:
英语的音标共有48个,其中元音音标20个,辅音音标28个。相信大家对它们都不陌生了,在正式开始音标学习之前,让我们再来熟悉一下这48个音标。
元音
1、单元音 前元音:[i] [i:] [e] [?]
中元音:[?:] [?] [?]
后元音:[a:] [?] [?:] [u] [u:]
2、双元音 合口双元音:[ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au]
集中双元音:[i?] [ε? ] [u?]
辅音
1、爆破音 [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
2、摩擦音 [f] [v] [θ] [e] [s] [z] [?] [?] [h] [r]
3、破擦音 [ts] [dz] [tr] [dr] [t?] [d?]
4、鼻音 [m] [n] [?]
5、半元音 [j] [w]
6、舌侧音 [l]
音标记忆法:
不要为音标的分类名称操心,你并不需要记住这些名称;也不要为音标的数目太多而发愁,照下面的两个记忆方法去做,你一定能在十分钟内将所有的英语音标记住。
一、元音分组记忆法:将元音音标分成四个大组和四个单个,帮助记忆。
1、四大组
第一组 第二组 第三组 第四组
[i] [i:] [i?] [ei] [ai]
[?] [?:] [?u] [ε?]
[u] [u:] [u?] [au]
[?] [?:] [?i]
记忆窍门:
第一组为“基本型”;第二组为基本型的“延长型”;在基本型后加长音符号;第三组为基本型的“前置型”;第四组为基本型的“后置型”。
2.四单个:一座山[?],一朵花[?],一个[e],一个[a:]
二、辅音成对记忆法:将辅音分成十对和八个单个,帮助记忆。
1.十对
爆破组 摩擦组 破擦组
[p] [b] [f] [v] [ts] [dz]
[t] [d] [θ] [e] [tr] [dr]
[k] [g] [s] [z] [t?] [d?]
[?] [?]
记忆口诀: 十对的辅音清、浊成对,每对的发音部位相同。
2.八单个:[m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r] [l] [h]
记忆口诀:三鼻音[m] [n] [n], 两半元[w] [j] , 一个[r],一个[l],还有一个[h]。
音节
一、定义:一个元音音素(双元音为一个音素)为一个音节。
1、[ai] [n?u] [st?nd] [ti:t?] 均为单音节。
2、['mi:t?] ['reiz?] 均为双音节。
3、['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]均为多音节。
二、音节的划分:
1、每两个元音之间有一个辅音,该辅音归后。如:['mi:t?] ['reiz?]
2、每两个元音之间有两个辅音,则前后各一个。如:['men??nd] ['f?ktri]
3、每两个元音之间有三个及以上的辅音,依次读出其本身的发音即可。如:
['empti]
简记为:一归后,二分手。
试读:[steid] ['a:ft?] ['men??nd] ['f?ktri] ['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]
三、开、闭、r音节:
1、开音节,又分绝对开音节和相对开音节。
绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的音节。如:no,we.she。
相对开音节:以元音字母+辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e结尾的音节。如:these,those,page,life,use。
2、闭音节:以一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)结尾,而中间只有一个元音字母的音节。如:bad,desk,sit,long。
3、,元音字母+r,即 ar er ir or ur
4、元音字母在重读开音节、重读闭音节和r读音节中的读音。
元音字母在重读音节中的读音
字母 开音节 例词 闭音节 例词 r音节 例词
A [ei] name [?] bag [a:] car
E [i:] these [e] pen [?:] her
I [ai] bike [i] his [?:] girl
O [?u] no, note [?] not [?:] for
U [ju:] student [?] bus [?:] nurse
由上表可见:元音字母在重读的开音节中就读字母本身的音。(注意:一切规律都不能包罗万象,如,不符合此规律的词有come, love 等等)
句子成分与句子
第一章 句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语句子主要成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语、补足语和定语。
1、主语
主语是一个句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事情,表示句子描述的是“谁”“什么”。主语一般位于陈述句句首,但在there be结构中主语位于谓语后面。
能作主语的有名词类(含代词、数词);非谓语(含不定式、ing 分词)、从句。
1)名词类
Professor Smith is a famous scientist.史密斯教授是著名的科学家。
We often speak English in class.我们经常在课堂上说英语。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班1/3的学生是女生。
2) 非谓语
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一门外语是必要的。
Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟有害健康。
3)从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候进行英语测验还没有决定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。只有动词在句中才能作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
1)简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:
He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached China.昨天下午他到达桂林。
2)复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.
你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。
He has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.
他患了重感冒,必须去看医生。
3、表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
能作表语的有名词类(含代词、数词);形容词;非谓语动词(含分词、不定式、动名词;介词短语、副词及从句。
1)名词
He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航员。
2)形容词
The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。
3) 非谓语动词
My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英语。
The speech is exciting.这演讲激动人心。
His hobby is playing football.他的爱好是踢足球。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老师对我的英语口语很满意。
4)介词短语
The machine must be out of order.这机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。
5)副词
Time is up.The class is over.时间到了,下课。
My father isn’t in.He is out.我父亲不在家,他出去了。
6)从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad.实际情况是他从未出过国。
What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.
我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。
4、宾语
宾语表示及物动作的对象或承受者,用于回答谓语“谁”和“什么”,一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
可充当宾语的内容和主语一样。
1)名词类
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。
We should learn from him.我们应该向他学习。
2)非谓语类(不定式、ing 分词)
He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。
3)从句
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
他问我班上谁的发音最好。
5、补语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。
1)宾语补足语:
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。(名词)
He doesn’t believe the story true.
他不相信这故事是真的。 (形容词)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
医生建议她卧床休息一周。 (不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
他们看见她进书店了。 (分词短语)
The children saw the kite up and up.
孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。 (副词)
You should put your books in order.
你应该把书摆整齐。 (介词短语)
2)主语补足语:含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时,原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。
We found him working in the office.(在此主动句子中working是宾补)
我们发现他正在办公室工作。
He was found working in the office.(在此被动句子中working是主补)
他被发现在办公室工作。
6、定语
用来修饰、说明、限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
可充当定语的有形容词;非谓语类(含不定式,ing 分词和ed 分词);名词类(含代词、数词、名词所有格);介词短语、副词和从句。
单个词作定语通常位于所修饰的词之前,但短语、从句作定语时通常位于所修饰的词之后。
1)形容词
Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是一座美丽的城市。
A bright future shines before us.光明的未来展现在我们眼前。
2) 非谓语类
The building to be built next year will be our school.
明年要建的那幢楼将是我们的学校。
China is a developing country;America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家,美国是一个发达国家。
3)名词类
There are thirty women teachers in our schoo1.我们学校有30名女教师。
More than thirty students in our class have read the book.
我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad.玛丽的父母出国了。
4) 介词短语
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。
Who is the girl in red? 穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁?
5)副词(多位于被修饰词之后)
A noise outside made him turn around.外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room below is friendly.楼下房间的那人很友好。
6)从句
There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。
I will remember the day when I first met her.
我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。
7、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
可充当状语的主要有副词、介词短语、非谓语类和从句。
1)副词
Light travels most quickly.光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there.
到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2)介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years.他在那座城市住了10年了。
In spite of the difficulties,we went on with our work.
尽管有困难,但是我们仍继续工作。
3)非谓语类
The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太重,我抬不起。
He is in the room making a model plane.他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do,he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
他不知道怎么办好,就去问老师。
Encouraged by the teacher,I made up my mind to learn English well.
在老师的鼓励下,我决心把英语学好。
4)从句
Once you begin,you must continue.一旦开始,你就得继续下去。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
状语的种类
1)时间状语
How about meeting again at six? 6:00再见面怎样?
2)原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
由于下雨,她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
3)条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨,我将到那里去。
As(So)long as you work hard,you can make rapid progress in English.
只要你努力,你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4)地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在3楼。
Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方,就有生命。
5)方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.
他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6)伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
老师走了进来,后面跟着一群学生。
7)目的状语
In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine.我去那里看我的一个朋友。
8)结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.他累极了,立刻就睡着了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我们到了那儿只发现了一个空房间。
9)让步状语
She works very hard though she is old.
虽然她年纪大了,但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come,you are warmly welcomed.
不管你什么时候来,都欢迎。
10)程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.
听了英语的故事,他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。
11)比较状语
I am taller than he is.我比他高。
The more I speak English,the better I’ll be.我越多讲英语,就讲得越好。
句子成分练习
指出下列句中画线部分的词性及在句中的作用
1. Tonight we have something special for dinner.
2. a. Thank you for years of your valuable service
b. She keeps her jewels, money and other valuables in the bank
3. He is a very fine musician.
4. a. The farmer enjoys the beauty of the long stretch of his land.
b. My wool sweater stretched when I washed.
5. a. I had a sharp pain in my back.
b. The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp.
6. a. Sound travels at 1,000 feet per second.
b. Your idea sounds a good one.
c. Old as Mary is,she still enjoys sound health
7. a. Father booked three seats on a plane.
b. Tom bought the tickets at the booking office outside the cinema.
8. a. On his way home he bought some apples at fruit stand.
b. The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer
c .This book stands high in my opinion.
9. To construct a reservoir is an important government project
10. a. Lovely Christmas presents are placed on the floor around a tree.
b. When George left office, the director presented him with a silver teapot.
c. We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future.
第二章 句子
第一节 简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子的主要特征是:是句子就必须含有主、谓。英语简单句有以下五种基本句型。
1.主语+系动词+表语(简称,主系表)
系动词+表语构成名词性合成谓语;可作表语的有名词、名词所有格、代词主格或宾格、名词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等。
She is a student.(名词)她是个学生。
He seems a clever boy.他似乎是个聪明的男孩。
She looks like her mother.(介词短语)她样子象她母亲。
The film is moving.(现在分词)这影片令人感动。
This shirt is not yours,but hers.(名词性物主代词)
这件衬衫不是你的,是她的。
2.主语+不及物动词(简称,主谓)
The sun rises.太阳升起来了。
He has just come.他刚来。
3.主语+及物动词+宾语(简称,主谓宾)
We love our motherland.我们热爱祖国。
she reads newspapers after supper.她晚饭后读报。
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor.李平想当医生。
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(简称,主谓双宾)
直接宾语和间接宾语又叫双宾语。直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。二者没有逻辑的主谓关系。要求跟双宾语的动词可分为两类:
(1)give,show,send,pass,hand,lend,post,serve,read,take,write,tell,teach.return,wish,allow,offer,promise,throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel.= I lent a novel to her. 我借给她一本小说。
Please show her your photos.= Please show your photos to her.
请把你的照片给她看看。
(2)buy,do, make,find,build, choose,cut,draw, earn,gather,paint,pick, prepare get,order,sing,spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt.
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her.
她母亲给她买了一条红裙子。
Please do me a favor.= Please do a favor for me. 请帮个忙。
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(简称,主谓复合宾)
有些动词带一个宾语意思不完整,还需要一个宾语补足语进一步说明,意思才完整。宾语+宾语补足语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑的主谓关系。双宾语之间则没有逻辑的主谓关系。
可作宾语补足语的词类有:名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和介词短语。
常见的要求带宾补的动词有:make,elect,choose,call,name,leave,find, keep, think, set, let,see,show,ask,tell,invite,want,wish,advise,get,force,oblige,allow,permit,like,encourage,order,expect,prefer,hate,persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary.(名词)父母给她取名玛丽。
Do you find life hard here?(形容词)你感觉这儿的生活艰苦吗?
I’m so glad I found you in.(副词)我很高兴你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so.(不定式)我竭力劝他不要这样做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense.
(不带to 的不定式)我突然感到气氛紧张起来。
I noticed him leaving the house.(-ing形式)我注意到他离开房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated.
(-ed形式)看到他们受到这样好的待遇,我很高兴。
另外,有些动词要求用it作形式宾语,名词或形容词作宾补,如:make,find,feel,think.
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion.
(形容词)我觉得有必要谈谈我的意见。
思考题
1、什么叫双宾语?
2、什么叫复合宾语?
3、双宾语和复合宾语有什么区别?举例说明。
练习题:说出系列各句分别是哪种句型;如果含有宾补,请划出作宾补的词语。
1、The old man stopped to watch the children playing.
2、She is deeply moved.
3、What I want is this.
4、She is out.
5、Her job is looking after the children.
6、I hope that you can often write me letters.
7、Allow me a few minutes to read the magazine.
8、She offered an old man her seat.
9、She wrote a letter to me.(她写了封信给我。)
10、She wrote a letter for me.(她替我写了封信。)
11、How do you find the dish?
12、Please ask them upstairs.
13、Will you allow me to take this magazine home?
14、I’ve never seen you look so well before.
15、He kept you wait a long time.
16、They invited me to attend the party.
17、They made Smith the president of the University.
18、Doctors recognize Johnson as a leading authority.
19、His teacher advised him to take up the piano.
20、He gave me the facts in brief
第二节 并列句
并列句包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为“简单句+连词+简单句”或中间由“;”连接。
1、表示延续、并列关系的连词有and(同,和),so(所以,因此),for, therefore(因为,所以),not only…but(also)(不仅……而且),neither…nor(既不……也不)等。如:
We help them and they help us.
我们帮助他们,他们帮助我们。
He has been working hard, so he has made much progress recently.
他一直努力工作,所以他近来取得了很大进步。
I think,therefore I exist.
我思故我在。
She not only writes her own plays, but she also acts in them.
她不仅自己编剧本,还饰演其中的角色。
He neither speaks English, nor understands it.
他既不会讲英语,也听不懂英语。
2、表示两者之间选择其一常用的有or(或者,否则),otherwise(否则),or else(否则),either…or(不是……就是)。如:
Either he is to blame or I am.
不是他该受责,就是我该受责。
You must go to work or/or else/otherwise you’ll lose your job.
你得去上班了,要不然就要失去这份工作了。
3、表示转折关系的并列连词有but(但是),yet(然而),still(仍然),however(然而),while(而,可是另一方面),whereas(而,反过来)等。
He is well over seventy, but he doesn’t look at all old.
他七十多岁,但看上去一点儿也不老。
She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艰苦训练,然而仍未达到自己的最佳状态。
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
第三节 复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句包括名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句)、状语从句和定语从句。 如:
What he said is true. 他所说的是真的。(主语从句)
I didn’t hear what he had said. 我没听见他说的什么。(宾语从句)
The question is who will go there. 问题是谁愿意去那里。(表语从句)
I was about to leave,when the telephone rang.
我正准备离开,电话响了。(状语从句)
This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的书。(定语从句)
名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句三大从句的具体用法下面我们要分别具体解释。
练习:判断下列句子是并列句还是复合句。
1. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.
2. Use your head,and you’11 find the answer.
3. Do what you’ve been told,otherwise you will be punished.
4. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
5. He is strong,while his brother is weak.
6. He got up early,(and)yet he failed to catch the early bus.
7. He knew what he wanted,however,he didn’t know how to get it.
8. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
9. When we’ll have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
10. She is weak, while his son is strong.
11. Though he is old,(yet)he works very hard.
12. I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
13. I am sure that we can get there on time.
14. Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Jack?
15. Where there is a will, there is a way.
16. Spring comes and trees turn green.
17. He doesn’t smoke,neither/nor does his brother.
18. I spoke so slowly that I could make myself understood.
第四节 名词性从句
一、 定义
首先,请同学们说出下列句各中划线词的词性及语法作用。
Mary is a teacher.
I like English.
结论:它们都是名词,在句中分别做主语、表语和宾语。即在英语中名词的主要作用是做主语、表语和宾语。
然后,我们一起分析下列各句中划线部分的语法作用。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论:它们分别做主语、宾语和表语。均起到了一个名词的作用。再者,划线部分本身就是一个句子,故在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句。
二、分类
请重读上述例句并依据它们在全句中的作用,说出它们具体的从句名称。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论:在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句;
起____作用的从句称为宾语从句;
起表语作用的从句称为____从句;
名词性从句分三类:主语从句;宾语从句和表语从句。
三、连词
引导名词性从句的引导词有三类:
1. that
2. whether/if(主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句);as if(主要用于引导表语从句)
3. who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how.
主语从句
that引导的主语从句
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
That she became monitor made us happy.
英文中有一种习惯,把that 引导的主语从句用it来代替它,即it做形式主语,把做真正主语的主语从句放在主句之后。如:
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
=It is certain that he will come tomorrow. 再例:
It is necessary that we learn English well.
It is a pity that we can’t go shopping.
It is said that he has been to England.
whether引导的主语从句
Whether she will be our teacher is not clear.
=It is not clear whether she will be our teacher.
Whether he will succeed or not doesn’t interest me.
=It doesn’t interest me whether he will succeed or not.
wh-词和how 引导的主语从句
(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why均以wh开头,故统称wh-词)
Who will be our English teacher has not been decided.
What you have said sounds reasonable.
注意:1. that在主语从句中不起任何语法作用,但不能省略。
2. if 不能引导主语从句。
宾语从句
它可以作动词谓语的宾语,也可作非谓语动词、某些介词和某些形容词的宾语。
that引导的宾语从句
I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
I am sure that we can get there on time.
由that引起的宾语从句在意思上相当于陈述句,此时that常可省去,但在以下几种情况下,that不可省。
1)that从句被短语,词组等与谓语动词分隔开时,that不可省。
They told us once again that this should never happen.
(此句中that引导的宾语从句被词组once again与主句隔开,因此that不可省。)
Everyone could see,I believe, that Mike was terrified.
(句中I believe为插入语,故that不可省)
2)当连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第二个从句及以后的连接词that不可省。
She said(that)her mother had gone abroad and that she would come back in a week.
whether,if 引导的宾语从句
I don,t know if/whether he has ever been to New York.
I wonder whether he can speak German or not.
以上例句中的whether和if(是否)都是引导宾语从句的,一般情况下whether,和if可互换。但在下列情况下whether和if不可换用。
1)whether之后可紧跟or not或构成whether.. .or not结构,if后一般不能紧跟or not,但可构成if...or not结构.
I wonder whether/if Mr.Smith has arrived or not.
I wonder whether or not Mr.Smith has arrived.(不可用if代替)
2)当宾语从句是否定句时,只可用if而不可用whether。
I don’t care if she doesn’t smile.
3)当该宾语从句为介词宾语时,只可用whether而不可用if.
I’m not interested in whether you are against the proposal or not.
4)当宾语从句中出现了并列连词or构成的并列结构时,只可用whether而不可用if.
He asked me whether I was a student or a teacher.
wh-词和how 引导的宾语从句
I can’t imagine why he did that thing.
Please tell me where you went yesterday.
注意:1. 整个复合句是疑问句时,其中的宾语从句应用陈述句的语序。
2. 当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句的谓语应用过去相应的时态。(表示真理的和客观事实的除外)
表语从句
that引导的表语从句
The reason was that he fell ill.
My idea is that we should spend our holiday in Qingdao.
as if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether it is worth doing.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
wh-词和how 引导的表语从句
Is this where he was born?
The important thing is what on earth has happened to him.
The question is who will go there.
思考题
1.主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句为什么统称为名词性从句?
2.that 引导主语从句和宾语从句有什么异同?
3.whether 和if 在引导名词性从句时的区别是什么?
4.在宾语从句中,哪几种情况that不能省略?在语序和时态方面应注意什么?
练习:
一、找出下列各复合句中的从句并说明是什么从句,且口译全句。
1. It is a wonder that he should know so much about this matter.
2. I’m sure that you are the tallest man in the world.
3. We are afraid that the trip will be too much for an old man.
4. It doesn’t make much difference whether they come or not.
5. Whether or not he is your friend doesn’t too much.
6. Where she has gone is not known yet.
7. You may take whatever you like.
8. He told me where he had been.
9. I know when we will take off for London.
10. How he became a three-good student is known to us a11.
11. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
12. It happened that they went out when I called.
13. When we’11 have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
14. Whom the teacher will praise in class is an important question.
15. I’m sorry that I didn’t recognize you just now.
16. We are glad that none of you failed in this exam.
17. He said that he would call on his old teacher.
18. I heard that some of the old teachers in our school had retired.
19. I want to know what has happened to her.
20. Whose answer is correct will be discussed at the meeting.
21. Which composition is the best will be decided tomorrow.
22. I was surprised at what you said.
23. Did he say anything about how the work was to be done?
24. The question is whether it worth doing.
25. The reason is that he fell ill.
二、单项选择
1.Can you tell me_____?
A. who is that gentleman B.that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D.whom is that gentleman
2.Can you tell me _____ the railway station?
A, how I can get to B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to D.where can I get to
3.Ask her _____ come with me.
A. if she will B.if will she
C.whether will she D.will she
4. I have no idea _____ far the airport is from here.
A.what B. how C.it’s D.that
5.They have no idea at all ______ .
A. where he has gone B.where did he go
C. which place has he gone D.where has he gone
6._____ he said is true.
A. What B.That C.Which D.Whether
7._____ you have done might do harm to other people.
A.That B. What C.Which D.This
8.They want to know _____ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D.how can they
9. These photographs will show you ______.
A.what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like
10. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B.The person C. Whoever D.Who
11. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A.When B.What C. That D./
l2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business
A.If B. Whether C. Even if D.No matter when
13._____ he is doing seems quite difficult.
A.How B.That C.Which D. What
14. ______ that there is another good harvest this year.
A.It says B. It is said C.I was said D.He was said
15. It is suggested that a new building_____.
A. be built at once B. should build next year
C.would be built at once D. could be built next year
16.It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature.
A.makes B.is making C. should be made D.will be made
17._____ was quite helpful.
A. What they advised me to do B.That they advised me to do
C. What did they advise me to do D.All what they advised me to do
18._____ still needs to be discussed.
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan is carried out
19.The question is _____ we’11 overcome all the difficulties.
A.what B. how C.that D.which
20.Shanghai is no longer the same city _____ .
A. as it used to be B.what it used to be
C. as it is used to being D.that it used to be
21.Is it possible _____ he misunderstood _____ I said?
A.that, that B. what, what
C.what, that D. that, what
22.He thought _____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A.which B. that C.when D.so that
23.The fact is ____ he is an advanced worker.
A.what B.which C. that D.why
24.I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word“infinity”mean
B. what the word“infinity”means
C. what the meaning of word the“infinity”
D. what the word“infinity”mean
25.I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public.
A.how B.what C.that D. why
26.Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest B.that she is honesty
C. she is honest D.is she honest
27.He _____ you are not going abroad.
A.surprised that B. is surprised that
C.surprised at D. is surprised whether
28. What I said was wrong in the last letter for you.I wish I ______ it back.
A. could take B. would take C.will take D.take
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