为您找到与少儿英语入门的技巧相关的共200个结果:
中国人的英语以Chinglish或Chenglish闻名于世;中国人最大的英语发音问题就是没有连读,但这都不是最主要的语言问题。老外们时常议论,很多中国人在说英语时,听起来没有礼貌;并不是这些中国人本身没礼貌,而是他们还没有习惯英语的礼貌表达方式。
我们总结一些“有礼貌”的技巧:
1、西方人(主要指有一定修养的欧美人)在与他人交流时,比较多地使用虚拟语气,比如would (had) rather、would (had) sooner、would (just) as soon等等,或者在陈述句中使用过去式表示虚拟语气,或者使用if等引导的从句表示“可能性”。这样说话可以使人感觉表达者是在考虑达到最佳的结果或方式,尽量避免不好的结果或方式,或者推测可能出现的问题,并找出可能解决的办法;
2、比较多地使用情态动词:can、could、may、might、would等等;情态动词(Model Verbs)又称为情态助动词(Model Auxil-iaries),表示说话人的语气,可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等,使得说话的语气比较有礼貌;
3、往往在句尾加please,而不是在句首加please。当please用在句首的时候,语气听起来就比较强,听起来像命令。比如请求别人做某事的时候,我们中国人会说“请在周一前给我回复。谢谢。”但是如果你直接用英语说“Please reply to me by Monday. Thank you。”听者会觉得你是在命令他,一点礼貌也没有。而如果这样说:“Could you please reply to me by Monday? Thank you。”就显得有礼貌了;
4、在陈述句的表达可能显得生硬、没礼貌时,尽量使用疑问句、否定句或从句,尽量避免自己的主观判断或武断,以积极的、建议的、比较的、人性的语气,代替消极的、命令的、直接的、武断的语气;
5、说话要以他人为中心,以肯定他人、赞同他人为前提,让自己显得谦卑、渺小。说完之后,还要附带一句“Thank you”或“Thanks”。其实,这种礼貌的表达方式是来自古老的中国。这是东西方文化的共同点,也是为人处世的基本原则。了解英语中礼貌的表达方式,尽量让自己的英语表达更有礼貌,融入社会。
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
考研英语2024备考复习技巧
考研英语分为英语一,英语二。考研英语一和英语二的题型都有英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。以下是小编为大家收集的关于考研英语2024备考复习技巧的相关内容,供大家参考!
1、考研英语二的总考试时长是180分钟。
2、第一部分的20个选择题,可以安排20分钟。
3、第二部分的A节安排75分钟,B节安排25分钟。预计总时长是100分钟。
4、第三部分的英译汉,安排20分钟。
5、第四部分的Part A安排15分钟,Part B安排25分钟。预计总时长是40分钟。
浏览量:4
下载量:0
时间:
英语听力是英语学习中比较重要的一部分,也是过去被忽视的一部分。那么初中英语听力要怎么学习呢?下面读文网小编为大家带来初中英语听力学习方法技巧,希望对你有所帮助!
它讲究的是方法和效率。首先,我们要学会泛听和精听的结合。在我们听力练习的计划中要适当的安排泛听和精听,针对不同的题型我们也要采取不同的听的方式。例如,对于会考到细节题的短文,我们要精听;对于考主题的文章我们就泛听。当然,“策略”还包括许多学习的小窍门。比如我们在听短文时,心里要怀着“what, who, which, when, where, why, how”,也就是七个“W”来听,就能很快掌握大意。
最后还要强调一下发音。听力考试中总会有辨音题。总的来说,这个题型不难,但如果我们的发音不正确就会出错。千万别忽视发音问题,自己最好将一些容易混淆的音标对比进行练习,把相应的单词总结出来。初中英语中听力的学习非常重要
初中英语听力学习方法相关
浏览量:7
下载量:0
时间:
掌握英语写作技巧,是写好英语作文的关键。下面读文网小编为大家带来初中英语写作方法技巧,欢迎大家参考学习!
I will work hard to make my dream come true.
I hope your dream will come true one day.
It takes sb. +时间+to do…
Sb. spend(某种人称时态)+时间/钱+on sth./ (in) doing sth. It’s important/necessary/useful/useless/common…(for sb.) to v…
It’s nice/kind of sb. to v..
It’s time for sb. to do sth.
It’s a waste of time to…
It’s …years/days since sb. +ved
It’s great fun to do=sb. have great fun doing
It’s a pity that…
It’s an honor to…
I’m/We’re not allowed to …
I’m afraid of making mistakes…
There be …doing…
Great changes have taken place in…
sth is/are well worth v-ing.
It seems/seemed that…
It seems (im)possible to v…
It is said that…
As the saying goes, …
…and …. are different in many ways.
too + adj./adv. to do
There are many differences between … and …
I have made up my mind to …
I am sure that…
I am not sure whether/if…
I would rather …. than …
It doesn’t matter if…
Thank you for v-ing.
If everyone can make a contribution to the earth/ nature/ society, our life will be better and better.
have/look for a chance to do
do outdoor activities
be/get used to (doing) sth.
learn…from…
be proud of/ take pride in…
play an important/active part/role in…
agree with sb. to do sth.
with the help of sb.=with one’s help
(反义:without one’s help)
be/get ready to do sth.= be/ get ready for sth.
pay attention to…
take good care of …
make friends with…
get on/along well with …
wish you successful/success
as time goes by…
graduate from…
浏览量:8
下载量:0
时间:
阅读理解是初中英语各类考试中的重要考点,掌握阅读理解的技巧对于提高英语成绩十分重要。下面读文网小编为大家带来初一英语阅读理解技巧,欢迎大家学习!
1、细节理解题
*此类题主要考察学生对相关信息的识别能力, 答案一般在原文中能找到。
*答题时应迅速找到它的考察点,切不可望文生义或主观臆断。
*出题中所设的干扰项一般与文中的观点截然相反,要么不符,要么未涉及,相对容易排除。
2、文章(段落)主旨大意题
Which is the best title of the passage?
The writer thinks________.
The writer wants to tell us__________.
The main idea of the passage is________.
*切忌以点代面,以偏概全。文章的首尾句及各段的首尾句往往是探察全文内容的窗口,阅读时要学会找出文章的中心句。
*在阅读过程中,可通过略读来快速把握文章的中心,阅读时视阈要宽,紧抓对主题句的搜索,按意群进行阅读,避免阅读中的出声、指读、复视或停顿。
*学会猜词、跳词阅读,以暂时记忆迅速在头脑中清晰把握文章的大意。
3、推理判断题
此类题需要透过文章信息进行深入的分析、综合、归纳等推断,需根据上下文及其内在联系对篇章进行深入的分析。
1) How many times did the tiger come into the village?
*每段的首句,含有重要的解题线索。
2) From the second paragraph we know_____.
*在把握全篇的基础上,细读这一段。
4、是非判断题
Which of the following is (NOT) true?
Which of the following descriptions about… is right?
*干扰项常常是无中生有,张冠李戴,以偏概全,扩大内容。
5、词意句意题
What does the word “…” mean in paragraph 3?
What does the sentence “…” really mean?
In the last paragraph, “…” means___.
What does the underlined word mean?
浏览量:7
下载量:0
时间:
期末考试马上就要到来,那么你知道初一要怎么复习好英语吗?下面读文网小编为大家带来初一英语期末复习方法技巧,欢迎大家学习!
每单元的 checkpoint 必须重点复习,因为测试卷的命题依据多为这部分知识。复习过程中,也不要忽视 workbook 上的练习题,应把那些体现每单元重难点内容的习题仔细再做一遍,以便更加强化和巩固课本内容。还有一点就是,对英语的习惯表达法及其与汉语不同的特点,在复习中要反复强调。
浏览量:6
下载量:0
时间:
完形填空是初中英语考试的必考题型,因此掌握好完形填空的解题技巧十分重要。下面读文网小编为大家带来初中完形填空解题方法技巧,希望对大家有所帮助!
技巧1.词语搭配
(1)从语法角度来说,句子不是词的序列,而是词组的序列。
(2)因搭配关系而产生的一般性词汇。如:see a film
(3)词序和意义皆以固定的复合词和动词短语。如:push ahead with(奋力前行)。
(4)因词组而构成的常见的句式:It feels+形容词+不定式,在搭配判断时,注意:要区别外形相近而意义不同的搭配。如:look for, look over, look out, look after, look up等。要区别形不相似而意义相近的搭配。如:I paid 12 pounds for the dictionary. The book cost me a lot. It took three men to lift the box.句中都有“付出、花费、需要”的意思。译成汉语时似乎相通。但更要注意它们之间的搭配变化;要注意单个词组的多义性。如:take off有“脱下(衣服),(飞机)起飞,匆匆离开,取下,休假等多种含意。
技巧2.语法判定
(1)要注意出现频率较高的词类题,依次为动词、介词、代词、连词、形容词、副词。选择各类词时,要注意以下几个方面:
a.名词的选择,应联系文章主题及空格前后出现的有关词,注意其性和数的一致。
b.动词的选用,要注意词义和惯用搭配,还要区分近义词之间的用法差异及所给词的形式。
c.选择介词,应注意其惯用法,特别是与动词或其他词组成的固定搭配。
d.选择代词,要注意性、数、格是否准确。
e.选择连词,要注意分析前后句或上下文的逻辑关系。
f.选择形容词和副词,要注意词义的区别,用于比较时,还要注意词形变化。
(2)要注意句法题,搞清句子的种类、类型、省略和倒装
a.句子的种类包括陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。一般以考查疑问句、感叹句的词序为多见,其次是祈使句的零时态等。
b.句子的类型有简单句、并列句、复合句和并列复合句。中考考查要点是在复合句里的状语从句、宾语从句和直接/间接引语,也考查简单的定语从句。
c.句子的省略与倒装很少考查,却要看懂,不能引起对文章的曲解。
(3)在语法适用方面,可以用择优法和排除法
a.择优法是把各选项代入短文中,选出在词义上符合要求,且在语法上又没有语病的答案。
b.排除法是在代入选项时如发现选项单词意义不对,或词与词搭配不妥,或存在语法错误,或与上下文有矛盾,则迅速排除不合适的选项,剩下的就是正确答案。
技巧3. 例举对比。
在完形填空的多项选择中,常常会遇到难以选择的题目。需要调动头脑里的知识“储备”,例举熟知的语言现象与之相比较,再做出明智的选择。
一般的解题过程是:
1.通读全文,掌握大意。结合选项初步弄清短文写了些什么内容。
2.瞻前顾后,分析先行。在理解全文意思的基础上,结合文章内容对空缺句子作合乎逻辑的推理。必须弄清空缺词句的确切含义,空缺词句与其前后句的意义衔接必须自然、合理,不可出现意义断层或说东道西的情况,必须从空缺句的内部结构入手,从语法、词语固定搭配、词形变化等角度考虑,务必使所填的单词准确无误。
3.反复推敲,攻克难关。如果做不出来的话,可能要改变一下思路。如实词多与文章的内容直接相关,虚词多与文章的连贯性或句子结构直接相关,如果从内容上实在看不出要填哪个单词的话,应考虑是否需要填介词、连词等。
技巧4.验证答案,修正错误,着重注意这几点:
(1)文章是否顺畅;
(2)所填单词是否是最佳单词;
(3)所填单词是否有拼写错误。
浏览量:5
下载量:0
时间:
一些有趣的英语故事,能够吸引少儿阅读英语的兴趣,从而提高英语的阅读能力,今天读文网小编在这里为大家分享一些少儿英语简短小故事,欢迎大家阅读!
Jake was always sick. He repeatedly got infections—mostly colds or the flu—from patients. He considered himself lucky to be alive, considering what he’d read about deadly bacteria and viruses that were developing immunity to all the latest drugs. A hospital is a dangerous place. He wanted out of the hospital, but he had nowhere to go. He was no spring chicken. The pay, benefits, and hours were good. His schedule regularly included three- or four-day weekends.
But, he was just going through the same motions, day after day. He was at the top of the ladder for an orderly. There were no other jobs that he could qualify for, unless he wanted to go to school for several years to become a tech or a registered nurse. But those jobs would mean working in a hospital. He wanted out.
He wished he had stayed with his old job as an assistant pro at Brookside Golf Course. The pay was low and the benefits were few, but the game of golf was his passion. He loved teaching the game to others. He was a happy man when he worked at the golf course—the freshly mowed green grass, the blue sky, the white clouds. Not a sick person in sight—only healthy people, enjoying themselves. Why had he quit that job, he wondered over and over. Ten years ago, he must have had a good reason, but he sure couldn’t remember what it was now. His life was now a constant regret about the poorest decision he had ever made.
浏览量:4
下载量:0
时间:
少儿故事是开启儿童智慧大门的一把钥匙。听故事可以丰富儿童知识,同时提升思维能力和想象能力,促进儿童的思维更加细微准确,想象更加斑斓、开阔。下面读文网小编为大家带来少儿英语口语故事,欢迎大家阅读!
Louise and Neil had been dating for three years. She was 40, and he was 50. They wanted to get married and have two kids as soon as possible, but there was a problem. They disagreed on how they would raise their kids.
Because Louise had a high-paying job, Neil could stay home and raise the kids. He looked forward to that, because he felt that he would be a great dad. First, he would teach them how to read. Then he would teach them about life. His kids were not going to waste their time reading fairy tales and watching Sesame Street. They were going to learn practical stuff, like how to use Microsoft Office and how to get a four-year scholarship to Harvard. He wanted them to become business majors, because business is where the money is.
Louise had other plans. She wanted her kids to relax and enjoy life. She didn't want them to grow up too fast. She was the oldest child in a poor family, and her father had put her to work in the fields as soon as she turned six. Life had been hard for her. She didn't want it to be hard for her children.
Neil said not to worry. There was still plenty of time for him to figure out a way for the kids to have fun and still become happy millionaires.
浏览量:4
下载量:0
时间:
笑话是人们生活中不可缺少的“调剂品”。在人们的日常生活中起着重要调剂作用。下面读文网小编为大家带来少儿英语幽默笑话带带翻译,希望大家喜欢!
"It's annoying when my dentist starts up a conversation while he's working on my teeth,"one guy said to another.
一个人对另一个人说:“当我的牙医陪我看牙时,他总是跟我聊天。这真让我心烦。”
"I know just what you mean,”replied his friend. "But my Uncle Edgar used to drive this dentist crazy.'
他的朋友回答说:“我明白你的意思,但我的叔叔艾德加就曾使这位牙医不知所措。”
"How so?"
“怎么会这样呢?”
"He was a ventriloquist."
“他是个口技演员。”
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
新学期开始,新一轮的四六级备考也开始了。作为四六级考试的重中之重,听力的复习尤其重要,以下是四级听力技巧总结,同学们不妨一起来看看吧。
英语四级听力高分五大技巧
一、调整心理状态
心理状态就是一个人的心情。心情的好坏,会直接地影响我们工作、学习的效果。你也能看到,在体育比赛中,由于心理状态的起伏,参赛选手的发挥会跟着有较大的起伏。同样的道理,心理状态的正常与否对参加听力考试的同学来说也至关重要。心理方面的任何失衡都会使你手忙脚乱,得分率降低,平时掌握的内容也有可能发挥不出来;相反,保持良好的心态,则会使你如虎添翼,发挥出最佳水平。
考试中的心理偏差有两种,一是过于放松,难以集中注意力,总是想起别的东西,无法抓住听力内容的关键词;二是过于紧张,心跳加快,手心出汗,有头晕的感觉。出现前一种情况的同学要加强训练,找一个与考试环境相似的教室,模仿真实的考试场景,逐渐进入状态;出现后一种情况的同学可能是对自己的能力估计不足,心中无数,有一种惧怕心理。这就要从自身做起,平时加强听力训练,做到有的放矢,弥补弱项。从而充满自信,保持心理稳定。在考前,把指令背熟,然后在放指令的录音时,阅读选择项,并进行有关的预测,这时,紧张的心理自然消除了。另外,要做到顺其自然,我们的意思是不要怕漏听一些非关键部分,像介词、连词、冠词等,总之不要去想一个没听到或一个不熟悉的单词,否则,会漏听内容。关于心理准备。在开首,我们提出同学们在练习听力以及正式的考试中都必须遵循的一条,就是放松心情,但要使听觉系统紧张起来。只有放松心情,才能正常(甚至超水平)发挥听力。
听的过程中,一定要集中注意力,不要胡思乱想。同学们在平时训练中,就要注意加强大脑与听觉系统之间的协调与沟通。我们在以后的每一个测试开首,都会讲解实用技巧,希望同学们能熟练掌握并运用于试题之中。
二、注意辨别近音
同音、近音词句一样,在英语语言中也有许多单词读音很接近。它们在被读出时,很容易对考生造成干扰,使你产生多余的联想。另外,在对所提问题设定的选项中,通常会出现与听力材料中读音接近的单词,作为对原句中音或义的干扰。比如:
W: I've got to buy a new car.
M: Really?
Q: What does the woman mean?
选项:
A) She purchased a car recently.
B) She knew the car was in the lot.
C) She always forgets to clean her car.
D) She really needs a new car.
可以看出,B)项中的knew是对原文中new的近音干扰,C)项中的forget是对have got to的近音干扰。因此,在遇到这类题时,要求考生要仔细,不要一看到干扰项就立即作出选择,从而中了题设陷阱。
此外,还要注意语音、语调的问题。中国考生对英语中以语调、语气表意的句子不熟悉,从而难以领会说话者要表达的真实意图,结果造成失分。因此,应试者应对这一项加以研究,并加强训练。以陈述句为表达形式而句末用升调,表示说话人的怀疑,不同意或不完全同意对方的观点。句子结构是陈述形式,但句末用的是降调或低升调,表示说话人的无所谓或乐观的态度,不表示怀疑。感叹句用升调结尾,表怀疑。疑问句句末用升调表示怀疑,而用降调不表怀疑。如Is he honest?用降调表示说话者认为他是诚实的。同学们对连续和弱读的现象也应有所了解。
三、要做必要记录
同学们对于记忆的培养很重要。记有两种形式,一是用脑记,二是用手记。人的脑力是有时间局限的,超出一定的时间,信息就会弱化,甚至消失。因此,训练作笔录能力大有好处。在听较长的信息时,一边脑记并理解,一边还要做笔录,只有这样,才能有效地理解和判断。如果没有记住关键内容,所做的判断当然无凭无据,正确性就会大打折扣。
在四级考试中,听力两部分都要求考生具有迅速而准确地记录有效信息的能力。
在Section A中,有关于时间,数量推算之类的题目。做这类题目时,考生要记下有关数字,并作简单计算。否则,等听完之后,脑中暂歇的信息一经消退,你就可能无法得到正确答案,亦或出现混乱而出错。例如:
W: I only have ten dollars, is it enough for three tickets?
M: Well, you can buy three $2 tickets and three $3 tickets, whichever you like.
W: I'll like the cheaper seats, please.
Q: How much money will the woman have after she buys the tickets?
作这个题时,最好记下几个数字:10,3,2,3,分别代表有10元钱,买3张票,有2元一张和3元一张的,当你听到买票者要便宜的一种,你立即可得出她还剩四元钱。
在section B中,一篇短文被连续地读出来,这时记录关键信息就显得尤为重要。只有你准确地记下了有关信息,才能顺利地完成后面的题目。怎样记?记什么?我们说速记,简记,记要点,记关键词。简单到什么程度,只要是自己能看懂,能为做题服务就足够了,记的要点包括中心思想、主要人物、主要情节,有关的地点、时间、数字(要准确)等。
四、快速浏览选项
考生要切记,对付一切听力考试都行之有效的做法是快速浏览选择项并提炼信息点,再找出选项间的联系点。当录音人在即将开始读Directions时,这就是你阅读选择项的最佳时机。应充分抓住这段时间,速读选项,预测内容,从而做到心中有数。通过阅读,应明确以下信息:
a) 题目所涉及到的主要人物,地点等,如是场景类考题,应迅速联想起与该场景有关的词汇,全神贯注地倾听相关信息。
b) 一般四个选择项的设计都会和录音内容或多或少地有点关系,以使能够造成干扰。这时,你就要比较它们之间的联系点,大胆地进行猜想,事先得到一个印象,再与听力材料结合,就会迅速找出答案。这一技巧是建立在考生有较强的阅读能力的基础上。当考生具有这一能力时,通过在播放录音前的短暂时间里对问题所设的选择项的涉及内容快速地通览一下,掌握其大意。这样,你就会有针对性,目的性地去注意听力材料中提供的信息。从而迅速地找出有效词句来,作出正确判断。例如:
选项:
A) The doctor is busy tomorrow.
B) The doctor won't see her tomorrow.
C) The doctor is busy all day today.
D) The doctor will see her today.
当你阅读了这四个选项后,你就会联想到这是关于医生的活动安排的内容。这时,你就要集中注意力在医生的日程上。请看
W: When can the doctor see me?
M: He won't be free until tomorrow.
Q: What does the man mean?
你听到医生直到明天才会有空时,答案就很明显了。A)、B)、D)项都与原文所表达的意思不符。只有C)贴切。从这一点也可以看出,听力技巧的提高跟你阅读能力高低有很大关系,因此,平时还要加强阅读训练,以期能迅速理解选项意思。
五、掌握因果逻辑
在四级听力测试的题目中,有关原因及结果或是引起与被引起的关系比重很大,若是考生对此类问题加强认识,则对提高听力大有裨益。
首先要掌握一些体现原因的词,如because,as,due to,on account of,in that,so…that,such…that,now that,thanks to,owing to,result in,give rise to等等。熟悉这些词或词组的表达法很重要。
另外,表达先后顺序通过时态上也可体现出因果关系。如:
M: I was very sorry to hear about Bill's being fired.I know hewas sick a lot and that he usually got to work late.
W: Oh,it wasn't that .Bill made a big error in accounting. Even though it wasn't really his fault,his boss was very angry.
Q: Why did Bill lose his job?
Bill被解雇的原因是made a big error in accounting.
通常现在分词表原因居多,过去分词表结果或趋势,当然少数的例外也是有的。有时,这种因果逻辑型考题的正确答案是经过对有关信息的变换,或是一种解释性语言。这样考生不要指望答案会跟听到的词句完全相同而直接挑选出它。这样的考题是不会出现的。
因此,做题时,不要以原文的重现作为选择的标准,而应加以理解,转换,找出与原文整体相关的选择项才是正确答案。这就要求考生在听的过程中,不仅听表面词句,还要开动脑筋,挖掘句子含义,并进行有效归纳。以免造成听懂了原文的字词,却选不出正确答案来。考生要密切注意这一点。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
下面是学习英语语法的基础知识哦,来学习下吧!
英语语法基础知识入门教程
音 标
学习提示:
在我们开始学习英语语音音标之前,有一点大家要记住:不要试图用汉语普通话的近似的音去代替英语的音标。例如,有人把英语字母“n’'念成“恩”,用汉语的“e”来代替英语的[e],把字母f、m、x分别念成“爱弗”、“爱木”、“爱克斯”。这是一种很坏的习惯,它使你永远也学不到纯正的英语发音。记住,英语的音标跟汉语的音标缺乏可比性。例如,英语的单元音有十二个之多,而汉语只有六个。即使是两者相似的音,它们在发音的口型、音的长短上都有差别。
音素分类:
英语的音标共有48个,其中元音音标20个,辅音音标28个。相信大家对它们都不陌生了,在正式开始音标学习之前,让我们再来熟悉一下这48个音标。
元音
1、单元音 前元音:[i] [i:] [e] [?]
中元音:[?:] [?] [?]
后元音:[a:] [?] [?:] [u] [u:]
2、双元音 合口双元音:[ei] [ai] [?i] [?u] [au]
集中双元音:[i?] [ε? ] [u?]
辅音
1、爆破音 [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g]
2、摩擦音 [f] [v] [θ] [e] [s] [z] [?] [?] [h] [r]
3、破擦音 [ts] [dz] [tr] [dr] [t?] [d?]
4、鼻音 [m] [n] [?]
5、半元音 [j] [w]
6、舌侧音 [l]
音标记忆法:
不要为音标的分类名称操心,你并不需要记住这些名称;也不要为音标的数目太多而发愁,照下面的两个记忆方法去做,你一定能在十分钟内将所有的英语音标记住。
一、元音分组记忆法:将元音音标分成四个大组和四个单个,帮助记忆。
1、四大组
第一组 第二组 第三组 第四组
[i] [i:] [i?] [ei] [ai]
[?] [?:] [?u] [ε?]
[u] [u:] [u?] [au]
[?] [?:] [?i]
记忆窍门:
第一组为“基本型”;第二组为基本型的“延长型”;在基本型后加长音符号;第三组为基本型的“前置型”;第四组为基本型的“后置型”。
2.四单个:一座山[?],一朵花[?],一个[e],一个[a:]
二、辅音成对记忆法:将辅音分成十对和八个单个,帮助记忆。
1.十对
爆破组 摩擦组 破擦组
[p] [b] [f] [v] [ts] [dz]
[t] [d] [θ] [e] [tr] [dr]
[k] [g] [s] [z] [t?] [d?]
[?] [?]
记忆口诀: 十对的辅音清、浊成对,每对的发音部位相同。
2.八单个:[m] [n] [?] [j] [w] [r] [l] [h]
记忆口诀:三鼻音[m] [n] [n], 两半元[w] [j] , 一个[r],一个[l],还有一个[h]。
音节
一、定义:一个元音音素(双元音为一个音素)为一个音节。
1、[ai] [n?u] [st?nd] [ti:t?] 均为单音节。
2、['mi:t?] ['reiz?] 均为双音节。
3、['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]均为多音节。
二、音节的划分:
1、每两个元音之间有一个辅音,该辅音归后。如:['mi:t?] ['reiz?]
2、每两个元音之间有两个辅音,则前后各一个。如:['men??nd] ['f?ktri]
3、每两个元音之间有三个及以上的辅音,依次读出其本身的发音即可。如:
['empti]
简记为:一归后,二分手。
试读:[steid] ['a:ft?] ['men??nd] ['f?ktri] ['s?u??list] [repri'zent?tiv]
三、开、闭、r音节:
1、开音节,又分绝对开音节和相对开音节。
绝对开音节:以发音的元音字母结尾的音节。如:no,we.she。
相对开音节:以元音字母+辅音字母(r除外)+不发音的e结尾的音节。如:these,those,page,life,use。
2、闭音节:以一个或几个辅音字母(r除外)结尾,而中间只有一个元音字母的音节。如:bad,desk,sit,long。
3、,元音字母+r,即 ar er ir or ur
4、元音字母在重读开音节、重读闭音节和r读音节中的读音。
元音字母在重读音节中的读音
字母 开音节 例词 闭音节 例词 r音节 例词
A [ei] name [?] bag [a:] car
E [i:] these [e] pen [?:] her
I [ai] bike [i] his [?:] girl
O [?u] no, note [?] not [?:] for
U [ju:] student [?] bus [?:] nurse
由上表可见:元音字母在重读的开音节中就读字母本身的音。(注意:一切规律都不能包罗万象,如,不符合此规律的词有come, love 等等)
句子成分与句子
第一章 句子成分
构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。英语句子主要成分有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、状语、补足语和定语。
1、主语
主语是一个句子的主体,是句子所要说明的人或事情,表示句子描述的是“谁”“什么”。主语一般位于陈述句句首,但在there be结构中主语位于谓语后面。
能作主语的有名词类(含代词、数词);非谓语(含不定式、ing 分词)、从句。
1)名词类
Professor Smith is a famous scientist.史密斯教授是著名的科学家。
We often speak English in class.我们经常在课堂上说英语。
One-third of the students in this class are girls.这个班1/3的学生是女生。
2) 非谓语
To master a foreign language is necessary.掌握一门外语是必要的。
Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟有害健康。
3)从句
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.
我们什么时候进行英语测验还没有决定。
Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.
他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。
2、谓语
谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。只有动词在句中才能作谓语,一般放在主语之后。
1)简单谓语
由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:
He practices running every morning.他每天早晨练习跑步。
Yesterday afternoon he reached China.昨天下午他到达桂林。
2)复合谓语
(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成
You may keep the book for two weeks.这本书你可以借两周。
You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.
你最好不要把这本杂志拿出阅览室。
He has caught a bad cold.He has to go to see a doctor.
他患了重感冒,必须去看医生。
3、表语
表语用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等)之后。
能作表语的有名词类(含代词、数词);形容词;非谓语动词(含分词、不定式、动名词;介词短语、副词及从句。
1)名词
He is an astronaut.他是一位宇航员。
2)形容词
The weather has turned cold.天气变冷了。
3) 非谓语动词
My job is to teach English. 我的工作是教英语。
The speech is exciting.这演讲激动人心。
His hobby is playing football.他的爱好是踢足球。
The teacher was pleased with my spoken English.老师对我的英语口语很满意。
4)介词短语
The machine must be out of order.这机器一定出毛病了。
He is against our plan.他反对我们的计划。
5)副词
Time is up.The class is over.时间到了,下课。
My father isn’t in.He is out.我父亲不在家,他出去了。
6)从句
The truth is that he has never been abroad.实际情况是他从未出过国。
What I want to know is when we’ll have the sports meet.
我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。
4、宾语
宾语表示及物动作的对象或承受者,用于回答谓语“谁”和“什么”,一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。
可充当宾语的内容和主语一样。
1)名词类
They went to see an exhibition yesterday.他们昨天去看了展览。
We should learn from him.我们应该向他学习。
2)非谓语类(不定式、ing 分词)
He pretended not to see me.他假装没有看见我。
She didn’t know what to do next.她不知道下一步做什么。
I enjoy listening to popular music.我喜欢听流行音乐。
3)从句
I think(that)he is fit for his office.我认为他称职。
He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.
他问我班上谁的发音最好。
5、补语
补语用于补充说明主语或宾语。补语通常由形容词、名词或其他相当的结构担任。补语可分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。
1)宾语补足语:
The government appointed her chief delegate to the conference.
政府任命她为出席那个会议的代表团团长。(名词)
He doesn’t believe the story true.
他不相信这故事是真的。 (形容词)
The doctor advised her to stay in bed for a week.
医生建议她卧床休息一周。 (不定式)
They saw her walking into the bookstore.
他们看见她进书店了。 (分词短语)
The children saw the kite up and up.
孩子们看到风筝越飞越高。 (副词)
You should put your books in order.
你应该把书摆整齐。 (介词短语)
2)主语补足语:含宾语补足语的句子改成被动语态时,原宾语和宾语补足语便分别成为主语和主语补足语。
We found him working in the office.(在此主动句子中working是宾补)
我们发现他正在办公室工作。
He was found working in the office.(在此被动句子中working是主补)
他被发现在办公室工作。
6、定语
用来修饰、说明、限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
可充当定语的有形容词;非谓语类(含不定式,ing 分词和ed 分词);名词类(含代词、数词、名词所有格);介词短语、副词和从句。
单个词作定语通常位于所修饰的词之前,但短语、从句作定语时通常位于所修饰的词之后。
1)形容词
Guilin is a beautiful city.桂林是一座美丽的城市。
A bright future shines before us.光明的未来展现在我们眼前。
2) 非谓语类
The building to be built next year will be our school.
明年要建的那幢楼将是我们的学校。
China is a developing country;America is a developed country.
中国是一个发展中国家,美国是一个发达国家。
3)名词类
There are thirty women teachers in our schoo1.我们学校有30名女教师。
More than thirty students in our class have read the book.
我们班三十多个学生读过这本书。
Mary’s parents have gone abroad.玛丽的父母出国了。
4) 介词短语
He is reading an article about how to learn English.
他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。
Who is the girl in red? 穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁?
5)副词(多位于被修饰词之后)
A noise outside made him turn around.外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。
The man in the room below is friendly.楼下房间的那人很友好。
6)从句
There is nothing that worries him.没有什么事使他烦恼。
I will remember the day when I first met her.
我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。
7、状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。
可充当状语的主要有副词、介词短语、非谓语类和从句。
1)副词
Light travels most quickly.光传播得最快。
Factories and buildings are seen here and there.
到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。
2)介词短语
He has lived in the city for ten years.他在那座城市住了10年了。
In spite of the difficulties,we went on with our work.
尽管有困难,但是我们仍继续工作。
3)非谓语类
The box is too heavy for me to lift.这个箱子太重,我抬不起。
He is in the room making a model plane.他在房间里做一架飞机模型。
Not knowing what to do,he decided to ask the teacher for advice.
他不知道怎么办好,就去问老师。
Encouraged by the teacher,I made up my mind to learn English well.
在老师的鼓励下,我决心把英语学好。
4)从句
Once you begin,you must continue.一旦开始,你就得继续下去。
I must work harder in order that I may catch up with the others.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
状语的种类
1)时间状语
How about meeting again at six? 6:00再见面怎样?
2)原因状语
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.
由于下雨,她昨晚没有去参加舞会。
3)条件状语
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.如果不下雨,我将到那里去。
As(So)long as you work hard,you can make rapid progress in English.
只要你努力,你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。
4)地点状语
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.史密斯先生住在3楼。
Where there is water,there is life.有水的地方,就有生命。
5)方式状语
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.
她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。
He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means.
他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。
6)伴随状语
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.她进来时手里拿着一本字典。
The teacher came in, followed by a group of students.
老师走了进来,后面跟着一群学生。
7)目的状语
In order to catch up with the others,I must work harder.
为了赶上其他人,我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine.我去那里看我的一个朋友。
8)结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.他累极了,立刻就睡着了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我们到了那儿只发现了一个空房间。
9)让步状语
She works very hard though she is old.
虽然她年纪大了,但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come,you are warmly welcomed.
不管你什么时候来,都欢迎。
10)程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story.
听了英语的故事,他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you.我完全同意你的意见。
11)比较状语
I am taller than he is.我比他高。
The more I speak English,the better I’ll be.我越多讲英语,就讲得越好。
句子成分练习
指出下列句中画线部分的词性及在句中的作用
1. Tonight we have something special for dinner.
2. a. Thank you for years of your valuable service
b. She keeps her jewels, money and other valuables in the bank
3. He is a very fine musician.
4. a. The farmer enjoys the beauty of the long stretch of his land.
b. My wool sweater stretched when I washed.
5. a. I had a sharp pain in my back.
b. The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp.
6. a. Sound travels at 1,000 feet per second.
b. Your idea sounds a good one.
c. Old as Mary is,she still enjoys sound health
7. a. Father booked three seats on a plane.
b. Tom bought the tickets at the booking office outside the cinema.
8. a. On his way home he bought some apples at fruit stand.
b. The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer
c .This book stands high in my opinion.
9. To construct a reservoir is an important government project
10. a. Lovely Christmas presents are placed on the floor around a tree.
b. When George left office, the director presented him with a silver teapot.
c. We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future.
第二章 句子
第一节 简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子的主要特征是:是句子就必须含有主、谓。英语简单句有以下五种基本句型。
1.主语+系动词+表语(简称,主系表)
系动词+表语构成名词性合成谓语;可作表语的有名词、名词所有格、代词主格或宾格、名词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等。
She is a student.(名词)她是个学生。
He seems a clever boy.他似乎是个聪明的男孩。
She looks like her mother.(介词短语)她样子象她母亲。
The film is moving.(现在分词)这影片令人感动。
This shirt is not yours,but hers.(名词性物主代词)
这件衬衫不是你的,是她的。
2.主语+不及物动词(简称,主谓)
The sun rises.太阳升起来了。
He has just come.他刚来。
3.主语+及物动词+宾语(简称,主谓宾)
We love our motherland.我们热爱祖国。
she reads newspapers after supper.她晚饭后读报。
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor.李平想当医生。
4.主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(简称,主谓双宾)
直接宾语和间接宾语又叫双宾语。直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人。二者没有逻辑的主谓关系。要求跟双宾语的动词可分为两类:
(1)give,show,send,pass,hand,lend,post,serve,read,take,write,tell,teach.return,wish,allow,offer,promise,throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel.= I lent a novel to her. 我借给她一本小说。
Please show her your photos.= Please show your photos to her.
请把你的照片给她看看。
(2)buy,do, make,find,build, choose,cut,draw, earn,gather,paint,pick, prepare get,order,sing,spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt.
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her.
她母亲给她买了一条红裙子。
Please do me a favor.= Please do a favor for me. 请帮个忙。
5.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(简称,主谓复合宾)
有些动词带一个宾语意思不完整,还需要一个宾语补足语进一步说明,意思才完整。宾语+宾语补足语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑的主谓关系。双宾语之间则没有逻辑的主谓关系。
可作宾语补足语的词类有:名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和介词短语。
常见的要求带宾补的动词有:make,elect,choose,call,name,leave,find, keep, think, set, let,see,show,ask,tell,invite,want,wish,advise,get,force,oblige,allow,permit,like,encourage,order,expect,prefer,hate,persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary.(名词)父母给她取名玛丽。
Do you find life hard here?(形容词)你感觉这儿的生活艰苦吗?
I’m so glad I found you in.(副词)我很高兴你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so.(不定式)我竭力劝他不要这样做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense.
(不带to 的不定式)我突然感到气氛紧张起来。
I noticed him leaving the house.(-ing形式)我注意到他离开房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated.
(-ed形式)看到他们受到这样好的待遇,我很高兴。
另外,有些动词要求用it作形式宾语,名词或形容词作宾补,如:make,find,feel,think.
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion.
(形容词)我觉得有必要谈谈我的意见。
思考题
1、什么叫双宾语?
2、什么叫复合宾语?
3、双宾语和复合宾语有什么区别?举例说明。
练习题:说出系列各句分别是哪种句型;如果含有宾补,请划出作宾补的词语。
1、The old man stopped to watch the children playing.
2、She is deeply moved.
3、What I want is this.
4、She is out.
5、Her job is looking after the children.
6、I hope that you can often write me letters.
7、Allow me a few minutes to read the magazine.
8、She offered an old man her seat.
9、She wrote a letter to me.(她写了封信给我。)
10、She wrote a letter for me.(她替我写了封信。)
11、How do you find the dish?
12、Please ask them upstairs.
13、Will you allow me to take this magazine home?
14、I’ve never seen you look so well before.
15、He kept you wait a long time.
16、They invited me to attend the party.
17、They made Smith the president of the University.
18、Doctors recognize Johnson as a leading authority.
19、His teacher advised him to take up the piano.
20、He gave me the facts in brief
第二节 并列句
并列句包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为“简单句+连词+简单句”或中间由“;”连接。
1、表示延续、并列关系的连词有and(同,和),so(所以,因此),for, therefore(因为,所以),not only…but(also)(不仅……而且),neither…nor(既不……也不)等。如:
We help them and they help us.
我们帮助他们,他们帮助我们。
He has been working hard, so he has made much progress recently.
他一直努力工作,所以他近来取得了很大进步。
I think,therefore I exist.
我思故我在。
She not only writes her own plays, but she also acts in them.
她不仅自己编剧本,还饰演其中的角色。
He neither speaks English, nor understands it.
他既不会讲英语,也听不懂英语。
2、表示两者之间选择其一常用的有or(或者,否则),otherwise(否则),or else(否则),either…or(不是……就是)。如:
Either he is to blame or I am.
不是他该受责,就是我该受责。
You must go to work or/or else/otherwise you’ll lose your job.
你得去上班了,要不然就要失去这份工作了。
3、表示转折关系的并列连词有but(但是),yet(然而),still(仍然),however(然而),while(而,可是另一方面),whereas(而,反过来)等。
He is well over seventy, but he doesn’t look at all old.
他七十多岁,但看上去一点儿也不老。
She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艰苦训练,然而仍未达到自己的最佳状态。
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
第三节 复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句包括名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句)、状语从句和定语从句。 如:
What he said is true. 他所说的是真的。(主语从句)
I didn’t hear what he had said. 我没听见他说的什么。(宾语从句)
The question is who will go there. 问题是谁愿意去那里。(表语从句)
I was about to leave,when the telephone rang.
我正准备离开,电话响了。(状语从句)
This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的书。(定语从句)
名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句三大从句的具体用法下面我们要分别具体解释。
练习:判断下列句子是并列句还是复合句。
1. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.
2. Use your head,and you’11 find the answer.
3. Do what you’ve been told,otherwise you will be punished.
4. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?
5. He is strong,while his brother is weak.
6. He got up early,(and)yet he failed to catch the early bus.
7. He knew what he wanted,however,he didn’t know how to get it.
8. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
9. When we’ll have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
10. She is weak, while his son is strong.
11. Though he is old,(yet)he works very hard.
12. I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
13. I am sure that we can get there on time.
14. Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Jack?
15. Where there is a will, there is a way.
16. Spring comes and trees turn green.
17. He doesn’t smoke,neither/nor does his brother.
18. I spoke so slowly that I could make myself understood.
第四节 名词性从句
一、 定义
首先,请同学们说出下列句各中划线词的词性及语法作用。
Mary is a teacher.
I like English.
结论:它们都是名词,在句中分别做主语、表语和宾语。即在英语中名词的主要作用是做主语、表语和宾语。
然后,我们一起分析下列各句中划线部分的语法作用。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论:它们分别做主语、宾语和表语。均起到了一个名词的作用。再者,划线部分本身就是一个句子,故在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句。
二、分类
请重读上述例句并依据它们在全句中的作用,说出它们具体的从句名称。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论:在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句;
起____作用的从句称为宾语从句;
起表语作用的从句称为____从句;
名词性从句分三类:主语从句;宾语从句和表语从句。
三、连词
引导名词性从句的引导词有三类:
1. that
2. whether/if(主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句);as if(主要用于引导表语从句)
3. who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how.
主语从句
that引导的主语从句
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
That she became monitor made us happy.
英文中有一种习惯,把that 引导的主语从句用it来代替它,即it做形式主语,把做真正主语的主语从句放在主句之后。如:
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
=It is certain that he will come tomorrow. 再例:
It is necessary that we learn English well.
It is a pity that we can’t go shopping.
It is said that he has been to England.
whether引导的主语从句
Whether she will be our teacher is not clear.
=It is not clear whether she will be our teacher.
Whether he will succeed or not doesn’t interest me.
=It doesn’t interest me whether he will succeed or not.
wh-词和how 引导的主语从句
(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why均以wh开头,故统称wh-词)
Who will be our English teacher has not been decided.
What you have said sounds reasonable.
注意:1. that在主语从句中不起任何语法作用,但不能省略。
2. if 不能引导主语从句。
宾语从句
它可以作动词谓语的宾语,也可作非谓语动词、某些介词和某些形容词的宾语。
that引导的宾语从句
I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth.
I am sure that we can get there on time.
由that引起的宾语从句在意思上相当于陈述句,此时that常可省去,但在以下几种情况下,that不可省。
1)that从句被短语,词组等与谓语动词分隔开时,that不可省。
They told us once again that this should never happen.
(此句中that引导的宾语从句被词组once again与主句隔开,因此that不可省。)
Everyone could see,I believe, that Mike was terrified.
(句中I believe为插入语,故that不可省)
2)当连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时,第二个从句及以后的连接词that不可省。
She said(that)her mother had gone abroad and that she would come back in a week.
whether,if 引导的宾语从句
I don,t know if/whether he has ever been to New York.
I wonder whether he can speak German or not.
以上例句中的whether和if(是否)都是引导宾语从句的,一般情况下whether,和if可互换。但在下列情况下whether和if不可换用。
1)whether之后可紧跟or not或构成whether.. .or not结构,if后一般不能紧跟or not,但可构成if...or not结构.
I wonder whether/if Mr.Smith has arrived or not.
I wonder whether or not Mr.Smith has arrived.(不可用if代替)
2)当宾语从句是否定句时,只可用if而不可用whether。
I don’t care if she doesn’t smile.
3)当该宾语从句为介词宾语时,只可用whether而不可用if.
I’m not interested in whether you are against the proposal or not.
4)当宾语从句中出现了并列连词or构成的并列结构时,只可用whether而不可用if.
He asked me whether I was a student or a teacher.
wh-词和how 引导的宾语从句
I can’t imagine why he did that thing.
Please tell me where you went yesterday.
注意:1. 整个复合句是疑问句时,其中的宾语从句应用陈述句的语序。
2. 当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时,宾语从句的谓语应用过去相应的时态。(表示真理的和客观事实的除外)
表语从句
that引导的表语从句
The reason was that he fell ill.
My idea is that we should spend our holiday in Qingdao.
as if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether it is worth doing.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
wh-词和how 引导的表语从句
Is this where he was born?
The important thing is what on earth has happened to him.
The question is who will go there.
思考题
1.主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句为什么统称为名词性从句?
2.that 引导主语从句和宾语从句有什么异同?
3.whether 和if 在引导名词性从句时的区别是什么?
4.在宾语从句中,哪几种情况that不能省略?在语序和时态方面应注意什么?
练习:
一、找出下列各复合句中的从句并说明是什么从句,且口译全句。
1. It is a wonder that he should know so much about this matter.
2. I’m sure that you are the tallest man in the world.
3. We are afraid that the trip will be too much for an old man.
4. It doesn’t make much difference whether they come or not.
5. Whether or not he is your friend doesn’t too much.
6. Where she has gone is not known yet.
7. You may take whatever you like.
8. He told me where he had been.
9. I know when we will take off for London.
10. How he became a three-good student is known to us a11.
11. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear.
12. It happened that they went out when I called.
13. When we’11 have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet.
14. Whom the teacher will praise in class is an important question.
15. I’m sorry that I didn’t recognize you just now.
16. We are glad that none of you failed in this exam.
17. He said that he would call on his old teacher.
18. I heard that some of the old teachers in our school had retired.
19. I want to know what has happened to her.
20. Whose answer is correct will be discussed at the meeting.
21. Which composition is the best will be decided tomorrow.
22. I was surprised at what you said.
23. Did he say anything about how the work was to be done?
24. The question is whether it worth doing.
25. The reason is that he fell ill.
二、单项选择
1.Can you tell me_____?
A. who is that gentleman B.that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D.whom is that gentleman
2.Can you tell me _____ the railway station?
A, how I can get to B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to D.where can I get to
3.Ask her _____ come with me.
A. if she will B.if will she
C.whether will she D.will she
4. I have no idea _____ far the airport is from here.
A.what B. how C.it’s D.that
5.They have no idea at all ______ .
A. where he has gone B.where did he go
C. which place has he gone D.where has he gone
6._____ he said is true.
A. What B.That C.Which D.Whether
7._____ you have done might do harm to other people.
A.That B. What C.Which D.This
8.They want to know _____ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D.how can they
9. These photographs will show you ______.
A.what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C.how does our village look like D.how our village looks like
10. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone B.The person C. Whoever D.Who
11. _____ we need more practice is quite clear.
A.When B.What C. That D./
l2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business
A.If B. Whether C. Even if D.No matter when
13._____ he is doing seems quite difficult.
A.How B.That C.Which D. What
14. ______ that there is another good harvest this year.
A.It says B. It is said C.I was said D.He was said
15. It is suggested that a new building_____.
A. be built at once B. should build next year
C.would be built at once D. could be built next year
16.It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature.
A.makes B.is making C. should be made D.will be made
17._____ was quite helpful.
A. What they advised me to do B.That they advised me to do
C. What did they advise me to do D.All what they advised me to do
18._____ still needs to be discussed.
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan is carried out
19.The question is _____ we’11 overcome all the difficulties.
A.what B. how C.that D.which
20.Shanghai is no longer the same city _____ .
A. as it used to be B.what it used to be
C. as it is used to being D.that it used to be
21.Is it possible _____ he misunderstood _____ I said?
A.that, that B. what, what
C.what, that D. that, what
22.He thought _____ he might fail in the exam worried him.
A.which B. that C.when D.so that
23.The fact is ____ he is an advanced worker.
A.what B.which C. that D.why
24.I have no idea _____.
A. what does the word“infinity”mean
B. what the word“infinity”means
C. what the meaning of word the“infinity”
D. what the word“infinity”mean
25.I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public.
A.how B.what C.that D. why
26.Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest B.that she is honesty
C. she is honest D.is she honest
27.He _____ you are not going abroad.
A.surprised that B. is surprised that
C.surprised at D. is surprised whether
28. What I said was wrong in the last letter for you.I wish I ______ it back.
A. could take B. would take C.will take D.take
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
大家来跟小编学习下英语演讲稿的技巧吧
英语演讲稿的演讲技巧
1、根据听众对象,注意演讲的总体措词
演讲的总体措词是严肃一些还是活泼一些,是有较明显的说教口气还是用平等的口吻,等等,都要根据听众对象而定。如果场下听众是同龄的学生,那么演讲的内容只要风趣一些往往就能引起共鸣。但另一方面,如果听众大多是上了年纪的教师,太多的笑料反而会被认为“不严肃”,“不尊重”,而引起反感。
用英语演讲,不要用太多 I feel, I think,老是用I,显得十分主观,狭隘。如果通篇全是 I feel, I think 的内容,会给人觉得缺乏说服力。另外,perhaps, maybe 这样的词语,虽然有“客气,谦虚”的成分,但太多会让人觉得你演讲的内容有不可靠之处。
还有,在演讲中,要少用you,多用we。用you等于把自己与听众对立起来,而用we则拉近了与听众的距离。比如:You should not smoke.听上去像教训人,而 Let's not smoke听起来是一个不错的建议。
2、演讲要越短越好
英语演讲应该简洁扼要,直截了当。除非特别需要,一般不要采用中文中的那种迂回曲折的表达形式。据有关专家统计,一般人的注意力一次只能集中约13分钟。所以,演讲长度以10~15分钟为宜。下面是美国总统林肯所作的著名的盖茨堡演说,虽然全文只有短短200多个词,却带有振奋人心、扭转乾坤般的力量。其中 of the people, by the people, for the people(民有,民治,民享)已成为不朽佳句。对于中学生来说,这篇演讲现在读起来一定会觉得很难,但要写好英语演讲,这确实是值得认真研读的经典之作。
2英语演讲稿的基本要素
从大的方面看,英语演讲词实际上是属于一种特殊的说明文或议论文,其基本组成部分是:
1)开始时对听众的称呼语
最常用的是 Ladies and gentlemen,也可根据不同情况,选用 Fellow students, Distinguished guests, Mr Chairman, Honorable Judges(评委)等等。
2)提出论题
由于演讲的时间限制,必须开门见山,提出论题。提出论题的方法有各种各样,但最生动,最能引起注意的是用举例法。比如:你要呼吁大家关心贫穷地区的孩子,你可以用亲眼看到的或者收集到的那些贫穷孩子多么需要帮助的实例开始。另外,用具体的统计数据也是一个有效的引出论题的方法,比如:你要谈遵守交通规则的话题,你可以从举一系列有关车辆、车祸等的数据开始。
3)论证
对提出的论题,不可主观地妄下结论,而要进行客观的论证。这是演讲中最需要下功夫的部分。关键是要把道理讲清楚。常见的论证方法有举例法、因果法、对比法等等,可参见英语议论文的有关章节。
4)结论 结论要简明扼要,以给听众留下深刻印象。
5)结尾
结尾要简洁,不要拉拉扯扯,说个没完。特别是不要受汉语影响,说些类似“准备不足,请谅解”,“请批评指正”这样的废话。最普通的结尾就是:Thank you very much for your attention。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的,内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。下面读文网小编为大家带来商务英语合同翻译技巧,欢迎大家阅读!
例 1:双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。
Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.
2.3 change A to B与 change A into B英译“把 A改为 B”用“change A to B”,英译“把 A折合成/兑换成 B”用“change A into B”,两者不可混淆。
例 2:交货期改为 8月并将美元折合成人民币。
Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.
2.4 ex与 per源自拉丁语的介词 ex与 per有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex,由某轮船“运走”的货物用 Per,而由某轮船“承运”用 by。
例 3:由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10月 1日抵达伦敦。
The last batch per/ex/by S.S. "Victoria" will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship)
2.5 in与 after当英译“多少天之后”的时间时,往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天,所以必须用介词 in,而不能用 after,因为介词 after指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。
例 4:该货于 11月 10日由“东风”轮运出,41天后抵达鹿特丹港。
The good shall be shipped per M.V. "Dong Feng" on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days. (M.V.= motor vessel)
2.6 on/upon与 after当英译“……到后,就……”时,用介词 on/upon,而不用 after,因为 after表示“之后”的时间不明确。
例 5:发票货值须货到付给。
The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.
2.7 by与 before当英译终止时间时,比如“在某月某日之前”,如果包括所写日期时,就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期,即指到所写日期的前一天为止,就要用介词 before。
例 6:卖方须在 6月 15日前将货交给买方。
The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or: before June 16,说明含 6月 15日在内。如果不含 6月 15日,就译为 by June 14或者 before June 15。)
以上就是读文网小编为大家带来的商务英语合同翻译技巧,希望对大家能有所帮助!
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间: