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高考英语必考语法知识点归纳总结免费
英语是高考必考的三门主科之一,所以认真复习英语知识点非常有必要。那么高考英语知识点有哪些呢?以下是小编准备的一些高考英语必考语法知识点归纳,仅供参考。
(一)英语听力:
听力的难点在于第一节只放一遍听力材料,只有一次机会抓取关键信息;同时,听力第二节会存在陷阱,一定要在听完整段材料以后再选答案,不能只听一半就想当然。
(二)英语阅读:
阅读的难点主要在于主旨大意题非常考察学生的总结归纳能力,其混淆选项也是考生失分的重灾区;阅读的细节理解题也非常考察学生的信息定位和查找能力,考生需要注意用时和定位的准确性。
(三)英语七选五:
七选五非常考察考生的快速归纳和信息甄辨能力,回顾检查的难度也较大,而且一道题错的话就至少会有两道题错
(四)英语完形填空:
综合能力要求较高,考察词汇量和语法知识较多,需要从语境中推断关键信息
(五)英语语法填空:
考察的语法知识较多,需要考生自己从上下文找到相关的线索,同时,短文填空需要自己填写单词/单词变体,考察考生的单词拼写
(六)英语写作:
近年新高考改革,作文变成了两道题,题量变大,同时增加了话题的灵活性,增加了续写的新题型,写作难度提升
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高考英语语法必考知识点归纳(完整版)
英语高考本身就不仅仅是背背单词那么简单的,高考英语涉及到很多语法知识,是一次非常全面正式的考试。以下是小编准备的一些高考英语语法必考知识点归纳,仅供参考。
听力应试技巧与策略
听前:略读题目,切入话题,划出重点,预测内容(确定人物身份)
听中:捕捉信息,速记要点,有的放矢,去伪存真(短文独白,首末为主旨句,注意5W,1H)
听后:连贯记忆,前后联系,综合考虑,一锤定音。
阅读理解
1.归纳标题题
特点:短小精悍,一般多为一个短语;涵盖性强,一般能覆盖全文意思;精确性强,表达范围要恰当,不能随意改变语意程度或色彩。常见命题形式有:
What’s the best title for the text?
The best title for this passage is ____.
Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?
2. 概括大意题
包括寻找段落大意(topic)和文章中心思想(main idea),常见命题形式有:
What is the general/main idea of the passage?
Which of the following expresses the main idea?
What is the subject discussed in the text?
细节理解题
考查内容主要涉及时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果、数字等议论文中例证细节和定义类细节。这类题目的共同特点是:答案一般都能在文章中找到。当然,答案并不一定是文章中的原句,考生需要根据文章提供的信息自己组织语句回答问题。
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中考英语语法知识归纳总结人教版最新
备考中考英语时,需要对重点语法和一些常考的知识点进行全面的复习。那么中考英语知识点怎么学习呢?以下是小编准备的一些中考英语语法知识归纳总结人教版,仅供参考。
一、听力
听力题主要考查整体理解和获取对话核心信息的能力。应试技巧:1.克服紧张心理,放松自己。心态平稳,才能有效发挥。2.试卷下发后,浏览问题题干,快速预测,以便带着问题有目的地去听。3.集中注意力听录音,果断答题。4.要学会放弃。如果有部分信息确实没听清楚,不要纠缠,马上放弃,以免影响后面答题。5.平时听力训练时要养成简写速记的习惯。
二、完形填空
完形填空题考查词汇知识、阅读能力、逻辑推理判断能力。应试技巧:1.快速通读短文,把握大意。特别注重首尾句的理解,抓住各段的主题句,理顺思路,为后面答题做好铺垫。2.在通读全文、理解大意的基础上,根据固定搭配、习惯用法、上下文暗示先选出一部分答案。然后细读全文,联系上下文内容、短语意思、语法法则、固定搭配等,对选项进行逐一比较和筛选,排除错误选项,最终确定正确答案。3.个别无法确定答案的,先跳过,往往能从下文暗示中找到答案。4.通读全文,验证答案。完成答案后,把所选的答案代入原文,通读全文,对所选答案进行核实调整。重要提示:切忌不通读全文,看一空填一空。
三、阅读理解
阅读理解主要考查学生阅读理解、获取信息和处理信息的能力。应试技巧:1.先看问题,再阅读。带着问题快速阅读全文,把握文章大意,明确作者观点和态度,寻求所需要的信息。2.注重主题句,各段的首尾句。3.概括大意,揣摩文章中心,掌握主旨和作者意图,不要过分推敲语言点。4.遇到生词要根据上下文或语境猜词义,不必停顿时间过长。
四、书面表达
书面表达考查学生综合语言运用能力。应试技巧:写作前:1.审题。审题要仔细,理清写作的体裁和格式,明确信息要点及词数限定等。抓住主旨要义,形成书面表达的思路及框架。2.整编。整合信息要点,分清段落层次,编写出提纲。写作中:1.根据体裁和信息要点明确作文所需要的重点句型和短语,尽量使用自己熟知的句型和短语。遇到不会词句,换用另一种意义相近的句式表达。2.遣词造句,用词地道。3.行文连贯。句与句之间,段与段之间连接自然连贯。写作后:1.检查与修改。重点检查:要点是否全面;内容是否完整;格式是否正确;句型、短语是否准确;语法有否错误;拼写有否错误;字数是否符合要求。2.考生在答卷时,写草稿,或写简略提纲,书写清楚规范,做到零涂改,确保卷面整洁。
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要在英语四级考试中写出优秀的英语作文,离不开考前日积月累的写作练习。下面读文网小编为大家带来英语四级写作练习题附范文,欢迎考生写作训练。
如今,相亲节目越来越受欢迎。每当我们打开电视,那些难以置信的场景相亲节目会弹出在屏幕上。许多人,从青少年到老年,如此热衷于这些表明他们不会错过任何一个机会看他们。
三个原因会导致这些相亲节目盛行。首先,有超过180000000的人仍然单身达到官方结婚年龄后长。此外,很多人会喜欢自娱一下,看其他人约会。最后但并非最不重要的,越来越多的电视生产商为迎合不同口味的观众增加一些吸引人的元素。
在我看来,政府应该限制这些相亲节目。许多这些节目宣传拜金主义和唯物主义的;相当多的客人的身份是人工。如果这些问题不解决,误导的影响可能是灾难性的。
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英语作文作为英语四级考试的一个重要题型,想要提高英语作文写作能力,那就要多学习优秀范文的写作技巧。下面读文网小编为大家带来英语四级满分作文,希望对大家有所帮助。
As what is vividly shown in the picture, many college students have the same doubt as the one in the picture that is whether that stuff will be outdated when they graduated and began to work. That stuff, as we can see from the picture, refers to the basic learning skills such as mathematics we learned when we were in primary school. It also reveals a phenomenon in the college that there are a great number of students, who question the practicability of their subjects because they are too simple to be helpful with their occupation afterwards.
正如照片所显示的,许多大学生都有着同样的疑问,在照片中的一个是,当他们毕业后,他们开始工作时,这些东西会不会是过时的。这东西,正如我们所看到的,是指我们在小学时所学的基本的学习技能。这也揭示了一个现象,在大学里有大量的学生,他们的实用性问题,因为他们太简单了,有助于他们的职业。
Does that mean these subjects are useless? Definitely not. These subjects are like the foundation of a building. Though they are commonplace even invisible, they are of vital importance. Mastering these basic skills we can grasp the fundamental elements of learning ability. As an old saying goes like this, high buildings rise from the ground. Only if we lay a solid foundation, we can’t set up a high building. Or in another word, do you think it is feasible to let a person learn English without learning a, b, c?
这是否意味着这些主题是无用的?绝对不是。这些主题是建筑的基础。虽然他们是平凡的,甚至是不可见的,他们是至关重要的。掌握这些基本技能,我们就可以掌握学习能力的基本要素。正如一句老话所说,高楼从地上升起。只要我们打下坚实的基础,我们就不能建立一个高层建筑。或者用另一个词,你认为让一个人在没有学英语的时候学英语是可行的吗?
With all was said above, we can draw a conclusion that the basic learning skills are quite essential to both our whole study and the work we will take after graduation. Thus we should pay more attention to the basic subjects and master the ability required at the further career.
通过上述,我们可以得出一个结论:基本的学习技能对我们的整个学习和工作都是非常必要的,我们将在毕业后进行。因此,我们应该更加关注基本的学科,并掌握进一步的职业所需的能力。
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下面是学习英语语法的基础知识哦,来学习下吧!
英语语法基础知识入门教程
音 标
学习提示:
在我们开始学习英语语音音标之前,有一点大家要记住:不要试图用汉语普通话的近似的音去代替英语的音标。例如,有人把英语字母“n’'念成“恩”,用汉语的“e”来代替英语的[e],把字母f、m、x分别念成“爱弗”、“爱木”、“爱克斯”。这是一种很坏的习惯,它使你永远也学不到纯正的英语发音。记住,英语的音标跟汉语的音标缺乏可比性。例如,英语的单元音有十二个之多,而汉语只有六个。即使是两者相似的音,它们在发音的口型、音的长短上都有差别。
音素分类:
英语的音标共有48个,其中元音音标20个,辅音音标28个。相信大家对它们都不陌生了,在正式开始音标学习之前,让我们再来熟悉一下这48个音标。
元音
1、单元音 前元音:[i] [i:] [e] [?]
中元音:[?:] [?] [?]
后元音:[a:] [?] [?:] [u] [u:]
2、双元音 合口双元音:[ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au]
集中双元音:[i?] [ε? ] [u?]
辅音
1、爆破音 [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
2、摩擦音 [f] [v] [θ] [e] [s] [z] [?] [?] [h] [r]
3、破擦音 [ts] [dz] [tr] [dr] [t?] [d?]
4、鼻音 [m] [n] [?]
5、半元音 [j] [w]
6、舌侧音 [l]
音标记忆法:
不要为音标的分类名称操心,你并不需要记住这些名称;也不要为音标的数目太多而发愁,照下面的两个记忆方法去做,你一定能在十分钟内将所有的英语音标记住。
一、元音分组记忆法:将元音音标分成四个大组和四个单个,帮助记忆。
1、四大组
第一组 第二组 第三组 第四组
[i] [i:] [i?] [ei] [ai]
[?] [?:] [?u] [ε?]
[u] [u:] [u?] [au]
[?] [?:] [?i]
记忆窍门:
第一组为“基本型”;第二组为基本型的“延长型”;在基本型后加长音符号;第三组为基本型的“前置型”;第四组为基本型的“后置型”。
2.四单个:一座山[?],一朵花[?],一个[e],一个[a:]
二、辅音成对记忆法:将辅音分成十对和八个单个,帮助记忆。
1.十对
爆破组 摩擦组 破擦组
[p] [b] [f] [v] [ts] [dz]
[t] [d] [θ] [e] [tr] [dr]
[k] [g] [s] [z] [t?] [d?]
[?] [?]
记忆口诀: 十对的辅音清、浊成对,每对的发音部位相同。
2.八单个:[m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r] [l] [h]
记忆口诀:三鼻音[m] [n] [n], 两半元[w] [j] , 一个[r],一个[l],还有一个[h]。
音节
一、定义:一个元音音素(双元音为一个音素)为一个音节。
1、[ai] [n?u] [st?nd] [ti:t?] 均为单音节。
2、['mi:t?] ['reiz?] 均为双音节。
3、['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]均为多音节。
二、音节的划分:
1、每两个元音之间有一个辅音,该辅音归后。如:['mi:t?] ['reiz?]
2、每两个元音之间有两个辅音,则前后各一个。如:['men??nd] ['f?ktri]
3、每两个元音之间有三个及以上的辅音,依次读出其本身的发音即可。如:
['empti]
简记为:一归后,二分手。
试读:[steid] ['a:ft?] ['men??nd] ['f?ktri] ['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]
三、开、闭、r音节:
1、开音节,又分绝对开音节和相对开音节。
绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的音节。如:no,we.she。
相对开音节:以元音字母+辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e结尾的音节。如:these,those,page,life,use。
2、闭音节:以一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)结尾,而中间只有一个元音字母的音节。如:bad,desk,sit,long。
3、,元音字母+r,即 ar er ir or ur
4、元音字母在重读开音节、重读闭音节和r读音节中的读音。
元音字母在重读音节中的读音
字母 开音节 例词 闭音节 例词 r音节 例词
A [ei] name [?] bag [a:] car
E [i:] these [e] pen [?:] her
I [ai] bike [i] his [?:] girl
O [?u] no, note [?] not [?:] for
U [ju:] student [?] bus [?:] nurse
由上表可见:元音字母在重读的开音节中就读字母本身的音。(注意:一切规律都不能包罗万象,如,不符合此规律的词有come, love 等等)
句子成分与句子
第一章 句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语句子主要成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语、补足语和定语。
1、主语
主语是一个句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事情,表示句子描述的是“谁”“什么”。主语一般位于陈述句句首,但在there be结构中主语位于谓语后面。
能作主语的有名词类(含代词、数词);非谓语(含不定式、ing 分词)、从句。
1)名词类
Professor Smith is a famous scientist.史密斯教授是著名的科学家。
We often speak English in class.我们经常在课堂上说英语。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班1/3的学生是女生。
2) 非谓语
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一门外语是必要的。
Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟有害健康。
3)从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候进行英语测验还没有决定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。只有动词在句中才能作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
1)简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:
He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached China.昨天下午他到达桂林。
2)复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.
你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。
He has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.
他患了重感冒,必须去看医生。
3、表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
能作表语的有名词类(含代词、数词);形容词;非谓语动词(含分词、不定式、动名词;介词短语、副词及从句。
1)名词
He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航员。
2)形容词
The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。
3) 非谓语动词
My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英语。
The speech is exciting.这演讲激动人心。
His hobby is playing football.他的爱好是踢足球。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老师对我的英语口语很满意。
4)介词短语
The machine must be out of order.这机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。
5)副词
Time is up.The class is over.时间到了,下课。
My father isn’t in.He is out.我父亲不在家,他出去了。
6)从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad.实际情况是他从未出过国。
What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.
我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。
4、宾语
宾语表示及物动作的对象或承受者,用于回答谓语“谁”和“什么”,一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
可充当宾语的内容和主语一样。
1)名词类
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。
We should learn from him.我们应该向他学习。
2)非谓语类(不定式、ing 分词)
He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。
3)从句
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
他问我班上谁的发音最好。
5、补语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。
1)宾语补足语:
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。(名词)
He doesn’t believe the story true.
他不相信这故事是真的。 (形容词)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
医生建议她卧床休息一周。 (不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
他们看见她进书店了。 (分词短语)
The children saw the kite up and up.
孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。 (副词)
You should put your books in order.
你应该把书摆整齐。 (介词短语)
2)主语补足语:含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时,原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。
We found him working in the office.(在此主动句子中working是宾补)
我们发现他正在办公室工作。
He was found working in the office.(在此被动句子中working是主补)
他被发现在办公室工作。
6、定语
用来修饰、说明、限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
可充当定语的有形容词;非谓语类(含不定式,ing 分词和ed 分词);名词类(含代词、数词、名词所有格);介词短语、副词和从句。
单个词作定语通常位于所修饰的词之前,但短语、从句作定语时通常位于所修饰的词之后。
1)形容词
Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是一座美丽的城市。
A bright future shines before us.光明的未来展现在我们眼前。
2) 非谓语类
The building to be built next year will be our school.
明年要建的那幢楼将是我们的学校。
China is a developing country;America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家,美国是一个发达国家。
3)名词类
There are thirty women teachers in our schoo1.我们学校有30名女教师。
More than thirty students in our class have read the book.
我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad.玛丽的父母出国了。
4) 介词短语
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。
Who is the girl in red? 穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁?
5)副词(多位于被修饰词之后)
A noise outside made him turn around.外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room below is friendly.楼下房间的那人很友好。
6)从句
There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。
I will remember the day when I first met her.
我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。
7、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
可充当状语的主要有副词、介词短语、非谓语类和从句。
1)副词
Light travels most quickly.光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there.
到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2)介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years.他在那座城市住了10年了。
In spite of the difficulties,we went on with our work.
尽管有困难,但是我们仍继续工作。
3)非谓语类
The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太重,我抬不起。
He is in the room making a model plane.他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do,he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
他不知道怎么办好,就去问老师。
Encouraged by the teacher,I made up my mind to learn English well.
在老师的鼓励下,我决心把英语学好。
4)从句
Once you begin,you must continue.一旦开始,你就得继续下去。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
状语的种类
1)时间状语
How about meeting again at six? 6:00再见面怎样?
2)原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
由于下雨,她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
3)条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨,我将到那里去。
As(So)long as you work hard,you can make rapid progress in English.
只要你努力,你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4)地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在3楼。
Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方,就有生命。
5)方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.
他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6)伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
老师走了进来,后面跟着一群学生。
7)目的状语
In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine.我去那里看我的一个朋友。
8)结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.他累极了,立刻就睡着了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我们到了那儿只发现了一个空房间。
9)让步状语
She works very hard though she is old.
虽然她年纪大了,但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come,you are warmly welcomed.
不管你什么时候来,都欢迎。
10)程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.
听了英语的故事,他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。
11)比较状语
I am taller than he is.我比他高。
The more I speak English,the better I’ll be.我越多讲英语,就讲得越好。
句子成分练习
指出下列句中画线部分的词性及在句中的作用
1. Tonight we have something special for dinner.
2. a. Thank you for years of your valuable service
b. She keeps her jewels, money and other valuables in the bank
3. He is a very fine musician.
4. a. The farmer enjoys the beauty of the long stretch of his land.
b. My wool sweater stretched when I washed.
5. a. I had a sharp pain in my back.
b. The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp.
6. a. Sound travels at 1,000 feet per second.
b. Your idea sounds a good one.
c. Old as Mary is,she still enjoys sound health
7. a. Father booked three seats on a plane.
b. Tom bought the tickets at the booking office outside the cinema.
8. a. On his way home he bought some apples at fruit stand.
b. The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer
c .This book stands high in my opinion.
9. To construct a reservoir is an important government project
10. a. Lovely Christmas presents are placed on the floor around a tree.
b. When George left office, the director presented him with a silver teapot.
c. We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future.
第二章 句子
第一节 简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子的主要特征是:是句子就必须含有主、谓。英语简单句有以下五种基本句型。
1.主语+系动词+表语(简称,主系表)
系动词+表语构成名词性合成谓语;可作表语的有名词、名词所有格、代词主格或宾格、名词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等。
She is a student.(名词)她是个学生。
He seems a clever boy.他似乎是个聪明的男孩。
She looks like her mother.(介词短语)她样子象她母亲。
The film is moving.(现在分词)这影片令人感动。
This shirt is not yours,but hers.(名词性物主代词)
这件衬衫不是你的,是她的。
2.主语+不及物动词(简称,主谓)
The sun rises.太阳升起来了。
He has just come.他刚来。
3.主语+及物动词+宾语(简称,主谓宾)
We love our motherland.我们热爱祖国。
she reads newspapers after supper.她晚饭后读报。
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor.李平想当医生。
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(简称,主谓双宾)
直接宾语和间接宾语又叫双宾语。直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。二者没有逻辑的主谓关系。要求跟双宾语的动词可分为两类:
(1)give,show,send,pass,hand,lend,post,serve,read,take,write,tell,teach.return,wish,allow,offer,promise,throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel.= I lent a novel to her. 我借给她一本小说。
Please show her your photos.= Please show your photos to her.
请把你的照片给她看看。
(2)buy,do, make,find,build, choose,cut,draw, earn,gather,paint,pick, prepare get,order,sing,spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt.
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her.
她母亲给她买了一条红裙子。
Please do me a favor.= Please do a favor for me. 请帮个忙。
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(简称,主谓复合宾)
有些动词带一个宾语意思不完整,还需要一个宾语补足语进一步说明,意思才完整。宾语+宾语补足语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑的主谓关系。双宾语之间则没有逻辑的主谓关系。
可作宾语补足语的词类有:名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和介词短语。
常见的要求带宾补的动词有:make,elect,choose,call,name,leave,find, keep, think, set, let,see,show,ask,tell,invite,want,wish,advise,get,force,oblige,allow,permit,like,encourage,order,expect,prefer,hate,persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary.(名词)父母给她取名玛丽。
Do you find life hard here?(形容词)你感觉这儿的生活艰苦吗?
I’m so glad I found you in.(副词)我很高兴你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so.(不定式)我竭力劝他不要这样做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense.
(不带to 的不定式)我突然感到气氛紧张起来。
I noticed him leaving the house.(-ing形式)我注意到他离开房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated.
(-ed形式)看到他们受到这样好的待遇,我很高兴。
另外,有些动词要求用it作形式宾语,名词或形容词作宾补,如:make,find,feel,think.
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion.
(形容词)我觉得有必要谈谈我的意见。
思考题
1、什么叫双宾语?
2、什么叫复合宾语?
3、双宾语和复合宾语有什么区别?举例说明。
练习题:说出系列各句分别是哪种句型;如果含有宾补,请划出作宾补的词语。
1、The old man stopped to watch the children playing.
2、She is deeply moved.
3、What I want is this.
4、She is out.
5、Her job is looking after the children.
6、I hope that you can often write me letters.
7、Allow me a few minutes to read the magazine.
8、She offered an old man her seat.
9、She wrote a letter to me.(她写了封信给我。)
10、She wrote a letter for me.(她替我写了封信。)
11、How do you find the dish?
12、Please ask them upstairs.
13、Will you allow me to take this magazine home?
14、I’ve never seen you look so well before.
15、He kept you wait a long time.
16、They invited me to attend the party.
17、They made Smith the president of the University.
18、Doctors recognize Johnson as a leading authority.
19、His teacher advised him to take up the piano.
20、He gave me the facts in brief
第二节 并列句
并列句包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为“简单句+连词+简单句”或中间由“;”连接。
1、表示延续、并列关系的连词有and(同,和),so(所以,因此),for, therefore(因为,所以),not only…but(also)(不仅……而且),neither…nor(既不……也不)等。如:
We help them and they help us.
我们帮助他们,他们帮助我们。
He has been working hard, so he has made much progress recently.
他一直努力工作,所以他近来取得了很大进步。
I think,therefore I exist.
我思故我在。
She not only writes her own plays, but she also acts in them.
她不仅自己编剧本,还饰演其中的角色。
He neither speaks English, nor understands it.
他既不会讲英语,也听不懂英语。
2、表示两者之间选择其一常用的有or(或者,否则),otherwise(否则),or else(否则),either…or(不是……就是)。如:
Either he is to blame or I am.
不是他该受责,就是我该受责。
You must go to work or/or else/otherwise you’ll lose your job.
你得去上班了,要不然就要失去这份工作了。
3、表示转折关系的并列连词有but(但是),yet(然而),still(仍然),however(然而),while(而,可是另一方面),whereas(而,反过来)等。
He is well over seventy, but he doesn’t look at all old.
他七十多岁,但看上去一点儿也不老。
She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艰苦训练,然而仍未达到自己的最佳状态。
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
第三节 复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句包括名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句)、状语从句和定语从句。 如:
What he said is true. 他所说的是真的。(主语从句)
I didn’t hear what he had said. 我没听见他说的什么。(宾语从句)
The question is who will go there. 问题是谁愿意去那里。(表语从句)
I was about to leave,when the telephone rang.
我正准备离开,电话响了。(状语从句)
This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的书。(定语从句)
名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句三大从句的具体用法下面我们要分别具体解释。
练习:判断下列句子是并列句还是复合句。
1. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.
2. Use your head,and you’11 find the answer.
3. Do what you’ve been told,otherwise you will be punished.
4. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
5. He is strong,while his brother is weak.
6. He got up early,(and)yet he failed to catch the early bus.
7. He knew what he wanted,however,he didn’t know how to get it.
8. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
9. When we’ll have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
10. She is weak, while his son is strong.
11. Though he is old,(yet)he works very hard.
12. I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
13. I am sure that we can get there on time.
14. Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Jack?
15. Where there is a will, there is a way.
16. Spring comes and trees turn green.
17. He doesn’t smoke,neither/nor does his brother.
18. I spoke so slowly that I could make myself understood.
第四节 名词性从句
一、 定义
首先,请同学们说出下列句各中划线词的词性及语法作用。
Mary is a teacher.
I like English.
结论:它们都是名词,在句中分别做主语、表语和宾语。即在英语中名词的主要作用是做主语、表语和宾语。
然后,我们一起分析下列各句中划线部分的语法作用。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论:它们分别做主语、宾语和表语。均起到了一个名词的作用。再者,划线部分本身就是一个句子,故在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句。
二、分类
请重读上述例句并依据它们在全句中的作用,说出它们具体的从句名称。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论:在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句;
起____作用的从句称为宾语从句;
起表语作用的从句称为____从句;
名词性从句分三类:主语从句;宾语从句和表语从句。
三、连词
引导名词性从句的引导词有三类:
1. that
2. whether/if(主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句);as if(主要用于引导表语从句)
3. who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how.
主语从句
that引导的主语从句
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
That she became monitor made us happy.
英文中有一种习惯,把that 引导的主语从句用it来代替它,即it做形式主语,把做真正主语的主语从句放在主句之后。如:
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
=It is certain that he will come tomorrow. 再例:
It is necessary that we learn English well.
It is a pity that we can’t go shopping.
It is said that he has been to England.
whether引导的主语从句
Whether she will be our teacher is not clear.
=It is not clear whether she will be our teacher.
Whether he will succeed or not doesn’t interest me.
=It doesn’t interest me whether he will succeed or not.
wh-词和how 引导的主语从句
(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why均以wh开头,故统称wh-词)
Who will be our English teacher has not been decided.
What you have said sounds reasonable.
注意:1. that在主语从句中不起任何语法作用,但不能省略。
2. if 不能引导主语从句。
宾语从句
它可以作动词谓语的宾语,也可作非谓语动词、某些介词和某些形容词的宾语。
that引导的宾语从句
I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
I am sure that we can get there on time.
由that引起的宾语从句在意思上相当于陈述句,此时that常可省去,但在以下几种情况下,that不可省。
1)that从句被短语,词组等与谓语动词分隔开时,that不可省。
They told us once again that this should never happen.
(此句中that引导的宾语从句被词组once again与主句隔开,因此that不可省。)
Everyone could see,I believe, that Mike was terrified.
(句中I believe为插入语,故that不可省)
2)当连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第二个从句及以后的连接词that不可省。
She said(that)her mother had gone abroad and that she would come back in a week.
whether,if 引导的宾语从句
I don,t know if/whether he has ever been to New York.
I wonder whether he can speak German or not.
以上例句中的whether和if(是否)都是引导宾语从句的,一般情况下whether,和if可互换。但在下列情况下whether和if不可换用。
1)whether之后可紧跟or not或构成whether.. .or not结构,if后一般不能紧跟or not,但可构成if...or not结构.
I wonder whether/if Mr.Smith has arrived or not.
I wonder whether or not Mr.Smith has arrived.(不可用if代替)
2)当宾语从句是否定句时,只可用if而不可用whether。
I don’t care if she doesn’t smile.
3)当该宾语从句为介词宾语时,只可用whether而不可用if.
I’m not interested in whether you are against the proposal or not.
4)当宾语从句中出现了并列连词or构成的并列结构时,只可用whether而不可用if.
He asked me whether I was a student or a teacher.
wh-词和how 引导的宾语从句
I can’t imagine why he did that thing.
Please tell me where you went yesterday.
注意:1. 整个复合句是疑问句时,其中的宾语从句应用陈述句的语序。
2. 当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句的谓语应用过去相应的时态。(表示真理的和客观事实的除外)
表语从句
that引导的表语从句
The reason was that he fell ill.
My idea is that we should spend our holiday in Qingdao.
as if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether it is worth doing.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
wh-词和how 引导的表语从句
Is this where he was born?
The important thing is what on earth has happened to him.
The question is who will go there.
思考题
1.主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句为什么统称为名词性从句?
2.that 引导主语从句和宾语从句有什么异同?
3.whether 和if 在引导名词性从句时的区别是什么?
4.在宾语从句中,哪几种情况that不能省略?在语序和时态方面应注意什么?
练习:
一、找出下列各复合句中的从句并说明是什么从句,且口译全句。
1. It is a wonder that he should know so much about this matter.
2. I’m sure that you are the tallest man in the world.
3. We are afraid that the trip will be too much for an old man.
4. It doesn’t make much difference whether they come or not.
5. Whether or not he is your friend doesn’t too much.
6. Where she has gone is not known yet.
7. You may take whatever you like.
8. He told me where he had been.
9. I know when we will take off for London.
10. How he became a three-good student is known to us a11.
11. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
12. It happened that they went out when I called.
13. When we’11 have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
14. Whom the teacher will praise in class is an important question.
15. I’m sorry that I didn’t recognize you just now.
16. We are glad that none of you failed in this exam.
17. He said that he would call on his old teacher.
18. I heard that some of the old teachers in our school had retired.
19. I want to know what has happened to her.
20. Whose answer is correct will be discussed at the meeting.
21. Which composition is the best will be decided tomorrow.
22. I was surprised at what you said.
23. Did he say anything about how the work was to be done?
24. The question is whether it worth doing.
25. The reason is that he fell ill.
二、单项选择
1.Can you tell me_____?
A. who is that gentleman B.that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D.whom is that gentleman
2.Can you tell me _____ the railway station?
A, how I can get to B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to D.where can I get to
3.Ask her _____ come with me.
A. if she will B.if will she
C.whether will she D.will she
4. I have no idea _____ far the airport is from here.
A.what B. how C.it’s D.that
5.They have no idea at all ______ .
A. where he has gone B.where did he go
C. which place has he gone D.where has he gone
6._____ he said is true.
A. What B.That C.Which D.Whether
7._____ you have done might do harm to other people.
A.That B. What C.Which D.This
8.They want to know _____ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D.how can they
9. These photographs will show you ______.
A.what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like
10. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B.The person C. Whoever D.Who
11. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A.When B.What C. That D./
l2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business
A.If B. Whether C. Even if D.No matter when
13._____ he is doing seems quite difficult.
A.How B.That C.Which D. What
14. ______ that there is another good harvest this year.
A.It says B. It is said C.I was said D.He was said
15. It is suggested that a new building_____.
A. be built at once B. should build next year
C.would be built at once D. could be built next year
16.It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature.
A.makes B.is making C. should be made D.will be made
17._____ was quite helpful.
A. What they advised me to do B.That they advised me to do
C. What did they advise me to do D.All what they advised me to do
18._____ still needs to be discussed.
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan is carried out
19.The question is _____ we’11 overcome all the difficulties.
A.what B. how C.that D.which
20.Shanghai is no longer the same city _____ .
A. as it used to be B.what it used to be
C. as it is used to being D.that it used to be
21.Is it possible _____ he misunderstood _____ I said?
A.that, that B. what, what
C.what, that D. that, what
22.He thought _____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A.which B. that C.when D.so that
23.The fact is ____ he is an advanced worker.
A.what B.which C. that D.why
24.I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word“infinity”mean
B. what the word“infinity”means
C. what the meaning of word the“infinity”
D. what the word“infinity”mean
25.I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public.
A.how B.what C.that D. why
26.Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest B.that she is honesty
C. she is honest D.is she honest
27.He _____ you are not going abroad.
A.surprised that B. is surprised that
C.surprised at D. is surprised whether
28. What I said was wrong in the last letter for you.I wish I ______ it back.
A. could take B. would take C.will take D.take
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在备考英语四级的过程中,各位考生不仅要注意词汇的积累,句型的掌握,还要注意标点符号的正确使用。下面是读文网小编整理的英语四级作文必备知识训练:标点符号的用法,以供大家学习参考。
分号有时又称为小句号。它表示一个停顿,其停顿时间在逗号与冒号的停顿时间之间。文章如采用许多分号,其风格则变得严肃、正式。为了正确使用分号,有必要先学会辨认主句。当两个主句没有任何连接词(and, but, or, nor, for)连接而出现在同一个句子里,这时最好采用分号使之分离。分号的主要作用很简单,它常用于分离没有连接词连接的句子。但最好不要在从句之间形成如此之强的停顿。如果你要连接从句,而又不愿意用连接词时,则采用分号。
The world is a comedy to those that think; a tragedy to those that feel.
You don’t write because you want to say something; you write because you’ve got something to say.
In the past, boy babies were often dressed in blue; girls, in pink.
Can’t you see it’s no good to go on alone; we’ll starve to death if we keep traveling this way much longer.
John F. Kennedy said at his inaugural speech, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country."
Our power to apprehend truth is limited; to seek it, limitless.
Science needs to be lived alongside religion, philosophy, history and esthetic experience; alone it can lead to great harm.
下列各词和短语如用于连接复合句时,常与分号连用:
then however thus furthermore
hence indeed consequently also
that is nevertheless anyhow in addition
in fact on the other hand likewise moreover
still meanwhile instead besides
otherwise in other words henceforth for example
therefore at the same time even now
例:
Being clever and cynical, he succeeded in becoming president of the company; meanwhile his wife left him.
The weather was cold for that time of the year; nevertheless, we set out to hike to the top of that mountain.
According to one national survey, high school boys expected a starting salary of $19,500 for their first full-time job; on the other hand, high school girls expected a starting salary of only $15,000.
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语四级作文必备知识训练:议论文的框架,以供大家学习参考。
Nowadays, there is a widespread concern over (the issue that)___作文题目______. In fact, there are both advantages and disadvantages in __题目议题_____. Generally speaking, it is widely believed there are several positive aspects as follows. Firstly, ___优点一______. And secondly ___优点二_____.
Just As a popular saying goes, "every coin has two sides", __讨论议题______ is no exception, and in another word, it still has negative aspects. To begin with, ___缺点一______. In addition, ____缺点二______.
To sum up, we should try to bring the advantages of __讨论议题____ into full play, and reduce the disadvantages to the minimum at the same time. In that case, we will definitely make a better use of the ____讨论议题___.
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语四级作文必备知识:独立主格结构,以供大家学习参考。
独立主格结构指带主语的动词分词、介词、或副词词组。 何谓独立主格结构?
它是指与主语之间无任何语法关系的名词或代词加上一个分词的结构。它不修饰单个的词,而修饰整个句子。独立主格结构可位于句子的任何部位。它构成一个单独实体,并具有如下两种功能:(1) 解释原因或情景 (2) 提供主句中重点部分的相关细节。
例 Freud distinguished three kinds of anxiety, each arising from a different source of perceived danger.
"each" 是独立主格结构,"arising from"是动词短语。注意这个独立主格结构是一个"干巴巴"的句子。通过改变动词形式,它的面貌可焕然一新:Each arises from a different source of perceived danger.
再看以下例句
Before: His nose was running and his hands were shaking. He left the theater like that.
Interesting: His nose running and his hands shaking, he left the theater.
Before: He is known for his bad temper, so I fear the encounter.
Interesting: I fear the encounter, his temper being what it is.
Plain: If the weather is favorable tomorrow, we will spend the entire day climbing Huang Shan.
Good: Weather permitting, we will spend the entire day tomorrow climbing Huang Shan.
Plain: Let’s pray that the Southeast Asian economy will soon return to normal.
Good: The Southeast Asian economy, God willing, will soon return to normal.
Plain: Early radio reports exaggerated the success of the raid on the Embassy. Some even indicated that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.
Better: Early radio reports exaggerated the success of the raid on the Embassy, some even indicating that the Vietcong had occupied several floors of the building.
Plain: Even though the drug controversy was still festering around him, in the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.
Better: In the end, defending Australian Open champion Petr Korda, the drug controversy around him still festering, walked away with a salute to a cheering crowd.
有些短语在语法上可与它所在句中的其它成分分离。这种结构不修饰句子的任何一个词,而修饰句子的整体意思。
分词连同它所修饰的名词或代词可构成独立主格结构。同位语和插入语有时也被认为是独立主格结构
During the early years of the Cultural Revolution, dried mushrooms on dinner tables were an unheard-of luxury, and pork chops unthinkable.
We see Van Gogh in the role of prophet in "Self Portrait," his emaciated, luminous head with its burning eyes set off against a whirlpool of darkness.
Professor Wang’s handwriting was precise, fussy, spidery, his notepad pale mauve.
(主语+系动词+形容词, +独立主格结构<主语+形容词>)
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眼下正是考研英语复习打基础的关键时期,很多同学都处在背单词,学语法的阶段。的确,词汇和语法是我们学好考研英语的基石,因为考研英语的文章 中多是长难句,对长难句的分析理解,直接影响到我们的做题结果。词汇的记忆,重在平时的坚持与积累;语法长难句的学习则要把握住重点方向和分析方法。在 此,读文网小编要为大家解析,考研英语长难句复习的重点方向和正确分析方法到底是什么?
阅读真题是宝贵的,前期大家使用的阅读真题要利用04年以前的,最近十年真题不要碰。那做真题并不是一道题做完就结束了,一定要利用好真题,发挥它的价值。在完成文章题目后,一定要回头分析文章。首先,分析某些重点词汇。什么样的词汇呢?可以是高频词汇,熟词僻意,简单词汇在专业文章中的释义等等。其次,分析文章结构,这是很好的把握中心及主旨的方式;同样为以后做新题型打下基础。再者,分析长难句。我们所说的长难句并不只是又长又难的句子。
它可以是约定俗成的表达,如 Faith can move mountains. 也可以是虚假长难句,如这样看似很难,实则就是简单句的结构---As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked“anti-science” in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross,a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematicianat Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of CornellUniversity. 最后才是真正的长难句。所以,翻译题并不是只有翻译真题可以练习,而是所有的题型都可当做翻译来练习。
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自2013年12月四六级考试改革以来,翻译部分由原来的句子填空翻译变为段落翻译,难度略微提升,更全面的考查考生的英语综合能力。翻译分值占到15%,时间为30分钟,主要考查的内容为中国文化、历史、经济与社会发展,长度约为150字,13-15分评分标准为译文准确表达原文意思,用词贴切,行文流畅,无基本语法错误。由此我们可以看出,段落翻译重点考查的考生的阅读理解能力,词汇量,语法基础等
1. …as soon as… 一……就……
Peter一听到消息就兴奋地喊起来。 As soon as Peter heard it, he cried out excitedly.
2. as…as 和……一样 & (not)as/ so…as ……不如……
听磁带和看英语电影一样重要。 Listening to tapes is as important as watching English-language movies.
3. as … as possible 尽可能地……
当你感冒的时候,你应该喝尽可能多的水。 When you have a cold, you should drink as much water as possible.
4. ask sb for sth…… 向某人要……
当你不知道问题的答案时,你可以向你的老师寻求帮助。 When you don‘t know the answer to any questions, you can ask your teacher for help.
5、ask/tell sb. (how) to do sth.请/告诉某人(如何)做……
Tom的爸爸经常告诉Tom应该如何正确面对问题。 Tom‘s father often tells Tom how to deal with the problems in the correct way.
6. ask/tell sb. not to do sth. 请/告诉某人不做某事
我妈妈经常告诉我不要花费太多时间玩电脑游戏。 My mother often tells me not to spend so much time in playing computer games.
7. be afraid of doing sth. / that+从句担心(某事可能产生的后果)
学生们为考试担心不足为奇。 It‘s no surprise that students are afraid of having exams.
8. be afraid to do sth. 害怕去/不敢去做某事
It is good for your English study to keep speaking English every day.
早睡早起有利健康。It‘s good for your health to go to bed early and get up early.
不按时写英语作业对我们不好。It is bad for us to do English homework on time.
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改革后的翻译是英语四六级考试的又一重难点,也是让考生最头疼的内容,它除了需要我们有一定的词汇积累,也需要我们了解一些常考的句型以及固定搭配,为了方便考生复习,学习拉小编为大家整理出英语四级翻译必胜的原则
It is universally acknowledged that + 句子(全世界都知道…)
这是一个在四级作文里面用来阐述观点的经典句型,用词也很出色。
It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。
It is…that + 句子…构成强调句型(The Emphatic Pattern)
英语常用的强调结构是“It is/was+被强调部分(主语、宾语或状语)+ who(that)…”。一般说来,被强调部分指人时,用who;指事物时,用that;在美国英语中指事物时常用which来代替that。
与之类似的常用句型还有:
It is conceivable that + 句子(可想而知的)
It is obvious that + 句子(明显的)
It is apparent that + 句子(显然的)
It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
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摘要:词的减省,就是翻译时,把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略,从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等,在译成英语时需适当删减,以保持句子的通顺。
所谓词的减省,就是翻译时,把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略,从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等,在译成英语时需适当删减,以保持句子的通顺。
例如:于是转喜为怒,转赞美为责备挑剔,转首肯为摇头。
Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking. (删减重复的谓语动词)
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