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下面是读文网小编为同学们整理了定语从句中which的用法 ,希望大家学以致用!
定语从句既然是从句,就是一个句子,一定要有句子主干,也就是说,一定要有谓语动词。有的选项定语从句中没有谓语动词,动作由非谓语动词表示,就是错的。
定语从句既然是从句,就是从属于主句的,一定要由关系代词或关系副词引导,把自身的谓语动词独立性取消,保证主句谓语动词地位不动摇。有的选项定语从句没有关系代词或关系副词,直接上谓语动词,也是错的。
which是定语从句的关系代词之一。which有且仅有两种用法。
Tankfield might never care to say Happy Birthday to Pea, the fact, rather sad, being what Pea did not refuse to acknowledge to herself any more.
是不是听过传说,带being的一概不选?Being为什么这么遭人鄙视?上面的例句还是成立的吗?
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下面是小编整理的一些关于which在定语从句中的用法, 希望对大家有帮助。
关系代词(基本上除了when, where, why, how以外都叫关系代词……)whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时,可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间;当先行词指人时,介词后的关系代词用whom, 其余用which,这时的关系代词不能省略。含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。
例句:his is the book (which / that) I'm looking for. 这就是我在找的那本书。
在这类定语从句中,介词的选择一般根据动词的需要。
例如 This is the house in which my family lived during the war.
这个句子中从句"which my family lived"中的动词是live,你不能说live
house吧,只能说live in house,这里live和in搭配所以which前就要家in.
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下面是小编整理的一些关于which在定语从句中的用法, 希望对大家有帮助。
而不用that 。 关系代词前面有介词的时候 (也就是说,有介词就不能用that) 例句:This is the hotel in which you will stay.
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下面是小编整理的一些关于which与as在定语从句中的用法,希望帮助大家区分这两个单词。提高英语水平。
which与as在定语从句中的不同用法
(一)语义上的区别
as作为关系代词仍多少保留 “理由”“比较” “方式” “等同”等意义,而which没有这些意义。因此,由as引导的定语从句通常在意义上不可与主句相悖,而且一般是肯定的,对主句意义起相辅作用,表示 “正如”等意义;而which引导从句则不受此限制。
例 4 Mother treats me just like a baby,which I can’t bear. 妈妈对我就像小孩,我真受不了。
例 5 She has married again,which was unexpected. 她又结婚了,这是大家没有预料到的。
上面两句中的which都不宜用as。
但当否定的定语从句作正面理解,对主句起相辅作用而不是与其相悖时,仍可用as。
例 6 He turned his eyes on Philip’s face,as he had not done for ten years.他转过身来看着菲利普的脸,他十年来没有这样看过他的脸了。
例 7 He really can’t lend you the money,as you might not realize. 他的确不能把那些钱借给你,这一点你可能意识不到。
(二)用法上的区别
1. which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别:
(1)which只能放在主句后面,而as引导的从句位置相对比较灵活,可以放在前,也可以放在后,甚至还可以分割主句。另外,as 常常有“正如、正像”的含义。
例 8 As he realized, I was very useful to him.(在前)
例 9 Air, as we know, is a gas. (在中)
例 10 He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent. (在后)
例 11 He came late again, which made his boss angry.(在后)
例 12 As is known to all, China is a developing country. 众所周知,中国是发展中国家。
(2)在which引导的定语从句中,谓语动词若是am, is, are,则这些系动词不能省略,而as后面若是这种情况,则可以省略。
例 13 He is a teacher, as (is) clear from his manner. (is可以省略)
例 14 He said he had never seen her before, which was not true. (was 不可省略)#p#副标题#e#
(3)当which引导的从句在意义上近乎并列关系时,可以用and this, and that代替,意思是“这件事”。
例 15 He changed his mind, which(and this, and that) made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。
而as主要起与上下文连接的作用,表达说话人的看法、观点,并指出主句内容的出处或根据等。
例 16 Einstein, as we know, is a famous scientist.爱因斯坦,众所周知,是一位伟大的科学家。
例 17 As is announced in today’s newspaper, we must improve our style of work. 今天的报纸上说,我们必须改进工作作风。
(4)做主语时,which既可以作系动词be的主语,也可以作实义动词的主语,而这时as 只可以做系动词be的主语。
例 18 He married her, which was natural. (可用as代替which)他和她结婚,这是很自然的事。
例 19 He won a /the Nobel Prize in chemistry, which made him illustrious. (不可用as代替which)他获得了诺贝尔化学奖,这使他名扬天下。
(5)当定语从句位于主句之后,纯粹表示主句所述的内容,不带有“如……那样”的意思时,往往用which, 而不用as。
例 20 They were invited to the state banquet, which(as) was a great honor to them. 他们被邀请参加国宴,这对他们来说是莫大的荣幸。
例 21 We had to sleep in our wet clothes, which was most uncomfortable. 我们不得不穿着湿衣服睡觉,这简直太不舒服了。
(6)当定语从句有“如同……那样”的含义时,用as比用which更常见,而这些从句几乎成为固定说法。
例 22 Things will turn out contrary to one’s wishes, as is often the case. 事与愿违,这是常有的事。
例 23 As was natural, this inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression.这种过分希望之后,接着是极度的沮丧,是很自然的事。
例 24 The material is elastic, as is show in the figure. 这种材料有弹性,如图所示。
例 25 As we know. 众所周知。
例 26 As has been said above/ before. 正如前文所述 。
(7)当定语从句的关系代词指的是先行词本身时,只能用which。
例 27 These apple trees, which I planted tree years ago, have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前种下的,没结出任何果实。
例 28 The Thames, which is now clean enough to swim in, was polluted for over a hundred years.泰晤士河,现在已经很干净,可以在里面游泳,它曾被污染了一百多年。
(8)带介词的典型的定语从句,必须用which,不能用as。
例 29 There is a great deal of oxygen around us, without which we could not live. 我们周围有许多氧气,没有它我们就无法生存。
例 30 The shed in our garden, in which we often played, has lasted for a long time. 我们经常玩耍的花园里的那个棚子,已经有很长时间了。
(9)as常与从句中的know,see, hear,expect等动词连用,也常用于as often happens,as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中;而which一般不用于以上情况。
例 31 As is well known,Shanghai is a big city.
(10)当后置的非限制性定语从句是否定结构时,只能用which引导。
例 32 The result of the experiment was very good, which we hadn’t expected.
2. 引导限制性定语从句时which与as的区别:
(1)先行词如果是表示物的名词或代词,在从句中又做介词的宾语时,只能用which。
例 33 This is the pan in which I boiled the milk. 这就是我煮牛奶的锅。
(2)前面有as时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as, 不用which。
例 34 There are as many dictionaries as are needed.所需要的字典都有了。
(3)前面有such时,引导的定语从句的关系代词用as, 不用which。
例 35 Such women as know Tom thought he was charming. 认识汤姆的女人都认为他很迷人。
例 36 I have never heard such stories as he tells. 他讲的那些故事我从没听过。
(4)前面有the same时,引导定语从句的关系代词用as而不用which。
例 37 We are facing the same problems as we did years ago.我们正面临着和多年以前同样的困难。
例 38 This is the same wallet as I lost. 这只钱包与我丢失的那只相同。
(5)单个词引导限制性定语从句时,一般不用as而用which和that。由于关系词在从句中作宾语,which和that都可以省略。
例 39 The project which/that a British businessman has invested in is under construction at present.
(6)“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时,只能用which。
例 40 Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, the price of which was very reasonable.
注:此时的which不能用as来代替。另外还应注意:引导定语从句时,which不能单独作定语,此时不管先行词是人还是物,都只能用whose引导,但指物时,可以用of which替换。
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下面是小编整理的一些关于which 在定语从句中的用法, 希望能帮助大家更好地认识with这个单词,学好英语。
1. 引导限制性定语从句
A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best.
商店应存有最畅销的货物。
This is the family which is planning to move to the party.
这是要搬进城里的一家。
2. 引导非限制性定语从句。
( 1 )用来指代一个句子。
Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen.
因特网是如此有趣,它使任何事都有可能发生。
( 2 )用来指代句子的一部分。
When deep in thought, which he often was, he would forget all around him.
他常常陷入沉思,这时他就会忘掉周围的一切。
( 3 )如果要引导两个非限制性定语从句,第二个 which 前要加 and. He bought a book, which was written by LuXun, and which he decided to give to his friend. 他买了本鲁迅写的书,他决定送给朋友。
3. 名词+ of + which (= of which +名词= whose + 名词)通常放在先行词的后面。
I'd like a room the window of which looks out over the sea. / I'd like a room of which the window looks out over the sea. / I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea. 我要一间窗户面临大海的房间。
4. 介词+ which 的替代作用。
( 1 )作时间状语替代 when 。
There used to be a time at which / during which ( = when ) the Chinese people struggled for freedom. 中国人曾有一段为自由而斗争的日子。
( 2 )作地点状语替代 where 。 This is the office in which ( = where ) I used to work. 这是我过去工作过的办公室。
( 3 )作原因状语替代 why 。 I'd like you to explain the reason for which (= why ) you were absent. 我想让你解释一下缺席的原因。
( 4 )作方式状语替代 that 或省略。
There are many ways in which (= that / 省略) we can solve the problem. 解决这个问题有很多方法。
5. which, when, where 关系词的选择。 关系副词 when 与 where 用于引导定语从句时,往往修饰句中表示地点或时间的名词。但是,有时候在表示时间或地点的名词后面却不能用 when 或 where ,而该用 which 或 that 。
Is this the factory which / that produces all kinds of washing machines? ( which / that 在定语从句中作主语,指代前面的 the factory )这就是生产各种洗衣机的那家工厂吗?
I often think of the days which / that we spent together on the seaside. ( which / that 在定语从句中作宾语,指代 the days ,此时可省略。)我经常想起我们一起在海滩度过的日子。
The river where I used to swim is now seriously polluted. ( where 在定语从句中作状语, where = in which = in the river )我过去常去游泳的那条河现在已被严重地污染了。
I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. ( when 在定语从句中作状语, when = on which = on the day )我仍然记得我第一次来北京的日子。 总结:在表示时间或地点的名词后面,选择何种关系词,应看它们在从句中的作用,即在从句中充当什么成份。如果在定语从句中充当时间或地点状语,就该用 when 或 where ;如果在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等,则应用 which / that 。
6. 引导非限制性定语从句关系代词 which, as 的选择。
关系代词 as 与 which 引导非限制性定语从句时可以用整个句子作为先行词,指代上文或下文所说的一件事。
He said he'd been working in the office for an hour, which / as was true.
他说他一直在办公室工作了一个小时,这是真的。#p#副标题#e#
总结:
( 1 ) Which 指前面主句所提到的这件事,常译为“这件事,这一点”等; as 具有“正如、像、由„„而知、与„„一致”的意思。
He was elected mayor of the city, which made us happy.
他被选为这个市的市长,这使我们很高兴。
As we expected, he didn't appear at the party.
正如我们所预料,他没有在聚会上出现。
( 2 ) Which 在句法上一般用作实义动词的主语,这时它所引导的从句与主句之间常含有并列、因果关系;句法上, as 常作一些实义动词(如 see, know, report, watch, remember, say, tell, show, expert, guess 等)的宾语。
I bought my sister a big toy, which ( = and that ) delighted her greatly.
我给妹妹买了一个大玩具,这使她非常高兴。
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.
众所周知,月球每个月环绕地球运行一次。
( 3 ) which 引导的非限定性定语从句位置比较固定,通常位于句末,不可移至句首;而 as 所引导的非限定性定语从句的位置比较灵活,可以位于句末,也可以位于句首或句中。
Taiwan is a beautiful island, as (= which ) we know.
正如我们所知,台湾是一个美丽的岛屿。
As (不用 Which ) he realized, I was very useful to him.
他意识到我对他很有用。
Mary, as we had expected, passed the exam.
正如我们所预料, Mary 通过了考试。
( 4 )当从句的谓语动词是否定形式或从句谓语动词接了一个复合宾语结构时,一般用 which 而不用 as 。
He pretended not to know me, which I didn't understand. 他假装不认识我,我真不明白为什么。
He admires everyone in the class, which I find quite strange. 他羡慕班里的每个学生,我觉得很奇怪。
( 5 )不能省去非限定性定语从句中的 be 动词时,用 which (反之则用 as )。
Jane told me she won the match, which was a lie.
简告诉我她赢得了比赛,这是谎话。( was 不可省略) As (was)planned, we met at the airport. 正如计划那样,我们在飞机场见面了。( was 可省略)
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以下是小编为大家整理的连接词as和which在非限制性定语从句中的区别,希望能帮助大家更好地认识连接词as和which,提高英语水平。
关系代词 as 用于引导非限制性定语从句时,应注意以下三点:
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses.
水是一种透明的液体,有许多用途。
Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part to China.
众所周知,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。
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各位同学和我一起来回顾一下定语从句的语法讲解吧~
定语从句,由关系代词和关系副词引导,它的作用就是作定语修饰主句的某个成分。 定语从句可分为两类,限定性和非限定性从句两种。
一、 限定性定语从句
that即可代表事物也可代表人,而which只能代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。
which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,要注意先行词与which之间的介词不能丢。
在带有下列词的句子中只能that而不能用which,一定要谨记!这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that可以被省略。
who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,两者的区别是前者作从句中的主语而后者作为从句中的宾语。
where引导定语从句表示地点。
when引导定语从句表示时间。
〔注〕如果出现时间“time"一词,则定语从句用when引导或不用任何关系代词,但是请注意不能用that引导。
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks.
I still remember the first time I met her.Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc.
whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格。
当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导。
二、非限定性定语从句:非限定性定语从句起补充说明的作用,如果去掉该从句,并不会影响句子意思。
which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。
在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which。如:
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed. 人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it. 我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left. 刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
as也可用作关系代词
在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that代表人,而用who、whom代表人,用which代表事物。
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无论是英译汉还是汉译英,都提出“忠实”、“通顺”为其基本标准,这是大家所公认的。虽然英译汉和汉译英都以“忠实”、“通顺”为其标准,但并不等于它们之间没有差异,更不等于它们没有各自的特点。考研英语侧重于对长难句的考察,其中各式各样的从句又是重点中的重点。
今天读文网小编陪大家一起看看定语从句的翻译有哪些门道可循。
一、前置译法
如果一个定语从句在句中的作用是修饰和限定名词,那么通常就采取译为前置定语的方法。但注意译成前置定语后既不能影响原文所表达的意思,还要使整个句子的表达言简意赅、连贯通顺、语气较强。
例句:Water, which is a clear liquid, has manyuses。
译文:水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
在前置译法的过程中如果定语从句中的谓语不含有具体意义,可省译从句中的谓语。这种译法很简便,也很有效。
例句:We have arrived at the same conclusion asthey have。
译文:我们已经得出了与他们相同的结论
有时候,出于汉语行文的需要和逻辑关系方面的考虑,可将定语从句提在主语之前翻译,用来说明情况,但不作为被修饰名词的定语。
例句:There are also great advantages that comefrom the variety of culture brought by settlers from other lands。
译文:移民从个地方带来了多种文化,产生了极大的好处。
二、后置译法
我们都知道,英语中很多定语从句都是为了连接两个具有共同名词的句子而存在的,因此在翻译时最好分为两个分句。而对于起限定作用的定语从句,如果结构较为复杂,句子太长,无法译成前置的定语,最后就译成一个后置的并列分句,这样更合乎汉语的习惯。
例句:Our war against terror is a contest of willin which perseverance is power。
译文:我们的反恐战争是一场意志力的较量。在这场较量中,不屈不挠的精神就是力量。
结构较复杂的定语从句常译成后置的并列分句,在多数情况下要重译先行词,或即便句子不长,出于某种原因需要强调先行词,也要重译先行词。
例句:Days and nights are very long on the moon,where one day is as long as two weeks on the earth。
译文:在月亮上,白天和黑夜都相当长,月亮上的一天等于地球上的两周。
有些定语从句翻译时译成后置分句,但可不重译先行词,任符合汉语习惯。
例句:Both picnics and BBQ are friendly, informalsocial events that offer an opportunity to enjoy a meal outside in pleasantsurroundings。
译文:野餐和烧烤都是友情洋溢、不拘礼节的社交活动,可以让大家在户外的一个怡情的环境里高高兴兴地美餐一顿。
三、转换译法
有的定语从语法结构上是定语,其定语的作用,从意义上说又相当于一个状语从句,所以常常被称为状语化的定语从句,说明时间、原因、条件、结果、目的、让步、假设等关系。其中表示因果关系的是考研阶段最为重要的知识点。
例句:I’m not speaking of the few thousandastronomers, geographers and so forth who could give, or have a theoreticalknowledge of that proof, but of the ordinary newspaper-reading citizens, suchas you or we。
译文:我说的不是数千位天文学家、地理学家之类的人,因为他们可以用观察到的事实或用理论上的依据来证实这点,我指的是如同你我一样只会看报纸的普通读者。
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翻译本身是一个复杂的心理思维活动和认知过程,任何做翻译的人都会感到翻译的艰巨性。大多数初学翻译的人,感觉最明显的问题是:理解英语不容易,表达成汉语不轻松。考研英语翻译考试每年的平均分是4分到5分之间,同学们之所以在此拿分水平比较低的原因是没有掌握答题的方法。大家之所以得到这么低的分数,是因为单词不认识吗?不对!是因为句子不熟悉吗?也不是,而是做题的时候特别地着急以至于一上来就从第一个单词翻译到最后一个单词,于是就遭遇了很严重的困难,如何理解和如何表达,就成了大多数感觉自己英语基础知识比较匮乏的考生的严重问题了。
专家们提醒2016年的考生们在复习的时候需要注意的是以下几点:
(1) 能直译不意译。直译不符合汉语习惯的时候,要意译。另外,还有一些有固定翻译方法的语法结构和搭配也要遵循惯用意译方法。例如:IT is well-known (that…) 习惯译法是众所周知。
(2) 只加不减的原则。这是从信息量的覆盖层面来说的。因为英文中有些词汇有特定含义,还有在并列结构中大量使用省略。为了忠实于原文,我们要尽量在翻译时覆盖所有原文携带的信息。以免出现因为信息减损出现的扣分。例如:2001年真题中出现的“doll”,不能翻译成“玩具”,而必须翻成“玩具娃娃”才能得分。
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考研英语翻译是一项复杂而艰巨的脑力活动,涉及文化、知识、思维、表达和经验等多个层面。要做好英译汉,不是一件很容易的事。大部分考生都觉得考研英语翻译很难。根据2012全国硕士研究生统一考试英语考试大纲(一)的规定,考研英语翻译仍属于阅读理解的一部分,其命题形式是英译汉,“主要考查学生准确理解概念或结构较复杂的英语文字材料的能力。要求考生阅读一篇约400词的文章,并将其中5个划线部分(约150词)译成汉语,要求译文准确、完整、通顺”。翻译部分的总分值为10分(每题2分),占全部试卷的10%。因此,考研翻译部分的总体要求应该是“译文准确、完整、通顺”,这与翻译的一般标准“忠实而通顺”是基本一致的。
大纲的总体要求应该是“译文准确、完整、通顺”。 要求看似简单,但是要翻译出准确、完整、通顺的译文却绝不是容易的事。
1.前置定语
98年 71) But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago。
结构分析:这是一个复合句. But even more important是整个句子的状语,it was the farthest是主句,that scientists had been able to look into the past是修饰the farthest的定语从句,for引导原因状语从句(参见1995年71题),在这个状语从句中,what they were seeing是主语从句,were the patterns and structures是状语从句中的系表结构,that existed…是修饰名词patterns and structures的定语从句。
译文: 但更为重要的是,这是科学家们所能观察到的最遥远的过去的景象,因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结构。
02年 64)They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements。
结构分析:这是一个复合句。主句是由两个并列的分句构成的:They are…, and they are;in which引导定语从句,修饰practices,其中is held responsible for … and given credit for …并列做定语从句的谓语,given前面省略了助动词is。
译 文: 自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的,是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。
它们(自由和尊严)对于那种要求个人对自己的行为负责并因为其业绩而受到赞扬的做法来说,是必不可少的。
2.独立成句
当译成前置定语会使句子变得臃肿,妨碍理解的时候,最好让其独立成句。
94(72)"In short", a leader of the new school contends, "the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions."
新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说:“简而言之,我们所称谓的科学革命,主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用,这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
contend坚决主张,声称[Y][+(that)]
The police contended that the difficulties they faced were too severe。
警察强调说他们面临的困难太严重了。
He left his job largely because he was homesick。.他辞职不干主要是因为他想家。
We have countless reasons against his plan。我们有举不胜举的理由反对他的计划。
96 72) This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail。
基本结构:简单句+时间状语从句(主语+谓语+宾语+同位语从句(主语the specific demands +定语从句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment+谓语cannot generally be foreseen in detail)
基本结构试译:这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:……
译 文:这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。
注意:不要将when引导的定语从句与时间状语从句相混淆,当然也就不能when引导的定语从句翻译成“当… 时候”。When引导定语从句前面一般是表示时间的词作为先行词,如果是过去时,when译成“其时、届时”“当时”“在那个时候”,如果是将来时态,则译成“到时”“届时”,有时候还可以译成“然后”“随后”。
The Queen will visit the small town in April, when she will open the new hospital。
女王将于四月访问小镇,到时,她将主持这家新医院的开业仪式。
I expect to stay here no more than two days, when I shall return。
我预计在那儿呆两天,随后就回来。
99 71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past。
结构分析:这是一个复合句。While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians整个这一部分是让步状语从句,其中第一个as是程度副词,第二个as是连词,引导比较状语从句there are historians;modern practice most closely conforms to one是主谓宾结构的主句;that sees history as the attempt是修饰one的定语从句,to recreate and explain the significant events of the past是不定式短语做名词attempt的后置定语。
译文:几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。
[我们的翻译]:几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定,而现代实践最符合这样一个定义,该定义把历史看作是重现和解释过去的重要事件的尝试。
There are almost as many job opportunities as there are college graduates。
几乎每个大学毕业生都有就业机会。
01 73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place。
结构分析:这是一个复合句。Pearson has pieced together the work是主谓结构的主句,of hundreds of researchers是介宾短语做定语修饰名词work,around the world则是介宾短语修饰名词researchers,to produce a unique millennium technology calendar是不定式短语做结果状语,that引导定语从句修饰名词calendar,when引导定语从句修饰dates。这里的when相当于by which,因此不能翻译成“当… 时候”,而应该翻译成“通过这些日期”或者“到这些日期”(参见96年真题72)
译文:皮尔森汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期。
3.独立成句,且译出内含逻辑关系。
97 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have。
结构分析:这是一个多重复合句。Actually,是副词做状语,修饰整个句子,it isn't,是主句,在because引导的原因状语从句中,that引导宾语从句,which引导非限制性定语从句修饰名词an agreed account,而the world does not have是省略了从句引导词that的定语从句,修饰something。
译文:事实并非如此,因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的,而这种共同认识并不存在。
定语从句分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。由于二者在翻译时无大差异,所以讨论时不加严格区分。定语从句的译法一般有三种:
(1)译成含“的”字结构的定语,放在先行词之前。
由于定语从句的作用相当于定语,所以这种译法是最普遍的。
(2)采用“分译法”——单独成句
当定语从句与被修饰词之间关系不很紧密,且译为前置定语过于臃肿时,应该考虑将定语从句单独成句,具体做法是将关系词处理为先行词的重复。P1-72 P8-71
(3)独立成句,且译出内含逻辑关系。
He, who has been in this school for five years, is quite familiar with the campus。
因为在学校已经待了五年,所以他对校园很熟悉。
Electronic computers, which have many advantages, cannot do creative work and replace human。
尽管电脑有很多优势,但还是不能做创造性的工作,不能代替人。
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英语翻译的备考不能只停留在“看”的层面上,要扎扎实实的“做”翻译,提高动手、动笔的能力,那样才能切实的提高翻译水平,那么如何做呢? 在做的过程中应把握哪几步呢,这一定是众多考生迫切要知道的。建议大家,可以把考研阅读中的长难句拿出来翻译,提高一些动手能力。翻译题型自从作为考查考生综合运用语言能力的题型出现后,很多考生觉得难以动笔,认为这种题型的难度较大。而这种题型在近些年的考研英语试卷中出现以后,考察形式已经趋于稳定。考题要求考生在理解全句、全段或全文的基础上,把语法、词汇的意思和上下文结合起来理解。
在英语中,连接目的状语从句的连接词常常有:that(为了,以便),so that(为了,以便),lest(以防),in case(以防,以免),for fear that(以防)in order that(为了)等等。
(一)一般翻译在主句前面。
一般来说,这种表示“为了”的目的状语从句通常放在主句前面翻译。
He pushed open the door gently and stole out of the room for fear that he should awake her。
为了不惊醒她,他轻轻推开房门,悄悄地溜了出去。
We should start early so that we might get there before noon。
为了正午以前赶到那里,我们很早就动身了。
(二)还可以翻译在主句后面,表示“省(免)得”、“以免”、“以便”、“使得”、“生怕”等概念。
He emphasized it again and again, lest she should forget。
他反复强调这一点,免得她忘了。
They hid themselves behind some bushed for fear that the enemy should find them。
他们躲在树丛后面,以防被敌人发现。
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对于一个具有一定英语水平的人来说,了解定语运用的规律,从而提高分析语言表现技巧的能力,而且还可以有力提高准确、有效地运用语言的能力。为此 ,本文想就英语中几种常见的定语常见错误粗略地谈谈自己的看法。
1.误:I still remember the day when we spent together.
正:I still remember the day that/which we spent together.
译:我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。
析:应改when为that或which,因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词,其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。 ?
2.误:This is the house where we lived in last year.
正:This is the house which/that we lived in last year.
译:这是我们去年住过的那个房子。
析:应改where为which或that,因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in,其后少介词宾语,而不是地点状语。
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从句是复句中具有分属地位的分句,它是一种绝大部分语言都有的语法结构。在现代汉语的语法中,“从句”不作为专业术语被使用。那么,你知道从句的英文怎么说吗?
这个从句应该用逗号隔开。
The clause should be set off by a comma.
条件(从句)表示条件的语气、时态、从句或词
A mood, tense, clause, or word expressing a condition.
定语从句是非独立从句。
An adjective clause is a dependent clause.
从句英语怎么说
他所想获得的音讯是他能否将被派往乡村。(定语从句,关系代词that作从句get的宾语。
The news that he wants to get is whether he will be sent to the countryside.
目的状语从句和原因状语从句与主句一起构成完整的句子。
A purpose or reason clause needs a main clause to make a complete sentence.
在宾语从句的基础上学习表语从句,学生更容易理解和接受。
Underline all the examples where noun clauses are used as the predicative.
这种句子定语从句较短,修饰部分前置即可,阅读速度一般不受影响。
The lady who was standing at the corner of the street was his girlfriend.
她将被子盖在睡名词性从句着的孩子身上。
She put a blanket over the sleeping child.
这个句子是定语从句。
This sentence is an atributive clause.
老师把一个句子分解成从句。
The teacher disaggregated a sentence into clauses.
他的意思是他在下面这个从句中所说的东西。
What he means is what he says in the following clauses.
有些学生注重语法,他们必须理解各种从句。
Some focused on grammar.They must understand all kinds of clauses.
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定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。那么你知道限定性定语从句的用法吗?下面跟着读文网小编学习一下吧。
关系副词=介词+关系代词
why=for which
where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配)
whose=of which/ whom
1. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句
2. when引导定语从句表示时间[注]值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc.
3. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.
4. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。
[编辑本段]非限定性定语从句
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分
2. 在引导限定性定语从句时,that有时相当于in which, at which, for which或at which
Attitudes towards daydreaming are changing in much the same way that(in which) attitudes towards night dreaming have changed.
人们对白日做梦的态度正在改变,这与人们对夜间做梦的看法的变化有非常相似之处。
I like the music for the very reason that(for which) he dislike it.
我出于某种原因喜欢这种音乐,而他恰恰与我相反。
We arrived the day that(on which) they left.
刚好我们到的那天他们走了。
3. 有时as也可用作关系代词
4. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用that,而用who, whom代表人,用which代表事物.
限定性定语从句&非限定性定语从句 的区别
1 限定性定语从句:
不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整
非限定性定语从句:
可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整
2 限定性定语从句: 可以用that 引导
非限定性定语从句: 不可以用that 引导
3限定性定语从句: 关联词有时可以省略
非限定性定语从句:关联词不可以省略
4限定性定语从句:不用逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开
非限定性定语从句:用逗号把它和句子的其他部分隔开
5限定性定语从句: 只能修饰先行词
非限定性定语从句:可以修饰先行词,也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分
这两种定语从句在其功能和形式方面都有明显的区别:
限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧奏,对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉,会影响句子意思的完整性;有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如:
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定语从句,一个简单句跟在一名词或代词后(先行词)进行修饰限定,所以叫做定语从句。在主句中充当定语成分。那么你知道定语从句的用法吗?下面跟着读文网小编一起来学习一下,希望对大家的学习有所帮助!
1.限制性定语从句说明先行词的情况,对先行词起限定作用,与先行词关系十分密切,不可用逗号隔开,也不可省略,否则全句意义就不完整。如:
This is the telegram which he refers to.
Is there anything (that) I can do for you?
2.非限制性定语从句只是对先行词作补充说明,没有限定作用,它与先行词的关系比较松散,因而不是关键性的,如果省略,原句的意义仍然完整。这种从句在朗读时要有停顿,在文字中通常用逗号与主句隔开。如:
This note was left by Tom, who was here a moment ago.
As a boy, he was always making things, most of which were electric.
引导非限制性定语从句的关系词有:who, whom, whose, which, when 和 where,不可以用that和why。
另外,非限制性定语从句从意义上讲,相当于一个并列句,在口语中使用并不普遍,在日常生活中,人们通常用并列句或简单句来表达。如:
I told the story to John, who later did it to his brother.
= I told the story to John, and he later told it to his brother.
Yesterday I happened to see John, who was eager to have a talk with you.
= Yesterday I happened to see John and he was eager to have a talk with you.
3.两种定语从句的内涵不同,限制性定语从句具有涉他性,而非限制性定语从句具有 唯一性,这在理解和翻译时应特别注意。试比较:
All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.
All the books there that have beautiful pictures in them were written by him.
His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. (只有一个)
His brother who is a PLA man is eighteen years old. (不止一个)
4.有时,非限制性定语从句所修饰的不是某一个词,而是整个主句或是主句中的一个部分,这时一般采用which或as来引导。如:
He passed the exam, which/as he hoped he would.
注:(1)as引导的从句可以放在主句之前,而which引导的从句只能放在主句之后。
They are hollow, which makes them very light.
As is known to all, Taiwan is a part of China.
(2)从意义上讲,which指前面主句的内容;而as指代的是作为一般人都知道的常
识性的东西,因此常译成“就象… …那样”。
(3)如果定语从句的内容对主句的内容起消极作用,则用which,而不用as,如:
She stole her friend’s money, which was disgraceful.
He tore up my photo, which upset me.
5.在正式文体中,以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句通常以in which或 that 引导,如:
The way in which you answered the questions was admirable.
但在非正式文体中,人们通常省略in which或 that :
The way (in which) he spoke to us was suspicious.
I don’t like the way (that) you laugh at her.
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为了帮助大家强化英语知识点的记忆,下面读文网小编为大家带来初中英语从句相关知识点讲解,供大家参考学习。
原因状语从句应注意的问题
1、because , since , as , for,辨析
1)because语势最强,用来说明人所不知的原因,回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知,就用as或 since。
I didn’t go, because I was afraid.
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
2)由because引导的从句如果放在句末,且前面有逗 号,则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因,而是多种情况加以推断,就只能用for。例:
He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.
3) as和for的区别:通常情况下,as引导的从句在主句前,for引导的从句在主句后。例: As the weather is cold, I stay at home.(同义句) I stay at home, for the weather is cold.
2、because习惯上不与so连用
汉语习惯上说“因为…所以…”,但英语习惯上却不能将 so与because 连用:
正:Because it was raining, we stayed at home. / It was raining, so we stayed at home.
误:Because it was raining, so we stayed at home. 因为下雨,所以我们呆在家里。
3、because 从句与 because of短语的转换
Because引导的原因状语从句有时可与because of 短语转换,because of后加的原因可以为好或坏 ,但最正规的还是because。
He can’t come because he is ill. / He can’t come because of his illness. 他因病不能来。
I said nothing about it because his wife was there. / I said nothing about it because of his wife’s being there. 因为他妻子在那儿,我对此事只字未提。
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考研英语2024备考复习技巧
考研英语分为英语一,英语二。考研英语一和英语二的题型都有英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。以下是小编为大家收集的关于考研英语2024备考复习技巧的相关内容,供大家参考!
1、考研英语二的总考试时长是180分钟。
2、第一部分的20个选择题,可以安排20分钟。
3、第二部分的A节安排75分钟,B节安排25分钟。预计总时长是100分钟。
4、第三部分的英译汉,安排20分钟。
5、第四部分的Part A安排15分钟,Part B安排25分钟。预计总时长是40分钟。
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硕士研究生考研英语完型填空题及答案(2024)
为了让考研的同学更高效地复习考研英语,小编考研频道已经整理出了2024年考研英语完型填空试题和答案。如果你正在准备考研,不妨了解一下这些资料,希望它们能对你的备考有所帮助。
考研的考场分配根据考生的所在地以及报考学校等进行安排,在职人员考研时,考场一般都会分配在户籍所在地或工作单位所在地。
考研报考同一学校的考生理论上是分配在一个考点,甚至是同一考场的。考研报考同一学校的相同专业和不同专业是一起考试的。因为考研的考点、考场分配是实行统一管理,采取统一分配的原则,便于管理。
考研考场还有另外的分配方法,是划分考研的考场、考点时先按照各省、各市进行统一划分,然后是按照学校进行划分,再次是按照专业进行划分。
总之就是考研考场怎么分配对于考生的影响不大,考生只需要按照准考证所指示的前往指定考点进行考试即可,并且携带相关证件。
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