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BEC 2 口语考试总时间约为14分钟(一组两个考生)。
这一部分要求考生就某一主题进行阐述。考生就信息卡上的问题回答。如:
What is important when … ? Opening a branch in a new cityThe locationThe potential purchasing power
阐述完了之后,考官司就所阐述的内容提问。只要考生能对信息卡的内容有所了解,一般可以较好地回答问题。
剑桥BEC口语考试对很多考生来说比较难对付,为此考试吧在这里给大家讲讲BEC口语应试技巧,希望对大家有所帮助。
1. Be well prepared.
做好充分准备是成功的基本保障,这包括对考试风格,模式,题型和最新动态的熟悉,更包括大量的、有针对性的口语练习。但必须指出一点,准备的过程不应是背诵的过程。很多考生对自己在面试中的表现感觉良好,最终却对自己出乎意料的低分大吃一惊,百思不得其解,其实原因很简单:考官对考生背诵事先准备好的答案很反感,尤其当他/她听到同一种答案被很多考生重复使用时,那种令人作呕的感觉可想而知。在考官看来,Using a prepared answer is similar to cheating! 所以给准备BEC考试的考生一个忠告:Over prepared is often as harmful as under prepared.
2. Have an easy but concentrated state of mind.
心态对于任何事的成功都是至关重要的,语言测试,尤其是一对一的口语测试更是如此。良好的心态可以使人超水平发挥;糟糕的心态却可以让人遭遇滑铁卢。在以往的BEC考试中,相当数量的考生是因为心态不好,主要是过度紧张导致失利的。应该说适度的紧张还是有益的。我们应该充分重视BEC口语考试,但没有理由惧怕它。调整心态,放松心情的几种方法:
1) 尽量把参加BEC面试想象成拜访一个朋友,而那个朋友有一些问题不明白,需要向我请教。
2) 面试前一晚一定要睡个好觉,考前一餐不要吃得太饱,当然也不能空腹。
3) 进入面试房间前做几次深呼吸,然后告诉自己:既然我知道自己英语说得不错,别人也应该知道。
4) 把对方想象成考生,把自己想象成考官,当然该回答的问题还是要认真回答。
5) 如果知道自己的英语口语不太好就更没必要紧张了,紧张又不能帮我提高成绩,不如彻底放松,奋力一搏,说不定就能达到柳暗花明的效果。
3. Focus on your English instead of your ideas.
考官在考察我们的英文而不是我们的思想,没有必要为了一个我认为"闪光"的思想强迫自己说那些说不清的英文句子,重要的是把我有把握的英文说清楚。考官基本上不会在乎我们的观点,而是根据我们的英文打分的,况且我认为很精彩的一个观点很可能其他人已经重复过多次。一个蹩脚的复杂句并不比简明流畅的短句给考官的印象更好。在口语表达中我是主动的,没有人强迫我说什么。不会说的词就换另一个词;没有把握的句型就换另一个句子;讲不清的观点可以马上用另一种观点,甚至违心地说几句话也无妨,为了拿到分数豁出去了。记住:虽然语言只是表达思想的载体,但那是在生活中。在语言测试中,尤其是当我们的语言手段不足以表达我们复杂的思想时,一定要让思想服从于语言,只讲能讲得清的观点。
4. Use your common sense.
很多考生分丢得实在冤枉,当被问到一些常识性问题时,我们往往因为缺乏常识或不会利用常识而轻易放弃机会,白白丢分。要知道十几分钟的面试转瞬即逝,放弃一个问题可能就意味着分数降一个档次。有些问题被考生放弃并不是因为语言问题,而是他们认为对这个话题没有idea,不知道该说什么。例如被问到家乡最有趣的方面是什么时,很多考生吞吞吐吐说不出来,或者干脆说没什么有趣的。其实这是一个非常简单的问题,只要有一点常识就不难想到有太多话题可讲:自然风光、名胜古迹、地方风俗、历史、地理、风土人情、节日庆典、饮食习惯、教育制度、天气情况等等都可以成为谈论的话题。任何时候都不要放弃任何问题。Saying something is better than saying nothing!
5. Be calm in mind and active in attitude.
回答问题时要沉着,冷静,思路清晰,同时表现出主动参与、喜欢交谈的态度。首先要保证听懂问题再回答,不要听到之言片语就慌忙回答,随后发现误解了考官的问题或答非所问;更不要没听懂考官的问题就沉默不语。如果真没听懂也不要慌,可以先根据此时的谈话背景迅速寻找线索,把自己的猜测大胆讲出来,待对方证实后继续回答。例如:
Q: What's your line of business?
A: Excuse me, are you asking me to talk about my job?
假如连一点猜测的线索都没有,坦白的告诉考官你没有听懂比不懂装懂,答非所问更能表现出考生喜欢参与的坦诚态度和善于交谈的应变能力。有必要经常提醒自己:The BEC interview does NOT focus on your academic English. It focuses on your SURVIVAL English.把商务英语页面加入收藏夹来源:考试大-商务英语考试
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A Girl Not Included
女孩不包括在内
Tom saw an advertisement in a newspaper for abeautiful, modern bicycle which cost £54.99, so hewent to the shop which had put the advertisement inand asked to see one of their wonderful bicycles.
汤姆在报纸上看到一则广告,一种既漂亮又现代的自行车,卖54.99英镑。于是,他就去做广告的那家商店,问能否看一下那些超凡的自行车。
The shopkeeper was very happy to show one toTom, who examined carefully and said, "There isn't alamp on this bicycle, but there was one on the bicycle in your advertisement."
店主很高兴地给汤姆看了一辆,汤姆仔细地检查了一下,对店主说:“这辆车没有车灯,可是你们广告上有车灯。”
"Yes, sir," answered the shopkeeper, "but the lamp isn't included in the price of the bicycle. It'san extra."
“是的,先生。”店主回答,“可是车灯不包括在自行车的价钱里。那是另外算钱的。”
"Not included in the price of the bicycle?" Tom said angrily. "But that's not honest. If the lamp isin the advertisement, it should have been included in the price you gave there."
“不包括在车子的价钱里?”汤姆生气地问,“真是骗人。如果广告上有车灯,那么就应该包括在价钱里。”
"Well, sir," answered the shopkeeper calmly, "there is a girl on the bicycle in our advertisement,but we don't supply one of them with the bicycle either."
“哦,先生。”店主平静地回答,“我们的广告里,车子上还有个女孩,可是我们也不提供女孩啊!”
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这是一本既写给孩子又写给大人的书。本书通过对查理和约瑟夫爷爷和其他四个幸运儿一起参观旺卡先生的巧克力工厂时,所发生的一些离奇的故事的叙述,用生动的语言告诉了家长该如何教育孩子。
Roald Dahl's beloved book, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, celebrates its 50th birthday this year—and yesterday, The Guardian has posted a fun treat for its fans: a previously unpublished chapter from an early draft of the book. "The Vanilla Fudge Room" was discovered among Dahl's papers after he died; according to The Guardian, it was "deemed too wild, subversive and insufficiently moral for the tender minds of British children."
"The Vanilla Fudge Room" would have been chapter five, and in it, Charlie—accompanied by his mother, not his grandfather—and a few other kids head with Wonka to the Vanilla Fudge Room, where "there was an actual mountain, a colossal jagged mountain as high as a five-storey building, and the whole thing was made of pale-brown, creamy, vanilla fudge." Naturally, two disobedient children get into some trouble after deciding—against Wonka's wishes—to ride the wagons the workers were using to transport fudge:
The remaining eight children, together with their mothers and fathers, were ushered out into the long white corridor once again.
"I wonder how Augustus Pottle and Miranda Grope are feeling now?" Charlie Bucket asked his mother.
"Not too cocky, I shouldn't think" Mrs Bucket answered. "Here – hold on to my hand, will you, darling. That's right. Hold on tight and try not to let go. And don't you go doing anything silly in here, either, you understand, or you might get sucked up into one of those dreadful pipes yourself, or something even worse maybe. Who knows?"
Little Charlie took a tighter hold of Mrs Bucket's hand as they walked down the long corridor. Soon they came to a door on which it said:
THE VANILLA FUDGE ROOM
"Hey, this is where Augustus Pottle went to, isn't it?" Charlie Bucket said.
"No", Mr Wonka told him. "Augustus Pottle is in Chocolate Fudge. This is Vanilla. Come inside, everybody, and take a peek."
They went into another cavernous room, and here again a really splendid sight met their eyes.
In the centre of the room there was an actual mountain, a colossal jagged mountain as high as a five-storey building, and the whole thing was made of pale-brown, creamy, vanilla fudge. All the way up the sides of the mountain, hundreds of men were working away with picks and drills, hacking great hunks of fudge out of the mountainside; and some of them, those that were high up in dangerous places, were roped together for safety.
As the huge hunks of fudge were pried loose, they went tumbling and bouncing down the mountain, and when they reached the bottom they were picked up by cranes with grab-buckets, and the cranes dumped the fudge into open waggons – into an endless moving line of waggons (rather like smallish railway waggons) which carried the stuff away to the far end of the room and then through a hole in the wall.
"It's all fudge!" Mr Wonka said grandly.
"Can we climb up to the top?" The children shouted, jumping up and down.
"Yes, if you are careful," Mr Wonka said. "Go up on that side over there where the men aren't working, then the big hunks won't come tumbling down on top of you."
So the children had a wonderful time scrambling up to the top of the mountain and scrambling down again, and all the way there and back they kept picking up lumps of fudge and guzzling them.
"Now I'm going to have ride on one of those waggons," said a rather bumptious little boy called Wilbur Rice.
"So am I!" Shouted another boy called Tommy Troutbeck.
"No, please don't do that." Mr Wonka said. "Those things are dangerous. You might get run over."
"You'd better not, Wilbur, darling," Mrs Rice (Wilbur's mother) said.
"Don't you do it either, Tommy," Mrs Troutbeck (Tommy's mother) told him. "The man here says it's dangerous."
"Nuts!" Exclaimed Tommy Troutbeck. "Nuts to you!"
"Crazy old Wonka!" shouted Wilbur Rice, and the two boys ran forward and jumped on to one of the waggons as it went by. Then they climbed up and sat right on the top of its load of fudge.
"Heigh-ho everybody!" shouted Wilbur Rice.
"First stop Chicago!" shouted Tommy Troutbeck, waving his arms.
"He's wrong about that," Mr Willy Wonka said quietly. "The first stop is most certainly not Chicago."
"He's quite a lad, our Wilbur", Mr Rice (Wilbur's father) said proudly. "He's always up to his little tricks."
"Wilbur!" shouted Mrs Rice, as the waggon went shooting across the room. "Come off there at once! Do you hear me!"
"You too Tommy!" shouted Mrs Troutbeck. "Come on, off you get! There's no knowing where that thing's headed for!"
"Wilbur!" Shouted Mrs Rice. "Will you get off that … that … my goodness! It's gone through a hole in the wall!"
"Don't say I didn't warn them," Mr Wonka declared. "Your children are not particularly obedient, are they?"
"But where has it gone?" Both mothers cried at the same time. "What's through that hole?"
"That hole," said Mr Wonka, "leads directly to what we call The Pounding And Cutting Room. In there, the rough fudge gets tipped out of the waggons into the mouth of a huge machine. The machine then pounds it against the floor until it is all nice and smooth and thin. After that, a whole lot of knives come down and go chop chop chop, cutting it up into neat little squares, ready for the shops."
"How dare you!" screamed Mrs Rice. "I refuse to allow our Wilbur to be cut up into neat little squares."
"That goes for Tommy, too!" cried Mrs Troutbeck. "No boy of mine is going to be put into a shop window as vanilla fudge! We've spent too much on his education already!"
"Quite right," said Mr Troutbeck. "We didn't bring Tommy in here just to feed your rotten fudge machine! We brought him here for your fudge machine to feed him! You've got it the wrong way round a bit, haven't you, Mr Wonka?"
"I'll say he has!" said Mrs Troutbeck.
"Now, now," murmured Mr Willy Wonka soothingly. "Now, now, now. Calm down, everybody, please. If the four parents concerned will kindly go along with this assistant of mine here, they will be taken directly to (the) room where their boys are waiting. You see, we have a large wire strainer in there which is used specially for catching children before they fall into the machine. It always catches them. At least it always has up to now."
"I wonder," said Mrs Troutbeck.
"So do I," said Mrs Rice.
And high up on the mountainside, one of the workers lifted up his voice, and sang:
"Eight little children – such charming little chicks. But two of them said 'Nuts to you,' and then there were six."
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求职是人生中至关重要的大事,制作一份印象深刻的简历则是这大事中的大事。而现如今,提供一份英文简历成了一件必要的事情。
对于英文简历,很多求职者只是简单地翻译一下中文简历,甚至有人直接利用翻译软件,可想而知,这样的英文怎么能给别人留下好的印象呢,更不用说深刻的印象了。为了帮助大家写好英文简历,读文网小编整理了一些英文简历写作方面的技巧和英文简历样本于大家共享,千万不要错过哦~
An resume should include only the last ten years of experience.
简历应该只包括最近10年的经验。
Content of your resume should be selected strategically to support your focus and value proposition.
简历的内容应该有选择的提供来支持你简历中的重点内容。
While it is true that readers of your resume will be most interested in your most recent experience, there is often value in including experience further back in your history. Perhaps your early career includes work for well-known, prestigious companies. Perhaps you want to document the full scope of your cross-industry experience, much of which occurred in your early career. Perhaps you believe some valuable networking opportunities may come out of your experience 15 or 20 years ago. Or perhaps your most impressive accomplishments were in a position you held 12 years ago. In any case, it will be apparent to the reader that your executive career did not suddenly materialize ten years ago so there is little harm and many benefits to summarizing this early experience. Of course, this does not mean that you must give equal page weight to your early career. If you feel early dates will be used to screen you out, subtly leave them out of your early career summary. If some early career positions have more strategic relevance than others, give them more emphasis in your summary. Think carefully about the content of your resume. If there is solid reasoning behind your desire to present early experience, than do so.
虽然简历阅读者是对你最近的一份工作最感兴趣,但是同样也对更早的一些工作经历感兴趣。或许你更早的一些的工作是在比较有名气的公司里。或许能够更加完善你的工作经验。或许你印象最深刻的成就确实是在12年前的工作中得到的…虽然对阅读者而言,你十年前的工作经验很难物化地去理解,但是,描述这早期的工作经历并无大碍却说不定会有很多好处。当然,这并不是说非得要花纸张去说明过去的经验,而应该视情况而定。如果早期的工作经验并无特色,完全可以省去。如果恰恰相反,早期的工作比其他的更重要,那就要着重描述一下了。一定要花费心思好好想想简历的内容,如果描述早期的工作经验确实很有必要,那就写吧。
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合同是约定当事人权利义务的正式文件,对英文合同中的语言的要求不同于一般基础英语或者文学作品.Martin Joos按照语言使用的正式程度提出了英语的五种变体,即庄重文体、正式文体、商议文体、随便文体和亲密文体.一般认为合同英语属于庄重文体,即文体中正式程度最高的一种.合同英语在词汇和句法等方面具有鲜明的文体特征.
合同一般写作Contract,如果是正本则在右上方注明Original,副本则注明Copy。比如购买合同Purchase Contract,销售合同Sale Contract,租赁合同Lease Contract,运输合同Shipping Contract,等等。
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剑桥商务英语中级考试的听力部分是应考学生的难点。针对学生在实际考试中的两大难题——对商务词汇和背景知识的缺乏以及考试中听力与读题、做题的矛盾,根据考试听力部分的内容和商务英语的文体特点、词汇特点,从认知角度探讨了商务英语听力和阅读的关系和听力技巧,并提出了几点备考对策。
1.接通
Dialing tone(盲音),engaged/busy tone(占线),switchboard(总机),operator(接线员)
A:I phoned moment ago but I was cut off.Can you put me through to extention 4011?
B:One moment,please.Sorry to keep you waiting.I'm afraid the line is busy.Do you want to hold or call back later?
电子语音信箱
You are through to the voicemail of Charles Liu.I'm not at my desk right now,but if you leave a message,I'll get right back to you. To leave a message,press 1.To speak to the operator,please hold.To listen to your message,press 2.To change your message,press 3.To erase your message,press 4.Otherwise,please hang up.
2.留口信
A:It/This is Feng here.Could I speak to Charles,please?
B:(Charles)Speaking.
A:Is this a good/convenient time to call?
B:I'm rather tied up at the moment.Could you call back later?
I'm afraid Charles ①is not available. ②in a meeting.③on leave.
④not at his desk.⑤not in the office.⑥off sick today.
⑦on another line.⑧with sb. right now.⑨on holiday.
A:Could I leave a message?I'm calling about/to...?
B:Who's calling,please?
A:Feng from the Jia University.
B:Is it F-E-N-G?
A:Yes,it is F-E-N-G,F for Foxtrot.
B:Could you spell it,please?
注:26个字母在人名中都有它所代表的意思,归纳如下
A:Alpha B:Bravo C:Charlie D:Delta E:Echo F:Foxtrot G:Golf H:Hotel I:India J:Juliet K:Kilo L:Lima M:Mike N:November O:Oscar P:Papa Q:Quebec R:Romeo S:Sierra T:Tango U:Uniform V:Victor W:Whisky X:X-ray Y:Yankee Z:Zulu
3.安排
A:Shall we fix an appointment?
B:I'll check my diary.How/What about Monday?Would Monday be suitable/suit you?Shall we say Monday?
A:I can't make Monday.I'm afraid Monday won't be possible.Can we leave it open now?I'll get back in touch with you ASAP(as soon as possible).
B:Nice talking to you.Thanks for calling.
注:国外的电话号码构成
Access code Country code Area code Number Extension
国际 国家 区域 号码 分机
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英语新闻的听力理解,从某种程度上来说是衡量一个人英语听力是否过关的重要标杆。要想在迅速掌握专四专八中的新闻听力题的做题要领,请注意以下要点:
如何体现专业四级、专业八级听力考试的"专业性"?那就是针对英文新闻听力理解的考察。类似考题,在非英语专业的CET4,6中不作要求,而指针对英语专业学生来考。另外,英语新闻的听力理解,从某种程度上来说是衡量一个人英语听力是否过关的重要标杆。要想在迅速掌握专四专八中的新闻听力题的做题要领,请注意以下要点:
推理题一向是各种题型中最难的一类,一般不能直接听到答案,而需要对新闻中的某句话进行句式或句意上的转换。对于此类题型,可以参照细节题的方法,同样先找出题目中的关键词,在新闻中听到考点后迅速进行句式或句意上的转换,再找出答案。
【例7】Thefirewerethoughtto have been started (2005 真题第25题) A. purposefully B.accidentally C. On theMexican border D. in southern California 分析:首先找出题目中的关键词fire,start,利用句式合并法找出对应的句子The authority said they were seeking two men inconnection with the fire,which they be lieved were started deliberately.解题的关键在于找到started deliberately 的同义转述started purposefully.找出对应答案为A。
【例8】 — ranks second among leading tourism nations. (2005真题第26题) A. Fran ce B. The United States C. Spain D. Italy 分析:首先找出题目中的关键词rank second,利用句式合并法找出对应的句子France remains the most popular destination,receiving more than 77,000,000 visitors folowed by Spain.the United States and Italy.解题的关键在于找到 rank second的对应部分folowed by Spain.找出对考试~大应答案为 C。
【例9】Th e ferry boat WaS designed to early — — passengers.(2007真题第30题) A. 198 B. 200 C. 290 D. 500 分析:首先找出题目中的关键词carry,passengers,利用句式合并法找出对应的句子Officials said the ship had a capacity 200 passengers… 解题的关键在于找到carry,passengers的对应部分me ship had a capacity 200 passengers.找出对应答案为B.
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摘要:冲突随处可见,职场也不例外。当冲突发生时,人们通常归咎于性格原因。但更多时候,职场冲突的真正深层原因在于处境本身,而不是相关人。
Conflict happens everywhere, including in the workplace. When it does, it’s tempting to blame it on personalities. But more often than not, the real underlying cause of workplace strife is the situation itself, rather than the people involved. So, why do we automatically blame our coworkers? Chalk it up to psychology and organizational politics, which cause us to oversimplify and to draw incorrect or incomplete conclusions.
There’s a good reason why we’re inclined to jump to conclusions based on limited information. Most of us are, by nature, “cognitive misers,” a term coined by social psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor to describe how people have a tendency to preserve cognitive resources and allocate them only to high-priority matters. And the limited supply of cognitive resources we all have is spread ever-thinner as demands on our time and attention increase.
冲突随处可见,职场也不例外。当冲突发生时,人们通常归咎于性格原因。但更多时候,职场冲突的真正深层原因在于处境本身,而不是相关人。既然如此,为什么我们会无意识地责怪我们的同事呢?这归因于心理原因和组织管理,导致我们过分单纯化而得出错误的或不完整的结论。
大部分职场冲突与性格无关
有足够的理由来解释为什么我们倾向于在有限信息基础上得出结论。天性使然,我们大部分人是“认知的吝啬鬼”,这一术语由社会心理学家Susan Fiske和Shelley Taylor创造,来描述人们如何倾向于保存认知资源并仅仅分配于高优先级的事情。随着我们时间和注意力的增加,我们拥有的认知性资源的有限供给逐渐摊薄。
As human beings evolved, our survival depended on being able to quickly identify and differentiate friend from foe, which meant making rapid judgments about the character and intentions of other people or tribes. Focusing on people rather than situations is faster and simpler, and focusing on a few attributes of people, rather than on their complicated entirety, is an additional temptation.
随着人类的进化,我们的生存依赖于能够快速地区分朋友和敌人,或者说对别人或种族的性格和意图能够迅速作出判断。聚焦于人而不是环境,更快更简单一些,聚焦于人们的某些特征而不是整体,是一种额外的诱惑。
Stereotypes are shortcuts that preserve cognitive resources and enable faster interpretations, albeit ones that may be inaccurate, unfair, and harmful. While few people would feel comfortable openly describing one another based on racial, ethnic, or gender stereotypes, most people have no reservations about explaining others’ behavior with a personality typology like Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (“She’s such an ‘INTJ’”), Enneagram, or Color Code (“He’s such an 8: Challenger”).
陈规旧习是保存认知性资源并快速解读的捷径,即使这种资源可能是不准确,不公平且有害的。基于人种,种族或者性别来公开描述别人,很少有人能接受,大部分人用个性类型学解释别人的行为时是毫无保留的。
Personality or style typologies like Myers-Briggs, Enneagram, the DISC Assessment, Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument, Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument and others have been criticized by academic psychologists for their unproven or debatable reliability and validity. Yet, according to the Association of Test Publishers, the Society for Human Resources, and the publisher of the Myers-Briggs, these assessments are still administered millions of times per year for personnel selection, executive coaching, team building and conflict resolution. As Annie Murphy Paul argues in her insightful book, The Cult Of Personality Testing, these horoscope-like personality classifications at best capture only a small amount of variance in behavior, and in combination only explain tangential aspects of adversarial dynamics in the workplace. Yet, they’re frequently relied upon for the purposes of conflict resolution. An ENTP and an ISTJ might have a hard time working together. Then again, so might a Capricorn and a Sagittarius. So might any of us.
学术心理学家批判了诸如梅里斯布里格斯,九型人格,DISC评价,赫尔曼大脑优势工具,托马斯克尔曼冲突模式工具等,说他们的可靠性和有效性未被证实或具有争议。然而根据测试出版协会、人力资源社团、梅里斯布里格斯的出版商,这些评估工具每年用于人力资源筛选,管理培训,团队建设和解决冲突达百万次。正如Annie Murphy Paul在她有深刻见解的书中所说,对于个性测试的狂热,类似于占星术的性格分类,至多捕捉了行为差异中的一小部分,组合起来仅仅能解释职场中对手动态的间接相关方面。然而,人们经常依赖于这些工具来解决冲突。具有ENTP人格和ISTJ人格的人很难共同工作,继而摩羯座和射手座也如此,扩展到我们大家也可能如此。
The real reasons for conflict are a lot harder to raise — and resolve — because they are likely to be complex, nuanced, and politically sensitive. For example, people’s interests may truly be opposed; roles and levels of authority may not be correctly defined or delineated; there may be real incentives to compete rather than to collaborate; and there may be little to no accountability or transparency about what people do or say.
冲突的真正原因很难发现,分解——因为他们可能复杂,差别细微,并具有政治敏感性。例如,人们的兴趣可能完全相反;可能不能正确定义或描述权力地位和级别;存在着真正竞争的动机而不是协作;对于人们所做所说可能缺乏说明性或透明度。
When two coworkers create a safe and imaginary set of explanations for their conflict (“My coworker is a micromanager,” or “My coworker doesn’t care whether errors are corrected”), neither of them has to challenge or incur the wrath of others in the organization. It’s much easier for them to imagine that they’ll work better together if they simply understand each other’s personality (or personality type) than it is to realize that they would have to come together to, for example, request that their boss stop pitting them against one another, or to request that HR match rhetoric about collaboration with real incentives to work together. Or, perhaps the conflict is due to someone on the team simply not doing his or her job, in which case talking about personality as being the cause of conflict is a dangerous distraction from the real issue. Personality typologies may even provide rationalizations, for example, if someone says “I am a spontaneous type and that’s why I have a tough time with deadlines.” Spontaneous or not, they still have to do their work well and on time if they want to minimize conflict with their colleagues or customers.
当两位同事对他们的冲突编造一组安全且有想象力的解释时,(我同事是个微观管理者,或者我同事不介意是否改正),他们谁也不愿去挑战或激起组织内其他人的愤怒。想象一下,如果他们简单地理解对方的个性,就能很好地一起工作,这比意识到他们不得不到一起工作容易得多,比如要求领导阻止他们彼此相斗,或要求HR通过真正的激励进行合作匹配测试。或者,也许冲突起因于团队里某人没有尽职,这种情况下将个性归结为冲突的原因,这种背离真相的解释很危险。个性类型学甚至可能提供合理化解释,比如,如果某人说“我是自觉性个性,因此我受不了最后期限。”不管自觉与否,如果想把与同事或顾客的冲突最小化,他们还得按时做好本职工作。
Focusing too much on either hypothetical or irrelevant causes of conflict may be easy and fun in the short term, but it creates the risk over the long term that the underlying causes of conflict will never be addressed or fixed.
对冲突的假设或无关原因关注太多,可能在短期内容易些,但长期来看存在着冲突的原因将永远处理不了的风险。
So what’s the right approach to resolving conflicts at work?
那么处理职场冲突的正确方法是什么呢?
First, look at the situational dynamics that are causing or worsening conflict, which are likely to be complex and multifaceted. Consider how conflict resolution might necessitate the involvement, support, and commitment of other individuals or teams in the organization. For example, if roles are poorly defined, a boss might need to clarify who is responsible for what. If incentives reward individual rather than team performance, Human Resources can be called in to help better align incentives with organizational goals.
首先,观察引起或恶化冲突的环境动态,很可能复杂且多面化。思考如何解决冲突可能使组织或团队其他人介入,支持和承诺成为必要。比如,如果角色没有明确定位,老板就需要辨别每个人负责什么。如果激励机制是面向个人而不是团队业绩,有必要请求人力资源帮忙面向组织目标更好地梳理激励机制。
Then, think about how both parties might have to take risks to change the status quo: systems, roles, processes, incentives or levels of authority. To do this, ask and discuss the question: “If it weren’t the two of us in these roles, what conflict might be expected of any two people in these roles?” For example, if I’m a trader and you’re in risk management, there is a fundamental difference in our perspectives and priorities. Let’s talk about how to optimize the competing goals of profits versus safety, and risk versus return, instead of first talking about your conservative, data-driven approach to decision making and contrasting it to my more risk-seeking intuitive style.
然后,考虑双方如何冒险去改变现状:制度,角色,流程,激励或权力级别。为了达到目标,讨论以下问题:“如果这两个角色不是我们两个扮演,冲突会是什么样子呢?”比如,如果我是商人,你负责风险管理,我们的观点和优先级有着本质的区别。让我们讨论如何优化利润和安全,风险和回报的竞争性目标,而不是首先讨论你的保守观点,数据驱动的决策方法并与我更具有风险性的直觉风格比较。
Finally, if you or others feel you must use personality testing as part of conflict resolution, consider using non-categorical, well-validated personality assessments such as the Hogan Personality Inventory or the IPIP-NEO Assessment of the “Big Five” Personality dimensions (which can be taken for free here). These tests, which have ample peer-reviewed, psychometric evidence to support their reliability and validity, better explain variance in behavior than do categorical assessments like the Myers-Briggs, and therefore can better explain why conflicts may have unfolded the way they have. And unlike the Myers-Briggs which provides an “I’m OK, you’re OK”-type report, the Hogan Personality Inventory and the NEO are likely to identify some hard-hitting development themes for almost anyone brave enough to take them, for example telling you that you are set in your ways, likely to anger easily, and take criticism too personally. While often hard to take, this is precisely the kind of feedback that can help build self-awareness and mutual awareness among two or more people engaged in a conflict.
最后,如果你或别人认为必须使用人格测试作为解决冲突的一部分,考虑使用非分类的,效果明显的人格测试方法,比如霍根人格清单或IPIP-NEO 五大人格特点评估方法。这些测试具有经过同行评议,心理测量的丰富的证据来支持他们的有效性和可靠性,更好地解释了行为差异,因此能更好地解释为什么冲突以他自有的方式展开。不像梅里斯布里格斯只提供“我好,你也好”形式的报告,霍根个性清单和NEO更倾向于辨别一些更有力的发展主题,使几乎所有人足够勇敢去尝试,比如告诉你你以自己的方式设定,很容易生气,批评更个人化。通常很难达到,这类反馈有助于在冲突中建立自我意识和共同意识。
As a colleague of mine likes to say, “treatment without diagnosis is malpractice.” Treatment with superficial or inaccurate diagnostic categories can be just as bad. To solve conflict, you need to find, diagnose and address the real causes and effects — not imaginary ones.
正如我同事所说,“未加判断的处理就是玩忽职守。”根据肤浅的或错误的判断处理冲突同样糟糕。要解决冲突,你需要发现,诊断并列出真正的前因后果——而不是去想象。
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读文网小编为大家整理了计算机软件高级词汇,希望对你有帮助哦!
Database(数据库)
ESC(Escape,退出键)
Tab(Table,制表键)
Ctrl(Control,控制键)
Alt(Alter,转换键)
Insert,Delete(插入、删除)
Home,End(编辑文书时用于回到文书开头、结尾的键)
Page Up,Page Down(向前、后翻页键)
OS(Operating System,计算机操作系统,计算机中必不可少的软件)
DOS(Disk Operating System,磁盘操作系统)
Windows NT(一种操作系统,NT New technology,新技术)
Linux(一种可免费使用的UNIX操作系统,运行于一般的PC机上,由Linux开发而得此名)
BASIC(Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code,初学者通用符号指令代码,一种计算机语言,适合于初学者,不要把BASIC当作Basic)
Visual BASIC(可视化BASIC语言)
Shift(上档键,用于输入双字符键上面部分的字符和在大(小)写字符状态输入小(大)写字符)
Num lock(数字锁定键)
Scroll lock(屏幕滚动锁定键)
Enter(确认键、也有回车换行的作用)
Click(点击鼠标)
Cut(剪切,指将文本或图形剪切到内存)
Copy(复制、拷贝)
Paste(粘贴,将剪切、复制到内存的内容粘贴出来)
Debug(程序排错,bug意为小虫子,比喻隐藏在程序中的小错误)
Virus(计算机病毒,计算机中自我复制传播的程序)
Backup(备份)
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部分一般指整体中的局部;整体里的一些个体。如:她给了他许多钞票,都是十元一张的,有一部分是客人给她的。那么你知道部分用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
part
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计算机是人类科学技术上一项伟大的成就,如今计算机的应用范围已经从科学计算扩展到人类社会的各个领域。计算机之所以如此普及,是由其自身特点所决定的。接下来小编为大家整理了计算机的应用包括哪些呢?希望对你有帮助哦!
For many years, researchers have been exploring the way people think in hopes of creating a computer that thinks like a person. This is so called Artificial Intelligence (AI)。 It aims at producing a computer system that will be able to communicate with us by speech and hearing, and be capable of solving intelligent problems. One practical application of AI has been in the area of expert systems. An expert system is a computer program that solves the specialized problems at the level of a human expert.
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微型计算机,是指由微处理器作为CPU的计算机。由大规模集成电路组成的、体积较小的电子计算机。接下来小编为大家整理了微型计算机的结构。希望对你有帮助哦!
In Chinese,a computer is popularly known as an " electrical brain",for the working process of a computer is similar to a human brain very much.
In appearance, a microcomputer has three simple and apparent parts:the main frame, the keyboard and the monitor. In other words, if you own these parts, you would exactly have a computer. A computer system is composed of software and hardware in the light of its working mode. If we compare the hardware to a human body, then, the software would be soul.
Just as a driver can't drive a car without driving skills or the car itself,you can't control a computer without controlling techniques or the computer itself. The controlling techniques are called software, while computers themselves and related devices are called hardware.
The work of a computer is just making full use of various resources by software set in the computer,and directing the hardware to realize marvelous omnipotent functions.
The typical secondary storage medium of a microcomputer is the floppy and hard disks. A floppy disk,or diskette,is a thin circular piece of flexible polyester coated with a magnetic material. The data are recorded on a series of concentric circles called tracks. The access mechanism steps from track to track, reading or writing one track at a time. A track is subdivided into sectors. To distinguish the sectors, they are sequentially addressed by natural numbers 0,1,2and so on .A sector is a primitive access unit.
Most microcomputers use floppy diskettes of 5 1/4 inches and 3 1/2inches in diameter. The following figure shows a 3 1/2 inches floppy diskette.
Hard disks,or fixed disks, can be either fixed in the mainframe as a part of the internal hard disks reside permanently within the microcomputer and are removed only for servicing or replacement. External hard disks can be purchased alone and then attached to the microcomputer with cables; they are used for backing up large amounts of data or for additional storage capacity. Hard disks provide tremendous storage capacities ranging from hundreds of megabytes to several gigabytes.
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电脑,又称计算机,是机械的一种,现在使用的越来越多。接下来小编为大家整理了计算机软件高级词汇中英对照,希望对你有帮助哦!
软件经验数据 software experience data
软件风险 software hazard
软件库管理员 software librarian
软件库 software library
软件生存周期 software life cycle
软件维护员 software maintainer
软件监控程序 software monitor
软件操作员 software operator
软件产品 software product
软件采购员 software purchaser
软件质量 software quality
质量保证 quality assurance
质量度量学 quality metrics
软件度量学 software metrics
软件质量保证 software quality assurance
软件质量评判准则 software quality criteria
软件可靠性 software reliability
软件注册员 software registrar
软件储藏库 software repository
软件复用 software reuse
软件安全性 software safety
软件潜行分析 software sneak analysis
软件单元 software unit
软件验证程序 software verifier
规约语言 specification language
规约验证 specification verification
稳定性 stability
供方 supplier
支持软件 support software
符号执行 symbolic execution
系统体系结构 system architecture
系统设计 system design
系统文档 system documentation
系统库 system library
系统可靠性 system reliability
系统软件 system software
系统确认 system validation
系统验证 system verification
终止性证明 termination proof
测试用例生成程序 test case generator
测试覆盖 test coverage
测试数据生成程序 test data generator
测试驱动程序 test driver
测试阶段 test phase
测试过程 test procedure
测试可重复性 test repeatability
测试报告 test report
分时 time sharing
计时分析程序 timing analyzer
追踪程序 tracer
培训 training
类型 type
软件性能 software performance
自适应性 adaptability
内聚性 cohesion
模块性 modularity
可复用性 reusability
部分正确性 partial correctness
完全正确性 total correctness
有效性 validity
用户合同管理员 user contract administrator
用户文档 user documentation
实用软件 utility software
版本控制 version control
更改控制 change control
基线 baseline
原型 prototype
原型制作 prototyping
原型速成 rapid prototyping
领域建模 domain modeling, DM
体系结构建模 architecture modeling, AM
黑箱 black-box
白箱 white-box
领域工程师 domain engineer
软件体系结构 software architecture
软件再工程 software reengineering
软件过程 software process
可复用构件 reusable component
基于构件的软件开发 component-based software development, CBSD
基于构件的软件工程 component-based software engineering, CBSE
3C模型 concept, content and context 3C 3C指概念、内容和语境。
特定领域软件体系结构 domain-specific software architecture, DSSA
软件体系结构风格 software architectural style, SAS
合法性撤消 revocation又称“合法性取消”。
版本升级 version upgrade
向下兼容 downward compatibility
向上兼容 upward compatibility
管理过程 management process
获取过程 acquisition process
供应过程 supply process
维护过程 maintenance process
支持过程 supporting process
剪裁过程 tailoring process
软件工程经济学 software engineering economics
计算机软件的法律保护 legal protection of computer software
软件版权 software copyright
事务分析 transaction analysis
人工认知 artificial cognition
脑功能模块 brain function module
脑成像 brain imaging
脑模型 brain model
脑科学 brain science
知识块 chunk
认知 cognition
认知映射 cognitive mapping
认知过程 cognitive process
认知心理学 cognitive psychology
认知仿真 cognitive simulation
认知系统 cognitive system
思维科学 noetic science
认知科学 cognitive science
感知 perception
认知模型 cognitive model
动态记忆 dynamic memory
情景记忆 episodic memory
认识学 epistemology
智能 intelligence
智能科学 intelligent science
群体智能 swarm intelligence
宏理论 macro-theory
记忆组织包 memory organization packet, MOP
记忆表示 memory representation
心智能力 mental ability
心智图像 mental image
心智信息传送 mental information transfer
心智机理 mental mechanism
心智状态 mental state
心智心理学 mental psychology
微理论 micro-theory
机器智能 machine intelligence
物理符号系统 physical symbol system
DS理论 Dempster-Shafer theory
框架语法 frame grammar
知识工程 knowledge engineering, KE
知识 knowledge
领域知识 domain knowledge
启发式知识 heuristic knowledge
常识 commonsense
知识表示 knowledge representation, KR
陈述性知识 declarative knowledge
过程性知识 procedural knowledge
知识表示方式 knowledge representation mode
知识模式 knowledge schema
框架知识表示 frame knowledge representation
概念结点 concept node
脚本知识表示 script knowledge representation
状态空间 state space
状态图 state graph
元知识 metaknowledge
元规则 metarule
面向对象表示 object-oriented representation
黑板 blackboard
黑板结构 blackboard structure
知识源 knowledge source
知识结构 knowledge structure
问题 problem
问题诊断 problem diagnosis
问题重构 problem reformulation
问题空间 problem space
问题状态 problem state
过程分析 procedure analysis
进程定性推理 process qualitative reasoning
规则子句 rule clause
规则 rule
启发式规则 heuristic rule
前提 antecedent, premise
条件式 conditions
产生式规则 production rule
产生式系统 production system
领域无关规则 domain-independent rule
反向推理 backward reasoning, backward chained reasoning
双向推理 bidirection reasoning
目标导向推理 goal-directed reasoning
基于知识推理 knowledge-based inference
逻辑推理 logical reasoning
自顶向下推理 top-down reasoning
自底向上推理 bottom-up reasoning
元推理 metareasoning
不确定推理 uncertain reasoning
模糊推理 fuzzy reasoning
类比推理 analogical inference
单调推理 monotonic reasoning
非单调推理 non-monotonic reasoning
限定推理 circumscription reasoning
目标引导行为 goal-directed behavior
启发式算法 heuristic algorithm
启发式方法 heuristic approach
启发式函数 heuristic function
启发式信息 heuristic information
启发式程序 heuristic program
启发式技术 heuristic technique
不完全性理论 incompleteness theory
不合逻辑 illogicality
合一 unification
合一子 unifier
泛合一 universal unification
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在学习英语课文中遇到一些看不懂的单词或句子很影响对整篇课文的理解,下面读文网小编为同学们带来人教版六年级下册英语unit1 B部分课文翻译,欢迎大家学习!
John:How heavy are you,Jim?
约翰:你体重多少,吉姆?
Jim:I'm 52 kilograms.
吉姆:我体重52千克。
John:You're heavier than me.
约翰:你比我重。
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在学习英语课文中遇到一些看不懂的单词或句子很影响对整篇课文的理解,下面读文网小编为同学们带来人教版六年级下册英语unit1 C部分课文翻译,欢迎大家学习!
①Zebra:They need a new goalkeeper.
①斑马:他们需要一名新的守门员。
Deer:I'd like to have a try.
鹿:我想试一试。
Giraffe:Me,too.
长颈鹿:我也想。
Dog:I can't wait. We want a goalkeeper!!
狗:我等不及了。我们想要一名守门员!!
②Zoom:How tall are you?
②祖姆:你有多高?
Deer:I'm 1.8 metres.
鹿:我身高1.8米。
Zip:How heavy are you?
次波:你体重多少?
Deer:I'm 86 kilograms,
鹿:我体重86千克。
③Zip:Mr Zebra is 10 centimetres taller than Mr Deer.
③次波:斑马先生比鹿先生高10厘米。
Zoom:Yes,and he's stronger. But he can't catch the ball!
袒姆:是的,而且他更强壮。但是他不能接到球!
④Giraffe:I'm the tallest one.
④长颈鹿:我是最高的那个。
Zip:Sorry. Your neck is too long.The others can't reach you.Football needs teamwork.
次波:对不起。你的脖子太长了。其他人够不到你。足球需要团队合作。
⑤Hippo:What's happening here?
⑤河马:这里正在发生什么?
Zip:Oh! Here's the one we want!
次波:哦!这就是我们想要的那个!
Zoom:Why? He's too heavy!
祖姆:为什么?他太重了!
Zip:We need a big guy!
次波:我们需要一个大家伙!
⑥Zoom:Oh! He's almost bigger than the goal!
⑥祖姆:哦!他几乎要比球门大!
Dog:Yes! He's an excellent goalkeeper.
狗:是的!他是一位优秀的守门员。
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包括表示包含,总括。例如语文教学应该包括听、说、读、写四项,不可偏轻偏重。那么你知道包括用英语怎么说吗?下面读文网小编为大家带来包括的英语说法,欢迎大家学习!
consist of
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大部分的意思是超过一半的部分,示例:把他所有东西大部分都送掉了。那么你知道大部分用英语怎么说吗?下面读文网小编为大家带来大部分的英语说法,希望对大家的学习有所帮助!
1. Mark was condemned to do most of the work.
马克被迫承担大部分工作。
2. He spends most of his pocket money on PlayStation games.
他大部分零花钱都用来买PS游戏了。
3. For most of the year, the area is teeming with tourists.
一年中大部分时间里,这个地区游人如织。
4. Most of my patients welcome the coming of summer.
我的大部分病人盼望着夏天的到来。
5. She seemed to be placing most of the blame on her mother.
她好像把大部分责任都推到了母亲身上。
6. Most have worked their guts out and made sacrifices.
大部分人都拼命工作,作出了很大的牺牲。
7. Faculty members devote most of their time to scholarly research.
全院教师大部分时间都用来从事学术研究。
8. We manage to get most of our produce in Britain.
我们设法在英国搞到我们所需的大部分农产品。
9. It was work which consumed most of his waking hours.
他醒着的时候大部分时间都在工作。
10. Dangerous undertows make swimming unsafe along most of the coastline.
由于存在着危险的下层逆流,在大部分海岸线附近游泳都不安全。
11. Most companies are looking to sponsor students on specific courses.
大部分公司在寻求机会资助学习某些特定课程的学生.
12. I spent most of my teen years reading diet books.
我青少年时期的大部分时间都用来阅读控制饮食的书籍了。
13. Most of the occupants had left before the fire broke out.
大部分住户在火灾发生前就已经离开。
14. Most farmers have bank managers breathing down their necks.
大部分农场主的一举一动都受到银行经理们的密切关注。
15. He wouldn't know what he was saying half the time.
他大部分时间里都不知道自己在说些什么。
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