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下面是读文网小编整理英语国家概况:美国文学精讲,欢迎大家阅读!
Literature,Architecture and Music 文学,建筑和音乐
1)Major American Writers and their works
① Bejamin Franklin(1706-1790)本杰明.富兰克林: theonly writer in the colonial period. Works: PoorRichard'S Almanac, which is an annual collection ofproverbs.
殖民地时期的作家。作品:《穷理查年鉴》,一本年度谚语集。
② Washington Irving(1803-1882) 华盛顿 欧文: AHistory of New Youk纽约外史; The Sketch Book最著名的作品为《见闻札记》,his most famous book, contians “Rip Van Winkle”《瑞普.凡.温克尔》and“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”《睡谷的传说》
③Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882) 爱默生:the leader of the movement oftranscendentalism.超验 主义运动的领导者Works:Nature,(论自然) Self-reliance(论自助),Representative Men(代表人物), English Traits and Poems (英国人的性格和诗).
③ Nathaniel Hawthorne(1804-1864) 霍桑:The Scarlet Letter红字
⑤Mark Twain1835-1910)马克吐温: The Celebrated Jumping Frog(《著名的跳蛙》,成名之作) ;The Adventures of Tom Sawyer(a boy book)汤姆.索亚历险记; The Adventures of HuckleberryFinn(his master work)哈克贝利.芬历险记,则是他最杰出著作; Atramp Abroad浪迹海外, Life on theMississippi密西西比河上, The Golded Age 镀金时代and Innocents Abroad异乡奇遇。
⑥Walt Whitman(1819-1892) 沃尔特. 惠特曼: the first to explore fully the possibilities of freeverse(探索自由诗体可能性的第一人). Leaves of Grass(his masterpiece)草叶集, EmilyDickinson(1830-1886) 艾米丽. 狄更生:Death was one of the great themes of her work死亡是她作品的重要主题之一
⑦Theordor Dreiser(1871-1945)西奥多.德莱塞: the representative of naturalists in whose worksreported truthfully and objectively the life in the slums.自然主义代表,在他们的作品里对贫民窟的生活进行了真实而客观的报道。 Works:Trilogy of Desire(欲望三部曲); An American Tragedy(美国的悲剧—被公认为最佳作品,which is considered to be his best)
⑧T.S Eliot(1888-1965);won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1946
⑨Emest hemingway(1899-1967)海明威; was awarded the Nobel Prize 诺贝尔文学奖for literaturein 1954. A Farewell to Arms永别了,武器; For Whom the Bell Tolls(the two about the first andsecond world war); 丧钟为谁而鸣(关于一、二战的2篇小说)Old Man and the Sea(hisrepresentative book)老人与海(代表作).
2)Harlem Renaissance(哈莱姆复兴) and black writing in American literature:
In the 1920s, Black Litrature developed into an upsurge which has come to be known as theHarlem Renaissace.20世纪20年代, 黑人文学蓬勃发展,后来被称为‘哈莱姆复兴’。LangstonHughes(1899-1967) 休斯 (masterpiece: The Weary Blues困倦的BLUES) and RichardWright(1908-1960) 赖特(masterpiece: Native Son土生子) were the major figures of thoseBlack writers.
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摘要:为什么米尔恩把维尼叫做“Pooh”而不直接叫“bear”呢?鉴于大多数儿童(和大人,就此而言)对于“Pooh”是个啥有着不同的观点,那这个名字又是如何定下来的呢?
Since A.A. Milne published the first official Winnie The Pooh story in 1926, the character has become beloved by children across many generations.
But why is Winnie called a Pooh rather than a bear? Given that most children (and grown-ups, for that matter) have a different idea of what a Pooh is, how has the name stuck?
自从艾伦·亚历山大·米尔恩1926年推出小熊维尼的故事以来,这一形象就深受几代儿童的喜爱。
那为什么米尔恩把维尼叫做“Pooh”而不直接叫“bear”呢?鉴于大多数儿童(和大人,就此而言)对于“Pooh”是个啥有着不同的观点,那这个名字又是如何定下来的呢?
The answer lies back in the 1920s.
答案还得追溯到20世纪20年代。
In fact, when first introduced by Milne, Winnie wasn’t even Winnie. Initially, he went by the name of Edward Bear, before changing to Winnie in time for that aforementioned official 1926 debut. The "Winnie" part of the name came from a visit to the London Zoo, where Milne saw a black bear who had been named after the city of Winnipeg, Canada.
实际上,米尔恩一开始介绍维尼的时候,维尼还并不叫做“维尼”。一开始,米尔恩把维尼取名叫“Edward Bear”(爱德华熊),但在之前提到的1926年首次公开亮相时临了改名为维尼。“维尼”一词的灵感来源于米尔恩去伦敦动物园的一次参观,他在那里看到一只黑熊是以加拿大一座城市“Winnipeg”(温尼伯)命名的。
As for Pooh? Well, originally Pooh was a swan, a different character entirely.
至于“Pooh”?其实,“Pooh”本是一只天鹅,完完全全相距甚远的另一角色。
In the book When We Were Very Young (the same book that introduced Edward Bear), Milne wrote a poem, telling how Christopher Robin would feed the swan in the mornings.
在《当我们小的时候》一书中(米尔恩也是在这本书中介绍了爱德华熊),米尔恩作了一首诗,介绍了克里斯托弗·罗宾在早上是怎样喂食天鹅的。
He told how Christopher Robin had given the swan the name "Pooh," explaining that “this is a very fine name for a swan, because if you call him and he doesn’t come (which is a thing swans are good at), then you can pretend that you were just saying ‘Pooh!’ to show him how little you wanted him."
他还介绍了克里斯托弗·罗宾是怎样给这只天鹅取名为“维尼”的,究其原因则是因为“这个名字再适合不过了,因为当你呼唤天鹅的时候它并不会过来(这不就是天鹅擅长做的么<高冷>),那样的话你就可以假装只是在叫“Pooh”,自己没有那么想要它过来啦(傲娇的常惯伎俩2333)”
The names "Winnie" and "Pooh" were soon brought together, and Winnie the Pooh was born. Milne still took a little time out to explain why Winnie was a Pooh, though.
之后“Winnie”和“Pooh”两个词很快就组合到一起了。虽然米尔恩还是要花些时间来解释为什么维尼是一只“Pooh”.
As he would write in the first chapter of the first Winnie the Pooh book, “But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off. And I think—but I am not sure—that that is why he is always called Pooh."
正如米尔恩在第一本“小熊维尼”的第一章节写到“它的手臂是如此的僵硬……他们经常一熬夜就是一个多礼拜。弄得如果一只苍蝇飞到它鼻子上的时候,维尼不得不用嘴把苍蝇吹走(发出“Pu”的声音=“Pooh”)。所以我想(虽然不是很确定)这可能就是维尼叫做“Pooh”原因了。
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摘要:每个人不会公开自己的成就和失败。别人在任何领域的成绩都只是自己的成绩。这和印度相比就不一样,在那里人们都会炫耀他们的财富,会告诉每个人自己的成就。
Q: What facts about the United States do foreigners not believe until they come to America?
问:有哪些事情是外国人没去美国之前不会相信的?
获得9.2k好评的答案@ Aniruddh Chaturvedi
Everyone is highly private about their accomplishments and failures. Someone's performance in any field is their performance alone. This is different compared to India where people flaunt their riches and share their accomplishments with everybody else.
每个人不会公开自己的成就和失败。别人在任何领域的成绩都只是自己的成绩。这和印度相比就不一样,在那里人们都会炫耀他们的财富,会告诉每个人自己的成就。
哪些事不去美国不知道
Rich people are thin/ well maintained, poor people are fat. This stems from the fact that cheap food is fatty, rich people don't eat cheap food — they tend to eat either home-cooked food which is expensive or eat at expensive / healthy places. Unfortunately, it is expensive to be healthy in America.
富人很瘦/保养很好,而穷人很胖。这个道理源于现实——因为廉价食品含油脂多,而富人不吃廉价食品——他们一般吃自己家里做的食品(这些食品很贵)或者在有高价健康食品的地方吃饭。不幸的是,在美国,健康是昂贵的。
Fat people are not respected much in society. Being fat often has the sameconnotations as being irresponsible towards your body. If you're thin (and tall, but not as much), people will respect you a lot more and treat you better. You will also receive better customer service if you're well maintained. This extends my previous point which mentioned that if you're thin, you're statistically likely to be rich. Reason why I know this is that I went down from being 210lbs to 148-150lbs. The way people started treating me when I was thin was generally way better than the way I was treated when I was fat. As a small example, the Starbucks baristas were much nicer to me and made me drinks with more care.
胖子在社会上不太受尊重,因为肥胖通常就暗示你对自己的身体不负责任。如果你很瘦(而且很高,但又不是特别瘦,特别高),人们就会更尊重你,对你更好。如果你保养得好,你就会受到更好地客户服务。这个道理就是我之前提到过的“如果你很瘦,那你一般来说就比较富裕”的延伸。我是在我从210磅减到148-150磅的时候明白这个道理的。我瘦的时候比我胖的时候受到的对待要好得多,举个简单的例子,星巴克里的咖啡员对我就比之前好得多,做饮料的时候也更用心。
Almost every single person in America has access to basic food, clothing, water and sanitation. I haven't been to states like Louisiana and cities like Detroit, but from what I can tell, nobody is scrambling for the basic necessities required for sustenance.
在美国,几乎每个人都能得到基本的食物、衣服、水和公共卫生。我还没去过路易斯安那之类的州以及底特律之类的城市,但是在我看来,没有人需要为了维持生计、为了基础的生活必需品拼死拼活。
Americans waste a lot of food. It is very easy to buy in bulk because it's so much cheaper and as a result a lot of wastage occurs.
美国人浪费了非常多的食物。因为太便宜所以大家都会大量购买,结果就是大量食物被浪费。
Obsession with coffee — Starbucks, Dunkin' etc is crowded with office-goers and students every morning. I don't understand why they can't drink or make coffee before leaving for work. Such a waste of money! ($5/day * 5days / week * 52weeks/year)!
对咖啡非常痴迷——每天早上星巴克和康恩都乐等店里都挤满了上班族和学生。我不明白他们为什么不在上班前去喝或者制作咖啡。太浪费钱了(5美元/天*5天/周*52周/年)!
Support towards the LGBT community — it's fairly normal to be part of the LGBT community; it's not considered a mortal sin if you like someone in your own gender or if you aren't comfortable being male/female/etc. Proof of this is the LGBT Pride Day held in every city.
对同性恋团体的支持——成为同性恋团体中的一员是很正常的事;如果你喜欢同性或者你觉得自己作为一个男人/女人哪里不对,都不会被认为是弥天大罪,证据就是每座城市都会举办LGBT骄傲日。
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摘要:也许你认为自己去英语国家旅游完全没问题,再仔细想想!不同的英语国家对于同一个英文单词可能有不同的理解。看看哪8个单词会令你在其他英语国家遭遇尴尬吧。
You may think it's easy to communicate when you're visiting another English-speaking country, but think again! Certain words mean something entirely different on the other side of the world. Read on to see which eight words could cause you embarrassment across the pond or down under.
也许你认为自己去英语国家旅游完全没问题,再仔细想想!不同的英语国家对于同一个英文单词可能有不同的理解。看看哪8个单词会令你在其他英语国家遭遇尴尬吧。
1PantsBe careful who you tell in the U.K. that you have to go pants shopping—across the pond, "pants" means "underwear." When you're talking about jeans and khakis, you should call them "trousers."
在英国,如果你和人家说你要去买“pants”(美式英语中意为“长裤”),那意思是你要买“内裤”。如果你要买的是牛仔裤或卡其裤,你应该用“trousers”这个词。
出国要慎用的8个英文单词
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland
避免使用的国家:英国、爱尔兰
2FannyOwn a fanny pack? In most other English-speaking countries, they're called "bum bags" because "fanny" is slang for a part of the female anatomy (and no, we're not talking about the rear end). So don't tell someone to stop being lazy and get off their fanny, either!
你有“fanny pack”(美式英语中意为“腰包”)吗?在大多数英语国家,“腰包”更多地被称作“bum bags”,因为“fanny”是对女性私处的俚语说法(没错,我们说的不是臀部)。所以也千万不要对别人说:别懒了,抬起“fanny”干活吧!
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
避免使用的国家:英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非
3PissedIn America, we may get "pissed off" when we're angry, but the Brits and Irish who are "pissed" are extremely intoxicated. "Taking the piss," however, means "to make fun of," not "to get drunk."
在美国,我们生气时会说“get pissed off”,但是英国人和爱尔兰人如果说“pissed”,意思是烂醉如泥。不过“taking the piss”意思是“取笑”,而不是“喝醉”。
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland, Australia, New Zealand
避免使用的国家:英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰
4BangsPrepare for weird looks if you're bragging about your new "bangs" in England. A forehead-covering haircut over there is referred to as a "fringe" instead. Overseas, "bangs" is more commonly used as the somewhat vulgar slang that it is interchangeable with in America.
如果你在英国炫耀自己的新“bangs”(刘海),恐怕不少人会向你投去怪怪的眼神。在那里“刘海”被叫做“fringe”而不是“bangs”。在美国以外的地方,“bangs”是一种粗俗的俚语说法。
Avoid Using In: Anywhere outside of North America
避免使用的国家:北美以外的任何国家
5KnobAmericans hear the word "knob" and think "doorknob" or "lever." It has a much dirtier meaning in other countries, like Australia and the U.K., where it's an insult or slang for a part of the male anatomy. Now you'll know to be offended if someone calls you a "knob head."
美国人听到“knob”这个词想到的是“门把手”。但是在澳大利亚和英国等其他国家,“knob”的意思要“黄”得多。在那里国家,“knob”指的是男子生殖器的一部分。现在你知道别人叫你“knob head” 你应该是什么反应了吧。
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
避免使用的国家:英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非
6RootAmericans may "root around" looking for a lost object, but Australians and New Zealanders use the term to refer to having sex.
美国人用“root around”来指“寻找”失物,但澳大利亚人和新西兰人用这个词组指代发生性关系。
Avoid Using In: Australia, New Zealand
避免使用的国家:澳大利亚、新西兰
7PullIf someone "pulled" last night in the U.K., they're probably not talking about pulling a muscle or drawing something apart. It's commonly used as slang for successfully picking up someone while out on the town. Likewise, "going on the pull" means that someone is going out with the express goal of getting some action.
如果在英国某人昨晚“pulled”,他们很可能不是在说肌肉拉伤或是把什么东西拉开,而是指外出时成功“钓”到某人。同样,“going on the pull” 意思是某人为了猎艳而出动。
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland
避免使用的国家:英国、爱尔兰
8BuggerIf you affectionately call your child or pet "little bugger," you might want to reconsider doing so in pretty much any other English-speaking country. In most other places, from Canada to Australia, it is commonly used as an expletive similar to the f-word.
在美国,如果你亲切地叫你的孩子或宠物“little bugger”(小家伙),到其他讲英语的国家可千万别这么说。在大多数其他英语国家,如加拿大和澳大利亚,“bugger”都是骂人的话,相当于“fuck”。
Avoid Using In: Most places outside of America
避免使用的国家:美国以外的其他国家
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语文学论文范文,希望对大家有帮助。
Being distinguished form many greatest American writers, Hemingway is noted for his writing style. Among all his work , The Old Man and the Sea is a typical one to his unique writing style and technique. The language is simple and natural on the surface , but actually deliberate and artificial. Sometimes the simple style is made a little different. The dialogue is combined with the realistic and the artificial. The simplicity is highly suggestive , and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Occasionally , the author uses some figures of speech. Hemingway’s style is related to his experience as a journalist, his learning form many famous writers, and most importantly, his conscientious effort in looking for a style of his own, The influence of his style is great all over the world. The Old Man and the Sea is full of facts, most of which comes form Hemingway’s own experience. So the way to use facts is a very important writing technique in this novel. The fact in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted. In the forepart of the novel, the are used to show the quality of Santiago’s life, and are narrated simply and naturally; while in the latter part of the novel, they are used form inside Santiago’s own consciousness and form part of a whole scheme of the novel.
Keywords: Facts; Simplicity; Artificial; Iceberg; Theory
中文摘要
在伟大的美国作家中,海明威以独特的写作风格而著称。在他所有的作品中,《老人与海》最能体现他独特的写作风格和手法。这部小说语言看似简单自然,其实包含了作者的精心揣摩和润色加工。有时为了突出某一部分,作者会采用长句代替短句。文中的对话内容真实、贴近生活,而表达形式则经过了艺术加工。小说简洁自然的语言背后隐藏了深刻的意义和感情。文中还运用了比喻、拟人等修辞手法,还名位的这种独特风格与他当过新闻记者的经历有关,这种风格对整个世界文坛产生了重要的影响。
《老人与海》这部小说运用了大量的事实,他们大多来自于作者亲身经历。海明威对这些事实精心选择,从而吸引读者的兴趣并使读者有一种身临其境的感觉。小说一开始用大量事实描写了主人公生活的环境,叙述风格简单自然,未加任何感情色彩。随着情节的发展,大量的事实主要被运用于主人公的心理活动中,而不是主要由作者来叙述。同时,这些事实构成了整个小说体系中不可缺少的一部分。
关键词:事实;简洁;加工;冰山理论#p#副标题#e#
Introduction
1. Writing characteristics of the Old Man and the Sea
1.1 Hemingway’s Writing Style and Techniques in The Old Man and the Sea
The Old Man and the Sea (1952) comes round at the finish of Hemingway’s writing career. With its vivid characterization, its simple language, and the profound implicating it carries, it stands out as one of the excellent books Hemingway’s former stature as the word’s preeminent novelist after Hemingway’s unsuccessful novel Across the River and into the trees (1950). The Old Man and the Sea earned its author the Pulitzer Prize in fiction for 1952, and was instrumental in winning him the Nobel Prize for Literature two years later. It is a short novel about Santiago, an old Cuban fisherman who has gone for 84 days without catch. Therefore the boy, Mandolin, who used to sail with him, is forced to leave him and catch in another ship. The old man insists on fishing alone and at last, he hooks an eighteen-foot, giant marlin, the largest he has ever known. But the fish is very powerful and disobedient. It tows the old man and his boat out to sea for 48 hours, with the old man bearing the whole weight of the fish through the line on his back. The old man, with little food and sleep, has to endure much pain and fights against his treacherous hand cramp. To his great excitement, on his third day at sea, he succeeds in drawing the weakened marlin to the surface and harpoons it. On his way home, he lashes marlin alongside his boat because it is too big to be pulled into the boat. But, unfortunately, the come across sharks in different numbers for four times. The old man fights to kill the sharks with as much might and many weapons as he can summon, but only to find a giant skeleton of his marlin left after his desperate defense. At last, Santiago, having lost what he fought for, reaches the shore and struggles to his shack. He falls into sound sleep, dreaming of Africa, and the lions again. His struggle wins him much respect.
Among many great American writers, Hemingway is famous for his objective and terse prose style. As the last novel Hemingway published in his life, The Old Man and the Sea typically reflects his unique writing style. This paper aims to discuss the writing style and techniques in The Old Man and the Sea. Of course, Hemingway has used many techniques in this novel, such as realism, the creation of suspense, monologue, etc. And this paper focuses especially on the language style and one of the important techniques-the way to use facts in this novel.
2.Writing of the Old Man and the Sea
2.1 Unique language style Old Man and the Sea
Hemingway is famous for his language. With much care and effort, he created a very influential and immediately recognizable style. “The style he created in his early work, such as In Our Time and The Sun also Rises, was almost too good. Like the style of certain painters, it tended to become a manner, rather than a flexible way of responding to experience and conveying fresh insights through words.” Among all his works, The Old Man and the Sea is the most typical one to his unique language style. Its language is simple and natural, and has the effect of directness, clarity and freshness. This is because Hemingway always manages to choose words “`concrete, specific, more commonly found, more Anglo-Saxon, casual and conversational.” He seldom uses adjectives and abstract nouns, and avoids complicated syntax. Hemingway’s strength lies in his short sentences and very specific details. His short sentences are powerfully loaded with the tension, which he sees in life. Where he does not use a simple and short sentence, he connects the various parts of the sentence in a straightforward and sequential way, often linked by “and”. In his task of creating real people, Hemingway uses dialogue as an effective device. It is presented in a form “as close to the dramatic as possible, with a minimum of explanatory comment.”Here is an example chosen from The Old Man and the Sea:
‘What do you have to eat?’ the boy asked.
‘No, I will eat at home. Do you want me to make the fire?’
‘No, I will make it later on. Or I may eat the rice cold.’
Here we can see that such interpolations as “he said” have frequently been omitted and the words are very colloquial. Thus the speech comes to the reader as if he were listening. Hemingway has captured the immediacy of dialogue skillfully and has made the economical speech connotative. But it is good to note that Hemingway’s style is deliberate and artificial, and is never as natural as it seems to be. The reasons are as follows. Firstly, in some specific moments, in order to stand out by contrast and to describe an important turning point or climax, the style is made a little different:
He took all his pain and what was left of his long gone pride and he put it against the fish’s agony and the fish came over on to his side and swam gently on his side, his bill almost touching the planking of the skiff, and started to pass the boat, long, deep, wide, silver and barred with purple and interminable in the water. The language in this one-sentence paragraph is different from other parts of the novel. Kenneth Graham has commented that the sentence builds up its parts in a carefully laborious sequence-“all his pain and what was left of his strength and his long gone pride”. It emulates the movement of the exhausted marlin and the physical strain of the old man. And it mounts to a heavy crescendo in the very un-prosaic inversion of adjectives-“long, deep, wide”-ending in the virtually poetic cadence, “interminable in the water.”The dialogue, too, is combined with the realistic and the artificial. Usually the content contains and the expression contains the artificial. In The Old Man and the Sea, the language style is very peculiar from Hemingway’s other writings. This is because the novel is an English version of the Spanish that Santiago and Mandolin would speak in real life. “Since we are meant to realize that Santiago and Mandolin could not possibly speak like this, since English is not his tongue anyway, we are more likely to accept other artificialities of the dialogue. Using the device of a pretended ‘translation’, which would be bound to stilt in any case, Hemingway can ‘poetize’ the dialogue as he wishes.”The speakers are distanced from readers to a certain degree. And while their language taking on a kind of epic dignity, it does not lose its convincingness. Even slightly strange exchanges like the following become fairly acceptable. For example:#p#副标题#e#
‘You’re my alarm clock’, the boy said.
‘Age is my alarm clock’, the old man said. ‘Why do old man wake so early? Is it to have one longer day?’
‘I don’t know’, the boy said. ‘All I know is that young boys sleep late and hard’.
‘I can remember it’, the old man said. ‘ I’ll waken you in time.’
The simple sentences and the repeated rhythms hit at the profundities that the surface of the language tries to ignore. Its simplicity is highly suggestive and connotative, and often reflects the strong undercurrent of emotion. Indeed, the more closely the reader watches, the less rough and simple the characters appear. In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway uses an effective metaphor to describe his writing style: If a writer of the prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water.Among all the works of Hemingway, the saga of Santiago is thought as the most typical one to this Iceberg Theory. The author seldom expresses his own feelings directly, nor does he make any comments or explanations. On the contrary, he tries to narrate and describe things objectively and blend his own feelings harmoniously to the natural narration and description this gives readers a pictures compression, from which-the 1/8 of the iceberg above water, they can learn the implying meaning and feelings of the author- 7/8 of the iceberg under water. When Hemingway said of this story, “I tried to make a real old man, a real sea and real sharks”, he then went on to say, “But if I made them good and true enough they would mean many things.” So this novel has a great and significance conveyed by a compressed action. The core of the novel’s action is fishing. To the hero, fishing is not simply of contest in life. It contains profound philosophic meaning. In addition, two details-the baseball match and the hand wresting with the Negro, like fishing, symbolize the contention in life. They compensate and enrich the inner meaning of the main plot of fishing. So the simplicity of the novel is highly suggestive.
2.2 The Old Man and the Sea Writing Methods
Occasionally, the author uses such figures of speech as metaphor, personification, etc to describe details. Hemingway likes to us natural things to make metaphors. For example, he describes Santiago’s eyes as “the same color as the sea and were cheerful and undefeated.”The metaphor reveals that the old man is closely linked with nature. At the beginning of the novel, a simile is used: “the sail was patched with flour sacks and, furled, it looked like the flag of permanent defeat.” Here Santiago’s eyes are contrasted with the patched sail, which symbolize defeat, as reveals Santiago’s unyielding character. So Hemingway has formed of narrative and dialogue, though natural and simple on the surface, is actually deliberated and artificial. It combines elements that are realistic with elements that are stylized and heightened. How Hemingway has formed such a writing style? The reason is related to his own experiences. “His use of short sentences and paragraphs and vigorous and positive language, and the deliberate avoidance of gorgeous adjectives are some of the traces of his early journalistic practices.” After leaving school at 17, he went to the Kansas City Star, which was one of the best newspapers in America at that time. He served as its eager and energetic reporter. As a journalist, Hemingway trained himself in the economy of expression. He once said that, during his working in Star, he had to learn to use simple sentences, which is very useful to him; and that the experience of working as a journalist would not do harm to a young writer, instead it is very helpful if he could cast it off timely. He laid stress on “speaking” with facts and objected groundless concoction in writing. His descriptions of details are full of factuality, and are as precise as news reports.
3.The import on Hemingway’s Old Man and the Sea
The influence of Hemingway’s language style is great. In the latter part of his life, Hemingway was known as “Papa Hemingway.” It refers mainly to his contribution to the development of a new writing style in America-the colloquial style. His simple word, short sentences and vividly colloquial language purity American novel. In England, which Miss Storm Jameson discussing “The Craft of the Novelist” in the January 1934 issue of The English Review, she advanced an explanation of Hemingway’s popularity:
It is this simplicity, this appeal to our crudest interests, which explains Hemingway’s success…In English at least his success has been largely with the intellectuals. Thy have praised his simplicity, his directness…When Hemingway’s death was reported on 3 July 1961, the obituary in The Tines pronounced pontifically: No history of the literature of our time will be able to ignore his achievement or his far-reaching influence…his last masterpiece, The Old Man and The Sea, he remained a solitary both in achievement and style…And Hemingway’s influence as a stylist was “neatly expressed in the praise of the Noble Prize Committee about ‘his powerful style-forming mastery of the art’ of writing modern fiction.”
Apart from the language style, which The Old Man and the Sea is famous for, the writing techniques in this novel are also worth paying close attention to. A very important one of them is the way to use facts. The main events of the story seem to be based on a real incident, which is described by Hemingway in an article about fishing in the Gulf Stream in Esquire for April 1936. So the novel of full facts, such as the habit of fish, the technique of catching marlin, the weather, the sea, and so on. But the power of the novel lies in the way to use these facts. Firstly the facts are selected. “Hemingway’s old man, boy, sea, fish, and sharks are not so much built up in our minds, detail by detail, facts by facts, as drive into our mind by the force and the sympathy with which the author himself shares in their imaginary existence.” Like any realist, he relies on selection. When the giant marlin finally surfaces, his tail “was higher than a big scythe blade and a very pale lavender above the dark blue water.” Sargasso weed is bleached and yellow by day; Tuna are silver when they jump out if the water, but blue-backed and gold-sides when swimming. Hemingway never described them with excessively, but choose some effective ones. He uses them with a sense of how colors shift and change in their relationship. Without selection, there can be no intensity, and compression.
4.The philosophical significance Old Man and The Sea
4.1The Old Man and The Sea by the message to people’s moods#p#副标题#e#
Secondly, the facts are used as a device to make the fictional word accepted. The novel is not simply a manual for us to study the technique to catch a fish or how to survive in a boat. The author tries to implicate people’s imagination in what is happening by appealing to our love of practical knowledge. This shows “the facts are fundamentally a device, a technique of reassuring our sense of everyday values.”So they can help to make us accept more readily what the author has invented and made more dramatic than in everyday life. Still take the use of color as example: The clouds over the land now rose like mountains and the coast was only a long green line with the gray-blue hills behind it. The water was a dark blue now, so dark that it was almost purple. As he looked down into it he saw the red sifting of the plankton in the dark water and the strange light the sun made now. These facts show readers the process of fishing, which mostly comes from the author’s own experience. From these facts, which are vivid, precise and terse, readers can learn a lot about how to catch a fish and can also feel as if they themselves were catching a fish. Then they will have the sense that what the author describes is real and believable. Therefore, as Kenneth Graham has said, many facts in the novel about fishing and about the sea have a double function: they satisfy people’s sense of the real word. And this is what underlies Hemingway’s famous statement that his intention was always to convey to the reader “the way it was.”
4.2The influence of the Old Man and the Sea
All in all, Hemingway’s language in The Old Man and the Sea is simple and natural on the surface, but actually deliberate and artificial. “The language is rarely emotional. Rather, it controls emotions: it holds them in.”The forming of this distinct style is related to Hemingway’s own experience. And the influence of this style is not only within America but also all over the world. The facts in the novel are selected and used as a device to make the fictional world accepted. Unlike other novelists who add allegorical meanings to their facts, Hemingway uses the facts simply and naturally, without any emotion. In the latter part of the novel, instead of being narrated by the author, the facts are used from inside Santiago’s own consciousness, and form part of a whole scheme of the novel. Besides what have been mentioned above, other techniques in The Old Man and the Sea, such as realism, monologue, the creation of suspense and so on, are also very successful. All these show Hemingway’s superb artistic attainments as a Nobel Prize winner.
Bibliography
1. Chang Yaoxin, “Chapter 14” in A Survey of American Literature. TianJin: Nankai University Press, 1987
2. Kenneth Graham, “commentary” in York Notes: The Old Man and the Sea. Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1991
3. Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea. Beijing: world Publishing Corporation, 1998
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文化是一种社会现象,是人们长期创造形成的产物,同时又是一种历史现象,是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说,文化是凝结在物质之中又游离于物质之外的,能够被传承的国家或民族的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等,是人类之间进行交流的普遍认可的一种能够传承的意识形态。那么你知道文化用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
civilization
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发达国家又称已开发国家,指经济发展水平较高、技术较为先进、生活水平较高的国家。另外,也称作工业化国家、高经济开发国家(MEDC)。那么你知道发达国家用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
这一匮乏在欠发达国家不可避免。
This scarcity is inevitable in less developed countries.
法国是发达国家之一。
France is one of the develop countries.
发达国家和新兴国家之间的松散联盟
A loose alliance of developed and emerging countries
不发达国家的公共卫生问题
Public-health problems in the underdeveloped world
我认为发达国家应该帮助不发达国家。
I think developed countries should help undeveloped countries.
在发展中国家和发达国家,保护主义声浪日盛。
In developing and advanced countries there are growing protectionist voices.
发达国家通常具有完备的通讯网络。
Advanced countries usually have excellent communications.
在发达国家,半数以上的成人缺乏足够的活动。
In developed countries more than half of adults are insufficiently active.
他们的国家是一个发达国家。
Theirs is a developed country.
净流动是从发展中国家到发达国家。
The net flow is from the developing to the developed world.
这与发达国家形成鲜明的对比。
This is in marked contrast to the situation in developed countries.
发达国家人口占世界的四分之一,拥有耕地将近世界之半。
The developed nations, with about one fourth of the world's population, possess almost half the arable land of the earth.
在发达国家,这一下行趋势在21世纪初就开始了,而在新兴国家,这一趋势始于2009年以后。
In the advanced countries, the decline began in the early 2000s; in emerging economies, after 2009.
不论采取哪种方法,新兴市场的消费者和公司正在重新审视与发达国家公司的互动模式。
Either way, emerging market consumers and businesses are redefining the terms of engagement with companies from larger economies.
Iyer说:我仍然感觉到,我们的国家(指美国)是世界上唯一一个没有充斥着旅行者的发达国家。
“ I still feel that ours is the only developed country in the world that's not full of travelers,” Iyer says.
在发达国家,婴儿猝死是一周到一岁的婴儿死亡的主要原因。
In developed countries, cot death is the main cause of death between the ages of one week and one year.
根据该协议,英国将免除世界上一些最不发达国家欠下的数亿英镑的债务。
Under the agreement, Britain will cancel hundreds of millions of pounds in debts owed to it by some of world's poorest countries.
那么,投资者应不应该果断进入市场、抓住发达国家和发展中国家之间不断拉大的估值差距获利呢?
So should investors plunge in to take advantage of the widening valuation gap between the developed and developing world?
何时这些趋势变化将惠及美国和其他发达国家的工人?
At what point do these shifting trends begin to benefit workers in the United States and other developed countries?
美国以及其他发达国家的官员说,将保护科技(以阻止外流)与对付饥饿问题混为一谈是在混淆视听。
Officials of the United States and other developed countries said that linking technology protection to the fight against hunger was a red herring.
发达国家的剩余食品可以满足其它地方无数饥民的需要,这种说法,如果真可以成为现实的话,也许不会有错。
It may be true that, if this were the best of all possible worlds, the food surplus in the developed countries would be sufficient to answer the needs of the starving millions elsewhere.
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文学包括诗歌、散文、小说、剧本、寓言童话等,是文化的重要表现形式,那么你知道文学用英语怎么说吗?下面跟读文网小编一起学习一下关于文学的英语知识吧。
晋太元中,武陵人捕鱼为业,缘溪行,忘路之远近。忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷;渔人甚异之。复前行,欲穷其林。林尽水源,便得一山。山有小口,仿佛若有光,便舍船,从口入。初极狭,才通人;复行数十步,豁然开朗。土地平旷,屋舍俨然。有良田美池,桑竹之属,阡陌交通,鸡犬相闻。其中往来种作,男女衣着,悉如外人;黄发垂髫,并怡然自乐。见渔人,乃大惊,问所从来;具答之。便要还家,设酒、杀鸡、作食。村中闻有此人,咸来问讯。自云:先世避秦时乱,率妻子邑人来此绝境,不复出焉;遂与外人间隔。问今是何世?乃不知有汉,无论魏、晋!此人一一为具言所闻,皆叹惋。余人各复延至其家,皆出酒食,停数日,辞去。此中人语云:“不足为外人道。”
During the reign of Taiyuan of Chin, there was a fisherman of Wuling. One day he was walking along a bank. After having gone a certain distance, he suddenly came upon a peach grove which extended along the bank for about a hundred yards. He noticed with surprise that the grove had a magic effect, so singularly free from the usual mingling of brushwood, while the beautifully grassy ground was covered with its rose petals. He went further to explore, and when he came to the end of the grove, he saw a spring which came from a cave in the hill, Having noticed that there seemed to be a weak light in the cave, he tied up his boat and decided to go in and explore. At first the opening was very narrow, barely wide enough for one person to go in. After a dozen steps, it opened into a flood of light. He saw before his eyes a wide, level valley, with houses and fields and farms. There were bamboos and mulberries; farmers were working and dogs and chickens were running about. The dresses of the men and women were like those of the outside world, and the old men and children appeared very happy and contented. They were greatly astonished to see the fisherman and asked him where he had come from. The fisherman told them and was invited to their homes, where wine was served and chicken was killed for dinner to entertain him. The villagers hearing of his coming all came to see him and to talk. They said that their ancestors had come here as refugees to escape from the tyranny of Tsin Shih-huang (builder of Great Wall) some six hundred years ago, and they had never left it. They were thus completely cut off from the world, and asked what was the ruling dynasty now. They had not even heard of the Han Dynasty (two centuries before to two centuries after Christ), not to speak of the Wei (third century A.D.) and the Chin (third and fourth centuries). The fisherman told them, which they heard with great amazement. Many of the other villagers then began to invite him to their homes by turn and feed him dinner and wine.After a few days, he took leave of them and left. The villagers begged him not to tell the people outside about their colony.
既出,得其船,便扶向路,处处志之。及郡下,诣太守,说如此。太守即遣人随其往,寻向所志,遂迷不复得路。南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往,未果,寻病终。后遂无问津者。
The man found his boat and came back, marking with signs the route he had followed. He went to the magistrate’s office and told the magistrate about it. The latter sent someone to go with him and find the place. They looked for the signs but got lost and could never find it again. Liu Tsechi of Nanyang was a great idealist. He heard of this story, and planned to go and find it, but was taken ill and died before he could fulfill his wish. Since then, no one has gone in search of this place.
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国家是由国土、人民(民族)、文化和政府四个要素组成的,国家也是政治地理学名词。一般国家行政管理当局是国家的象征,它是一种拥有治理一个社会的权力的国家机构,在一定的领土内拥有外部和内部的主权。那么你知道国家用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
country
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中国传统文化多种多样,继承和保护这些传统文化是我们每个人的责任。下面读文网小编为大家带来有关保护传统文化英语作文,供大家参考学习!
It is widely noted that lots of traditional culture is disappearing along with the development of technology. Many ancient architectures and traditional ways of living have been deserted. It seems that the traditional culture and craftsmanship will be replaced in this modern era.
The following reasons can account for the above phenomenon. Firstly, traditional technologies are always considered ineffective while the new sciences are always highly efficient, because modern science and technology facilitate both our daily and academic life a lot, with which we can save much money and time. Secondly, it is costly to protect the traditional culture, especially the maintenance and repair of the historical buildings.
In my opinion, although traditional culture is an ancient heritage, it couldn't keep pace with the development of society. It is the tide of history that the traditional culture and technology will no doubt be eliminated in the end.
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企业文化是在一定的条件下,企业生产经营和管理活动中所创造的具有该企业特色的精神财富和物质形态。其中价值观是企业文化的核心。企业文化是企业的灵魂,是推动企业发展的不竭动力。那么你知道企业文化用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
business culture
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西方国家,是指西方意识形态占主流的国家。在不同的场合和不同的时间有着不同的定义。但一般而言,它是指澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、美国和西欧,统治血统为白人。那么你知道西方国家用英语怎么说吗? 下面跟着读文网小编一起来学习一下吧。
1. The religious conservatives are not enamoured of the West and its values.
宗教保守派人士不喜欢西方国家及其价值观。
2. Western suppliers too are competing avidly for business abroad.
西方国家的供应商也在疯狂抢夺国外商机。
3. Both nations are seeking closer links with the West.
两国都在寻求与西方国家建立更为紧密的联系。
4. The West has an interest in promoting democratic forces in Eastern Europe.
东欧民主力量的发展与西方国家利害攸关。
5. The West must back up its verbal support with substantial economic aid.
西方国家必须以切实的经济援助来兑现他们的口头支持。
6. He also believed in coexistence with the West.
他还相信他们能与西方国家共存。
7. Many writers, threatened with imprisonment, have defected to the West.
由于有被监禁的威胁, 许多作家投向了西方国家.
8. The company's sales are now close to saturation in many western countries.
这家公司的产品销售量在许多西方国家已接近饱和.
9. Many Asians are migrating to the West.
许多亚洲人移民去了西方国家.
10. He had warned the West against trying to dictate to the Soviet Union.
他警告西方国家不要试图对苏联发号施令。
11. In his celebration speech, he issued a stark warning to Washington and other Western capitals.
在他的庆祝演说中,他向华盛顿和其他西方国家提出了严正警告。
12. They were cut off from the West in 1948 when their government closed that border crossing.
1948年政府关闭那个边境关口之后,他们便与西方国家隔绝开了。
13. Moral as well as financial support was what the West should provide.
西方国家应该提供道义支持和经济援助。
14. During the second world war,Japanese were interned in camps in the West.
第二次世界大战期间,日本士兵被扣留在西方国家的阵营里。
15. In Western countries girls are far less likely to offend than boys.
在西方国家,女孩的犯罪倾向远低于男孩。
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中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类,展示出不同的文化品味。那么你知道饮食文化用英语怎么说吗?下面读文网小编为大家带来饮食文化的英语说法,供大家学习。
1. Peng lai xian Hotel Survey Fresh classical North - South . Whose food culture trend.
蓬莱仙大酒店汇集 南北 经典名食, 引领饮食文化潮流.
2. To banana leaves, eat, see, feel, is a natural food culture!
去蕉叶, 吃的, 看到的, 感受到的, 是一种自然流露的饮食文化!
3. Quite. China is a country with a splendid catering culture.
没错, 中国是个饮食文化非常丰富的国家.
4. Today, Romeo is going to find out the best of tasting crab.
今天, 罗密欧将带我们深入认识有关于蟹的饮食文化.
5. In cooking culture, the local snack has representativeness most.
在饮食文化中, 地方小吃最具有代表性.
6. Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.
中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史.
7. As a form of material culture, catering culture is all - embracing field.
饮食文化属于物质文化, 是最为基础的文化类型,广泛地渗透于人类生活的方方面面.
8. A long history, deep inside the long unique food culture in Handan.
悠久的历史, 深厚的底蕴早就了邯郸独特的饮食文化.
9. Here are some differences between American and Chinese dining cultures.
以下是中美饮食文化之间的一些差异.
10. Chinese cooking culture aa remote source with its content accumulated in various ancient classics.
中国的饮食文化源远流长,其内容积淀在各类典籍之中.
11. The diet culture also praises of cultural relations Central Africa language culture important components.
饮食文化也是夸文化交际中非语言文化重要组成部分之一.
12. As a carrier of culture, jiao zi is typical of traditional Chinese cuisine culture.
作为一个文化的载体, 饺子是中国传统饮食文化的象征.
13. Cross - cultural communication under the globalized situation make various constant complementation and compatibility of cooking culture.
全球化态势下的 跨 文化交际使得多样的饮食文化不断的互补与兼容.
14. Chaoshan food culture develop own school, the name loud time nation - wide of tide vegetable.
汕头的饮食文化独树一帜, 潮菜的名字响遍全国.
15. This paper first gives an introduction about the Chinese and Western food culture.
本文首先给出了一个关于中国和西方饮食文化的介绍.
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英国文学源远流长,经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中,文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响。那么你知道英国文学用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着读文网小编来学习一下吧。
英国文学作品选读 Selected Readings of British Literature
英国文学选读 selected readings in british literature
英国文学讲座 Lecture on English Lite
英国文学及写作 English Literature and Composition
中古时期英国文学 Old and Medieval British Literature
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传统文化就是文明演化而汇集成的一种反映民族特质和风貌的民族文化,是民族历史上各种思想文化、观念形态的总体表征。下面读文网小编为大家带来传统文化的英语说法,希望对大家的学习有所帮助!
中国传统文化 The Traditional Culture of China
传统文化资源 traditional cultural resources
新加坡传统文化协会 Singapore Heritage Society
地方传统文化产业 Local Traditional Vulture Industry
中华传统文化精髓 traditional Chinese cultural quintessence
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文化是,或者说应该是,对完美的研究和追求;而文化所追求的完美以美与智为主要品质。今天读文网小编在这里为大家分享关于文化的英语句子,欢迎大家阅读!
从城市保护的角度看,文物与文化不是一个概念。
From the perspective of city protection, cultural relics and cultural is not a concept.
智慧是知识凝结的宝石,文化是智慧放出的异彩。
Wisdom is the gem of condensed knowledge, culture is the extraordinary splendour of wisdom.
文化不会因为一个国家的贫穷,而失掉它的价值。
Culture won't because of the poverty of a country, and lost its value.
舞蹈跳的就是文化,跳的就是一个人的文化底蕴。
Dance dance is culture, is a person's cultural background.
人生来本是一个蛮物,惟有文化才使他高出于禽兽。
To this is a pretty things in life, but the culture makes him above a beast.
我们一起创建的是团队的文化,而不是抱怨的文化。
We are creating a team culture together, instead of complaining about culture.
知识是珍贵宝石的结晶,文化是宝石放出来的光泽。
Knowledge is the crystallization of the precious gems, culture is the luster of the gem released.
只有整个社会具有文化良心,我们的文化才有希望。
Only the whole social cultural conscience, our culture is hope.
他是有理想,没道德,有文化,没纪律的复合型人才。
He didn't has the ideal, morality, culture, discipline is the inter-disciplinary talent.
既不是职业作家,也不是业余写手,见了文化绕着走。
Is not a professional writer, or is not amateur, see culture around the way.
只有读者有精神粮食可以消费,那文学才能一直活下去!
Only the reader can have spiritual food consumption, the literature can survive all the time!
文化不能从上向下压,因为它应该是从下面高涨起来的。
Culture cannot be from top to down, because it should be rising from the bottom up.
劳动永远是人类生活的基础,是创造人类文化幸福的基础。
Labor is the foundation of human life, forever is the basis of the creates happiness in the human culture.
书不仅是生活,而且是现在、过去和未来文化生活的源泉。
Book is not only the life, and it is now, in the past, and the source of cultural life in the future.
真正的文化以同情和赞美为生,而不是以憎厌和轻蔑为生。
The real cultural sympathy and praise for a living, instead of living with hate and contempt.
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