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下面是读文网小编整理的美国的移民文学,欢迎大家阅读!
在我初来美国求学之时,华裔移民很少。当时美国的中国移民名额只限105个。今日情势不同,中国移民名额的限制早于肯尼迪总统时期取消。移民大量增多,也令文学爱好者增多,因之产生了“移民文学”一说。
五六十年以前,在美华人既少,知识分子更不多,没有中文刊物,写作者不得不将稿件寄往台湾香港等地去发表,著名者如聂华苓、于梨华等的作品被称为“留学生文学”。而美国的所谓“移民文学”其实是指外裔移民用英文写作所发表的作品。
年轻时我也尝试过用英文写作,目标是最具声誉的文学杂志《纽约客》。多次遭退稿失望后,某日我突然发现《纽约客》发表了数篇署名C.Y.Lee的有关中国故事,艳羡不已。后来我获悉C.Y.Lee的中文名字是黎锦扬,是上世纪30年代中国电影明星黎明晖的亲属。不久,他又写了《花鼓歌》(Flower Drum Song)出书成名,甚至被改编为歌舞剧在百老汇上演,也曾被改编为电影。可惜的是,他其后所写几部小说不能畅销,终而默默无闻。
谈到美国移民文学作家,最著名的我可举出两个。一是《洛丽塔》作者纳博科夫(V.Nabokov),他的母语是俄语,用英文写作并不容易,但是《洛丽塔》文笔雅俗共赏,他被捧成为美国文坛明星。另一是波兰裔的柯辛斯基(J.Kosinski),他以二战难民身份逃来美国,以英文小说《上了漆的鸟》(The Painted Bird)出名,甚至当过国际笔会美国分会主席。可是后来有人著文揭露,他的想象力虽极为丰富,但英文程度不足,小说乃雇人捉刀写成。此秘密泄露后,柯辛斯基郁郁不乐,终而自杀身亡。
华裔作家中最著名的当然是汤婷婷与谭恩美两位。她们二位不但拥有大群读者,而且甚受评论家赞赏。但她们是第二代移民,出生于美国,英文不成问题。受注意者是她们著作的题材。她们写自己的母亲,以及母亲所讲的中国传统神怪故事。谭恩美最近新作是《救鱼出水》(Saving Fish From Drowing),又获好评,立即升入畅销书榜。评论家称扬它的内容已脱出以中国人为背景的圈子。
移民文学作家中印度裔出名的很多,但他们在印度所受的是英文教育,他们的英文写作能力无异于汤婷婷、谭恩美。华裔第二代移民作家近来很不少,另有一位值得一提的是任璧莲,她的作品也颇获好评,但尚未能登上畅销书榜。
因而我要在这里特别一提中英文俱佳的哈金。如纳博科夫一样,他来了美国只不过几年,就能写出英文小说《等待》而获美国重要文学奖。他在美国的声名较获得诺贝尔文学奖的高行健尤高,我想我们一些“移民文学”作家的最后愿望应该还是能像哈金一样的用英文作品打入美国主流社会。
美国的文学 相关
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语国家概况精讲:美国教育,欢迎大家阅读!
some colleges and universities offer "continuing education" program of associate degrees,graduate studies or professional development.under such system,a worker may continue hisstudy even on a part-time basis.一些学院和大学提供继续教育,授予准学士学位,研究生课程或专业培训。在这样的体制下,工人可以在业余时间继续其学业。
6)Education reform in the 1980s and early 1990s.教育改革
①"a Nation At Risk" report in 1983 put forward five proposals(P.328) to improve Americaneducation;the education reforms had two focuses: the raising of the standards of teaching andlearning; the restructuring of the schools.1983年,一篇名为〈处于危机中的国家〉的报道,提出了5条建议改善美国的教育;教育改革有两个重点:提高教学水平,调整学校结构。
②in 1991,President Bush issued his plan "America 2000: An Education Strategy". It set sixgoals(P.330) and put forward a series of proposals to help carry out some of the goals.
1991年,布什总统公布了他的〈2000年的美国:一项教育策略〉计划。确定了6个目标和有效达到这一目标的一系列建议。
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语国家概况:美国政治, 希望对大家有帮助。
6)Powers of the Senate: the Senate has the power to①introduced legislation on any subject exceptrevenue bills (除了税收法案). It has the authority to②confirm or reject predidential appointments(总统任命) of high officials as well as the U.S. foreigntreaties. ③Its chairman is the Vice President.
参议院权利:1立法除税收。还有一些特殊权利:2批准或否决总统任命的高级官员及外交条约;领导人是副总统。
7)The judicial system has evolved into the presentstructure: According to the Constitution, the judicialpower of the U.S shall be vested in one SupremeCourt. The judicial system has evolved into the present structure: the Supreme Court, 11 courtof appeals, 91 district courts, and 3 courts of special jurisdiction. U.S.judges are appointed bythe President and confirmed by the Senate.
根据宪法规定,美国的司法权属于最高法院,司法体系结构为:最高法院,11个上诉法院,91个地方法院,3个有特殊司法权的法院,美国的法官是由总统任命并由参议院批准的。
8)The two-party system and the characteristics of the two major parties
①the two-party system:the two party system means that the two major political parties — nowthe Democrats and the Republicans — compete with each other to dominate politics at thefederal, state, and local levels.
两党制意味着两个主要的政党—目前为民主党和共和党—支配着联邦、州及地方的政治舞台。
②the characteristics of the two major parties:The two major parties are not very differenttoday. They are two coalitions of interests and interest groups(利益集团的联合). There is no strictparty discipline(党纪). One does not have to apply or go through necessary formalities tobecome a member of either party. But there are some differences between them. TheDemocrats traditionally favour government intervention (主张政府干涉经济)while theRepublicans stress the role of the market (市场作用)more. On social issue the Democratssupport a strong social security system (社会安全保障体制) while the Republicans oppose largegovernmental social security programs. In spite of these differenes, the two parties bothbelieve in individualism, defend capitalism and uphold private ownership of means ofproduction(坚持生产资料私有制) .
两个主要政党今天并没有实质区别。他们是利益集团的联合。没有严格的党纪。要想成为某党成员,不需要申请或办理必要的手续。但他们有所不同。民主党主张政府干涉,共和党则强调市场作用。在社会问题上,民主党支持建立强大的社会保障体系,而共和党反对大规模的政府社会保障计划。尽管存在这些区别,两党都信仰个人主义,保护资本主义制度,维护生产资料私有制。
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语国家概况:The U.S. Economy美国经济,欢迎大家阅读!
1)Factors that contribute to the fast growth ofthe economy:
①the geographical location of the United Statespovides very good conditions for the country to growand become strong.
②the United States has been blessed by being a landrich in mineral resources and fertile farm soil,together with a moderate climate.
③America has been fortunate in having enough people to provide the labour necessary for aconstantly expanding economy.
④the quality of available labour. The United States has a skilful and willing labour force.
经济快速增长的几个因素:
1.美国的地理位置为国家的发展壮大提供了良好的条件;
2.美国有幸是一块矿产资源丰富、土壤肥沃的陆地,气候温和;
3.拥有足够的劳动力以满足不断发展的经济增长;
4.这些劳动力的质量。美国拥有技术高和能动性好的劳动力大军。
2)Characteristics of the U.S. economy:
characterised by a high degree of monopoly.
经济特征:已高度垄断为特点。
3)the importance of foreign trade:
the United States supplies a larger share of the imports of all other countries than does anyother country in the world. But the U.S. share of the world trade has declined in recent years.
①Currently US exports are about 15% of the world's total;
②the US imports about 13% of all world imports;
③Canada is the largest single source of goods imported by the U.S., accounting for nearly 30%of the total. Asia provides about 18% of American imports. Thus the economy of these countriesis often affected when the U.S. economy is in trouble.
美国进口的商品比世界任何国家都多。但最近几年比例有所下降。1.美国出口量占全世界出口总数的15%;2.美国的进口占13%左右;3.加拿大是最大的供应国,占总数的近30%。亚洲占18%左右。因此,一旦美国经济陷入困境,这些国家也会受到影响。
4)problems facing the US economy:
unemployment, inflation, financial deficit, and trade deficit.
经济存在的问题:失业,通货膨胀,财政赤字和贸易赤字。
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下面是读文网小编整理英语国家概况:美国文学精讲,欢迎大家阅读!
Literature,Architecture and Music 文学,建筑和音乐
1)Major American Writers and their works
① Bejamin Franklin(1706-1790)本杰明.富兰克林: theonly writer in the colonial period. Works: PoorRichard'S Almanac, which is an annual collection ofproverbs.
殖民地时期的作家。作品:《穷理查年鉴》,一本年度谚语集。
② Washington Irving(1803-1882) 华盛顿 欧文: AHistory of New Youk纽约外史; The Sketch Book最著名的作品为《见闻札记》,his most famous book, contians “Rip Van Winkle”《瑞普.凡.温克尔》and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《睡谷的传说》
③Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882) 爱默生:the leader of the movement oftranscendentalism.超验 主义运动的领导者Works:Nature,(论自然) Self-reliance(论自助),Representative Men(代表人物), English Traits and Poems (英国人的性格和诗).
③ Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) 霍桑:The Scarlet Letter红字
⑤Mark Twain1835-1910)马克吐温: The Celebrated Jumping Frog(《著名的跳蛙》,成名之作) ;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(a boy book)汤姆.索亚历险记; The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn(his master work)哈克贝利.芬历险记,则是他最杰出著作; Atramp Abroad浪迹海外, Life on theMississippi密西西比河上, The Golded Age 镀金时代and Innocents Abroad异乡奇遇。
⑥Walt Whitman(1819-1892) 沃尔特. 惠特曼: the first to explore fully the possibilities of freeverse(探索自由诗体可能性的第一人). Leaves of Grass(his masterpiece)草叶集, EmilyDickinson(1830-1886) 艾米丽. 狄更生:Death was one of the great themes of her work死亡是她作品的重要主题之一
⑦Theordor Dreiser(1871-1945)西奥多.德莱塞: the representative of naturalists in whose worksreported truthfully and objectively the life in the slums.自然主义代表,在他们的作品里对贫民窟的生活进行了真实而客观的报道。 Works:Trilogy of Desire(欲望三部曲); An American Tragedy(美国的悲剧—被公认为最佳作品,which is considered to be his best)
⑧T.S Eliot(1888-1965);won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1946
⑨Emest hemingway(1899-1967)海明威; was awarded the Nobel Prize 诺贝尔文学奖for literaturein 1954. A Farewell to Arms永别了,武器; For Whom the Bell Tolls(the two about the first andsecond world war); 丧钟为谁而鸣(关于一、二战的2篇小说)Old Man and the Sea(hisrepresentative book)老人与海(代表作).
2)Harlem Renaissance(哈莱姆复兴) and black writing in American literature:
In the 1920s, Black Litrature developed into an upsurge which has come to be known as theHarlem Renaissace.20世纪20年代, 黑人文学蓬勃发展,后来被称为‘哈莱姆复兴’。LangstonHughes(1899-1967) 休斯 (masterpiece: The Weary Blues困倦的BLUES) and RichardWright(1908-1960) 赖特(masterpiece: Native Son土生子) were the major figures of thoseBlack writers.
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语国家概况:美国人口与种族, 希望对大家有帮助。
Population, race and ethnic groups 人口和种族
1)introduction 概要
①the third most populous country in the world,with255.5 million people.
②a nation of immigrants.Immigration accounts for amajor source of population growth.There are manyracial and ethnic groups. Between 80% and 90% ofimmigration ot the United States now is from Asianand Hispanic counties.The first immigrants inAmerican history came from England andNetherlands. Population movements are common in America.
移民是人口增长的一个主要原因。到目前80%-90%的移民来自亚洲和西班牙语国家。美国历史上最早的移民来自于英格兰和荷兰。人口迁徙在美国很普遍。
2)Black people and the Civil Rights Movement 黑人和民权运动
①blacks and slavery
the largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U.S., which 12.1 per cent of thepopulation; the first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619. 美国最大的少数人种是黑人,占人口的12。1%;1619年最早的人人作为奴隶被运至美国。
②The slave system was formally ended by Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and theThirteenth Amendment to the Consititution in 1865.the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960sdemanded desegregation and equal right.1863年林肯总统的《解放宣言》和1865年的《宪法第13修正案》使奴隶制度正式瓦解。废除种族隔离和人权平等导致了1960年的民权运动。
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语国家概况:英国艺术主要形式,以供大家学习参考。
People in Britain are interested in a wide range ofmusic, including classical music(古典音乐), rock andpop misic, Jazz , folk and Light Mucic. In the early1960s a new pop culture—beat(披头士), emergedin Britain’s Liverpool. It was started by a group of young people called Beatles.
英国人喜欢各种各样的音乐,包括古典音乐,摇滚和流行音乐,爵士乐,民间音乐和轻音乐。20世纪60年代,一种新的流行文化—披头士,出现在英国的利物浦。这是由一群年轻人组成的乐队叫披头士乐队,又称甲壳虫乐队。
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英国体育运动开展较好,历史也很悠久,曾于1908年和1948年以及2012在伦敦举行过三届奥林匹克运动会。英国各种体育组织很多。下面是读文网小编整理的英语国家概况:英国人的主要体育运动,欢迎大家阅读!
1. Many international sports were introduced by theBritish who take their leisure time very seriously.There is widespread participation in sport inBritain.
英国人很重视休闲时光,许多国际体育项目是由他们推广开来的,在英国,人们广泛参与体育活动。
2. Football (or "soccer" as it is colloquially called), themost popular sport in England as well as in Europe,has its traditional home in England where it wasdeveloped in the 19th century.
足球(口语叫“soccer”),在英格兰和欧洲是最受欢迎的运动,其传统老家在英格兰,在19世纪得到发展。
3. The game "Rugby" was invented at Rugby School in Warwich shire in the early 19th century.
英式橄榄球(又称拉格比足球)于19世纪初发明于沃尔威克郡的拉格比学校,因此而得名。
4. Cricket, the most typically English of sports, has been in existence since the 16th century. Onan international level, 5-day Cornhill Test Matches.
板球,是英国人最典型的体育运动,自从16世纪以来已存在。国际比赛是为期5天的康希尔决赛。
5. Although tennis has been played for centuries, the modern game originated in England inlate 19th. The main tournament is the annual Wimbledon fortnight, one of the 4 tennis "GrandSlam" tournaments.
尽管网球已打了好几个世纪,但现代比赛却起源于19世纪末的英格兰。主要比赛是一年一度的温布尔登两周赛,这是四大满贯网球锦标赛之一。
6. There is a considerable following and participation of athletics in Britain. For example,the London Marathon, which takes place every spring.
英国参加田径的人很多,例如伦敦的马拉松塞,每年春季举行。
7. The home of golf is Scotland where the game has been played since the 17th century andnaturally the oldest golf club in the world is there: The Honourable Company of EdinburghGolfers. The most important national event is the Open Championship with the Walker Cup foramateurs and the Ryder Cup for professionals.
高尔夫球的故里是苏格兰,自从17世纪以来这项运动就在那儿盛行。全世界最古老的高尔夫俱乐部也在那里:爱丁堡高尔夫球会员荣誉公司。全国最大的比赛是沃尔克杯业余公开赛和雷德尔杯职业公开赛。
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语国家概况:英国的主要媒介,欢迎大家阅读!
British newspapers can be divided into threekinds:quality newspapers(高质量严肃报纸),popularnewspaper(通俗报纸),and mid-market newspapers(中间市场报)。
1.Quality newspapers are directed at readers whowant full information on a wide range of publicmatters. There are 5 quality dailies (Financial Times,The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, TheIndependent, and The Times) and 4 quality Sundays (Sunday Telegraph, The Independent onSunday, The Observer, and The Sunday Times).
严肃报纸面向那些想全面了解社会事物各方面信息的读者。共有5家严肃日报(《金融时报》、《每日电讯报》、《卫报》、《独立报》、《泰晤士报》)和4家严肃周日报(《星期日电讯报》、《星期日独立报》、《观察家》、《星期日泰晤士报》)
2.Populary newspapers appeal to people wanting news of a more entertaining character,presented more concisely. There are 3 popular dailies (Daily Mirror, Daily Star and The Sun)and 3 popular Sundays(News of the world, Sunday Mirror, and The people).
通俗报纸吸引那些需要娱乐性较强而又简单明了的新闻的人们。共有3家通俗日报(《每日镜报》、《晨星报》、《太阳报》)和3家通俗周日报(《世界新闻报》、《星期日镜报》、《人民报》)
The BBC(the British Broadcasting Corporation英国广播公司) and its programs
BBC is the largest and dominant broadcasting corporation in Britain. BBC World Servicebroadcasts international news worldwide in 38 other languages.
The BBC is state-run(国营)and it is financed from the sales of television licences(出售电视收视证).BBC是英国最大的和独立的广播公司。BBC国际广播电台用英语和其他38种语言播放全球范围的国际新闻。国营的BBC的资金来源于收视许可证的销售。
BBC Network Radio serves(广播网)an audience of 30 million a week in Britain, broadcastingaround 38,000 hours of programmes each year on its 5 networks.
BBC广播网在英国每周就有3千万听众,每年在5个广播网上播送节目约38000个小时。
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英国国家的教育体制与我国的有何不同,为什么会这样呢?下面是读文网小编带来英语国家概况:英国的教育体制详情,欢迎大家阅读!
I.General knowledge
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy,the head of state is a king or a queen. The UnitedKingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereignby His or Her Majesty's Government. The System ofparliamentary government is not based on a writtenconstitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up ofstatute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law andinterprets statutes.
联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪
法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。
Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制
The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powerare limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutionalmonarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从1688年的光荣革命后开始。
II.The Monarchy君主制
1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God ofthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms andTerritories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith."
伊莉莎白二世,她的全称是“伊莉莎白二世承蒙大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的上帝之恩典,女王,英联邦元首,共同信仰的保护者。”
2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, anintegral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all thearmed forces and the "supreme governor" of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent toBills passed by parliament.
女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲,她是行政首脑,立法机构的组成部分,司法首脑,全国武装部队总司令,英国国教“至高无上”的领袖。她任命首相和重要的政府官员。对议会通过的法案给予御准。
III.Parliament 议会
1. The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal,state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, theHouse of Lords and the House of Commons.
英国是中央集权国家,而不是联邦制国家。议会由君主,上议院和下议院组成。
2. The main functions of Parliament are: (1) to passlaws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, themeans of carrying on the work of government; (3) toexamine government Policy and administrations,including proposal for expenditure; and (4) to debate the major issues of the day.
议会的主要作用是:(1)通过立法;(2)投票批准税为政府工作提供资金;(3)检查政府政策和行政管理,包括拨款提议;(4)当天的议题辩论。
The House of Lords 上院
The House of Lords is made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal. The LordsSpiritual are the Archbishops of Canterbury and Yord and 24 senior bishops of the Church ofEngland. The Lords Temporal consist of 1) all hereditary peers and peeresses of England,Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom(but not peers of Ireland);2)life peers created toassist the House in its judicial duties;3)all other life peers. The main function of the House ofLords is to bring the wide experience of its members into the process of law-making.上院由神职人员和世俗议员组成。神职包括坎特伯雷和约克大主教及24名高级主教。世俗议员包括1)所有英,苏,大不列颠及联合王国的世袭贵族,女贵族(但不包括爱尔兰);2)协助议院司法工作的终身贵族;3)其他终身贵族。上院的主要作用就是集中议员集体经验智慧制定法律。
The House of Commons 下院
The House of Commons is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651 Members ofParliament (MPs).It is in the House of Commons that the ultimate authority for law-makingresides.下
院议员由成人普选产生,共有651名议员。最高立法权掌握在下院手中。
1) Parliamentary Electoral System议会选举制
A General Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.British citizens, together with citizens of other Commonwealth countries and citizens of the IrishRepublic resident in Britain, may vote provided they are 1) aged 18 or over,2)included in theannual register of electors for the constituency, and 3)not subject to any disqualification. Acandidate must deposit 500 pound.大选每5年一次,且经常不足5年就举行。英国公民包括其他英联邦国家公民和爱尔兰共和国在英国的居民都有选举权。选举条件1)18或18以上,2)选区全体选民的每年选民登记册上登记注册者3)有资格参选者。候选人必须交纳500英镑保证金。
2)The Political Party System政党体制
Since 1945 either the Conservative Party or the Labour Parth has held power.
自1945年以来,一直由保守党或工党轮流执政。
看过英国的教育体制详情
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在你对英国的了解中,你对于这个国家的宗教团体是怎么认为的呢?下面是读文网小编带来英语国家概况:英国的主要宗教团体详情, 希望对大家有帮助。
The education system in Britain
1. primary education 初等教育,小学教育
Primary education is compulsory(义务教育) in Britain.It begins at five in Great Britain and four in NorthernIreland. All children have to attend primary schooland they finish their primary education at the age of11. In addition to the many state primaryschools(公立小学) which do not ask their pupils to payfees, there are also some fee-paying independentprimary schools (收费的私立小学). The most famous fee-paying primary schools are thepreparatory schools which admit children from seven-plus to 11,12 or 13 years old.
初等教育在英国是义务教育,大不列颠是从5岁开始,北爱尔兰是4岁。所有的孩子必须参加初等教育,并在11岁完成。除了许多国家公立小学不向学生收费外,也有一些收费的私立小学。预备学校学生的年龄通常为7岁以上到11 12 13岁。
2. secondary education 中等教育,中学教育
Secondary education in Britain is also compulsory. All the children must receive secondaryeducation after finishing their primary education at the age of eleven. The secondary schoolage-range(中学生的年龄段) is from 11-18. About 90 per cent of the state secondary schoolpopulation in Great Britain attend comprehensive schools.Secondary schools includecomprehensive schools (综合中学), secondary modern schools (现代中学) and grammarschools(文法学校). They are state schools(公立学校)。
中等教育在英国也是必须的,所有孩子必须在11岁完成初等教育后接受中等教育。中学生的年龄段从11-18。大不列颠90%左右的国属中等学校学生就读于综合中学。
3. higher education 高等教育,大学教育
There are some 90 universities,including the Open University. Most famous ones are Oxford andCambridge. There is also the Open University which is “open” to all to become students, mainlyadult students.
包括开放大学在内,英国共有90所大学。最著名的是牛津和剑桥。还有开放大学,即向所有未来的学生和成人开放。
看过英语国家概况:英国的主要宗教团体详情
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英国,全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland),本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛,被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。下面是读文网小编整理的英语国家概况:英国的形成历史,欢迎大家阅读!
The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)
百年战争及其结果
The Hundred Years’ War refers to the war between England and France that lastedintermittently from 1337 to 1453. The causes of the war were partly territorial and partlyeconomic.
①The territorial causes were related with the possession by the English kings of the largeduchy of Aquitaine in France, as the French kings grew stronger,they increasingly coveted thislarge slice.
②The economic causes were connected with cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders, which werethe importer of English wool, but they were loyal to the French king politically. Besides,England's desire to
③stop France from giving aid to Scots and
④a growing sense of nationalism were the other causes.
The English's being driven out of France is ①regarded as a blessing for both countries. If theEnglish had remained in France, the superior size and wealth of France would have ②hinderedthe development of a separate English national identity, ③while France was hindered so longas a foreign power occupied so much French territory.
百年战争指1337年到1453年英法之间一场断断续续的战争,战争的起因既有领土因素又有经济因素。领土起因尤其是英国国王占领了法国的阿基坦大片公爵领地,这是战争的根源,随着法国国王势力日增,他们渴望占领这片土地。经济原因则与弗兰德斯城有关。弗兰德斯地区生产棉布的城镇是英国羊毛的主要进口商,但这些城镇在政治上却效忠法国国王。其他原因还有英国试图阻止法国对苏格兰人的援助,并且压制不断增强的民族意识。
战争的结果:
把英国人赶出法国对两个国家都是幸事:若英国人继续留在法国,那么法国人在领土和财富上所占的优势必然会阻碍独立的英国的发展;而在英国占领大量法国领土的情况下,法国也很难统一。
Three stages of the war 战争的三个阶段
In the first two stages, the English won some big victories. But in the third stage, they weredriven out of Fance.战争初期,英国取得辉煌胜利。但是最终被逐出法国
The battle of Argencourt 阿壤科之战
It took place in 1415 and the English won a crushing victory. After the victory, the English kingHenry Ⅴwas recognized as the French King.1415年英国大获全胜,亨利5世登上法国王位。
Joan of Arc (1412-1431)贞德女士
Joan of Arc was a nation heroine in French history. She led and encourages the French indriving the English out of French in the Hundred Years’War. 贞德是法国历史上的女英雄,她领导和鼓舞法国人民将英国军队驱逐处境。
Consequences of the war 战争的后果影响
①The English lost the war. The expulsion of the English from French is regarded as a blessingfor both countries.
②It helped English national identity as well as French national identity.
③Two separate nation were born after the war.
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当我们看英国的电影时,会不会对于这个国家的历史起源感兴趣呢?下面是读文网小编带来英国的历史起源的介绍,欢迎大家阅读!
II. Roman Invasion 罗马征服
Between 55 and 54 B.C., Julius Casesar invaded British twice. But it was only nominalconquest for 96 years. The real conquest began in 43 A.D. and lasted for almost 350 years.
公元前55到公元前54年,凯撒大帝两次征服,但只是96年名义上的占领。真正的征服开始于公元43年,并持续了350年。
The Romans never did succeed in subduing all of Britain. One of the greatest achievements ofthe Roman Empire was its system of roads. The influence of Roman thought survived in Britainonly through the Church. Romanization was not successful in other areas like language andculture.
罗马征服并没有真正的征服英吉利,但罗马人带去了先进的技术,尤其是公路系统。罗马人在语言和文化上都没能征服当地人,只有他们的宗教例外。许多罗马教堂拔地而起。
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看英国的征服体制,了解这个国家的概况情况。下面是读文网小编带来英国的政府体制相关介绍,欢迎大家阅读!
Constitutional monarchy 君主立宪制
The British monarchy is known as constitutional monarchy. It means the monarchy's powerare limited by law and Parliament. The monarchy actually has no ral power. Constitutionalmonarchy began after the Glorious Revolution in 1688.英国的君主体制是以君主立宪闻名的。君主政体实际已无实权。它的权力受限于法律和议会。君主立宪制是从1688年的光荣革命后开始。
II.The Monarchy君主制
1.Elizabeth II, her title in the United Kingdom is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God ofthe United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms andTerritories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith."
伊莉莎白二世,她的全称是“伊莉莎白二世承蒙大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的上帝之恩典,女王,英联邦元首,共同信仰的保护者。”
2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, anintegral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of all thearmed forces and the "supreme governor" of the Church of England. She gives Royal Assent toBills passed by parliament.
女王是国家的象征。从法律上讲,她是行政首脑,立法机构的组成部分,司法首脑,全国武装部队总司令,英国国教“至高无上”的领袖。她任命首相和重要的政府官员。对议会通过的法案给予御准。
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美国国家档案馆(National Archives of the United States)是美国保管联邦政府档案文件的机构 。1934 年建立 ,直属联邦政府,馆长由总统任命。1949年改属美国国家档案与文件局。馆址在华盛顿。
North side of the Mall at Seventh Street and Constitution Avenue NW; closest Metro Archives-Navy Memorial. April to Labor Day daily 10am9pm; rest of year daily 10am5.30pm. 202/501-5000. Admission free.
美国国家档案馆
As well as a copy of the Magna Carta, dating from 1297, the National Archives hold exhibitions and serve as the official repository of all US national records census data, treaties (including the surrender of Japan in World War II), passport applications, as well as genealogical records most of which are kept in storage. On display inside the impressive Neoclassical Greek temple designed by the National Gallery's John Russell Pope are the three short texts upon which the United States is founded: the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution and the Bill of Rights. These three original sheets of parchment (the three further pages of the Constitution are not on display), drafted respectively in 1776, 1787 and 1789, are now contained in helium-filled glass cases, which drop underground in case of fire or other threat. You can usually look at them as long as you like, but if there's a crowd you have to shuffle on past.
对美国历史不感兴趣的人想必不会参观华盛顿的美国国家档案馆。这里收藏的是美国各个历史时期的珍贵文件和照片、声音、影像资料。为什么说独立日时国家档案馆的活动才是最正宗的呢?因为这里收藏着美国1776年建国时起草在羊皮纸上的开国文件的原稿:Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Bill of Rights——是的,就是历史课上学过的《独立宣言》、《美国宪法》和《权利法案》。档案馆坐落在宪法大道北边,所以也是参观独立日游行的好地方。
档案有什么好看的!但还真有人拿着放大镜找“all men are created equal”(人人生而平等)的字样。展品按照时间排列下来,就像一小段美国历史,每个文件都有标注“why is it important”,简单介绍背景。
十点多,众人被召集到档案馆的入口,最著名的《独立宣言》朗诵随后开始。扮演乔治·华盛顿和阿比盖尔·亚当斯的演员登台朗读。接下来,扮演本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·杰斐逊和约翰·亚当斯的演员也都上台朗读《美国宪法》。
阿比盖尔·亚当斯是谁?我一头雾水,于是问档案馆的工作人员,他说,阿比盖尔·亚当斯是第二任总统约翰·亚当斯的妻子。“为什么她那么重要?”大叔回答:“我想他们就是要安排一男一女来读。舞台效果嘛。”大叔接着说:“不过阿比盖尔·亚当斯也是重要的政治人物。她提倡已婚妇女应有财产权和受教育权。”
每个历史人物上台,主持人都会问他们一些观众在Twitter上提的问题,例如:“你们平时都在干吗?有什么兴趣爱好”之类的脑残问题。这些演员也风趣幽默,非常聪慧,根据自己对这些历史人物的理解来回答。我印象最深的就是主持人问:“你们最喜欢的地方是哪里?”
阿比盖尔·亚当斯说:“哦,就是我在乡下的小木屋,门口有苹果树……”她描述了一番,一幅美国殖民时期的田园风光立即展现在眼前。
轮到第二任总统约翰·亚当斯,也就是阿比盖尔·亚当斯的丈夫回答时,他说:“我最喜欢的地方啊,也就是亚当斯夫人喜欢的地方。”
现场所有观众都“噢”了一声,立即脑补总统和总统夫人恩爱的画面。然后最妙的来了,阿比盖尔·亚当斯立即接下话茬:“噢,约翰,你真是太贴心了,不过观众们你们也不要太惊讶,毕竟我们已经结婚有250年了。”观众大笑。
我回来一查,亚当斯夫妇结婚的时候是1764年,距今刚好250年。不得不佩服这个女演员实在是太厉害了!表演过程里,她也是唯一一个全程使用殖民时期的英式口音的。
演员朗读《独立宣言》的时候,铿锵有力,带有诗的韵律感。一个细节让我有些感动,舞台上除了五个演员,还有两位穿黑色西装的工作人员,他们一个面向南面,一个面向北面,全程随着演员用手语朗诵着。
每念完一条,现场所有人都会齐声大叫:“Boo!”Boo来自于法语词beau,意思是漂亮、完美。它在18世纪英语里通常指男性的崇拜者。
最后宣读每个签署在独立宣言上的人名的时候,大家又同时大声高呼:“Huzzah!”继续补课:Huzzah是Hooray的老式说法,表示相当激动。
朗诵结束后,游行就开始了。这个环节最没意思。如果月初参加的同志骄傲游行是8分的话,这个游行只有2分!
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英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响。那么你知道英国文学用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着读文网小编来学习一下吧。
英国文学作品选读 Selected Readings of British Literature
英国文学选读 selected readings in british literature
英国文学讲座 Lecture on English Lite
英国文学及写作 English Literature and Composition
中古时期英国文学 Old and Medieval British Literature
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