为您找到与英语论文开题报告范文例文相关的共29个结果:
下面是读文网小编整理的汇票汇款例文,以供大家学习参考。
兹同函奉上支票面额50000元,请记入近藤幸造先生的帐款内,同时请寄收
据二份为荷。
Herewith we enclose a cheque, value $50,000, which please place to the credit of Mr. K.Kondo, and acknowledge receipt to us in duplicate.
依照佐藤先生指示并受其委托,兹奉上即期汇票一纸面额200000元。请贷入
该人的帐户为荷。
By order and for account of Mr.Satoh, I hand you enclosed a draft for $200,000 at sight, which please pass to the credit of his account.
兹奉上面额250000元的支票一张,敬请交付收据为荷。
I send you herewith a cheque, value $250,000, receipt of which please acknowledge.
为结清5月1日贵方发票,我们奉上三尾银行汇票面额125000元,惠请记入本
公司贷方帐户,并惠请开出收据为荷。
In settlement of your invoice of 1st May, $125,000, we enclose a draft, on the Mitsuo Bank, for which amount please credit our account and acknowledge receipt.
付款已收到
为结清委托销售,我们已收到面额 100000元支票一张,现已转入贵贷方帐户,非常感谢。
We acknowledge receipt of your cheque, $100,000, in settlement of the charges on the consignment, and pass this sum to your credit, with best thanks.
我们于昨日收到贵函及面额55000元支票一张,谢谢。
We are in due receipt of your favour of yesterday, covering a cheque for $55,000, for which we thank you.
我们已收到贵方5月5日函及同函附寄的面额51250元的汇票一张,用以结清贵方帐款。
We are duly in receipt of your favour of the 5th May, enclosing a draft, value $51,250, to balance your account.
为结清到5月15 日为止的贵方帐款,贵方所寄面额31250元支票我们已经收到。
We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of the cheque for $31,250, in settlement of your account to 15th May.
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英语日记可以让我们维持对单词的使用和对文法的熟悉程度。相信下面这篇简单的英语日记例文可以解决大家初次写英语日记的恐惧哦!
Sep 7,2012 sunny
In the morning, it is very fine! Then I climb the mountain with family, the air on the mountain is very fresh, the flowers plants and trees on the mountain all seem extremely beautiful.In the afternoon, I go to friend's home to play, the friend entertains me warmly, show me a lot of books of his , has listened to his CD for me , then also ask me to eat a sumptuous dinner. Coming back home in the evening, family and I sat and watched TV together, we are returning and eating the fruit while chatting, the whole family is happy and harmonious.
我们可以发现,日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情,内容十分宽泛,所以我们并不用为“写什么”而看苦恼~怎么样,十分简单吧!快去买一本美美的日记本行动起来吧!
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名词解释:政府工作报告是中华人民共和国政府的一种公文形式,各级政府都必须在每年召开的当地人民代表大会会议和政治协商会议(俗称“两会”)上向大会主席团、与会人大代表和政协委员发布这一报告。你知道怎么用英语表达吗?
The 11th National People's Congress (NPC), China's parliament, opened its fifth annual session Monday morning at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing.
Premier Wen Jiabao delivered the government work report at the opening meeting, chaired by NPC Standing Committee Chairman Wu Bangguo.
周一上午,第十一届全国人民代表大会第五次会议在人民大会堂开幕。
会议由吴邦国主持,温家宝在会议上作了政府工作报告。
【讲解】:
“政府工作报告”的英文表达就是government work report,我们也可以说“a report on the work of the government ”。deliver a report就是作报告的意思。全国两会是指全国人民代表大会(National People's Congress)以及中国人民政治协商会议(Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference)。简称NPC和CPPCC(或The PCC)。
Great Hall of the People就是人民大会堂的意思。两会中的代表我们用deputy一词表达。
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报告使用范围很广。按照上级部署或工作计划,每完成一项任务,一般都要向上级写报告,反映工作中的基本情况、工作中取得的经验教训、存在的问题以及今后工作设想等,以取得上级领导部门的指导。那么,你知道报告的的英文单词是什么吗?
报告[bào gào]
报告披露他曾坐过牢。
The report disclosed that he had served in prison.
该报告毫无真实性。
There is not a vestige of truth in the report.
你的精彩报告引出了几个重要问题。
Your interesting report raises several important queries.
他正在看一篇关于道路状况的报告。
He is reading a report of the state of the roads.
我已写出报告的梗概,但我必须补充细节。
I've written the skeleton of my report, but I have to fill in the details.
老师让我把报告缩短为一页。
My teacher asked me to shorten the report to one page.
你的报告能在下星期赶好付印吗?
Can you have your report ready for the press by next week?
虽然治理虚假财务报告是一项极其复杂艰巨的系统工程,但我们还要努力使虚假财务报告逐步减少直至消失,使财务报告成为我们评价企业的准确依据。
Some treatment for the mendacious financial report is brought up.
定义报告以监视进度和报告状态。
Define reports to monitor progress and report status.
报告作者给客户定制灵活的报告和表格。
报告的英文单词
Report writers give the customer flexibility in customizing reports and forms.
Many areas in the country'sinterior are unable to report Aids cases immediately 该国内地的很多地区无法即时报告艾滋病病例。
Western diplomats have played down the significance of the reports 西方外交官刻意贬低这些报告的重要性。
He reported that two suspicious-looking characters had approached Callendar 他报告说两个形迹可疑的人曾跟卡伦德接触过。
Ministers are using delaying tactics to postpone the report yet again 部长们再次使用拖延战术来推后报告的时间。
The report suggested that the same trend was at work in politics 这份报告表明,同一趋势也在影响着政治。
The repairman reported back that the computer had a virus 修理工报告说电脑染了病毒。
The report concludes that I acted neither fraudulently nor improperly 报告最后认为我的行为既没有欺骗性也没有任何不妥。
The report has caused acute embarrassment to the government 报告将政府置于窘境。
The report mentions the death of 18 people in suspicious circumstances 那份报告提到18人死亡情况可疑。
The report had not been received with undiluted enthusiasm 这份报告并未收到热烈的反响。
This week, the company mailed out its annual report 本周该公司群发了其年度报告。
Look at the false police reports that omitted or misstated crucial facts 看看这份失实的警方报告吧,它忽略或歪曲了关键的事实。
The report outlined possible uses for the new weapon 该报告概述了这种新式武器的可能用途。
Reports speak of Berlin putting together an aid package for Moscow 报告称柏林正在制订一揽子的莫斯科援助计划。
He wrote up his visit in a report of over 600 pages 他将自己的访问整理成了一份600多页的报告。
The government has not verified any of those reports 政府还没有证实那些报告中的任何一个。
"But you're not unduly worried about doing this report?" — "No" “但是你没有过于担心如何写这个报告?”——“没有。”
The report shows that fewer couples are getting hitched 报告显示,结婚的人数呈下降趋势。
If I get this report finished I'll knock off early 如果我写完这篇报告,我就会早点下班。
Lord Justice Woolf will make recommendations for reform in his report 上诉法院法官伍尔夫将在他的报告中提出改革建议。
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报告使用范围很广。按照上级部署或工作计划,每完成一项任务,一般都要向上级写报告,反映工作中的基本情况、工作中取得的经验教训、存在的问题以及今后工作设想等,以取得上级领导部门的指导。那么,你知道报告的英语怎么说吗?
报告披露他曾坐过牢。
The report disclosed that he had served in prison.
该报告毫无真实性。
There is not a vestige of truth in the report.
你的精彩报告引出了几个重要问题。
Your interesting report raises several important queries.
英语报告怎么写
他正在看一篇关于道路状况的报告。
He is reading a report of the state of the roads.
我已写出报告的梗概,但我必须补充细节。
I've written the skeleton of my report, but I have to fill in the details.
老师让我把报告缩短为一页。
My teacher asked me to shorten the report to one page.
你的报告能在下星期赶好付印吗?
Can you have your report ready for the press by next week?
虽然治理虚假财务报告是一项极其复杂艰巨的系统工程,但我们还要努力使虚假财务报告逐步减少直至消失,使财务报告成为我们评价企业的准确依据。
Some treatment for the mendacious financial report is brought up.
定义报告以监视进度和报告状态。
Define reports to monitor progress and report status.
报告作者给客户定制灵活的报告和表格。
Report writers give the customer flexibility in customizing reports and forms.
你看过他们的报告了吗?
Have you looked at their report?
他的报告引起了大家的兴趣。
His report aroused the interest of all. www.kfyes.com
以一些数字和事实充实这份报告。
Beef up this report with some figures and facts.
经过数小时的讨论之后,委员会通过了他的报告。
After hours of discussion, the committee let through his report.
他的名字在我的报告中很突出。
His name figures in my report.
报告中所提到的事实都丝毫不差。
The facts mentioned in the report tally to every detail.
这份报告已经领导审批。
This report has been examined and approved by the leadership.
我应该报告吗?
Should I report them?
我会在一小时之内让认为你做出这份报告。
I’ll have he report done for you in an hour.
这些问题包括:“谁向谁报告?”
These questions include: "Who reports to whom?
你应该在报告后面加上你的名字。
You should tack your name on your report.
这些是以数据导出和报告的形式存在。
These are in the form of data exporting and reporting.
他应该可以向警方报告他母亲的行为。
He should be able to report her to the police.
你什么时候给我那个报告?
When will you give me the report?
所有这些报告都使用相同的状态结果。
All of these reports use the same status outcomes.
在上述示例中,您要向四个人报告。
In the example, you report to four people.
报告它。
Report it.
所有这些图表都是来自于软件中包含的与格式化的报告。
All of these charts are from preformatted reports that are included in the software.
这说意味着您得从头到尾浏览一遍所有的数据然后再决定您的报告真正需要什么。
This means that you'll have to go through all that data to determine what needs togo in your report.
到现在为止,我们只是初步思考了第一个问题,第二个问题还没有相关的报告。
As yet, we have only preliminary thoughts on the first question and none to reporton the second.
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古典文学常见论文一词,谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代,论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。那么,你知道论文的英语怎么说吗?
老师问了我一些和我的论文有关的问题。
The teacher asked me some questions relative to my paper.
老师的办公室里堆满了大批不同的论文。
There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.
我们相信你在星期五之前可以完成这篇论文。
We are depending on you to finish the paper by Friday.
英语论文怎么写
还没有装订成册的论文稿件堆放在桌子上。
The unbound sheets of paper were piled up on the table.
他写的论文很优秀。
The treatise he wrote is excellent.
我们的教授要求他就这个课题写篇论文。
Our professor asked him to write a treatise on the subject.
论文最后简要总结了本论文的内容和不足。
The last chapter of the paper briefly summarizes the harvest and deficiency.
将参赛的建模方案论文复印三份,将摘要页装订在每份论文的第一页上沿。
Staple one copy of the summary sheet on top of each copy of the solution paper.
我们将在一起审阅这些论文。
We shall go through these papers together.
我终于写完了李教授要的论文。
I finally popped that paper for Professor Li.
教授已经把我的论文搁置一个月了。
The professor has turned aside my paper for a month.
这是你的论文吗?
Is this you dissertation?
它就是你要表达的东西,这个论文也是,另一种思考它的方式,关于一个问题的答案。
It is what you profess. Well, the thesis is also, another way to think of it, an answer to a question.
他表示愿意帮助我一起做我的研究论文。
He offered to help me with my research paper.
看到了,你打算递交论文吗?
Do you plan to submit any paper?
一些书籍和论文讲述了如何在单元测试中使用模拟对象,描述的是模拟对象应该具备的能力以及如何使用他们。
Several books and papers show how to use mock objects in unit testing. Thesedescribe the capabilities that mock objects should have and how to use them.
这个部分是对论文所要写的内容做个一般性的介绍—它不仅仅是对每一部分的描述。
This is a general introduction to what the thesis is all about -- it is not just adescription of the contents of each section.
即便这样 这还是一片非常糟糕的论文如果让我审核的话它一定会被淹没在红墨水的海洋里去.
Yet it's an awful paper that I would have shredded in a sea of red ink if it hadcome to me.
玛雅:现在你得让我采访你,好写我的论文。
Maya: Now you have to let me interview for my paper.
这里你列举出你的论文所做出的新知识的贡献。
Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.
用另一句话来说就是,这篇短文应该会对你很有帮助无论是你刚刚开始你的研究生课程还是稍后你要开始写你的论文。
In other words, this note should be helpful when you are just getting started inyour graduate program, as well as later when you start to write your thesis.
但他的批评者同意一个事实:他的论文指出了减少化肥的使用在中国的重要性。
And his critics agree with him on one matter: the paper points to the importance ofreducing fertilizer use in China.
那时我将真的不得不对期末论文评分了。
Then I really do have to grade term papers.
此外,论文的方法部分本来应该为其他人复制实验提供足够的信息,但通常情况都不是这样。
Moreover, the methods sections of papers are supposed to provide enoughinformation for others to replicate an experiment, but often do not.
在那个研讨会上,他交了一篇,论文,是为其它一些场合写的,是关于关心这个概念。
At the symposium, he submitted a paper which he had written for some otheroccasion on the concept of caring about.
但是他们的论文是最完备的。
But their paper is the most thorough.
你什么时候能完成学期论文?
When will you finish the term paper?
不管你的学期论文是关于什么的,因特网总可以帮助你选择主题或提供多种多样的主题供你选择。
No matter whatever your term paper is about, they help you in selecting topicsand some offer a wide range of topics to choose from.
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语开题报告范文,希望对大家有帮助。
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”
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下面是读文网小编整理的商务英语论文范文,希望对大家有帮助。
Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1
Chapter One Cultural Differenceces………………………………………………..1
1.1 The Definition of Culture………………………………………….....................1
1.2 Causes of Cultural Differences………………………………………………….2
1.2.1 Regional Differences……………………………………………………….2
1.2.2 Ethnic Differences…………………………………………………………2
1.2.3 Political Differences……………………………………………………….2
1 .2.4 Economic Differences…………………………………………………….2
1.2.5 Religious Differences………………………………………………….......3
1.2.6 Value Differences………………………………………………………….3
1.2.7 Law and Ethics Differences……………………………………………….3
Chapter Two Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations…………………………………………………………………………..3
2.1Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations 4
2.1.1Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation. 4
2.1.2Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation. 5
2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation. 6
2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations. 6
2.3 Communication Process…………………………………..
3. Coping Strategy Of Negotiating Across Cultures. 9
3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation. 9
3.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice. 10
3.3 Conquering Communication Barriers. 10
Conclusion 11
Bibliography 12
Acknowledgements 13#p#副标题#e#
摘 要
不同文化条件下的商务谈判就是跨文化谈判。在世界经济日趋全球化的今天,随着国际间商务交往活动的频繁和密切,各国间的文化差异就显得格外的重要,否则将会引起不必要的误会,甚至可能直接影响商务交往的实际效果。这味着如何化解各国不同文化背景在国际商务谈判中是非常重要的。文章从文化差异的类型入手,然后解释了这些文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响,最后分析了如何正确解决谈判过程中文化差异的问题。文章强调了这样一个观点,在不同国家商务谈判中,谈判员应该接受对方的文化,并试图是自己被对方所接受,然后在有效沟通的帮助下做出正确评估,并找出它们之间的真正利益。此外,们应该尽可能的清楚的了解并发现对方的文化。这对文化谈判的成功至关重要。
关键词:文化,文化差异,商务谈判,影响
Abstract
The business negotiations under different cultural conditions come to cross- cultural negotiations. With the economic globalization and the frequent business contacts, cultural differences seem to be very important; otherwise they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, even affect the result of the business negotiations. This means it is very important to know the different culture in different countries and the ways to avoid the culture conflicts in the international business negotiations. The article commences from the types of culture differences, then it explains the impacts of these culture differences on international business negotiation and finally it analyzes how to deal with the problem of the cultural differences correctly in negotiation process. Such a standpoint is emphasized: In the business negotiations between different countries, negotiators should accept the other party’s culture, and try to make him be accepted; then make a correct evaluation with the help of valid communication and discover their real benefits between them. Besides, we should know clearly and try to accept the culture differences as possible as we can. It is very important for the success of culture negotiations.
Key words: Culture, Clturaltal differences,Business negotitation,Impact
Introduction
Along with the advancement globalization and China’s WTO entry, business enterprises in China have to face more and more business negotiations with foreign enterprises, especially with American enterprises. In these negotiations, Chinese negotiators sometimes feel uncomfortable, puzzled, lost, irritated and the alike, because of unfamiliar custom and behaviors demonstrated by American negotiators. Meanwhile, American negotiators confront the same situation. Cult rural differences between China and west countries could cause many problems. Therefore, understanding cultural differences and overcoming them is crucial in international business negotiations.
Although the definition of culture is numerous and vague, it is commonly Recognized that culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, values, attitudes and expectations. Culture is a major determinant in business negotiation. So have a clear picture of culture differences if of great significance.
Chapter One Cultural Differences
The east countries and west countries have produced different cultures on the different continents. Among the different cultures, value views, negotiating style and thinking model appear more obvious.
1.1 The Definition of Culture
Culture is a national system of specific concepts and values. These concepts become people’s behavior during their life and work. As early as 1952, Kroeber and Kluckhohn listed 164 definitions of culture that they found in the anthropology literature. Of course, many new definitions have appeared since then. For example, some scholars gave such definition that culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and not the result of biological inheritance. In the thesis, culture refers to the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, habits, and capabilities acquired by individuals who interact in a specific area of society.
1.2 Causes of Cultural Differences
The impacts of regional differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and value differences on people’s life are embodied in the catering, clothing, housing, holidays, rituals and other material and cultural life in all aspects. These result in cultural differences in different countries and regions.
1.2.1 Regional Differences
Regional differences refer to that people in different geographical regions often have different languages, life styles and hobbies because of the differences of geographical environments, levels of economic development and traditions, which would affect their behavior and habits. For example, western countries pay more attention to Christmas, while the regions have no snow, such as some African countries near the equator, where people have no idea of Christmas. The reason is that the best decoration to Christmas is snow, but people near the equator are not familiar with the snow which never falls on there.
1.2.2 Ethnic Differences
Ethnic differences refer to that different ethnic groups in the process of long-term development form its own languages, customs, habits and hobbies. They have their own characteristics in their diet, clothing, housing, holidays, rituals and other material and cultural life.
1.2.3 Political Differences
Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.
1 .2.4 Economic Differences
Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences.
1.2.5 Religious Differences
Religion is a historical product with human beings developing into a certain stage. There are three main religions in the world: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is predominant in northern Europe, North America and Australia; Christian (Catholic) is predominant in Western Europe and South American countries. Islam largely scope of the Middle East and North Africa. Many people in Asia regions believe in Buddhism. Different religions have different cultural trends and precepts, which affect the way that people understand things, conduct and values.
1.2.6 Value Differences
Value concepts mean people’s evaluation criteria to human being’s internal world. It contains time value, wealth value, the attitude toward life and risk. To the same problems, different people in different societies have different views or even diametrically opposite views. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.
This causes their dependence on their parents even when they grow up. This shows that different countries share different values.
1.2.7 Law and Ethics Differences
Law and ethics is an integrated system, but sometimes they are contradictive in business negotiation. Western people like to deal with things according to laws. They usually go to negotiate with accompaniment of their lawyers. On the contrary, eastern people pay more attention to ethics rather than laws. In their eyes, business ethics refers to the measurement of business behavior based on standards of right or wrong, rather than relying entirely on principles of accounting, management or laws.#p#副标题#e#
Chapter Two Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations
With the rapid development of economy, we need to do business with businessmen under different culture background, so in order to reach trade agreement, it is necessary for us to study the impact of culture differences on international negotiation in global business activities. The impact of culture differences on international negotiation is extensive and deeply. Different cultures divide the people into different group and they are also the obstacles of people’s communication. Accordingly, it is required that the negotiator should accept the culture of each other. Furthermore, through culture differences, it is important that the negotiator reveal and understand the other party’s goal and behavior and make him or herself be accepted by the opponent to reach agreement finally
2.1 Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations
Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations fall into three types: time view, negotiation style, thinking model. Each has big influences on business negotiation
2.1.1 Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation.
The time view which affects the negotiator’s behavior varies from east countries to west countries. The oriental or the Chinese negotiators are usually cautious and patient. They need to go through the phrases of coming up with proposes, bringing up objections and ending the trade which takes a longer time. And they hope to arrange rich time to go on a negotiation, thus knowing more about the opponent .They are good at long and continuous battle. While west people or we could say American people, consider time is precious. They tend to resolve problems swiftly. So, in business negotiation, American businessmen often complain about the delay and the lack of efficiency of negotiators from other countries, while these countries also make a complaint that the Americans lack patience. There is a popular saying among American negotiators and businessmen: It is prohibited to steal time. That shows the time view of Americans. To them, time means money. The time view of Chinese is cyclic. They use long-term and systematic viewpoints to value the importance of the topic. A famous people classify the time view into two kinds: straight-line time viewand cyclic time view. The former pay more attention to concentration and speed, and the later stress doing many things at one time. That they insist on different time view leads to different negotiating style and method. The American people represent the straight-line time view and they have a strong awareness of modern competition. They look for speed and efficiency. So they value time badly and consider time as a special commodity whose value could be assessed. They often use minute to calculate time .They hope to reduce negotiation time at every phrase and want to complete the negotiation quickly. But the Chinese time view is cyclic and they place emphasis on unity.
Moreover, it is necessary to be punctual at negotiations. West people have a strong time view, if you don’t comply with the appointment time, they may give you a punishment and they will regard you as unreliable and irresponsible person. Being late for negotiation will give the west businessmen opportunities to exert pressure onyou, and then you will lose the status of being initiative.
2.1.2 Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation
America went through the bourgeoisie revolution of striving for the equality and freedom, so they take equality into their heart. Americans stick to equality and fairness in business, and hope that both could gain benefit. When introducing the topic or situation, the west people would like to use concrete method, particularly data.
Their negotiating method is that they will describe their viewpoint and propose at the beginning in order to get initiative. Under this principle, they would come up with a reasonable resolution which they think is very fair. In business relationship, the sellers from America regard the buyer as a counterpart. Americans are fairer than Japanese is sharing benefits. A lot of American managers think fair division of profits is more important than how much they could get. At this point, the east people are different. Because of the deeply influence of class view, they don’t pay much attention to equality. They usually adopt single-win strategy in business negotiations. When involving economic benefits they think much about their own benefits and profits and don’t give so much attention to the benefit of their partners. The market economic system of developed countries is quite mature, so west countries take win-win strategy more in negotiation; basically, they could take the benefits of both into consideration.
2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation
The objectivity in international business negotiation reflects the degree to which people treat any things. West people especially Americans have a strong objectivity on the understanding of issues. At negotiation table, Americans don’t care much about relationship between people. They don’t care if the status of the opponent is equal to theirs. They make decision based on facts and data, not people. The saying that public things use public ways is a reflection of American objectivity. Therefore,Americans emphasize that Businessmen should distinguish people and issues, what they are really interested in is the actual problems. But in the other parts of the world, it is impossible for them to distinguish people and issues
2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations
The impacts of negotiating style differences on international business negotiation mainly exist in negotiating method and negotiating structure. Take the negotiation between America and China as a example, since the oriental care more about unity in thinking, they method they adopt in negotiation is from unity to parts, from the big to little, from the abstract to the concrete, that is to say they should each agreement on general terms, then begin to talk about the concrete terms. And usually not until the end of the negotiation do they make compromise and promise based on all the items, and then to reach agreement. The west people are influenced by analytic thinking, so pay more attention to logical relations between things. They consider more about concrete things than integrity. And they tend discuss the concrete items at the beginning of negotiation, so they often resolve the price, delivery and issuance respectively at first. And they may make compromise at every detail, so the final contract is the combination of many little agreements. The negotiating structure is linked with cultures. Negotiating structure mostly refers to the number of the participants. In business negotiation, the foreign delegation is usually composed by 3-5 people, while the Chinese one could be more 15 people. The foreign negotiators not only need to negotiate with their counterparts but also need to discuss with related person in charge or the government. When making the final decisions, the Chinese negotiators often discuss the results repeatedly from the workers to the board to avoid being decided by a single person. That results from the influence of collectivism. So they often said to their partners: Let us think about it. Let us discuss it. But the west negotiators could make the final decision without going back for discussion. That because their admire individualism and hard working. They have strong independence. They would carry on according to the best ways after knowing their goals. What’s more, most west people think that they have the ability to deal with the negotiation situation on their own. And truly, they are brave enough to take responsibility.
2.3 Communication Process
In the international business negotiation, communication process is very important, and it contains two parts, verbal communication and nonverbal communication
2.3.1 Verbal Communication
Verbal communication mainly refers to language communication. Language is important to international business negotiation, because it is how we reach out to make contract with others. We all agree that language play an important role in communication with people from different backgrounds. However, we may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language. If we select language without being aware of the cultural implications, we may not communicate well and even send the wrong message. Therefore, during the international business negotiation process, a good interpreter can help overcome the cultural barriers.
2.3.2 Nonverbal Communication
Simply, nonverbal communication refers to communication without the use of words. Even if you know the language, cultures differ in the use of nonverbal communication. Cultural differences may cause negotiators to play differently on facial expressions, gestures, and the other kinds of body language.
Researchers have shown that the words a person speaks may be far less important than the body language used when delivering the verbal message, and they estimate that less than 30% of communication between two individuals within the same culture is verbal in nature. Over 70% of communication takes place nonverbally. Some other scholars even say that 90% of the information is actually transmitted through nonverbal means. We are not sure of that. But one thing we are sure is that in face-to-face communication nonverbal signals are just as important as verbal message.
Take head movement for example, generally speaking, in most cultures nodding one’s head is seen as agreement while shaking one’s head is seen as rejection. But, in Bulgaria, for instance, people may nod their heads to signify no and shake their heads to signify yes. A lowered head in the western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian cultures lowering one’s head may mean acceptance
2.4 international Thinking and Analytic Thinking
Easterners lay stress on harmony and entirety, while westerners on analysis and part. In other words, easterners view things from whole to part, while westerners from part to whole. Chinese people have been accustomed to dividing one issue into two opposite parts that are considered as interactive and interdependent; they hold the view that human and nature are an indivisible unity. With regard to the relationship among people, they appeal to collectivism and trust their own intuition. For thousands of years, this kind of thinking pattern has occupied a dominant position in China and becomes the core of cognition and communication. Therefore, Chinese people are used to making a comprehensive survey of the overall situation first, and then thinking over details. They depend on intuition and are imbued with imagination. People call this “round thinking mode” (Jia Yuxin, 1997).
Western thinking pattern is noted for logic, analysis, and linearity. By adopting the method of bisection, westerners consider subject and object, material and spirit diametrically opposed, i.e., things just have two possibilities, either this or that, when thinking, westerners usually start from parts, and then think about the whole situation, which is called “linear thinking mode”(Jia Yuxin, 1997,p.100).
2.4.1 Concrete Thinking and Abstract Thinking
Basically, people in any country have concrete thinking pattern and abstract thinking pattern. However, due to the difference in history and culture, each nation has its emphasis on either of them. On the whole, traditional Chinese culture is known for concrete thinking while western culture for abstract thinking. Based on experience, concrete thinking depends on analogy, metaphor and symbol. Ancient westerners adopted abstract thinking to deal with problems by means of concept, judgment, and reasoning.#p#副标题#e#
2.5 Negotiation Structure
Cultural differences also impact on negotiation structure. Different countries have different negotiation structure, so do the team. The team in eastern countries feel that time is abundant and humans should not follow the timetable blindly. For example, Chinese people are famous for the length of their negotiations; they spend much time in the non-task sounding stage of negotiation to establish rapport and get to know their partners. Chinese people usually discuss many issues at one time, without an apparent order, they may skip from one issue to another and they may also come back to points which in the eyes of their Western partners have already been settled and concessions are made or all issues at the end of the discussion.
However, the team in western countries regard time as money and would like to set fixed agendas. Western countries are emblematic of the “time is money” culture, where time is a scarce resource. People would try to achieve its optimal allocation between the competing ways of using it. They establish timetables and deadlines. Norms tend to be strict regarding time schedules. When a discussion with someone lasts longer than planned, they will politely stop the conversation, in order to keep their schedule.
2.6 Negotiation Style
Negotiation practices differ from one culture to another and cultural difference can impact on “negotiation style” --- the way people from different cultures conduct themselves. Here, we divide negotiation style into the eastern negotiation style and the western one. China and Japan are the typical countries of the East, while America the West.
Chinese culture is a high–context culture. In a high-context culture, the emphasis on communication is indirectness and ambiguity. Most of the information is in the context while little is in the explicit part of the message. The external environment, situation and non-verbal behavior are crucial in understanding communications. People depend heavily upon covert clues to interpret a message given under a certain context. And also, Chinese negotiators also look forward to long-term partnership. They are not in a hurry to push for an agreement. Generally, there is a slow start to “warm up”, and then it is followed by some tentative suggestions.
In the international business negotiation, saving face and achieving harmony are more important factors than achieving higher sales and profits for Japanese. As far as the Japanese negotiators are concerned, they try to build up a long-term relationship in the course of negotiation. Therefore, they prefer personal contacts in an informal way. For them, trust is more important than agreements. The reason why there is a low ratio of success between American and Japanese negotiators lies mainly in this point. Besides, Japanese negotiators try their best to avoid an open conflict between both parties. Consequently, they often ask a third party to function as go-betweens. In this way, they can prevent an unpleasant feeling from coming up on both sides
The impression Americans leave us on the negotiating table is flexibility, straightness and zest. They never express themselves with vague words. They say “Yes” or “No” directly. Consequently, during a negotiation they like people speaking without reservation. When any conflict appears in a negotiation, Americans aim to solve the problem and never mind if you have adequate proof and dispute with them. Meanwhile, if you want to ease up the atmosphere and respond with a smile, it will be reckoned as insincere and as if you are in the wrong way. In addition, Americans respect human rights, and they can not tolerate throwing stones at a certain person behind him. American negotiators often act in an impersonal way ---“business is business” is their view, American negotiators are always mission-driven---anxious to bring parties concerned into agreement, and they have little interest in building up any relationship. Furthermore, American negotiators like to be openly challenged for the negotiation, and they think it is quite normal if they run into any conflict with any party concerned.
2.7 Decision-making Process
Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the decision of the majority of the group members, but other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all members have agreed. Knowing how your counterpart makes decisions is vital to help gauge the approach you should take to persuade him or her. Take Japan and America as typical eastern and western countries for example.American people make decisions based upon the bottom line and cold, hard facts. They believe not people, but statistics and performance count. Business is business. In American view, a business negotiation is a problem-solving activity, and the solution is a deal that suits both parties.
The decision making process is just like a cost-benefit analysis applied to all parties who would be touched by the decision. A decision is considered right because it produces the greatest net benefit when all the costs and benefits to all the affected parties are taken into account. So the Americans usually list the possible effects and estimate the magnitude of their costs and benefits as accurately as possible.
In general, decision-making in Japan is a communal affair requiring unanimous approval by management. In this decision-making style, everyone must be convinced, not just the key decision-maker. Upper-level managers do not make fast, on-the-spot decisions. Most Japanese companies use some form of a system of decision-making known as document system. In the lower layer of management, usually at the section level, a manager drafts a proposal after achieving consensus within his own group.
The proposal is circulated to the heads of other sections and departments. These heads study the proposal. If they approve, they stamp their name seals on it. If they disapprove, they either refuse to stamp it or put their seals on it upside down. Then the document is passed up through the different
levels of management until it reaches the president. If everyone stamps the proposal, it becomes a company policy. If not, it is usually sent back to its originator with certain suggestion. Thus all the middle managers in companies using this system perform almost all the planning functions for the company, deciding what will be done, when and how.
Chapter Three Coping Strategy of Negotiating across Cultures
The culture differences in cross-cultural communication have various impacts on operation of enterprises. These differences will influence negotiation and management of transnational operation; what’s more, it may have bad effects on the harmonious relationship between our country and foreign countries. Maybe that will lead to the missing of market opportunities, the increase of trade cost and the low efficiency of company management. So, it is really necessary for us all to eliminate and avoid disadvantageous effects.
3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation.
The negotiators must make good preparations if they want control the development of negotiation successfully in the complex situation. Only do they make good preparations can they make changes freely according to the situation of negotiation and avoid the happening of conflicts. Because the international business negotiation involves extensive aspects, more preparations are needed. The preparations often include the analysis of the negotiators themselves and the opponents; the constitution of negotiation group, elaborating the negotiating goal and strategy and going on imitation negotiation when necessary. When making preparations, you should try to know the opponents while you analyze yourselves. Analyzing yourselves mainly refers to studying if the project is feasible. To knowing about the opponents means understanding their strength such as credit status, the policy、 business customs and regulations of their countries and the
conditions of their negotiating members and so on.
3.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice
Tolerating different cultures and overcoming cultural prejudice contribute to better communicating with each other and understanding each other. West people often think that they are powerful, capable and experienced, so sometimes, we need to recognize then and give then some good comments. We should learn about the foreign cultures before negotiation and accept and understand their cultures in negotiation, because every country regard their own cultures as a matter of course and hope that their culture could be recognized and accepted.
3.3 Conquering Communication Barriers
Two trains running at different railways in the opposite direction will collide with each other; maybe this is the best arrangement for trains. But to communication between people, there won’t be communications if people go ahead according to their own ways. Trains will collide with each other if they run on the same railway at the opposite direction. But if we measure by the objective of people’s communication, only we meet each other, can we have communication and friendship. In negotiation, sometimes we can’t make much progress although we have talked for long time. And sometimes both parties are not satisfied. After thinking, that is caused by communication barriers which happen easily in cross-cultural negotiation. We should make sure if there appear communication barriers, if so, we must overcome them. Generally speaking, we should pay more attention to the following three communication barriers in cross-cultural negotiation: the communication barriers caused by culture background of both; the ones caused by misunderstanding of the contents and information from the partner; the ones caused by not being willing to accept the opponent’s contents and ideas.#p#副标题#e#
Chapter Four The reasons of the different culture
Since there are so many cultural differences, then conflict is inevitable.A cultural diversity have many reasons, in a word, eastern and Western cultures have different cultures, historical background, it will inevitably bring some thinking, behavior, and many other differences, even conflicts. Many factors influence the differences of cultures.
4.1 Value Differences
Every culture has own unique value systems, this culture think that is good, another culture might consider bad, but it does not mean that this values are advanced, and the other values are behind. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.
4.2 Political Differences
Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.
4.3 Economic Differences
Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences
Chapter Five Negotiation Skills: correctly to deal with the cultural differences
As we all know, different countries have different cultures. According to the culture of different countries adopt different strategies in the international business negotiations, in order to ensure that negotiations can be expected to achieve, decision-making must based on cultural differences, learn some international business etiquette and practices, respect each other's cultural practices, so negotiations will be guarantee successfully.
Negotiational tactic is objective. Unless we understand it, we can apply it. Specifically speaking, take Chinese negotiators for example, we must achieve the following several points: First, understanding English has always being identified as a key successful factor for Chinese Business. Second, Chinese businessmen have to know the culture differences between the East and the West so that they not only can know their own negotiation’s mentality but also their rival’s mentality. In addition,Chinese businessmen should respect other parties’ customs, in equal and friendly foundation. Third, both parts should attempt to conciliate the bilateral cultural difference. Studying and respecting the foundation of adversary’s cultural difference requires both sides to exchang ideas, to stand in adversary’s angle and standpoint to think question.
Chapter Six How to negotiation and to deal with cultural differences in negotiation
6.1 1.Pre-negotiation
The pre-negotiation stage begins form the first contact between the two sides whose interest in doing business with each other,we should keep an open mind to recognize and accept the difference, because information gathering will to some extent determine the success and failure of the negotiation.
6.2 .Face-to-Face Negotiation
In this stage, I think negotiators should adopt some proper communication skills to reach an agreement. And we know conflict tend to be more difficult and complex when involved negotiators with cultural differences. But conflict is unavoidable during the process of negotiation. To make things worse, poor communication may kill deals. So we should try our best to overcome the cultural differences on negotiation, and utilize some effective communication to gain the common interest. In view of its significance in negotiation, communication is at the heart of the negotiating process.
6.3 Post-negotiation
Finally the business negotiation is brought to the end stage. The contract is being drawn up and to be signed. However, writing and wording of the contract in itself is a kind of negotiating process. For word meaning and business value might differ due to the cultural factors involved in the business negotiation, form of agreement is preferred differently from culture to culture.
6.4 Cultivation of Cross-cultural Awareness
Without both parties effort negotiations can not be achieved, so we should cultivate cross-cultural awareness to avoid some unnecessary matters.
First of all, a negotiator needs to have a reflection upon his own cultural system. He needs to be aware of his own values, beliefs and social norms. He also needs to be culturally sensitive and always bear in mind that a foreign negotiator is different from natives not only in physical features, but also in motivations, beliefs and values.
Then, show respect for the other party. Show respect for the other party will smooth the situation and speed the negotiation process. Anyhow, the result of the establishment of cultural fellowship does not mean overcoming a culture but means a third culture created by the former two (Li and Zhang, 2004).
Finally, accept other’s culture. For example, we usually believe in this saying “you will be treated how you treat others”. But in the cross-cultural setting, it’s not this way. What you want to be treated is not an American want to be. Therefore, we should believe that “how they treat other is what we will do” (Acuff, 1995). Try to behave like others do may bring you inconvenience, but just try it and it’s sure that the other part will encourage and appreciate your action.
Conclusion
“Social Customs varies in different countries”. In a word, cross- cultural communication will meet the problem of culture differences surely. In turn, culture differences also influence all aspects of international business communication. To avoid or to resolve the culture differences is a huge task in international business negotiation. In order to step into the international market successfully, we must have the awareness of culture differences, acknowledge culture differences and understand different cultures. Try to know yourself and know them. What’s more, we should respect different behavior of businessmen under different culture background, and then we could reduce unnecessary conflicts resulting from not respecting the opponents. It is beneficial for both to form an atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation, reduce culture differences and turn disadvantages into advantages and benefits. Thus, we could avoid conflicts and obstacles, then to promote communication and harmony in international business negotiation.#p#副标题#e#
Reference
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[2]Harvey, Paul,,“The Oxford Companion to English Literature” [M].London: Oxford University Press.1978:23-25
[3]Philip R Harris, Managing Cultural Differences [M]. Gulf Publishing Company, 1987:234-260
[4]Wang Cheng fa. A Glimpse of Foreign Land [J]. Kaifeng: Henan Univesity Press, 2000:58-62
[5]陈俊森.《外国文化与跨文化交际》北京:华中理工大学出版社,2000:2-6
[6]查尔斯·李龙与牛仔——《美国人眼中的中国商人》北京:中国海关出版社,2004
[7]韩承敏.《跨文化人力开发与资源管理》[M]南京:东南大学出版社,2003:340-342
[8]孙长征、黄洪民、吕舟雷. 《公共谈判与推销技巧》]青岛:青岛出版社,2001
Appreciation
As acknowledgements for my paper, only I — the writer is responsible for the shortcomings. I much acknowledges my thanks to all my teachers, especially to Miss Liu Mifan, my supervisor, who has provides me support, critical ideas and careful suggestions.
I also want to thank my family who always give me time, encouragement and secretarial services, especially my parents.
Finally, my classmate and friends, who provided thoughtful and thorough reviews of my paper, must be acknowledged.
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你是否在想,小学年级的英语论文,该如何写好呢?下面是读文网小编带来小学英语论文范文模板,希望对大家有帮助。
浅谈外语教学中的素质教育
在外语教学中,如何加强素质教育,我认为以下三点至关重要。
一、在教学中渗透民族自强意识
长期来,外语教学只注重语言文字的教学而忽略精神素质培育这是一个不小的失误。有人预言,21世纪是中国的世纪,怎样来理解这个预言?我曾赴澳教学一年,在昆州一所中学任教中文,也即他们的外语。绪论课是澳州教师上的,他不客气地开宗明义:“我们要好好学习中文,因为中国地大物搏,人口很多,是很好的商品市场和劳动力市场,你们学好了中文可以去那里图谋发展。”澳洲人也认为21世纪是中国的世纪,但仅仅是从他们的发展角度来寻找市场和劳动力的,如果我们的莘莘学子拼命学习外语,不过想求取一个外国老板的洋饭碗,那还会有什么“中国的世纪”呢?而新世纪的脚步声确实已非常急促了,因此,在外语教学中渗透民族自强意识已是十分紧迫和必要的了,我们一定要让学生懂得,他们生在一个文明古国,祖先为他们留下了深厚的文化积淀而并非只有贫穷;勤奋刻苦、改造世界本是我们民族的优秀精神,千万不要数典忘祖,只有具备了民族自强的意识,才能走到哪里都是一个大写的人。
二、在教学中增强文化素养的培育
过去,外语教学的习惯做法是:将课文当作生字、句子与语法的载体,而课文的背景、语言风格以及文章本身的内涵却很少被重视、被开掘。我们在课堂上把学生的注意力引到典型句型的分析上,像推导数学公式那样把复杂的长句一步步解开,我们乐此不疲,却也活生生地把一些很好的范文支解得零零碎碎,更何谈理解、体味、欣赏和学习了。这也是我们的学生外语语法学的很多,而外语语言修养却普遍水准不高、语汇贫乏、缺少风采的原因。如何扭转这些由应试教育带来的弊病呢?从目前学生外语学习的状况来看,只要教与学的观念改变了,我们完全有条件在教学中着意增强文化素养的培育。
条件之一,我们有很好的教材。以高中三册教材为例,涉及的文体、内容和文章的语言风格、时代背景还是相当广的,有十八、九世纪文学名著选摘、有伟人的演讲、有异国风光的描述和有趣的科普读物,还有褒扬真、善、美的诗与戏剧,其中自然包含着许多外国历史的、人文的、文学的、科学的甚至经济的知识,我们只需在课堂上匀出一定时间,有意把课文的内涵展开,那么,我们的外语教学就会变得立体而丰富,就会产生无穷的意趣,学生求知的触角便可作多方位地延伸。
条件之二,我们有好学的学生。以中国学生的勤奋、刻苦和聪明,如果能使他们意识到探求外语背景文化的重要性的话,我想他们会提出更有质量的问题。
因此,外语教学有责任也有条件努力去做这方面的引导和培养。
三、运用多种手段,提高学生外语应用能力
应试教育的一个弊病,就是培养了不少高分低能的学生。虽然考试、选拔现在是,将来也还是一种知识水准的衡量手段,但分数、学历不完全证明能力。能不能将所学知识转化为对社会的贡献,这才是最根本的目的,这一点,现在已越来越成为社会共识了。联系到外语教学的现状,最紧要的问题,当然就是如何运用各种教学手段,使学生在应用能力和交际能力上有所提高。我所在的南洋模范中学,生源好,教学硬件好,教师自身知识结构也较好,为了更好地调动学生积极性,培养他们的应用能力和交际能力,我们组织了学校英语广播和英语热线电话。我在中午电话热线开播以后,不停地接到学生的电话。有一些是询问课后作业的解答,更多的是只想与我用英语交谈交谈,话题涉及很广。有位女学生在电活中告诉我:她参加了美国“肯得基”杯口语竞赛,被选为荣誉礼仪小姐,但她担心自己相貌平平,会否见了总裁后被刷下来……接听这些电话,我感到很快慰。
学生在十分放松的情境中,积极的表达欲使他们的口语能力有超常发挥,清楚、流利,也较得体。当然,我也不时地对他们口语中的缺陷、错误加以纠正。这种教与学的方式十分和谐,学生不仅欢迎而且感到很有效。由此推想,我们是否也可以在课堂上创设一些好的情景,给学生更多动脑、动口的参与机会?
回想起来,我曾上过一堂“答记者问”式的复习课。我坐在学生中间,不时地回答他们的各类问题,有时也抛出一、二个思考题,让他们稍作思考后回答我,或者我将一个较难的问题“挑动”学生争辩。我发现这种讨论的气氛特别能加强逻辑思维。为了回答或驳倒对方,必须特别清晰地归纳思路和调整语言方式,学生的注意力异常集中。尽管他们用英语提问或口答尚感吃力,但冲出第一步总是学会走路了。
看过小学英语论文范文模板
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下面是读文网小编整理的电子商务英语论文范文,以供大家学习参考。
Recent development of information technologies has brought us new possibilities for teaching and learning classical art and humanities in several different ways. Image plays a key role here. In learning classical Japanese poetry, it is quite important to examine original books and manu******s because even the published books were printed from the wood blocks of engraved words which were written with brush by, in many cases, the authors themselves. Not only the visual art works, but also the literary materials as such pose the problem of authenticity, and this problem itself is closely linked to the interpretation of the literary works and the life history of the authors. Yosa Buson (1716-84), a poet-painter, and his followers best represent this type of artists and must be studied with both texts and images they created.
Buson was a leading haiku poet of the 18th century and, with Basho and Issa, one of the great names in haiku. He was also a distinguished BUNJINGA (literati-style) painter, and perfected haiga or cursive sketch with poems as a branch of Japanese pictorial art. Buson read classics extensively and studied different styles of Chinese and Japanese paintings. Poetry and painting affected each other in his art. His poems were, diversely enough, rich in imagery, clearly depicting fine movements and sensual appearances of things, dynamic with wider landscapes, lyrical, sensitive to human affairs, romantic with hidden stories, graceful, and longingly time-conscious. Buson completed his own style of painting in his later years when he was using the name of Sha-In. Freed from the influence of China, he created genuine Japanese landscapes.
Two years after starting its creation, this site now receives more and more accesses from both Japan and abroad. In May 2000, for example, there were, in average, about 350 hits for the site per day, 45 different individual accesses to the English top page, and 17 different accesses to the Japanese top page. Some people leave notes in the guest book, and some other people prefer to send e-mails to the site author. These notes and mails are analyzed in terms of contents, interests, and gratification. Formative evaluation of the site is now conducted with college students. This site, when it is fully developed, is to be converted into a CD-ROM with upgraded still and moving images.
Abstract From the concept of the network university, we deduce its three basic infrastructures:the education center station, the high speed backbone and the user terminal network. we point out that the remote learning online at home will be the most important studying model in the future,so the HomeNet will be a necessary infrastructure platform for remote learning , in this paper we discuss the structure, the key technologies and connection media of HomeNet.
Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语论文开题报告范文,希望对大家有帮助。
一、论文题目:classroom interaction and oral english teaching
二、研究现状:
对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系,国内的研究主要集中在:(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式,司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手,探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手,强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用,对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少,黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析,提倡“以学生为中心”,实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”,促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”,提高口语交际能力。(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行,它兴起于美国,在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式,从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中,他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则,对待新的理念,指导英语口语教学。(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当,会影响学生用目标语进行交流,进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”,及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类,进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”,为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。
三、研究的目的及意义:
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看:关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少,没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中,它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此,本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法:
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础,以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据,运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述,从而引出本文论题,通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
五、提纲:
introduction
chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction
1.1 definition of interaction
1.2 theoretical basis of interaction
1.3 some main interactive modes in the present classroom
chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode
2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode
2.2 the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode
2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles
chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching
3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students
3.2 two types of personal interaction
3.3 classroom climate
3.4 classroom size
chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode
4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating
4.2 the concept of evaluating
4.3 the technology of evaluating
conclusion
六、参考文献
jonssen, dh..thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational technolgy. 3 (1994): 34-35.
littlewood, william. communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press .1981.
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每到毕业季的时候,毕业的学子们还有毕业前一大重要的事情要完成那就是毕业论文,今天读文网小编在这里为大家分享英语专业开题报告范文,希望能帮到大家!
Thesis statemen:This essay discourse the features and translation of English
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between Chinese.
Outline
Ⅰ. Introduction: For Chinese students, English idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. So the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
Ⅱ. The Characteristics of English Idioms and Proverbs
A. The characteristics of English idioms
1. Simple but Rich
2. Harmonious Phonology
3. Vivid Metaphor
B. The characteristics of English proverb
1. Concise and Clear
2. Symmetrical sentence pattern
3. Rich and Varied Rhetoric
Ⅲ. The Translation of English Idioms and Proverbs
A. The theories of translation
1. Literal Translation
2. Free Translation
3. Mechanical application of the synonym Chinese proverb
4. Literal Translation and Free Translation
B. The points of translation
1. The literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. The translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. The translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. The translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
Ⅳ. Conclusion
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
年 月 日
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小编为大家整理了商务英语报告结构,一起来学习吧!
报告的这部分应说明收集信息或资料的方法和步骤。在报告中注明提供这一信息可以增强报告的真实性和客观性,尤其是意见调查报告。当然并不是所有的报告都需要收集资料,因此,并非每一种报告都需要提供这部分内容。这部分内容在整篇报告所占篇幅较短,可以写成一个段落。以下是该部分写作的常见句型:
A sample of workers was individually asked for their opinions.
A questionnaire was completed by those who were surveyed in this project.
The information was mainly achieved with a number of telephone calls to manufacturers.
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出差是一个商务工作人员的工作,那么你知道怎么写出差工作商务总结的报告吗?接下来读文网小编为大家整理了出差工作商务总结报告写作范例,希望对你有帮助哦!
Take a report by the academic department of an association.Follows should be pay attention to:
1)the immediate schemes
2)detailed information such as dates,related persons and numbers
WORK-IN-PROGRESS REPORT FOR THE MONTH OF MARCH,2002
From:Anny lee, Head ,Academic Department
To:Mr Ng sik-hung,Chairman Shang Hai Evergreen Association
Ref:0091963
Date:2 April 2002
1.As one of the initiators,the Association has agreed to host the seminar“The fostering of talented personnel in Mainland China”,to be held on 3 May 2002 in Shang Hai.
2.The Chairman has agreed to give a talk on behalf of the Association in a seminar on the exchange of talented personnel within South East Asia,which is scheduled to be held on 1 July 1997 in Tokyo.
[signature]
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调查报告是对某项工作、某个事件、某个问题,经过深入细致的调查后,将调查中收集到的材料加以系统整理,分析研究,以书面形式向组织和领导汇报调查情况的一种文书。那么你知道调查报告用英语怎么说吗?下面一起来学习一下吧。
investigation report
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报告厅是一个用来为召开各类会议、学术讨论、演讲、报告、新闻发布、多媒体教学培训、观看电影等活动的地方。那么你知道报告厅用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着读文网小编来学习一下吧。
1. Scientific Report - worldwide experts and audiences will show their latest research achievements.
学术报告厅》 -- 汇集海内外著名专家读者,展示最新研究成果和学术思想的大型科教节目.
2. Please pass out these sheets to the students in the lecture hall.
请把这些纸发给坐在报告厅的学生.
3. The Danish teaching assistants visit library and Lecture Theatre of TIFERT.
丹麦助教参观我院图书馆和报告厅.
4. Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.
她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净.
5. The lecture hall needs cleaning.
报告厅需要打扫.
6. The conference hall is packed with people. Maybe all the people in the school have come.
整个报告厅坐得满当当的, 大概全校人都来了.
7. The building will consist of an office, a hotel, apartment, a conference hall and business facility.
综合体将包括集团办公 、 酒店 、 公寓 、 报告厅及服务商业设施.
8. The talk will be given at the Lecture Hall on Oct .12 th, starting at 3:30 p.m.
报告将在10月12日3:30在报告厅举行.
9. Sign in and tour around School. Location: the Lecture Hall of the Experiment Building , 2 nd floor.
签到,参观校园, 地点: 五十五中理科综合楼二层报告厅.
10. The dining room of our college is also used as a lecture hall.
我们学校的餐厅也被用做报告厅.
11. Mr. Sun is making an enthusiastic lecture to the students in the waterborne hall.
孙先生正在水上报告厅激情洋溢地为学生们演讲.
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参加英语口语实训是练习和提高我们英语口语水平的最好方法,你觉得呢?以下是读文网小编给大家带来英语口语实训报告写作范文,以供参阅。
通过两个星期的商务英语口语实训,使我们能够现场模拟在商务活动中出现的各种场景,能够熟悉商务活动中各个环节,强化自己的大脑思维框架,使自己能够进入职场后得心应手。把自己在课堂中学习到的知识实际应用在社交场合,理论与实践相结合,一方面检验自己是否真正学习到了知识,进一步的回顾所学;另一方面也使得平时学习中的零散知识综合起来,学会综合实际应用。
两周的商务英语实训,学习的主要内容有:
一、练习国际音标,纠正发音
(1)元音:发音时声带振动且气流在通道上不受发音器官阻挡。有:[i:]、[i]、[e]、[?]、[ɑ:]、[u:]、[ɑi:]等20个音标。元音可分为:单元音、双元音两大类。单元音:舌位不移动,在发音过程中没有摩擦,不受发音器官的任何阻碍。双元音:发音时要注意发音圆满,舌型和唇形都要到位。
(2)辅音:发音时气流在通路上受到发音器官阻挡。有:[p]、[t]、[k]、[θ]、[z]、[r]、[j]等28个音标。辅音可分为:清辅音、浊辅音。发音时声带不振动、送气的叫清辅音;发音时声带振动、不送气的叫浊辅音。
二、商务活动中各种场合的注意事项、常用句子
1、Interview
(1)注意事项:面试是雇主为选择合适人选而设计的,也是面试者给潜在的雇主留下的第一印象。面试者通过一些简单的事情,可以表达出自己的专业特长、自信,给人留下积极主动的印象,确保面试的成功。肢体语言:握手要坚定有力,语音表达要清晰有力,保持眼神的接触;自信表达:尽量不要使自己受反面语言的影响,不要因为缺少经验而抱歉,应该指出自己有能力去学习;穿着和外貌:头发整洁,指甲干净整齐,擦亮鞋子,熨平整衣服,不要穿破的脏的皱的衣服,不要戴很多首饰;展示可信度:面试应确保按时到达,或提前几分钟到达,让雇主知道自己是一个能按时完成工作、与同事友好相处、值得信赖的人。
(2)常用句子:
Would you please say something about yourself ?/Please tell me about yourself ?/Could you introduce yourself firstly ?
My name is......My English name is....I’m now...years old .I graduated from......,majoring in.....I am very happy to meet you here .I have enough confidence in this interview .Thank you for giving me this opportunity .
Would you please introduce the courses you learned in college ?
My major courses are business English,foreign trade English ,international trade ,business negotiation ,international business secretary ,marketing finance .
Have you got any licenses ?/Have you got any certificates ?/What about your computer ability ?
I have got BEC1 and CET6 English certificates in college,which is difficult to get except hard working .
I am familiar with computer operation .I am fluent in Windows and office 2003 software and net work .
Could you tell me something about your job background ?/Is this your first job ?
I am a student .This is my first job .However I think though I haven’t experience in this field ,I’m willing to learn .
How much will I be paid ,if you don’t mind my asking ?/Can you provide accommodation for me ?/What sort of fringe benefits do you provide ?
2、Reception & Visit
(1)注意事项:所有的商务活动都是建立在双方相互信任大的基础上的,接待和拜访是彼此之间相互了解的第一步,为了建立良好的商务关系,必须特别关注其中的细节。问候:问候应该友好和热烈,问候老朋友时说”Hi, there!”,但与第一次见面的人打招呼,必须很正规说”How do you do?”;介绍:一般都是把男性介绍给女性,把年轻的介绍给年老的,在正式场合,通常会在姓名前添加”Mr.”、”Miss”等头衔;握手:握对方手时,力度要适中,不能太紧,也不能太松,同时要直视对方,以表示坦率和诚心;名片:与新客户见面时,应该彼此交换名片,递名片时要用双手,不能用一只手,接到对方名片时,可以先默读一遍,不确定是否读的准确,可以请教对方,如果对方忘记给你名片,可以问”How can I contact you ?”/”How can I get in touch with you ?”
(2)常用句子:
Excuse me, you must be Mr./Miss. From....?/Are you Mr./Miss.from..?
I am ....from...., and I am here to meet you.
This is my business card. It is a pleasure to meet you.
It is a long trip. I think you must be very tired. Shall we go to the hotel first ?
Did you have a pleasant flight ? The flight was smooth, and the service was good. Things couldn’t have been better./It was rather bump, and there was a lot of turbulence.
I am sorry to put you to so much trouble.
Good afternoon, welcome to ....hotel. Can I help you ?
We have reserved a suite of two rooms two days ago. May I have your name, sir, please ?
What kind of rooms would you like ? There are single rooms, double rooms,suites and deluxe suites in our hotel.
How much do they cost ?/How much a day do you charge ?
Our room service is available 24 hours a day.
I wonder if it is possible for me to extend my stay at this hotel for two days.
I am checking out of my room. Will you check and sign the form, please ?
You are welcome to stay here again next time.
Would you please take a seat over there, Sir ? I’ll let Mr. Know you are here.
We greatly appreciate your hospitality and kindness.
3、Meeting & Organization
(1)注意事项:会议主要包括:准备工作、会议组织、灵感启发、结论总结。准备工作是要确保所开的会议有一个明确的、一定的目标和议程,包括房间的预定、饮食、音频视频设备及要提醒的事。会议组织是负责或主持会议的人或团体,要确保各项议程按时和按计划进行。灵感启发是大家把注意力集中在细节上,抑制了与会者的自发性和积极性,通过有策略地制造讨论机会,吸引大家思考。结论总结是与会者必须完成了某些任务,作为未来大策略的一个部分,在下次会议上得到重述和概括。
(2)常用句子:
Well, since everyone is here, let’s get started. Hello,everyone. Thank you for coming today.
Hi, everyone. I’m...I’ll be acting as ....’s assistant while ...is away on maternity leave.
To begin with I’d like to quickly go through the minutes of our last meeting.
We’re here today to..../Our main aim today is to....
I’m afraid ...can’t be with us today./I have received apologies for absence from.....,who is in...
Let’s stick to the task at hand, shall we ?/I’m afraid we’ve strayed from the matter at hand.
What do you think about this proposal ?/Has anyone else got anything to contribute ?
It looks like we’ve run out of time, so I guess we’ll finish here.
If no one has anything else to add, then I think we’ll wrap this up.
Before I let you go, let’s all give a big thank you to .......
4、Negotiation
(1)注意事项:谈判就是相关双方或多方通过协商和讨论达成协议,以满足彼此的需要和合作关系。商务谈判主要有三个阶段:准备阶段、面对面的谈判阶段、后期阶段。准备阶段需要准备的包括:收集信息、计划策略和操作谈判,如:日程、特殊策略、需要确认的事实、地点等。面对面的谈判阶段就是面对面的交流,双方以开诚布公的方式进行有效谈判,最终达到双赢。后期阶段是在所有的条款和事项已经达成一致,有一方起草合同,另一方根据自己的想法修改,使其对双方更有利。
(2)常用句子:
On behalf of ...., I am very glad to welcome you.....
Hello,everyone, sorry to interrupt, but I think we’d better get started now.
I agree with you on that point./That is a fair suggestion.
I’m sorry, I disagree with you there. I don’t think that’s the way with it./I understand where you’re coming from, however,......
Could you come down a bit on the price ?/How about meeting each other half way ?
The price depends on quantity. Price can not be taken separately from quality.
I’m willing to leave things there if you are./I’d like to stop and think about this for a little while.
5、Marketing & Sales
(1)注意事项:市场营销不仅是对产品做广告或把产品卖出去,是企业在动态的环境下,通过产品生产、产品储运、产品定价和产品促销等系统的经营活动,满足消费者的需求,同时实现企业自身的成长与盈利目的。市场营销的四个阶段:市场调研、产品促销、销售产品、售后服务。市场调研通过对资料或信息进行系统设计、收集、整理和解释等一系列过程帮助经营管理者解决市场运营中存在的问题,充分利用市场优势。产品促销是通过向顾客提供信息,引导顾客接受并购买公司的产品,以此建立公司与客户之间的紧密联系。销售产品是向顾客详细介绍企业产品的同时,还应尽量介绍同行业其他产品所不具有的优点,让顾客接受该产品,并愿意购买该产品。同时还要处理好售后服务工作,让消费者满意。
(2)产用句子:
Would you mind taking a couple of minutes to answer a few questions ?
Excuse me, I’ll just take a few minutes of your time.
Not only do they look very attractive, but also they are made with superior quality.
Should you have any questions, please let me know anytime. I am more than happy to help you .
We provide one-stop shopping service./We provide free customer service.
It is really a good time to buy became we are offering a Buy One Get One Deal.
I am not sure if I can offer it to you at this low price. Let me check with my manager.
What’s the problem with that ?
I am sorry to hear about it. /I have some complaints for you./ I want to replace it for me.
As a reward, let me give you a coupon. You can get 10% off next time you buy our products.
We provide free shipping and promise to replace any product, which doesn’t meet your satisfaction.
6、Advertising & Public Relations
(1)注意事项:广告是一种有组织的、通常收费的、非个人的、通过一定形式的媒介载体,如电视、广播、互联网、报纸、杂志等,公开而广泛地向社会传递信息的一种宣传手段。根据促销的内容,广告通常分两类:厂商整体形象广告和产品广告。厂商整体形象广告对企业的形象、设想以及政治事件进行宣传,维护自身的整体形象。产品广告对产品的功能、特性以及优点进行宣传。公共关系是旨在使企业与公众群体之间建立和维护一种良好的关系而进行的各种沟通努力。一个企业或公司的公共群体包括顾客、供应商、雇员、股东、媒体、教育工作者、潜在投资人、政府官员和社会群体。
(2)常用句子:
Speaking of product promotion mans, I think we should launch an advertising campaign.
The advertising objectives are not only focusing on dollar sales, but need to tell the market about our product,explain how the product works,provide information on pricing, and build awareness of both the product and the company.After this focus on brand awareness, we can then focus on customer satisfaction.
The advertising budget should well fit the strategic objectives of the business.
There are several approaches available for the advertising budget.Among those, percentage-of-sales-approach is the most popular.
Moving to creating the advertising message, imagination and creativity will become the focal points.
As the marketing system is getting more mature, businessmen are connected more and more about relationship marketing, especially in China.
7、Business Telephone
(1)注意事项:商务电话的大原则,打电话前弄清楚你给谁打电话、什么时候打电话最方便、打电话的原因,电话要有条理、简短扼要。电话的人是不熟悉的,要快速阐明电话的目的和打电话人的身份。详细说明打电话的目的。传递给接电话的人能理解、能欣赏或会觉得有用的信息。电话礼仪要保持专业化,和不认识的人打电话的时候,应该避免非正式的言语,不要问私人化的问题。把隐私的保密和安全放在心上。要有耐心。
(2)常用句子:
This is ..../....speaking./...company, may I help you ?
I’m calling about..../I’m returning your call.....
Can I have extension....?/Could I speak to....?
I’m sorry, the line’s busy/engaged. Hang on, I’ll put you though.
I’m afraid she’s not in the office today./Can she call you back when she gets in ?
Thanks for your help. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
8、Business Dinner
(1)注意事项:举行一个宴会能突出一个人的社交能力、安排计划能力与处世能力。商业宴会应该安排的很严谨、很仔细。请客时:应该早到并等待欢迎客人;等待客人时,可以要一些水及软饮料,但不要吃东西;根据客人建议定菜单;要引入商业话题;提前将信用卡给服务生结账。做客时:要守时,如果要迟到的话,要给主人打电话;不要将手包或钱包留在桌子上;商务会议的时候要断掉手机。
(2)常用句子:
I’d like to reserve a table for eight at eight tonight.
Welcome to our restaurant, sir. Anything I can do for you ?
May I order please ? What is the specialty of the house ?
I ordered my lunch an hour ago;it hasn’t come yet, has it ?/This is not what I ordered.
This is the complete course. If you would like any additional dishes, please call me.
Today is a special day for everyone present.Now let me, on behalf of our company,ask you in joining me a toast to the success of our joint venture.Cheers!
Do you accept credit card here or shall I pay in cash ?
通过两周商务英语口语的实训,系统地学习了商务会议、商务晚宴、商务交往过程中,应该注意的一些细节。同时,也系统地学习了英语发音,纠正了在英语学习过程中长期存在的问题。两周内,自己学习到了很多知识,增强了自己进一步学好商务英语的信心,也相信自己只要坚持不懈的学习和练习,也一定会取得很大进步。希望学校尽可能多的增加我们学以致用的机会,使课堂知识能够更好地融入到我们日常的生活学习中,指导实践,服务实践,增强综合应用能力。
看过英语口语实训报告写作范文
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