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下面是学习英语语法的基础知识哦,来学习下吧!
英语语法基础知识入门教程
音 标
学习提示:
在我们开始学习英语语音音标之前,有一点大家要记住:不要试图用汉语普通话的近似的音去代替英语的音标。例如,有人把英语字母“n’'念成“恩”,用汉语的“e”来代替英语的[e],把字母f、m、x分别念成“爱弗”、“爱木”、“爱克斯”。这是一种很坏的习惯,它使你永远也学不到纯正的英语发音。记住,英语的音标跟汉语的音标缺乏可比性。例如,英语的单元音有十二个之多,而汉语只有六个。即使是两者相似的音,它们在发音的口型、音的长短上都有差别。
音素分类:
英语的音标共有48个,其中元音音标20个,辅音音标28个。相信大家对它们都不陌生了,在正式开始音标学习之前,让我们再来熟悉一下这48个音标。
元音
1、单元音 前元音:[i] [i:] [e] [?]
中元音:[?:] [?] [?]
后元音:[a:] [?] [?:] [u] [u:]
2、双元音 合口双元音:[ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au]
集中双元音:[i?] [ε? ] [u?]
辅音
1、爆破音 [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
2、摩擦音 [f] [v] [θ] [e] [s] [z] [?] [?] [h] [r]
3、破擦音 [ts] [dz] [tr] [dr] [t?] [d?]
4、鼻音 [m] [n] [?]
5、半元音 [j] [w]
6、舌侧音 [l]
音标记忆法:
不要为音标的分类名称操心,你并不需要记住这些名称;也不要为音标的数目太多而发愁,照下面的两个记忆方法去做,你一定能在十分钟内将所有的英语音标记住。
一、元音分组记忆法:将元音音标分成四个大组和四个单个,帮助记忆。
1、四大组
第一组 第二组 第三组 第四组
[i] [i:] [i?] [ei] [ai]
[?] [?:] [?u] [ε?]
[u] [u:] [u?] [au]
[?] [?:] [?i]
记忆窍门:
第一组为“基本型”;第二组为基本型的“延长型”;在基本型后加长音符号;第三组为基本型的“前置型”;第四组为基本型的“后置型”。
2.四单个:一座山[?],一朵花[?],一个[e],一个[a:]
二、辅音成对记忆法:将辅音分成十对和八个单个,帮助记忆。
1.十对
爆破组 摩擦组 破擦组
[p] [b] [f] [v] [ts] [dz]
[t] [d] [θ] [e] [tr] [dr]
[k] [g] [s] [z] [t?] [d?]
[?] [?]
记忆口诀: 十对的辅音清、浊成对,每对的发音部位相同。
2.八单个:[m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r] [l] [h]
记忆口诀:三鼻音[m] [n] [n], 两半元[w] [j] , 一个[r],一个[l],还有一个[h]。
音节
一、定义:一个元音音素(双元音为一个音素)为一个音节。
1、[ai] [n?u] [st?nd] [ti:t?] 均为单音节。
2、['mi:t?] ['reiz?] 均为双音节。
3、['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]均为多音节。
二、音节的划分:
1、每两个元音之间有一个辅音,该辅音归后。如:['mi:t?] ['reiz?]
2、每两个元音之间有两个辅音,则前后各一个。如:['men??nd] ['f?ktri]
3、每两个元音之间有三个及以上的辅音,依次读出其本身的发音即可。如:
['empti]
简记为:一归后,二分手。
试读:[steid] ['a:ft?] ['men??nd] ['f?ktri] ['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]
三、开、闭、r音节:
1、开音节,又分绝对开音节和相对开音节。
绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的音节。如:no,we.she。
相对开音节:以元音字母+辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e结尾的音节。如:these,those,page,life,use。
2、闭音节:以一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)结尾,而中间只有一个元音字母的音节。如:bad,desk,sit,long。
3、,元音字母+r,即 ar er ir or ur
4、元音字母在重读开音节、重读闭音节和r读音节中的读音。
元音字母在重读音节中的读音
字母 开音节 例词 闭音节 例词 r音节 例词
A [ei] name [?] bag [a:] car
E [i:] these [e] pen [?:] her
I [ai] bike [i] his [?:] girl
O [?u] no, note [?] not [?:] for
U [ju:] student [?] bus [?:] nurse
由上表可见:元音字母在重读的开音节中就读字母本身的音。(注意:一切规律都不能包罗万象,如,不符合此规律的词有come, love 等等)
句子成分与句子
第一章 句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语句子主要成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语、补足语和定语。
1、主语
主语是一个句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事情,表示句子描述的是“谁”“什么”。主语一般位于陈述句句首,但在there be结构中主语位于谓语后面。
能作主语的有名词类(含代词、数词);非谓语(含不定式、ing 分词)、从句。
1)名词类
Professor Smith is a famous scientist.史密斯教授是著名的科学家。
We often speak English in class.我们经常在课堂上说英语。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班1/3的学生是女生。
2) 非谓语
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一门外语是必要的。
Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟有害健康。
3)从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候进行英语测验还没有决定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。只有动词在句中才能作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
1)简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:
He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached China.昨天下午他到达桂林。
2)复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.
你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。
He has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.
他患了重感冒,必须去看医生。
3、表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
能作表语的有名词类(含代词、数词);形容词;非谓语动词(含分词、不定式、动名词;介词短语、副词及从句。
1)名词
He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航员。
2)形容词
The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。
3) 非谓语动词
My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英语。
The speech is exciting.这演讲激动人心。
His hobby is playing football.他的爱好是踢足球。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老师对我的英语口语很满意。
4)介词短语
The machine must be out of order.这机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。
5)副词
Time is up.The class is over.时间到了,下课。
My father isn’t in.He is out.我父亲不在家,他出去了。
6)从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad.实际情况是他从未出过国。
What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.
我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。
4、宾语
宾语表示及物动作的对象或承受者,用于回答谓语“谁”和“什么”,一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
可充当宾语的内容和主语一样。
1)名词类
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。
We should learn from him.我们应该向他学习。
2)非谓语类(不定式、ing 分词)
He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。
3)从句
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
他问我班上谁的发音最好。
5、补语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。
1)宾语补足语:
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。(名词)
He doesn’t believe the story true.
他不相信这故事是真的。 (形容词)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
医生建议她卧床休息一周。 (不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
他们看见她进书店了。 (分词短语)
The children saw the kite up and up.
孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。 (副词)
You should put your books in order.
你应该把书摆整齐。 (介词短语)
2)主语补足语:含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时,原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。
We found him working in the office.(在此主动句子中working是宾补)
我们发现他正在办公室工作。
He was found working in the office.(在此被动句子中working是主补)
他被发现在办公室工作。
6、定语
用来修饰、说明、限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
可充当定语的有形容词;非谓语类(含不定式,ing 分词和ed 分词);名词类(含代词、数词、名词所有格);介词短语、副词和从句。
单个词作定语通常位于所修饰的词之前,但短语、从句作定语时通常位于所修饰的词之后。
1)形容词
Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是一座美丽的城市。
A bright future shines before us.光明的未来展现在我们眼前。
2) 非谓语类
The building to be built next year will be our school.
明年要建的那幢楼将是我们的学校。
China is a developing country;America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家,美国是一个发达国家。
3)名词类
There are thirty women teachers in our schoo1.我们学校有30名女教师。
More than thirty students in our class have read the book.
我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad.玛丽的父母出国了。
4) 介词短语
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。
Who is the girl in red? 穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁?
5)副词(多位于被修饰词之后)
A noise outside made him turn around.外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room below is friendly.楼下房间的那人很友好。
6)从句
There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。
I will remember the day when I first met her.
我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。
7、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
可充当状语的主要有副词、介词短语、非谓语类和从句。
1)副词
Light travels most quickly.光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there.
到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2)介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years.他在那座城市住了10年了。
In spite of the difficulties,we went on with our work.
尽管有困难,但是我们仍继续工作。
3)非谓语类
The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太重,我抬不起。
He is in the room making a model plane.他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do,he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
他不知道怎么办好,就去问老师。
Encouraged by the teacher,I made up my mind to learn English well.
在老师的鼓励下,我决心把英语学好。
4)从句
Once you begin,you must continue.一旦开始,你就得继续下去。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
状语的种类
1)时间状语
How about meeting again at six? 6:00再见面怎样?
2)原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
由于下雨,她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
3)条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨,我将到那里去。
As(So)long as you work hard,you can make rapid progress in English.
只要你努力,你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4)地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在3楼。
Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方,就有生命。
5)方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.
他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6)伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
老师走了进来,后面跟着一群学生。
7)目的状语
In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine.我去那里看我的一个朋友。
8)结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.他累极了,立刻就睡着了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我们到了那儿只发现了一个空房间。
9)让步状语
She works very hard though she is old.
虽然她年纪大了,但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come,you are warmly welcomed.
不管你什么时候来,都欢迎。
10)程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.
听了英语的故事,他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。
11)比较状语
I am taller than he is.我比他高。
The more I speak English,the better I’ll be.我越多讲英语,就讲得越好。
句子成分练习
指出下列句中画线部分的词性及在句中的作用
1. Tonight we have something special for dinner.
2. a. Thank you for years of your valuable service
b. She keeps her jewels, money and other valuables in the bank
3. He is a very fine musician.
4. a. The farmer enjoys the beauty of the long stretch of his land.
b. My wool sweater stretched when I washed.
5. a. I had a sharp pain in my back.
b. The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp.
6. a. Sound travels at 1,000 feet per second.
b. Your idea sounds a good one.
c. Old as Mary is,she still enjoys sound health
7. a. Father booked three seats on a plane.
b. Tom bought the tickets at the booking office outside the cinema.
8. a. On his way home he bought some apples at fruit stand.
b. The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer
c .This book stands high in my opinion.
9. To construct a reservoir is an important government project
10. a. Lovely Christmas presents are placed on the floor around a tree.
b. When George left office, the director presented him with a silver teapot.
c. We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future.
第二章 句子
第一节 简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子的主要特征是:是句子就必须含有主、谓。英语简单句有以下五种基本句型。
1.主语+系动词+表语(简称,主系表)
系动词+表语构成名词性合成谓语;可作表语的有名词、名词所有格、代词主格或宾格、名词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等。
She is a student.(名词)她是个学生。
He seems a clever boy.他似乎是个聪明的男孩。
She looks like her mother.(介词短语)她样子象她母亲。
The film is moving.(现在分词)这影片令人感动。
This shirt is not yours,but hers.(名词性物主代词)
这件衬衫不是你的,是她的。
2.主语+不及物动词(简称,主谓)
The sun rises.太阳升起来了。
He has just come.他刚来。
3.主语+及物动词+宾语(简称,主谓宾)
We love our motherland.我们热爱祖国。
she reads newspapers after supper.她晚饭后读报。
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor.李平想当医生。
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(简称,主谓双宾)
直接宾语和间接宾语又叫双宾语。直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。二者没有逻辑的主谓关系。要求跟双宾语的动词可分为两类:
(1)give,show,send,pass,hand,lend,post,serve,read,take,write,tell,teach.return,wish,allow,offer,promise,throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel.= I lent a novel to her. 我借给她一本小说。
Please show her your photos.= Please show your photos to her.
请把你的照片给她看看。
(2)buy,do, make,find,build, choose,cut,draw, earn,gather,paint,pick, prepare get,order,sing,spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt.
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her.
她母亲给她买了一条红裙子。
Please do me a favor.= Please do a favor for me. 请帮个忙。
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(简称,主谓复合宾)
有些动词带一个宾语意思不完整,还需要一个宾语补足语进一步说明,意思才完整。宾语+宾语补足语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑的主谓关系。双宾语之间则没有逻辑的主谓关系。
可作宾语补足语的词类有:名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和介词短语。
常见的要求带宾补的动词有:make,elect,choose,call,name,leave,find, keep, think, set, let,see,show,ask,tell,invite,want,wish,advise,get,force,oblige,allow,permit,like,encourage,order,expect,prefer,hate,persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary.(名词)父母给她取名玛丽。
Do you find life hard here?(形容词)你感觉这儿的生活艰苦吗?
I’m so glad I found you in.(副词)我很高兴你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so.(不定式)我竭力劝他不要这样做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense.
(不带to 的不定式)我突然感到气氛紧张起来。
I noticed him leaving the house.(-ing形式)我注意到他离开房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated.
(-ed形式)看到他们受到这样好的待遇,我很高兴。
另外,有些动词要求用it作形式宾语,名词或形容词作宾补,如:make,find,feel,think.
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion.
(形容词)我觉得有必要谈谈我的意见。
思考题
1、什么叫双宾语?
2、什么叫复合宾语?
3、双宾语和复合宾语有什么区别?举例说明。
练习题:说出系列各句分别是哪种句型;如果含有宾补,请划出作宾补的词语。
1、The old man stopped to watch the children playing.
2、She is deeply moved.
3、What I want is this.
4、She is out.
5、Her job is looking after the children.
6、I hope that you can often write me letters.
7、Allow me a few minutes to read the magazine.
8、She offered an old man her seat.
9、She wrote a letter to me.(她写了封信给我。)
10、She wrote a letter for me.(她替我写了封信。)
11、How do you find the dish?
12、Please ask them upstairs.
13、Will you allow me to take this magazine home?
14、I’ve never seen you look so well before.
15、He kept you wait a long time.
16、They invited me to attend the party.
17、They made Smith the president of the University.
18、Doctors recognize Johnson as a leading authority.
19、His teacher advised him to take up the piano.
20、He gave me the facts in brief
第二节 并列句
并列句包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为“简单句+连词+简单句”或中间由“;”连接。
1、表示延续、并列关系的连词有and(同,和),so(所以,因此),for, therefore(因为,所以),not only…but(also)(不仅……而且),neither…nor(既不……也不)等。如:
We help them and they help us.
我们帮助他们,他们帮助我们。
He has been working hard, so he has made much progress recently.
他一直努力工作,所以他近来取得了很大进步。
I think,therefore I exist.
我思故我在。
She not only writes her own plays, but she also acts in them.
她不仅自己编剧本,还饰演其中的角色。
He neither speaks English, nor understands it.
他既不会讲英语,也听不懂英语。
2、表示两者之间选择其一常用的有or(或者,否则),otherwise(否则),or else(否则),either…or(不是……就是)。如:
Either he is to blame or I am.
不是他该受责,就是我该受责。
You must go to work or/or else/otherwise you’ll lose your job.
你得去上班了,要不然就要失去这份工作了。
3、表示转折关系的并列连词有but(但是),yet(然而),still(仍然),however(然而),while(而,可是另一方面),whereas(而,反过来)等。
He is well over seventy, but he doesn’t look at all old.
他七十多岁,但看上去一点儿也不老。
She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艰苦训练,然而仍未达到自己的最佳状态。
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
第三节 复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句包括名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句)、状语从句和定语从句。 如:
What he said is true. 他所说的是真的。(主语从句)
I didn’t hear what he had said. 我没听见他说的什么。(宾语从句)
The question is who will go there. 问题是谁愿意去那里。(表语从句)
I was about to leave,when the telephone rang.
我正准备离开,电话响了。(状语从句)
This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的书。(定语从句)
名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句三大从句的具体用法下面我们要分别具体解释。
练习:判断下列句子是并列句还是复合句。
1. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.
2. Use your head,and you’11 find the answer.
3. Do what you’ve been told,otherwise you will be punished.
4. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
5. He is strong,while his brother is weak.
6. He got up early,(and)yet he failed to catch the early bus.
7. He knew what he wanted,however,he didn’t know how to get it.
8. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
9. When we’ll have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
10. She is weak, while his son is strong.
11. Though he is old,(yet)he works very hard.
12. I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
13. I am sure that we can get there on time.
14. Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Jack?
15. Where there is a will, there is a way.
16. Spring comes and trees turn green.
17. He doesn’t smoke,neither/nor does his brother.
18. I spoke so slowly that I could make myself understood.
第四节 名词性从句
一、 定义
首先,请同学们说出下列句各中划线词的词性及语法作用。
Mary is a teacher.
I like English.
结论:它们都是名词,在句中分别做主语、表语和宾语。即在英语中名词的主要作用是做主语、表语和宾语。
然后,我们一起分析下列各句中划线部分的语法作用。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论:它们分别做主语、宾语和表语。均起到了一个名词的作用。再者,划线部分本身就是一个句子,故在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句。
二、分类
请重读上述例句并依据它们在全句中的作用,说出它们具体的从句名称。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论:在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句;
起____作用的从句称为宾语从句;
起表语作用的从句称为____从句;
名词性从句分三类:主语从句;宾语从句和表语从句。
三、连词
引导名词性从句的引导词有三类:
1. that
2. whether/if(主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句);as if(主要用于引导表语从句)
3. who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how.
主语从句
that引导的主语从句
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
That she became monitor made us happy.
英文中有一种习惯,把that 引导的主语从句用it来代替它,即it做形式主语,把做真正主语的主语从句放在主句之后。如:
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
=It is certain that he will come tomorrow. 再例:
It is necessary that we learn English well.
It is a pity that we can’t go shopping.
It is said that he has been to England.
whether引导的主语从句
Whether she will be our teacher is not clear.
=It is not clear whether she will be our teacher.
Whether he will succeed or not doesn’t interest me.
=It doesn’t interest me whether he will succeed or not.
wh-词和how 引导的主语从句
(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why均以wh开头,故统称wh-词)
Who will be our English teacher has not been decided.
What you have said sounds reasonable.
注意:1. that在主语从句中不起任何语法作用,但不能省略。
2. if 不能引导主语从句。
宾语从句
它可以作动词谓语的宾语,也可作非谓语动词、某些介词和某些形容词的宾语。
that引导的宾语从句
I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
I am sure that we can get there on time.
由that引起的宾语从句在意思上相当于陈述句,此时that常可省去,但在以下几种情况下,that不可省。
1)that从句被短语,词组等与谓语动词分隔开时,that不可省。
They told us once again that this should never happen.
(此句中that引导的宾语从句被词组once again与主句隔开,因此that不可省。)
Everyone could see,I believe, that Mike was terrified.
(句中I believe为插入语,故that不可省)
2)当连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第二个从句及以后的连接词that不可省。
She said(that)her mother had gone abroad and that she would come back in a week.
whether,if 引导的宾语从句
I don,t know if/whether he has ever been to New York.
I wonder whether he can speak German or not.
以上例句中的whether和if(是否)都是引导宾语从句的,一般情况下whether,和if可互换。但在下列情况下whether和if不可换用。
1)whether之后可紧跟or not或构成whether.. .or not结构,if后一般不能紧跟or not,但可构成if...or not结构.
I wonder whether/if Mr.Smith has arrived or not.
I wonder whether or not Mr.Smith has arrived.(不可用if代替)
2)当宾语从句是否定句时,只可用if而不可用whether。
I don’t care if she doesn’t smile.
3)当该宾语从句为介词宾语时,只可用whether而不可用if.
I’m not interested in whether you are against the proposal or not.
4)当宾语从句中出现了并列连词or构成的并列结构时,只可用whether而不可用if.
He asked me whether I was a student or a teacher.
wh-词和how 引导的宾语从句
I can’t imagine why he did that thing.
Please tell me where you went yesterday.
注意:1. 整个复合句是疑问句时,其中的宾语从句应用陈述句的语序。
2. 当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句的谓语应用过去相应的时态。(表示真理的和客观事实的除外)
表语从句
that引导的表语从句
The reason was that he fell ill.
My idea is that we should spend our holiday in Qingdao.
as if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether it is worth doing.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
wh-词和how 引导的表语从句
Is this where he was born?
The important thing is what on earth has happened to him.
The question is who will go there.
思考题
1.主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句为什么统称为名词性从句?
2.that 引导主语从句和宾语从句有什么异同?
3.whether 和if 在引导名词性从句时的区别是什么?
4.在宾语从句中,哪几种情况that不能省略?在语序和时态方面应注意什么?
练习:
一、找出下列各复合句中的从句并说明是什么从句,且口译全句。
1. It is a wonder that he should know so much about this matter.
2. I’m sure that you are the tallest man in the world.
3. We are afraid that the trip will be too much for an old man.
4. It doesn’t make much difference whether they come or not.
5. Whether or not he is your friend doesn’t too much.
6. Where she has gone is not known yet.
7. You may take whatever you like.
8. He told me where he had been.
9. I know when we will take off for London.
10. How he became a three-good student is known to us a11.
11. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
12. It happened that they went out when I called.
13. When we’11 have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
14. Whom the teacher will praise in class is an important question.
15. I’m sorry that I didn’t recognize you just now.
16. We are glad that none of you failed in this exam.
17. He said that he would call on his old teacher.
18. I heard that some of the old teachers in our school had retired.
19. I want to know what has happened to her.
20. Whose answer is correct will be discussed at the meeting.
21. Which composition is the best will be decided tomorrow.
22. I was surprised at what you said.
23. Did he say anything about how the work was to be done?
24. The question is whether it worth doing.
25. The reason is that he fell ill.
二、单项选择
1.Can you tell me_____?
A. who is that gentleman B.that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D.whom is that gentleman
2.Can you tell me _____ the railway station?
A, how I can get to B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to D.where can I get to
3.Ask her _____ come with me.
A. if she will B.if will she
C.whether will she D.will she
4. I have no idea _____ far the airport is from here.
A.what B. how C.it’s D.that
5.They have no idea at all ______ .
A. where he has gone B.where did he go
C. which place has he gone D.where has he gone
6._____ he said is true.
A. What B.That C.Which D.Whether
7._____ you have done might do harm to other people.
A.That B. What C.Which D.This
8.They want to know _____ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D.how can they
9. These photographs will show you ______.
A.what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like
10. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B.The person C. Whoever D.Who
11. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A.When B.What C. That D./
l2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business
A.If B. Whether C. Even if D.No matter when
13._____ he is doing seems quite difficult.
A.How B.That C.Which D. What
14. ______ that there is another good harvest this year.
A.It says B. It is said C.I was said D.He was said
15. It is suggested that a new building_____.
A. be built at once B. should build next year
C.would be built at once D. could be built next year
16.It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature.
A.makes B.is making C. should be made D.will be made
17._____ was quite helpful.
A. What they advised me to do B.That they advised me to do
C. What did they advise me to do D.All what they advised me to do
18._____ still needs to be discussed.
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan is carried out
19.The question is _____ we’11 overcome all the difficulties.
A.what B. how C.that D.which
20.Shanghai is no longer the same city _____ .
A. as it used to be B.what it used to be
C. as it is used to being D.that it used to be
21.Is it possible _____ he misunderstood _____ I said?
A.that, that B. what, what
C.what, that D. that, what
22.He thought _____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A.which B. that C.when D.so that
23.The fact is ____ he is an advanced worker.
A.what B.which C. that D.why
24.I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word“infinity”mean
B. what the word“infinity”means
C. what the meaning of word the“infinity”
D. what the word“infinity”mean
25.I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public.
A.how B.what C.that D. why
26.Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest B.that she is honesty
C. she is honest D.is she honest
27.He _____ you are not going abroad.
A.surprised that B. is surprised that
C.surprised at D. is surprised whether
28. What I said was wrong in the last letter for you.I wish I ______ it back.
A. could take B. would take C.will take D.take
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英语写作能力是一种综合英语能力,它不仅考作者所掌握的语言知识,使用外语的熟练程度,同时还考个人的思维能力和知识面,因此外语写作对于大多数人而言,都是件头痛的事情。但这并非说外语写作高不可攀,一样有捷径可循.
词组是句子的组成部分,词组积累的多少决定文章是否精彩。因此我在平日教学中注重词组的积淀,利用“词组接龙”丰富学生的词汇量。句子是文章的基本单位,我常常有意识地引导学生从句子开始,进行连句成文的训练。上课时,我采取“问答一连句成篇”的方式,教师口头提问,将学生的答案写在黑板上,然后师生互动,用一些关联词连句成篇。学生逐步学会用简单的句子表达思想,并学会用一个语篇来表达连贯的思想。
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在实际的阅卷过程中,语法错误,尤其是较为严重的错误,是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点”,有时甚至是惟一的点;当然那样处理是有道理的,大家可以设想一下,一篇语法上漏洞百出、严重影响表达的作文又会有什么样的好内容呢?如果因为语言上的错误而导致失分,那将得不偿失。因此,认清各种各样的语法错误,尽可能地避免少犯,对于提高作文分是有极大的帮助的。现将我们在阅卷过程中所发现的大量语言错误逐一归类,抽出其中的典型错误,以警示大家,供参考。
It may not good to our health. (误)
It may be not good to our health. (正)
They should spent much time. (误)
They should spend much time. (正)
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英语写作能力是英语听、说、读、写四种基本能力之一,英语写作能有效地促进语言知识的内化.经常练习写作,可以巩固和发展听说能力,还可以促进阅读能力的提高,有助于提高使用语言的准确性.从日常英语教学中对学生书面写作进行分析统计可发现学生在写作中主要在有关英语谓语的时态、语气、动词词义辩析和句子结构方面上错误比较多,其次是拼写单词错误,最后是名词、代词和冠词类的错误比较集中.针对其存在问题,可以采取以下方法提高学生英语写作能力.
1 .认真审题,明确要求。在提笔写作之前,花几分钟时间,弄清题目提示的内容、格式、时间、环境等,以免出现文不对题的现象,造成不必要的时间浪费。审题应包括:
( 1 )仔细阅读写作要求和提示,在重点词下划线,以引起重视和注意;
( 2 )用 a , b , c 等符号排列要点,把材料分成主次;
( 3 )确定体裁、格式和人物;
( 4 )确定表达的时间主线——时态及其相关搭配用法。
2 .写作一定要切题,抓住要点。
题目要求的内容应写进去,以保证内容的完整。对于与要求无关的内容切忌任意发挥,画蛇添足。
3 .写作必须注意格式。
比如英汉信件、日记、通知在格式上就有较大的不同。平常应多读、多记、多练相关文体课本、同步练习以达到实际运用的目的。
4 .注意语法正确、用词得当、语言地道。在写不同题材和体裁时,所用的句式、时态、语言特征及用词均不同。写作时要多从交流的角度考虑以上各个方面。
5 .写作时切忌用汉译英的方式进行。在写信时,考生不要把题目中的汉语指令直接译成英语,要尽量用简练的、地道的英语来写。
6 .写作应连贯、流畅。尽量使用最熟悉的词句,少用复合句和长句,多用简单句、短句和主动句。
7 .检查时应着重注意以下内容:
( 1 )动词的时态和语态;
( 2 )单词拼写;
( 3 )冠词、介词用法;
( 4 )语序;
( 5 )名词的数与主谓一致;
( 6 )句意与语法的一致性;
( 7 )标点、格式、词数等。
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语基础写作范文,希望对大家有帮助。
[题目要求]
暑假过后,你的外籍教师要同学们汇报自己假期所从事的社会活动和自己的感想。请写一书面材料交给外教:
你在2005年暑假到一家肯德基(KFC)快餐店做保洁员(cleaner)工作,你每天工作7个小时,为期3周,这项工作辛苦且枯燥,并使你感到非常的疲惫,这几乎使你中途放弃。
在新学期开始之前,你终于坚持完成了这项工作,并且认识到了劳动(labor)的意义,你认为这是一次成功的体验。
American Students’ Visit
Boys and girls,
[1] May I have your attention, please? About fifty American students will come to visit our school on October the 22nd. We’ll meet them at the school gate at 8:30 a.m. At 9:00, we’ll take them to the conference1 room, where a get-together2 will be held. After that, we’ll show them around3 our botanical4 garden and the school-run factory. At 11:00, there will be a basketball match on the playground. They’ll leave our school at 12:00.
[2] We must talk with them in English. Please be friendly and courteous5 to them. Remember, we not only stand for6 our school, but also7 stand for China.
[3] Thank you. Hope you have a good time.
[参考译文]
同学们:
[1] 请注意!10月22号大约50名美国学生要来我校参观。上午8点30分我们要在学校门口迎接他们。9点钟,我们要带他们到会议室举行一个联欢会。然后,我们要带他们参观我们的植物园和校办工厂。11点钟,我们将在操场上进行篮球比赛。他们12点离开我校。
[2] 我们一定要用英语和他们交谈,对他们要友好、礼貌。记住,我们不仅仅代表我们学校,还代表中国。
[3] 谢谢,希望你们能和美国朋友玩得开心!
1.conference n. 会议 2.get-together n. 聚会
3.show Sb. around Sp. v. 带某人参观某处 4.botanical adj. 植物学的
5.courteous adj. 有礼貌的 6.stand for 代表,象征
7.not only…but also… 不但……而且……
写好英语作文的秘密 文体:鼓励信
[题目要求]
请仔细阅读所给的英文信,然后给Worried 写一封回信。要求包括以下内容:
1.鼓励他振作起来,不要灰心。
2.记一些惯用词组和句型结构,将他们组织在一起并用其造句。
3.多读英语,告诉他通过大量阅读才能正确使用语言。
4.多背诵一些好的短文。
Dear Helpful,
I’m a Senior Three student and I’m in trouble. I used to like English, but now I am having some problems in English, especially in English writing. Though I know English is a very important subject, I think now it has become a little difficult for me. My poor writing skills have caused me to get low marks on my English exams. This has made me dislike English and I am afraid to take any more exams. I really want to change my situation and enjoy leaning English again. I wonder why so many students like English and can get good results in English exams. I do want to be one of the best students and go to a famous university after graduation. This is my dream, but my English is not good enough.
What should I do?
Worried
帮助者,
您好!
我是一名高三的学生,我遇到了一些麻烦。我一直喜欢英语,但是现在英语学习上我有些问题,特别是英语写作。我知道英语是一门非常重要的科目,但我觉得现在英语对我来说已经变得有点困难。糟糕的写作让我英语考试总是得低分,弄得我都不喜欢英语了,我也害怕参加更多的考试。我真的想改变这种状况,重新喜欢上英语。我奇怪为什么那么多学生喜欢英语并能考高分。我真的想成为一名优秀的学生,毕业后能进入著名大学。这是我的梦想,但我的英语不够好。
我该怎么办?
焦虑者
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下面是读文网小编整理的高中英语教师演讲稿,以供大家学习参考。
On January 13, Jin Weijie, a teacher from Longhua Chinese-English Experimental School in Baoan rushed to save four primary school students and sacrifice herself.
On March 31, a traffic accident happened in Jiangsu Province, once again, a primary school teacher, Yin Xuemei, saved six primary school students’ lives, while losing her own.
This touched my heart deeply.
Who is the greatest? The teacher! If it was me, if I happened to be there, I would do the same thing, because I am a teacher, too.
Working as a teacher, maybe there is nothing special in their life.
But we have a belief deep within, that is --we must protect our students, keep our children safe, we won’t let any of them get hurt.
Just as what the commissioner of education in Jiangsu Province said: “The accident happened so quickly, it happened in a flick of an eye, there is no time to think about it or hesitate, saving the others is an instinctive action.
She did it only because she was of great stature.
She forgot about herself in the heat of the moment.
There is no doubt, teachers are worth all respect! Teachers are selfless! They impart knowledge to the students, they offer ways and skills of learning to their students, and they offer their lives with no hesitancy when necessary! So I am proud of being a teacher.
I like students, teaching will be my life-time career.
Choosing the right career is very important, most of us spend a great part of our lives doing jobs.
Some of us have become very successful.
Mainly because they have chosen appropriate careers which match their talents and stimulate their interests .
I prefer teaching English.
English is my favorite.
In my opinion, teaching English is more wonderful than any other subject.
There are thousands of different languages in the world.
Which language is the mostimportant? As we know, English is an international language, and it could be used all over the world.
English is becoming more and more important and popular in China.
We adults learn English, school students learn English, even the babies in the kindergarten learn English.
It’s a necessary language if you want to go abroad, It’s an essential quality for the researchers to get the latest information in the world quickly.
In an age of fast communication, if we want to learn about the outside world, English is definitely the language we should know.
Lets take a look at a practical viewpoint, if youre looking for a job that can provide you a good position and a high salary, understanding English often makes it much easier.It cant be denied that English is very important if you want to make a good living.
English is a very important language no matter what you do or where you go, Millions of people would like to master English, but it’s not a piece of cake.
So being an English teacher is good.
I am fortunate that I can express my opinions in English.
So I am lucky I can teach English.
Furthermore, Being an English teacher, I am very content.
I am so grateful to have a life that is filled with teenagers’ trust and love.
When my students answer my questions correctly, when they discuss passionately, when they communicate with foreigners fluently, when I see the slowest in thought make progress, I know I have done a great job.
Nothing can replace my pleasure.
So being an English teacher, I have got fantastic pleasure.
It is English that makes my life wonderful.
It is English that makes me feel confident.
It is English that makes me different
If there is another chance for me to choose my occupation, I won’t choose anything except being an English teacher.
I enjoy my job, and I love my life.
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《英语课程标准》明确规定:语言技能是语言运用能力的重要组成部分。而语言技能包括听、说、读、写四个方面的技能以及这四种技能的综合运用能力。由此可见,写的技能的培养非常重要。那么,我们该如何提高英语写作水平呢?
认真分析并查明原因后,设想多种改进措施,并学习他人的先进经验,经过反复实践和操练,写作中的错误现象就会大有改观。
一、基础薄弱的人刚刚开始练习写作,我认为教师先不要急于让学生成篇写作,应在教师的控制下,采取循序渐进的步骤,即让学生先练句,再练段,最后练文。实际上,学生英语基础弱,简单句写好是关键。
二、结合学生实际,在练习写作前,可先介绍一些短篇名作,让学生去背。
通过背诵,让学生慢慢领会英语语言特性,名作的字句结构特点.以及文章中的妙笔等。如此耳濡目染,时间一久,自己的思维、表达也会渐渐成习,这极有助于学生借镜、模仿、脱口而出、信手拈来。在此基础上,再自己造句,练段、成文,其效果会更佳。
三、学生交作业前,教师要先让他们自查错误,或两人一组交互检查。
我认为这既是一种指导法,也是一种督促力度。作用力强,印象深刻。效果也比教师包揽起来强的多。但开始时,一定要告诉学生检查的要点,如主语和时态,不可求全。四、教师在评阅学生作文时。不要急于替学生改错,最好把错处用线条划出来,并提出鼓励性意见或评语,让学生自己去修改,去积极思维,去分辨。最后收上来,教师再批改。之后,学生再写,直到合格。
五、对于学生写作中出现的创作性或发挥性错误,教师千万不要批评,相反,要鼓励和保护他们这种学习热情。
因为这种热情很珍贵,它的良性发展,会成为学生提高学习能力和获得优异成绩一种最为积极的因紊。只是对学生在写作中拿不准的词,或表达不清的句子,教师需及时给予具体帮助。
六、适当教学生运用一些谚语和特殊句型,作为作文的提分亮点。如:Practice makes perfect.
总之,循序渐进多练习,热能生巧错误少
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你是否曾经面对作文题目苦思冥想拗破头皮头脑里天马行空但不知道怎样动笔,如果你看到发下来的卷子上英语作文上犯的一些小错误后感到痛心疾首大呼懊恼,那么你必须看一看这篇文章。因为英语考试中,书面表达最能考查学生对英语这门语言掌握的综合能力。它要求准确运用词汇、短语和语法结构,还需要上下文连贯、流畅。同时,语言要得体,又不拘于俗套。在考试中要想取得令人满意的高分不是一轻而易举的事情,非得下一番苦功不可。
写作是一个长期的过程,如果可以在写前、写后阶段与同学进行交流,对于发掘写作素材,写作思路有很大的帮助。教师应鼓励学生向班中写作水平较高的学生学习,多读读他们的作文,还可以让这些同学帮助他们修改,交流的多了,就可以集思广益,这样往往可以达到事半功倍的效果。
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语六级写作常用基础句型, 希望对大家有帮助。
1. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先,我们可以……。
There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______
2. 面临……,我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……,另一方面,
Confronted with______, we should take a series of effective measures to______. For one thing,______For another, ______
3. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……,另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。
It is high time that something was done about it. For example. _____.In addition.的_____.All these measures will certainly______.
4. 相反,有一些人赞成……,他们相信……,而且,他们认为……。
On the contrary, there are some people in favor of ___.At the same time, they say____.
5. 但是,我认为这不是解决……的好方法,比如……。最糟糕的是……。
But I dont think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example,____.Worst of的all,___.
6. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的,(也是)非常重要的。首先,……。而且……,最重要的是……
______is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction.的First,______.Whats more, _____.Most important of all,______.
7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说,……的主要原因是由于……
Why______? The first reason is that ______.The second reason is ______.The third is的______.For all this, the main cause of ______due to ______.
8. 然而,正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样,……也有它的不利的一面,像……。
However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ______also has its own的disadvantages, such as ______.
9. 尽管如此,我相信……更有利。
Nonetheless, I believe that ______is more advantageous.
10. 完全同意……这种观点,主要理由
I fully agree with the statement that ______ because______.
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下面是读文网小编整理的六级英语写作常犯的五大语法错误, 希望对大家有帮助。
1) A/The horse is a useful animal。
2) The exam will be held in December, 2004.
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零基础学英语,英语语法入门是关键,语法是英语阅读、写作及对话的重要基础,下面读文网小编为大家介绍零基础英语语法入门方法,希望能帮到大家。
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语句子主要成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语、补足语和定语。
宾语表示及物动作的对象或承受者,用于回答谓语“谁”和“什么”,一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
可充当宾语的内容和主语一样。
1)名词类
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。
We should learn from him.我们应该向他学习。
2)非谓语类(不定式、ing 分词)
He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。
3)从句
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
他问我班上谁的发音最好。
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写作是评价学生综合语言运用能力的重要方面,新课标指出,写作教学的目的是通过对学生进行激活灵感,激发兴趣,整理思路,组织素材,规划结构,遣词造句等基本写作技能的培养,使他们能表达事实、观点、情感和想象力,能交流信息,能形成规范的写作习惯。近年来,中高考对学生的写作要求越来越高,除了要求语法、拼写、句子正确以外,对内容也提出了较高的要求,不但要求文章内容充实,句子通顺连贯,中心突出,还要求使用的句子结构多样化,句子优美、词汇丰富、贴切以及内容上的创新和想象力的发挥。
第三阶段的任务很单一,就是接触各种各样的写作习题,在实践中反复熟悉前面两个阶段的内容。如果前面两个阶段复习不错的话,这个阶段的复习可以说是一种享受,把这种享受延续到最后,你的考研写作必将取得令你满意的成绩。
以上三个阶段是每个考研考生都要经历的,至于你现在应该处在哪个阶段,要根据自己的水平灵活把握,但建议大家一定要提早准备,不要拖到考前冲刺阶段。考前冲刺阶段,即使你背了几个模板,几篇范文,但往往不能在考场上将这些内容很好的转化为自己的语言,会直接影响作文成绩。
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学习英语最重要的部分就是英语写作,英语写作是检验学生运用和掌握英语能力的最佳方式,由此可见英语写作的重要性。为提高大家的英语写作能力和技巧,下面读文网小编为大家带来初中英语写作基础九大句型讲解,欢迎大家学习!
初中英语写作基础九大句型讲解:
这一句型用以说明“在某地或某时存在某人或物”。
例:There is a bird in the tree. 在树上有一只鸟。
分析:“在树上”(地点)“有一只鸟”(存在物)。
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关于雅思作文,很多考生经常问的问题是:"什么样的文章才可能在雅思作文考试中得高分?"对于这个问题的回答,雅思老师们各执一词。比较一致的看法是,雅思作文强调单词和句子。换言之,只要作文中有鲜见的单词和复杂的句子,那么就是好文章。这种看法主导着雅思作文教学,成为老师和考生的惯性思维。然而,从实践来看,仅仅关注单词和句子结构,并不能真正提高中国考生的作文分数。
能够读懂句子与能够造出句子是不同的,因为前者是被动性的、后者是主动性的。倘若大家不能养成用英文进行日常书写(表达)的习惯,那么就很难达到手到擒来的水平。所以,我建议大家在平时养成做读书笔记、文章缩写(改写、续写)的习惯。通过持之以恒的练习,大家一定可以在写作上获得实质性的提升。
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相信对于很多人来说学习英语的时候,语法知识是一大难点,但恰巧语法也是一大重点。下面是读文网小编为大家整理的必备英语基础语法知识,欢迎大家一起学习。
感叹句用业表达强烈的感情。它可以由感叹词引导,也呆以由某些单词构成,最常见的是what或how引导的陈述句式及其省略形式,How clever the boy is!(这孩子多聪明啊);What a pity!(真遗憾)
此外,一些陈述句加重语气也可以变成感叹句。
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