下面是读文网小编整理的外贸业务谈判英语对话，希望对大家有帮助。

Li : A businessman of a Chinese Trade company

Peter: A customer

P: Good morning. My name is Peter. I'm from the U.S. Here is my business card.

L: Pleased to meet you, Mr.Peter. My name is Li.

P: Pleased to meet you too,Mr.Li

L: Won't you sit down?

P: Thank you

L: May I offer you a cup of tea P: Certainly. I like you Jasmine tea very much.

L: Well, from you business card, I can see that you specialize in oil-drilling equipment.

P: Yes, as matter of fact, we have been in this business for more than twenty years. Mr.Wang from your commercial office in Washington has referred me to you in the hope that I might be of some help in your oil industry.

L: Currently we have a strong interest in opening up more new oil fields. We could consider buying from you if the technology incorporated in your equipment is advanced and the trade terms favorable.

P: I have brought with me a series of catalogs for our latest models. My engineer is accompanying me on the trip. He can meet your technicians and answer any questions about our products.

L: That's an interesting idea. We shall, first of all, study your catalogs and get in touch with our customers. If they are interested, we'll arrange for further discussion.

P: Very good. I'm staying in Beijing Hotel. My room is 315.

L: We'll let you know their responses as soon as possible.

P: Good-bye!

外贸业务谈判进程:Preliminary Talk 初次见面 (2)

L: I understand this is your first visit to our company

P: Yes, and also my first trip to China. I've always wanted to see with my own eyes China's achievements and now I've been more than rewarded.

L: I see, but I hope you've had a pleasant trip.

P: I did, thank you. Well, come to the point, the purpose of my coming here is to inquire about possibilities of establishing trade relations with your company.

L: Let me assure you of our best attention, Mr.Peter. What's your line of business?

P: Cameras and photographic goods. We are distributors with business branches in most major cities in Britain. Now, we'd like to introduce Chinese-made cameras if your conditions are favorable.

L: We'll see what we can do.

P: There might be few of models we would be interested in, if I could go over your latest catalogues.

L: Here you are. How many copies would you like to have?

P: Ten, please. I'd like to airmail some back home.

L: Anything else?

P: Would it be possible for me to have a closer look at your samples?

L: Why not, Mr.Liu over there will take you down to our showroom.

P: Thank you. I'm afraid I've taken a lot of your time.

L: Not at all. Glad to have been of help. Hope to see more of you in future.

下面是读文网小编整理的商务英语谈判技巧，欢迎大家阅读!

给予优惠

1. A discount of 5% may be allow if the quantity for each specification is more than 1000 sets.

如果每一种规格的量超过1000套的话，我方可以给5%的折扣。

2. We will entitle you to a 10% discount during July on anything you buy.

您7月份来买任何东西时，价格均可按9折优惠。

3. If an order is exceptionally large we are prepared to increase the discount.

如果订货量特别大，我们愿意回大折扣。

4. In order to help you to develop business in this line, we are prepared to offer you a discount of 5%

为了帮忙你方发展这一行业的生意，我们愿提供5%的折扣。

5. In order to wind up this transaction with you, we are ready to take 3% off this original quotation.

为了成交，我们准备按愿报价消减3%。

6. If you are willing to buy the whole lot once and for all, we can grant you a discount of 8% on the price.

如果你们愿意一次性购买整批货物，我们可以给你们8%的价格折扣。

7. For the sake of our long-term friendship, we are going to accept the price reduction on the radios. How about 6% off?

为了我们长期的友谊，我们准备接受收音机的减价，减价6%怎么样?

8. After careful consideration, we decided to bring the price down to $420 per unit.

经过认真考虑，我方决定每套降至420美元。

9. We are prepared to offer our computers to you at the special discount rate of 15%

我们准备按特惠价格供应贵方计算机，给你们打15%的折扣。

随着跨境电子商务的高速发展，利用网络平台进行国际贸易已成为外贸企业获取订单的主要来源之一。作为外贸业务员，发送客户开发函及回复收到的邮件，就成为日常工作的重要组成部分。然而有些业务员每天发送或回复上百封邮件，却往往石沉大海，鲜有人问津;有些业务员一天就选择性的发送或回复数十封邮件，却常常得到客户的垂青。基于近几年深入外贸企业工作的经验，总结出如何提高外商邮件回复率的几个技巧，并把其归纳为以下几个方面。

提高外贸企业邮件回复率的技巧

1、邮件标题只能是客户求购的产品名称，而不要加其它的任何多余语言，这样，客户打开你邮件的可能性一般可达到100%。

2、开头语简洁带过证明你是专业而老练的商人，可立即拉近与客户的距离，而对商人来说过多的寒喧实在是多余。不少人喜欢一开始就说从何得知该客户的，我们建议你，一般情况下最好不用提，客户在那里发布过求购信息，客户自己知道，多说多余，不过，如是本网线下转发给你的外商询盘，加一句话也无妨。

3、开头语特忌讳主动过多介绍自己，因为会给人一种推销的感觉，给人的第一感觉就不好，事实上，没有几个客户会有耐心来阅读你的长篇介绍的，不主动过多介绍自己将一定反而会给客户一种很自信、很专业的印象，这种印象对你来说是非常重要的。那么，“过多”的标准是什么呢?我们认为，介绍性语言超过两句即是“过多”!

4、简洁开头后，你必须立即进入正文，即报价，因为客户最关心的无非是产品规格与价格而已，你如不能提供客户想要的东西，客户回你干吗?立即进入报价，证明你是专业做该行的，你是有诚意、实实在在想做生意的，大家的时间都很宝贵，都不想浪费时间，特别是欧美商人更是如此。

有人说，客户询盘中规格说的不全，无法报价，事实上，没有那个外商会在询盘中一次就把要求说完的，你可估摸着试探性报，报错了没关系，这只是证明你是专业的、多年做该行的，如所报的规格与客户所要的不符，客户一般会很快回复你并详细告诉你他所需产品的具体要求的;有人总喜欢第一次联系客户时就问东问西的，有些国家的客户(如印度、韩国)可能会耐心回你，但对大多数欧美客商(如美国)来说，他们一般是不会回复该类邮件的。

5、所报的价必须是实价，必须与现有的市场行情相吻合，价太低，客户知道你不是做该行，不会理你;价太高也会吓跑客户，客户也不会回你，所以，切勿乱报价，应了解清楚了、多比较后再报，对新产品、对外贸公司来说这点尤其重要。

6、第一次联系客户时，除非客户在询盘中提出，最好不要主动附上图片，以免被删或被国外反垃圾邮件软件拦截。

7、与客户第一次联系最好用HOTMAIL邮箱，或在邮件中另附上你的HOTMAIL邮箱，因为垃圾邮件泛滥的原因，中国越来越多的邮件服务器被国外打入黑名单，你发的邮件可能最终进不了客户的邮箱，或客户回你的邮件你也收不到，这种情况已越来越严重，而用HOTMAIL邮箱一般不会有这方面的问题。

8、强烈建议：如你不能报出有一定竟争力的价格，请最好不要联系客户，既然报不了价自然就成不了，不仅客户很可能不会理你，你又何必浪费你及外商宝贵的工作时间呢?对外贸公司来说，何不在货源上多下点功夫，效果一定好很多!

总之，你联系客户的目地无非是为了争取能最终成交，而要能最终实现成交的目地，你起码总要迈过产品规格相符、出口报价适当这两个槛，直接洽谈这两个最重要的问题，不仅外商喜欢，也必能大大缩短成交的进程，大家何乐何不为呢?

剑桥商务英语考试根据公务或商务工作的实际需要,从听、说、读、写4个方面对考生在一般工作环境下和商务活动中使用英语的能力进行全面考查。本文从探析BEC口试的失分因素出发,提出了BEC口试中的一些备考技巧和应试策略。

1. Use your common sense.

很多考生分丢得实在冤枉，当被问到一些常识性问题时，我们往往因为缺乏常识或不会利用常识而轻易放弃机会，白白丢分。要知道十几分钟的面试转瞬即逝，放弃一个问题可能就意味着分数降一个档次。有些问题被考生放弃并不是因为语言问题，而是他们认为对这个话题没有idea，不知道该说什么。例如被问到家乡最有趣的方面是什么时，很多考生吞吞吐吐说不出来，或者干脆说没什么有趣的。其实这是一个非常简单的问题，只要有一点常识就不难想到有太多话题可讲：自然风光、名胜古迹、地方风俗、历史、地理、风土人情、节日庆典、饮食习惯、教育制度、天气情况等等都可以成为谈论的话题。任何时候都不要放弃任何问题。Saying somer4thing is better than saying nothing!

下面是读文网小编整理的商务英语论文范文，希望对大家有帮助。

Contents

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1

Chapter One Cultural Differenceces………………………………………………..1

1.1 The Definition of Culture………………………………………….....................1

1.2 Causes of Cultural Differences………………………………………………….2

1.2.1 Regional Differences……………………………………………………….2

1.2.2 Ethnic Differences…………………………………………………………2

1.2.3 Political Differences……………………………………………………….2

1 .2.4 Economic Differences…………………………………………………….2

1.2.5 Religious Differences………………………………………………….......3

1.2.6 Value Differences………………………………………………………….3

1.2.7 Law and Ethics Differences……………………………………………….3

Chapter Two Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations…………………………………………………………………………..3

2.1Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations 4

2.1.1Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation. 4

2.1.2Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation. 5

2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation. 6

2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations. 6

2.3 Communication Process…………………………………..

3. Coping Strategy Of Negotiating Across Cultures. 9

3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation. 9

3.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice. 10

3.3 Conquering Communication Barriers. 10

Conclusion 11

Bibliography 12

Acknowledgements 13#p#副标题#e#

摘 要

不同文化条件下的商务谈判就是跨文化谈判。在世界经济日趋全球化的今天，随着国际间商务交往活动的频繁和密切，各国间的文化差异就显得格外的重要，否则将会引起不必要的误会，甚至可能直接影响商务交往的实际效果。这味着如何化解各国不同文化背景在国际商务谈判中是非常重要的。文章从文化差异的类型入手，然后解释了这些文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响，最后分析了如何正确解决谈判过程中文化差异的问题。文章强调了这样一个观点，在不同国家商务谈判中，谈判员应该接受对方的文化，并试图是自己被对方所接受，然后在有效沟通的帮助下做出正确评估，并找出它们之间的真正利益。此外，们应该尽可能的清楚的了解并发现对方的文化。这对文化谈判的成功至关重要。

关键词：文化，文化差异，商务谈判，影响

Abstract

The business negotiations under different cultural conditions come to cross- cultural negotiations. With the economic globalization and the frequent business contacts, cultural differences seem to be very important; otherwise they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, even affect the result of the business negotiations. This means it is very important to know the different culture in different countries and the ways to avoid the culture conflicts in the international business negotiations. The article commences from the types of culture differences, then it explains the impacts of these culture differences on international business negotiation and finally it analyzes how to deal with the problem of the cultural differences correctly in negotiation process. Such a standpoint is emphasized: In the business negotiations between different countries, negotiators should accept the other party’s culture, and try to make him be accepted; then make a correct evaluation with the help of valid communication and discover their real benefits between them. Besides, we should know clearly and try to accept the culture differences as possible as we can. It is very important for the success of culture negotiations.

Key words: Culture, Clturaltal differences,Business negotitation,Impact

Introduction

Along with the advancement globalization and China’s WTO entry, business enterprises in China have to face more and more business negotiations with foreign enterprises, especially with American enterprises. In these negotiations, Chinese negotiators sometimes feel uncomfortable, puzzled, lost, irritated and the alike, because of unfamiliar custom and behaviors demonstrated by American negotiators. Meanwhile, American negotiators confront the same situation. Cult rural differences between China and west countries could cause many problems. Therefore, understanding cultural differences and overcoming them is crucial in international business negotiations.

Although the definition of culture is numerous and vague, it is commonly Recognized that culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, values, attitudes and expectations. Culture is a major determinant in business negotiation. So have a clear picture of culture differences if of great significance.

Chapter One Cultural Differences

The east countries and west countries have produced different cultures on the different continents. Among the different cultures, value views, negotiating style and thinking model appear more obvious.

1.1 The Definition of Culture

Culture is a national system of specific concepts and values. These concepts become people’s behavior during their life and work. As early as 1952, Kroeber and Kluckhohn listed 164 definitions of culture that they found in the anthropology literature. Of course, many new definitions have appeared since then. For example, some scholars gave such definition that culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and not the result of biological inheritance. In the thesis, culture refers to the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, habits, and capabilities acquired by individuals who interact in a specific area of society.

1.2 Causes of Cultural Differences

The impacts of regional differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and value differences on people’s life are embodied in the catering, clothing, housing, holidays, rituals and other material and cultural life in all aspects. These result in cultural differences in different countries and regions.

1.2.1 Regional Differences

Regional differences refer to that people in different geographical regions often have different languages, life styles and hobbies because of the differences of geographical environments, levels of economic development and traditions, which would affect their behavior and habits. For example, western countries pay more attention to Christmas, while the regions have no snow, such as some African countries near the equator, where people have no idea of Christmas. The reason is that the best decoration to Christmas is snow, but people near the equator are not familiar with the snow which never falls on there.

1.2.2 Ethnic Differences

Ethnic differences refer to that different ethnic groups in the process of long-term development form its own languages, customs, habits and hobbies. They have their own characteristics in their diet, clothing, housing, holidays, rituals and other material and cultural life.

1.2.3 Political Differences

Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.

1 .2.4 Economic Differences

Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences.

1.2.5 Religious Differences

Religion is a historical product with human beings developing into a certain stage. There are three main religions in the world: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is predominant in northern Europe, North America and Australia; Christian (Catholic) is predominant in Western Europe and South American countries. Islam largely scope of the Middle East and North Africa. Many people in Asia regions believe in Buddhism. Different religions have different cultural trends and precepts, which affect the way that people understand things, conduct and values.

1.2.6 Value Differences

Value concepts mean people’s evaluation criteria to human being’s internal world. It contains time value, wealth value, the attitude toward life and risk. To the same problems, different people in different societies have different views or even diametrically opposite views. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.

This causes their dependence on their parents even when they grow up. This shows that different countries share different values.

1.2.7 Law and Ethics Differences

Law and ethics is an integrated system, but sometimes they are contradictive in business negotiation. Western people like to deal with things according to laws. They usually go to negotiate with accompaniment of their lawyers. On the contrary, eastern people pay more attention to ethics rather than laws. In their eyes, business ethics refers to the measurement of business behavior based on standards of right or wrong, rather than relying entirely on principles of accounting, management or laws.#p#副标题#e#

Chapter Two Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations

With the rapid development of economy, we need to do business with businessmen under different culture background, so in order to reach trade agreement, it is necessary for us to study the impact of culture differences on international negotiation in global business activities. The impact of culture differences on international negotiation is extensive and deeply. Different cultures divide the people into different group and they are also the obstacles of people’s communication. Accordingly, it is required that the negotiator should accept the culture of each other. Furthermore, through culture differences, it is important that the negotiator reveal and understand the other party’s goal and behavior and make him or herself be accepted by the opponent to reach agreement finally

2.1 Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations

Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations fall into three types: time view, negotiation style, thinking model. Each has big influences on business negotiation

2.1.1 Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation.

The time view which affects the negotiator’s behavior varies from east countries to west countries. The oriental or the Chinese negotiators are usually cautious and patient. They need to go through the phrases of coming up with proposes, bringing up objections and ending the trade which takes a longer time. And they hope to arrange rich time to go on a negotiation, thus knowing more about the opponent .They are good at long and continuous battle. While west people or we could say American people, consider time is precious. They tend to resolve problems swiftly. So, in business negotiation, American businessmen often complain about the delay and the lack of efficiency of negotiators from other countries, while these countries also make a complaint that the Americans lack patience. There is a popular saying among American negotiators and businessmen: It is prohibited to steal time. That shows the time view of Americans. To them, time means money. The time view of Chinese is cyclic. They use long-term and systematic viewpoints to value the importance of the topic. A famous people classify the time view into two kinds: straight-line time viewand cyclic time view. The former pay more attention to concentration and speed, and the later stress doing many things at one time. That they insist on different time view leads to different negotiating style and method. The American people represent the straight-line time view and they have a strong awareness of modern competition. They look for speed and efficiency. So they value time badly and consider time as a special commodity whose value could be assessed. They often use minute to calculate time .They hope to reduce negotiation time at every phrase and want to complete the negotiation quickly. But the Chinese time view is cyclic and they place emphasis on unity.

Moreover, it is necessary to be punctual at negotiations. West people have a strong time view, if you don’t comply with the appointment time, they may give you a punishment and they will regard you as unreliable and irresponsible person. Being late for negotiation will give the west businessmen opportunities to exert pressure onyou, and then you will lose the status of being initiative.

2.1.2 Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation

America went through the bourgeoisie revolution of striving for the equality and freedom, so they take equality into their heart. Americans stick to equality and fairness in business, and hope that both could gain benefit. When introducing the topic or situation, the west people would like to use concrete method, particularly data.

Their negotiating method is that they will describe their viewpoint and propose at the beginning in order to get initiative. Under this principle, they would come up with a reasonable resolution which they think is very fair. In business relationship, the sellers from America regard the buyer as a counterpart. Americans are fairer than Japanese is sharing benefits. A lot of American managers think fair division of profits is more important than how much they could get. At this point, the east people are different. Because of the deeply influence of class view, they don’t pay much attention to equality. They usually adopt single-win strategy in business negotiations. When involving economic benefits they think much about their own benefits and profits and don’t give so much attention to the benefit of their partners. The market economic system of developed countries is quite mature, so west countries take win-win strategy more in negotiation; basically, they could take the benefits of both into consideration.

2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation

The objectivity in international business negotiation reflects the degree to which people treat any things. West people especially Americans have a strong objectivity on the understanding of issues. At negotiation table, Americans don’t care much about relationship between people. They don’t care if the status of the opponent is equal to theirs. They make decision based on facts and data, not people. The saying that public things use public ways is a reflection of American objectivity. Therefore，Americans emphasize that Businessmen should distinguish people and issues, what they are really interested in is the actual problems. But in the other parts of the world, it is impossible for them to distinguish people and issues

2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations

The impacts of negotiating style differences on international business negotiation mainly exist in negotiating method and negotiating structure. Take the negotiation between America and China as a example, since the oriental care more about unity in thinking, they method they adopt in negotiation is from unity to parts, from the big to little, from the abstract to the concrete, that is to say they should each agreement on general terms, then begin to talk about the concrete terms. And usually not until the end of the negotiation do they make compromise and promise based on all the items, and then to reach agreement. The west people are influenced by analytic thinking, so pay more attention to logical relations between things. They consider more about concrete things than integrity. And they tend discuss the concrete items at the beginning of negotiation, so they often resolve the price, delivery and issuance respectively at first. And they may make compromise at every detail, so the final contract is the combination of many little agreements. The negotiating structure is linked with cultures. Negotiating structure mostly refers to the number of the participants. In business negotiation, the foreign delegation is usually composed by 3-5 people, while the Chinese one could be more 15 people. The foreign negotiators not only need to negotiate with their counterparts but also need to discuss with related person in charge or the government. When making the final decisions, the Chinese negotiators often discuss the results repeatedly from the workers to the board to avoid being decided by a single person. That results from the influence of collectivism. So they often said to their partners: Let us think about it. Let us discuss it. But the west negotiators could make the final decision without going back for discussion. That because their admire individualism and hard working. They have strong independence. They would carry on according to the best ways after knowing their goals. What’s more, most west people think that they have the ability to deal with the negotiation situation on their own. And truly, they are brave enough to take responsibility.

2.3 Communication Process

In the international business negotiation, communication process is very important, and it contains two parts, verbal communication and nonverbal communication

2.3.1 Verbal Communication

Verbal communication mainly refers to language communication. Language is important to international business negotiation, because it is how we reach out to make contract with others. We all agree that language play an important role in communication with people from different backgrounds. However, we may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language. If we select language without being aware of the cultural implications, we may not communicate well and even send the wrong message. Therefore, during the international business negotiation process, a good interpreter can help overcome the cultural barriers.

2.3.2 Nonverbal Communication

Simply, nonverbal communication refers to communication without the use of words. Even if you know the language, cultures differ in the use of nonverbal communication. Cultural differences may cause negotiators to play differently on facial expressions, gestures, and the other kinds of body language.

Researchers have shown that the words a person speaks may be far less important than the body language used when delivering the verbal message, and they estimate that less than 30% of communication between two individuals within the same culture is verbal in nature. Over 70% of communication takes place nonverbally. Some other scholars even say that 90% of the information is actually transmitted through nonverbal means. We are not sure of that. But one thing we are sure is that in face-to-face communication nonverbal signals are just as important as verbal message.

Take head movement for example, generally speaking, in most cultures nodding one’s head is seen as agreement while shaking one’s head is seen as rejection. But, in Bulgaria, for instance, people may nod their heads to signify no and shake their heads to signify yes. A lowered head in the western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian cultures lowering one’s head may mean acceptance

2.4 international Thinking and Analytic Thinking

Easterners lay stress on harmony and entirety, while westerners on analysis and part. In other words, easterners view things from whole to part, while westerners from part to whole. Chinese people have been accustomed to dividing one issue into two opposite parts that are considered as interactive and interdependent; they hold the view that human and nature are an indivisible unity. With regard to the relationship among people, they appeal to collectivism and trust their own intuition. For thousands of years, this kind of thinking pattern has occupied a dominant position in China and becomes the core of cognition and communication. Therefore, Chinese people are used to making a comprehensive survey of the overall situation first, and then thinking over details. They depend on intuition and are imbued with imagination. People call this “round thinking mode” (Jia Yuxin, 1997).

Western thinking pattern is noted for logic, analysis, and linearity. By adopting the method of bisection, westerners consider subject and object, material and spirit diametrically opposed, i.e., things just have two possibilities, either this or that, when thinking, westerners usually start from parts, and then think about the whole situation, which is called “linear thinking mode”(Jia Yuxin, 1997,p.100).

2.4.1 Concrete Thinking and Abstract Thinking

Basically, people in any country have concrete thinking pattern and abstract thinking pattern. However, due to the difference in history and culture, each nation has its emphasis on either of them. On the whole, traditional Chinese culture is known for concrete thinking while western culture for abstract thinking. Based on experience, concrete thinking depends on analogy, metaphor and symbol. Ancient westerners adopted abstract thinking to deal with problems by means of concept, judgment, and reasoning.#p#副标题#e#

2.5 Negotiation Structure

Cultural differences also impact on negotiation structure. Different countries have different negotiation structure, so do the team. The team in eastern countries feel that time is abundant and humans should not follow the timetable blindly. For example, Chinese people are famous for the length of their negotiations; they spend much time in the non-task sounding stage of negotiation to establish rapport and get to know their partners. Chinese people usually discuss many issues at one time, without an apparent order, they may skip from one issue to another and they may also come back to points which in the eyes of their Western partners have already been settled and concessions are made or all issues at the end of the discussion.

However, the team in western countries regard time as money and would like to set fixed agendas. Western countries are emblematic of the “time is money” culture, where time is a scarce resource. People would try to achieve its optimal allocation between the competing ways of using it. They establish timetables and deadlines. Norms tend to be strict regarding time schedules. When a discussion with someone lasts longer than planned, they will politely stop the conversation, in order to keep their schedule.

2.6 Negotiation Style

Negotiation practices differ from one culture to another and cultural difference can impact on “negotiation style” --- the way people from different cultures conduct themselves. Here, we divide negotiation style into the eastern negotiation style and the western one. China and Japan are the typical countries of the East, while America the West.

Chinese culture is a high–context culture. In a high-context culture, the emphasis on communication is indirectness and ambiguity. Most of the information is in the context while little is in the explicit part of the message. The external environment, situation and non-verbal behavior are crucial in understanding communications. People depend heavily upon covert clues to interpret a message given under a certain context. And also, Chinese negotiators also look forward to long-term partnership. They are not in a hurry to push for an agreement. Generally, there is a slow start to “warm up”, and then it is followed by some tentative suggestions.

In the international business negotiation, saving face and achieving harmony are more important factors than achieving higher sales and profits for Japanese. As far as the Japanese negotiators are concerned, they try to build up a long-term relationship in the course of negotiation. Therefore, they prefer personal contacts in an informal way. For them, trust is more important than agreements. The reason why there is a low ratio of success between American and Japanese negotiators lies mainly in this point. Besides, Japanese negotiators try their best to avoid an open conflict between both parties. Consequently, they often ask a third party to function as go-betweens. In this way, they can prevent an unpleasant feeling from coming up on both sides

The impression Americans leave us on the negotiating table is flexibility, straightness and zest. They never express themselves with vague words. They say “Yes” or “No” directly. Consequently, during a negotiation they like people speaking without reservation. When any conflict appears in a negotiation, Americans aim to solve the problem and never mind if you have adequate proof and dispute with them. Meanwhile, if you want to ease up the atmosphere and respond with a smile, it will be reckoned as insincere and as if you are in the wrong way. In addition, Americans respect human rights, and they can not tolerate throwing stones at a certain person behind him. American negotiators often act in an impersonal way ---“business is business” is their view, American negotiators are always mission-driven---anxious to bring parties concerned into agreement, and they have little interest in building up any relationship. Furthermore, American negotiators like to be openly challenged for the negotiation, and they think it is quite normal if they run into any conflict with any party concerned.

2.7 Decision-making Process

Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the decision of the majority of the group members, but other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all members have agreed. Knowing how your counterpart makes decisions is vital to help gauge the approach you should take to persuade him or her. Take Japan and America as typical eastern and western countries for example.American people make decisions based upon the bottom line and cold, hard facts. They believe not people, but statistics and performance count. Business is business. In American view, a business negotiation is a problem-solving activity, and the solution is a deal that suits both parties.

The decision making process is just like a cost-benefit analysis applied to all parties who would be touched by the decision. A decision is considered right because it produces the greatest net benefit when all the costs and benefits to all the affected parties are taken into account. So the Americans usually list the possible effects and estimate the magnitude of their costs and benefits as accurately as possible.

In general, decision-making in Japan is a communal affair requiring unanimous approval by management. In this decision-making style, everyone must be convinced, not just the key decision-maker. Upper-level managers do not make fast, on-the-spot decisions. Most Japanese companies use some form of a system of decision-making known as document system. In the lower layer of management, usually at the section level, a manager drafts a proposal after achieving consensus within his own group.

The proposal is circulated to the heads of other sections and departments. These heads study the proposal. If they approve, they stamp their name seals on it. If they disapprove, they either refuse to stamp it or put their seals on it upside down. Then the document is passed up through the different

levels of management until it reaches the president. If everyone stamps the proposal, it becomes a company policy. If not, it is usually sent back to its originator with certain suggestion. Thus all the middle managers in companies using this system perform almost all the planning functions for the company, deciding what will be done, when and how.

Chapter Three Coping Strategy of Negotiating across Cultures

The culture differences in cross-cultural communication have various impacts on operation of enterprises. These differences will influence negotiation and management of transnational operation; what’s more, it may have bad effects on the harmonious relationship between our country and foreign countries. Maybe that will lead to the missing of market opportunities, the increase of trade cost and the low efficiency of company management. So, it is really necessary for us all to eliminate and avoid disadvantageous effects.

3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation.

The negotiators must make good preparations if they want control the development of negotiation successfully in the complex situation. Only do they make good preparations can they make changes freely according to the situation of negotiation and avoid the happening of conflicts. Because the international business negotiation involves extensive aspects, more preparations are needed. The preparations often include the analysis of the negotiators themselves and the opponents; the constitution of negotiation group, elaborating the negotiating goal and strategy and going on imitation negotiation when necessary. When making preparations, you should try to know the opponents while you analyze yourselves. Analyzing yourselves mainly refers to studying if the project is feasible. To knowing about the opponents means understanding their strength such as credit status, the policy、 business customs and regulations of their countries and the

conditions of their negotiating members and so on.

3.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice

Tolerating different cultures and overcoming cultural prejudice contribute to better communicating with each other and understanding each other. West people often think that they are powerful, capable and experienced, so sometimes, we need to recognize then and give then some good comments. We should learn about the foreign cultures before negotiation and accept and understand their cultures in negotiation, because every country regard their own cultures as a matter of course and hope that their culture could be recognized and accepted.

3.3 Conquering Communication Barriers

Two trains running at different railways in the opposite direction will collide with each other; maybe this is the best arrangement for trains. But to communication between people, there won’t be communications if people go ahead according to their own ways. Trains will collide with each other if they run on the same railway at the opposite direction. But if we measure by the objective of people’s communication, only we meet each other, can we have communication and friendship. In negotiation, sometimes we can’t make much progress although we have talked for long time. And sometimes both parties are not satisfied. After thinking, that is caused by communication barriers which happen easily in cross-cultural negotiation. We should make sure if there appear communication barriers, if so, we must overcome them. Generally speaking, we should pay more attention to the following three communication barriers in cross-cultural negotiation: the communication barriers caused by culture background of both; the ones caused by misunderstanding of the contents and information from the partner; the ones caused by not being willing to accept the opponent’s contents and ideas.#p#副标题#e#

Chapter Four The reasons of the different culture

Since there are so many cultural differences, then conflict is inevitable.A cultural diversity have many reasons, in a word, eastern and Western cultures have different cultures, historical background, it will inevitably bring some thinking, behavior, and many other differences, even conflicts. Many factors influence the differences of cultures.

4.1 Value Differences

Every culture has own unique value systems, this culture think that is good, another culture might consider bad, but it does not mean that this values are advanced, and the other values are behind. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.

4.2 Political Differences

Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.

4.3 Economic Differences

Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences

Chapter Five Negotiation Skills: correctly to deal with the cultural differences

As we all know, different countries have different cultures. According to the culture of different countries adopt different strategies in the international business negotiations, in order to ensure that negotiations can be expected to achieve, decision-making must based on cultural differences, learn some international business etiquette and practices, respect each other's cultural practices, so negotiations will be guarantee successfully.

Negotiational tactic is objective. Unless we understand it, we can apply it. Specifically speaking, take Chinese negotiators for example, we must achieve the following several points: First, understanding English has always being identified as a key successful factor for Chinese Business. Second, Chinese businessmen have to know the culture differences between the East and the West so that they not only can know their own negotiation’s mentality but also their rival’s mentality. In addition，Chinese businessmen should respect other parties’ customs, in equal and friendly foundation. Third, both parts should attempt to conciliate the bilateral cultural difference. Studying and respecting the foundation of adversary’s cultural difference requires both sides to exchang ideas, to stand in adversary’s angle and standpoint to think question.

Chapter Six How to negotiation and to deal with cultural differences in negotiation

6.1 1.Pre-negotiation

The pre-negotiation stage begins form the first contact between the two sides whose interest in doing business with each other，we should keep an open mind to recognize and accept the difference, because information gathering will to some extent determine the success and failure of the negotiation.

6.2 .Face-to-Face Negotiation

In this stage, I think negotiators should adopt some proper communication skills to reach an agreement. And we know conflict tend to be more difficult and complex when involved negotiators with cultural differences. But conflict is unavoidable during the process of negotiation. To make things worse, poor communication may kill deals. So we should try our best to overcome the cultural differences on negotiation, and utilize some effective communication to gain the common interest. In view of its significance in negotiation, communication is at the heart of the negotiating process.

6.3 Post-negotiation

Finally the business negotiation is brought to the end stage. The contract is being drawn up and to be signed. However, writing and wording of the contract in itself is a kind of negotiating process. For word meaning and business value might differ due to the cultural factors involved in the business negotiation, form of agreement is preferred differently from culture to culture.

6.4 Cultivation of Cross-cultural Awareness

Without both parties effort negotiations can not be achieved, so we should cultivate cross-cultural awareness to avoid some unnecessary matters.

First of all, a negotiator needs to have a reflection upon his own cultural system. He needs to be aware of his own values, beliefs and social norms. He also needs to be culturally sensitive and always bear in mind that a foreign negotiator is different from natives not only in physical features, but also in motivations, beliefs and values.

Then, show respect for the other party. Show respect for the other party will smooth the situation and speed the negotiation process. Anyhow, the result of the establishment of cultural fellowship does not mean overcoming a culture but means a third culture created by the former two (Li and Zhang, 2004).

Finally, accept other’s culture. For example, we usually believe in this saying “you will be treated how you treat others”. But in the cross-cultural setting, it’s not this way. What you want to be treated is not an American want to be. Therefore, we should believe that “how they treat other is what we will do” (Acuff, 1995). Try to behave like others do may bring you inconvenience, but just try it and it’s sure that the other part will encourage and appreciate your action.

Conclusion

“Social Customs varies in different countries”. In a word, cross- cultural communication will meet the problem of culture differences surely. In turn, culture differences also influence all aspects of international business communication. To avoid or to resolve the culture differences is a huge task in international business negotiation. In order to step into the international market successfully, we must have the awareness of culture differences, acknowledge culture differences and understand different cultures. Try to know yourself and know them. What’s more, we should respect different behavior of businessmen under different culture background, and then we could reduce unnecessary conflicts resulting from not respecting the opponents. It is beneficial for both to form an atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation, reduce culture differences and turn disadvantages into advantages and benefits. Thus, we could avoid conflicts and obstacles, then to promote communication and harmony in international business negotiation.#p#副标题#e#

Reference

[1]George Yule. The study of Language[M].Cambridge University Press,2000:202-209

[2]Harvey, Paul,,“The Oxford Companion to English Literature” [M].London: Oxford University Press.1978:23-25

[3]Philip R Harris, Managing Cultural Differences [M]. Gulf Publishing Company, 1987:234-260

[4]Wang Cheng fa. A Glimpse of Foreign Land [J]. Kaifeng: Henan Univesity Press, 2000:58-62

[5]陈俊森.《外国文化与跨文化交际》北京：华中理工大学出版社，2000:2-6

[6]查尔斯·李龙与牛仔——《美国人眼中的中国商人》北京：中国海关出版社，2004

[7]韩承敏.《跨文化人力开发与资源管理》[M]南京：东南大学出版社，2003:340-342

[8]孙长征、黄洪民、吕舟雷. 《公共谈判与推销技巧》]青岛：青岛出版社，2001

Appreciation

As acknowledgements for my paper, only I — the writer is responsible for the shortcomings. I much acknowledges my thanks to all my teachers, especially to Miss Liu Mifan, my supervisor, who has provides me support, critical ideas and careful suggestions.

I also want to thank my family who always give me time, encouragement and secretarial services, especially my parents.

Finally, my classmate and friends, who provided thoughtful and thorough reviews of my paper, must be acknowledged.

奈达的“功能对等”翻译标准强调的是“内容和文体风格上达到最切近的自然对等”，它在合同翻译中有较大的直接指导意义。笔者认为，为达到国际商务英语合同翻译时的功能对等，应坚持以下两个准则。

1.规范通顺

所谓“规范通顺”，就是把理解了的东西，用规范通顺的、合乎合同语言要求的文字(中文)表达出来。因此，要使合同语言“规范通顺”，译者就要特别注意合同的词语运用规范，符合合同文体中约定俗成的含义。例如，将“documentary bill at sight”译为“即期付有单据的票据”，虽然表达的意思符合原文要求，但概念并不清晰，因为“票据”本身的涵义是广义的，在国际商务合同中的票据主要指汇票，因此，应译为“跟单汇票”。此外，国际商务合同的译文不仅要符合合同语言的要求和规律，还应做到通顺，着重体现在条理清晰上。国际商务合同的条款往往比较繁复，翻译时应首先弄清全文的条例，对各条款间的制约关系和逻辑关系须仔细琢磨，注意译文语言的语句结构，不拘泥于原文的词句结构和句法框框的限制。

国际商务英语合同属于应用翻译，以传递信息为主要目的。因此，根据奈达的功能对等理论，在翻译“信息型文本”的商务英语合同时，应采用的基本技巧是归化，主要表现在功能性归化和行业性归化两个方面。

1.功能性归化

国际商务英语合同自身的文体特征和鲜明的“告知”与“规定”功能，决定了这类文本翻译的特殊要求和目的，即：遣词用字、行文布局必须符合译文的形式和规范，在翻译技巧上毫无例外地一律采用归化的方法。因而，它的翻译不可能也无必要遵循原文的语言形式，原文仅仅提供信息，语言表达必须顺从译文形式，追求的完全是一种原文与译文功能上的对等。以合同翻译的准则为指导，功能性归化在国际商务英语合同中译过程中的运用主要体现在以下点：顺应译文—突出语域特征;严禁精确—避免歧义误解;力求详尽—不厌繁文缛节。

2.行业性归化

行业性归化着重于符合业务规范的翻译对等。也就是说，翻译时应充分注意到合同问题特有的尺牍规约、文本格式以及交际规约。合同问题的正式性(对特有的行业对象所使用的特有体式)、专业性(特定的行业使用场合)以及适合性(适合行业的文本形式和交际方式)，决定了合同文本采用书面语形式、结构规范、内容明确(分列条款)、语言规范(使用大量的正式词语、法律词语、专业术语和行话、套语)的鲜明文体特征。因此，只有以合同翻译的准确严谨的准则为前提，结合合同应用所属行业的特征，考虑上述这些方面，才能使合同译文不仅做到与原文信息对等，而且体现出合同问题的权威性和肃正性，做到风格对等，行业对等。例如，对于合同中的“IN WITNESS WHEREBY”这句，译文中也应使用符合合同文体规范的正式用语“立此为证”。

当今，随着经济全球化的不断发展，国际间的交流合作愈加频繁。作为国际商务交流的必要组成部分，国际商务合同作用重大，而如何准确地翻译合同则是成功进行商务合作与谈判的前提。在合同翻译过程中，译者应充分考虑到中英文商务合同文体特征的异同点，遵循相应的翻译准则，运用恰当的翻译技巧，使译文更加准确严谨、规范通顺，并符合合同问题尺牍规约和交际规约。

下面是小编整理的商务英语谈判几大要素：

1、立场坚决

一定要坚持我方的立场，不为各种对方开出的诱惑性砝码条件所动。必须明确我方的利益底线，须知如果我们的利益底线都没把握住，那么最后是谈判成功，我们也是失败者。俗话说“能退能进”因此，在适当的时机表明我方坚决的立场，也会让对方做出适当的让步，从而让谈判局势有利于我方。

商务英语阅读是商务英语语言运用中的一项重要活动。作为一门专门用途阅读, 商务英语阅读有其自身的特点。一方面是通过阅读让学生掌握相关阅读技巧，提高阅读速度和语言能力，另一方面要传授商务知识，熟悉商务运作流程。提高商务英语阅读能力已经成为商务英语人才培养体系的重要组成部分，如何提高学生的商务英语阅读能力也成了高校商务英语专业教师广泛关注的问题。

1、商务英语阅读课的教学原则

教学中要处理好语言教学与商务知识讲授的关系。作为一门专业语言课程，专业知识的介绍必须与专业语言的教学同步进行，相辅相成，缺一不可。教师应以学生最终理解所读篇章内容为目的，适度介绍专业知识。专业知识介绍的深度和广读应根据语言教学的需要，以达到促进语言教学，提高学生运用语言的能力。在对学生阅读效果进行评价时，教师不应以掌握某一词一句或一段为依据，而以学生真正理解具体商务内容为依据。这样学生将在不断探求内容真谛的基础上不知不觉中掌握了语言知识。

在商务英语阅读课的讲授过程中，应适当地举一些案例来加深学生对材料中相关商务知识的了解。另外，教师可以在每一知识点的学习后，增加一些英文案例让学生进行讨论。一方面可以提高学生的英语学习水平，另一方面还培养了学生的创新思维。

可采用语篇理论指导下的以内容为中心的教学方法。语篇理论指导下的阅读教学法,就是在语篇分析的基础上组织教学,注重语篇结构,归纳段落主旨。对于语言知识,教师应选择重点专业词汇,讲明词义和译法即可。语言点的讲解应以学生读懂商务内容为最终目的。

小编为大家整理了外贸销售技巧常用句型。一起来学习吧!

外贸销售技巧常用句型：

1. 如何招揽顾客

一般程序：招呼—问候—寻找相关话题—理出商谈头绪。所以，打招呼很重要，无论顾客有没有表现购买意愿，您都应该上前问候一句：“What can I do for you?”或“May I help you?”，也可说：“Can I be of any assistance?”，如果是熟客，可简单说声：“Good afternoon, madam. Something for you?”

2. 如何打开话题

如果顾客不置可否或表现出不耐烦的样子，决不可轻言放弃，可以先说： “Everybody is welcome here, madam. Whether she buys or not.(这里欢迎任何人光临，买不买都没关系)”，然后婉转地问：“Are you looking for something?”。

3. 如何拉近距离

首先表达自己身份，甚至可以交换名片，然后说些常用客套话，为后来的推销铺路。一句：“Would you mind my recommending?”十分有用。

4. 如何游说购买

初次见面就开门见山、滔滔不绝的做法已经落伍。当你要说服顾客时，最好用“Well, let me tell you why.”作为解释商品用途、优点的开场白。

5. 如何展示商品

可以说：“Please take a look at this.”或“That one, madam?(那个好吗?)”配合产品加以说明时，则用“As you can see, ~(正如您所见，~)”

6. 如何拖延时间

争取时间以便长期抗战要有技巧，再心急也要说“Please take your time”(慢慢看/参观)或“Go right ahead, please.”(随便参观)。根据情况也可通过闲聊进入主题，让顾客有一定时间考虑。

7. 如何选取工具

广告信函、海报、优待卷等都是销售的有效辅助工具，所谓“百闻不如一见”，一边看商品，一边听解释，才更易进入状况。所以“I'll send you our D.M.”(我会寄给您产品的广告信函)很有说服力。

8. 如何利用店铺开张

店铺开张和周年庆典都是很好的宣传机会，因为本店新开张，因此给予优惠，或进一步说明“If you would kindly recommend our establishment to your friends, the favor will be greatly appreciated”(如果您将本店介绍给您朋友，本店将十分感激)

9. 如何劝客户抓紧购买

店铺出清存货时是购买价廉物美的货物的好时机，您可以说“I understand there's not much left over”(存货不多)

10. 如何接受电话预定

除非是熟客，双方足够信任，否则，餐馆、旅店通常的电话应对方式是“What time can we expect you ?”(您几点来?)

11. 如何给客人菜单

餐厅里，引领顾客落座后通常递上菜单“Good evening, sir. Here's the dinner menu”捎待一会，再询问“May I take your order ?”(您要来点什么?)

12. 如何引客人入座

可以先询问“How many people, please ?”(请问几位?)以及“Do you have a reservation ?”(您订位了吗?)，接下来就应该“Where would you prefer to sit ?”(您喜欢坐哪?)而引客人入座了

13. 如何招呼顾客

应主动说“How do I address you?”，然后再进行下一步骤。

14. 如何让顾客稍候

成功的推销是要建立良好长久的服务。忙不过来时，殷勤地一句“Would you mind waiting for a while?”(不介意稍候片刻吧?)足以奠定成功的基础。

15. 如何让顾客说“买”

双方谈得热烈的时候，说上一句“It's going to be the pride of our company.”(这将是本公司的荣幸)可以收到意想不到的奇效。

16. 如何促使顾客下决心

顾客犹豫不决时，您必须锲而不舍地游说，常用“Think about the advantages you will get.”(想想您能得到的利益)有利于出时顾客下决心购买。

17. 如何取出样品

顾客只有直接接触产品才有可能激起购买欲，所以“I have some sample”必须手口并用才有效果。

18. 如何针对多人游说

女性购物常常成群结队，所以您要多角度揣摩消费者喜好。在叽叽喳喳的意见中，找出主要购买者，对她说“Please insist your taste and need.”(请坚持您的品位和考虑实际需要)

19. 如何应付挑剔的顾客

挑剔的顾客主管意识极强，所以要避免正面争论，实在不行，记得说句“I'm very sorry we couldn't help you, sir.”(很抱歉，我帮不上什么忙)。

20. 如何说明种类齐全

有时候，与其说得唾液横飞，不如用来阐明重点。客人想知道公司产品的种类时，肯定地说上一句“Various”就已足够。

21. 如何让顾客试穿

展示商品的下一步就是顾客试穿了，可以说“Please try on whichever you like.”(随便试)或“Would you like to try it on?”(要不要试穿一下?)

22. 如何说明用途

商品要买得好，推销员对商品必须有足够的了解，说明使用方法的简易及商品的来用性，往往有利于顾客下决心购买，所以一句“Well, the self-filling device is simple.”(这种自动充墨装置十分简单)对您的推销术有举一反三之效的。

23. 如何介绍新产品

优秀推销员除了要有说服力、自信心和洞悉顾客心理的能力外，还要能经常介绍公司的最新或最畅销的产品。可以说“This is our newest product.”或 “This is our most recently developed product.”(这是我公司最新产品)，甚至还可以强调 “They are of the newest patterns that can be obtained in town”(这个款式目前在市面上绝无仅有)。

24. 如何说明产品特色

面对令人眼花缭乱的产品，特色是顾客考虑的要素之一。所以，把“Its durability will be an agreeable surprise to you.”(它的耐久性将让您吃惊)常挂嘴边是必要。

25. 如何介绍设计师风格

顾客对衣饰的品位越来越高，所以必须掌握顾客的特殊喜好，下面的句子就显得很重要：“Do you enjoy the Italian style?”(喜欢意大利款式吗?); “Let me introduce the designer's.”(让我为您介绍设计师所设计的)

26. 如何帮客人搭配

推销致胜的关键是要懂得搭配之道。如今的顾客已不是因为需要，或是因为缺乏而购买衣物，而是为了搭配原有物品，比如西装配领带，上衣配裤子等等。因此，“The gray one suits you well”(灰色比较适合您)之类的句子，就成了流行的推销用语。

27. 如何推荐特卖品

一般而言，每家商号都自己的特色或特制品，这句“It's our specialty”(这是本店的特制品)要用得很娴熟。总之，无论是推销的商店，还是推销本身都要风格独具，才能立于不败之地。

28. 如何提出保证

保证有很多种，如保证期(warranty)、耐用性(durability)、新奇度(novelty)、价格低(reasonable price)等等。可以使用“It has a five- year guarantee against mechanical defects”(机件保用五年)之类的语句。

29. 如何附送赠品

附送赠品是经久不衰的推销手法，因此，像“That includes an extra pair of shoelaces and a bottle of polish”(附送鞋带一对及鞋油一瓶)这类的说法是能讨顾客欢心的。

30. 如何讨论款式

与顾客讨论款式，既能对顾客表示尊重，又能抓住顾客的实际需求。像 “How do you like this one?”(您觉得这件如何?)或“Will you not try that one?”(试试那件怎么样?)这类话语往往是讨论的前奏，如果能加上“This style is quite elegant,??I think you'll like it.”这句话，则交易更易成功。

31. 如何说明使用方法

不管交易是否达成，都要不厌其烦地向顾客解释使用方法，以建立彼此信心。比如，要说明水壶的使用方法，可以说 “Could you pull out the black stopper of the pot before you pour, please ?” (倒水之前，先把水壶的褐色塞子拉开)。

32. 如何说明注意事项

买卖的同时，应该将注意事项向顾客交待清楚，免得日后发生纠纷事小，影响商誉事大。因此，像“You can exchange it provided it's clean”(如果还是干净的，可以要求退换)或 “I'm sorry we won't refund you.”(很抱歉，我们概不退款)一定要表述清楚。

33. 如何登门拜访

登门拜访顾客，挖掘潜在购买力，是必须的;而寒暄的第一句往往决定成败，因而诚恳亲切的“What's your pleasure if I may ask”之类的话无论如何是要说的。

34. 如何电话拜访

电话拜访也是必备手段之一，同样也需注意礼节和态度。一般先要询问对方此时听电话是否方便，然后再说明来意“I'll do my best for you”(我会尽最大努力来达成您的心愿)

35. 如何说最低消费

尽管菜单都已标明最低消费，除非想被炒鱿鱼，否则顾客问起来，还是得毕恭毕敬地回答“I'm afraid the minimum charge for any first order is ￥100”(我们的最低消费是 100元)，而不能说：“菜单上有，您不会自己看呀?!”

36. 如何拒绝降价

顾客讨价还价几乎是不可避免的事情，直接说no的推销员估计很少，所以你应该充分解释“We make so little on this line!”(这方面的东西我们没赚钱)

37. 如何拒绝小费

如果店铺规定不能收取小费，你可婉拒顾客：“It's so kind of you, sir. But we can't accept your tips”(先生您太好了，不过我们不能收取小费)

38. 如何说明高/低价位

一分钱，一分货。如果顾客抱怨价格太高，您可以说：“We have cheaper products if you want. But value depends on expense”(如果您愿意，我们有更便宜的商品，但是价值完全取决于价格高低)

39. 如何谢绝讨价还价

如果没有议价的余地，态度虽然要坚定，但口气仍要十分委婉：“We have but one price, sir.”(我们不二价的)或“Sorry we can't reduce the price, sir.”(很抱歉，我们没办法降低价格)

40. 如何说分期付款

如今分期付款很流行，所以要学会说：“You can buy them by installment”

外贸谈判是国际贸易活动中不同的利益主体，为了达成某笔交易，就交易的各项条件进行协商的过程。接下来小编为大家整理了外贸谈判技巧，希望对你有帮助哦!

1) 外贸谈判技巧

a) 谈判主题要明确，在谈判中逐步推向预定的谈判目标。

b) 谈判开始以贯彻我方的草案为依据。

c) 搞清对方意图。

d) 分析对方的条件，那些可以同意，那些不可以同意。

e) 注意说话方式，不要简单的用“行”或“不行”来回答对方，可以解答为什么“行”或“不行”。用专业的行话来说明，这样能起到事半功倍的效果。

f) 注意底价保密，尽量不要让对方知道;对于对方的杀价，不要用简单的“不可能”来回答，要问清楚对方说的这个价格包含什么条件，什么样的质量，什么样的标准……找出对方杀价的漏洞，给对方说明情况，这要求主谈人必须精通专业技术。有时外商也只是懂得一些皮毛。

付款条件是外贸谈判中一个重要的环节。接下来小编为大家整理了外贸谈判付款常用句子，希望对你有帮助哦!

What's your reason for the refusal of payment?

你们拒付的理由是什么?

Collection is not paid.

托收款未得照付。

We don't think you'll refuse to pay.

我们相信你们不会拒付。

We'll not pay until shipping documents for the goods have reached us.

见不到货物装船单据，我们不付款。

We're worrying that a decline in prices might lead to refusal of payment.

我们担心市场价格下跌会引起拒付。

Of course payment might be refused if anything goes wrong with the documents.

如果单据有问题，当然可以提出拒付。

The equipment will be paid in installments with the commodities produced by our factory.

设备以我们工厂生产的产品分期偿还。

Payment is to be made before the end of this month.

这个月末以前应该付款。

It's convenient to make payment in pound sterling.

用英镑付款较方便。

Now, as regards payment, we've agreed to use U.S. Dollar, am I right?

至于付款，我们已同意用美元，对吗?

We may have some difficulties making payment in Japanese yen.

用日圆付款可能会有困难。

I've never made payment in Renminbi before.

我从未用过人民币付款。

We can't accept payment on deferred terms.

我们不能接受延期付款。

Only one refusal of payment is acceptable to the bank.

银行只接受一次拒付。

You ought to pay us the bank interest once payment is wrongly refused.

如果拒付错了，你们应该偿付我方的银行利息。

对外贸易亦称“国外贸易” 或“进出口贸易”，简称“外贸”，接下来小编为大家整理了外贸商务英语词汇，希望对你有帮助哦!

wholesaler 批发商

retailer, tradesman 零售商

merchant 商人，批发商，零售商

concessionaire, licensed dealer 受让人，特许权获得者

consumer 消费者，用户

client, customer 顾客，客户

buyer 买主，买方

carrier 承运人

consignee 收货人

fob (free on board) 离岸价

c&f (cost and freight) 成本加运费价

cif (cost, insurance and freight) 到岸价

freight 运费

wharfage 码头费

landing charges 卸货费

customs duty 关税

port dues 港口税

import surcharge 进口附加税

import variable duties 进口差价税

commission 佣金

return commission 回佣，回扣

price including commission 含佣价

net price 净价

wholesale price 批发价

discount / allowance 折扣

retail price 零售价

spot price 现货价格

current price 现行价格 / 时价

indicative price 参考价格

customs valuation 海关估价

price list 价目表

total value 总值

贸易保险术语

all risks 一切险

f.p.a. (free from particular average) 平安险

w.a. / w.p.a (with average or with particular average)水渍险

war risk 战争险

f.w.r.d. (fresh water rain damage) 淡水雨淋险

risk of intermixture and contamination 混杂、玷污险

risk of leakage 渗漏险

risk of odor 串味险

risk of rust 锈蚀险

shortage risk 短缺险

t.p.n.d. ( theft, pilferage & non-delivery) 偷窃提货不着险

strikes risk 罢工险

贸易机构词汇

wto (world trade organization) 世界贸易组织

imf (international monetary fund) 国际货币基金组织

ctg (council for trade in goods) 货币贸易理事会

efta (european free trade association) 欧洲自由贸易联盟

afta (asean free trade area) 东盟自由贸易区

jcct (china-us joint commission on commerce and trade) 中美商贸联委会

nafta (north american free trade area) 北美自由贸易区

unctad (united nations conference on trade and development)

联合国贸易与发展会议

gatt (general agreement on tariffs and trade) 关贸总协定

stocks 存货，库存量

cash sale 现货

purchase 购买，进货

bulk sale 整批销售，趸售

distribution channels 销售渠道

wholesale 批发

retail trade 零售业

hire-purchase 分期付款购买

fluctuate in line with market conditions 随行就市

unfair competition 不合理竞争

dumping 商品倾销

dumping profit margin 倾销差价，倾销幅度

antidumping 反倾销

customs bond 海关担保

chain debts 三角债

freight forwarder 货运代理

trade consultation 贸易磋商

mediation of dispute 商业纠纷调解

partial shipment 分批装运

restraint of trade 贸易管制

rta (regional trade arrangements) 区域贸易安排

favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差

unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差

special preferences 优惠关税

bonded warehouse 保税仓库

transit trade 转口贸易

tariff barrier 关税壁垒

tax rebate 出口退税

tbt (technical barriers to trade) 技术性贸易壁垒

commerce, trade, trading 贸易

inland trade, home trade, domestic trade 国内贸易

international trade 国际贸易

foreign trade, external trade 对外贸易，外贸

import, importation 进口

importer 进口商

export, exportation 出口

exporter 出口商

import licence 进口许口证

export licence 出口许口证

commercial transaction 买卖，交易

inquiry 询盘

delivery 交货

order 订货

make a complete entry 正式/完整申报

bad account 坏帐

bill of lading 提单

marine bills of lading 海运提单

shipping order 托运单

blank endorsed 空白背书

endorsed 背书

cargo receipt 承运货物收据

condemned goods 有问题的货物

catalogue 商品目录

customs liquidation 清关

customs clearance 结关

trade partner 贸易伙伴

manufacturer 制造商，制造厂

middleman 中间商，经纪人

dealer 经销商

如何才能更成功的做外贸呢?接下来小编为大家整理了在外贸生意中的技巧，希望对你有帮助哦!

1. 资料须充实完备

-We have a pamphlet in English.

具体的物品通常比口头描述更有说服力。当客户听到你说"We have a pamphlet in English.(我们有英文的小册子。)"或"Please take this as a sample (请将这个拿去当样品。)"时，一定会兴趣大增，进而问你许多和产品有关的问题。如果你平时资料搜集得全面，便能有问必答。这在商务沟通上是非常有利的。

对外贸易亦称“国外贸易” 或“进出口贸易”，简称“外贸”，是指一个国家(地区)与另一个国家(地区)之间的商品、劳务和技术的交换活动。接下来小编为大家整理了外贸行销英语技巧，希望对你有帮助哦!

1. 如何促使顾客下决心

顾客犹豫不决时，您必须锲而不舍地游说，常用“Think about the advantages you will get.”(想想您能得到的利益)有利于出时顾客下决心购买。

商务英语是以适应职场生活的语言要求为目的，内容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。下面读文网小编为大家带来商务英语合同翻译技巧，欢迎大家阅读!

商务英语合同翻译技巧：

例 1：双方都应遵守/双方的一切活动都应遵守合同规定。

Both parties Shall abide by/All the activities of both parties shall comply with the contractual stipulations.

2.3 change A to B与 change A into B英译“把 A改为 B”用“change A to B”，英译“把 A折合成/兑换成 B”用“change A into B”，两者不可混淆。

例 2：交货期改为 8月并将美元折合成人民币。

Both parties agree that change the time of shipment to August and change US dollar into Renminbi.

2.4 ex与 per源自拉丁语的介词 ex与 per有各自不同的含义。英译由某轮船“运来”的货物时用 ex，由某轮船“运走”的货物用 Per，而由某轮船“承运”用 by。

例 3：由“维多利亚”轮运走/运来/承运的最后一批货将于 10月 1日抵达伦敦。

The last batch per/ex/by S.S. "Victoria" will arrive at London on October (S.S. = Steamship)

2.5 in与 after当英译“多少天之后”的时间时，往往是指“多少天之后”的确切的一天，所以必须用介词 in，而不能用 after，因为介词 after指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一天。

例 4：该货于 11月 10日由“东风”轮运出，41天后抵达鹿特丹港。

The good shall be shipped per M.V. "Dong Feng" on November 10 and are due to arrive at Rottedaml in 140 days. (M.V.= motor vessel)

2.6 on/upon与 after当英译“……到后，就……”时，用介词 on/upon，而不用 after，因为 after表示“之后”的时间不明确。

例 5：发票货值须货到付给。

The invoice value is to be paid on/upon arrival of the goods.

2.7 by与 before当英译终止时间时，比如“在某月某日之前”，如果包括所写日期时，就用介词 by;如果不包括所写日期，即指到所写日期的前一天为止，就要用介词 before。

例 6：卖方须在 6月 15日前将货交给买方。

The vendor shall deliver the goods to the vendee by June 15.(or: before June 16，说明含 6月 15日在内。如果不含 6月 15日,就译为 by June 14或者 before June 15。)

以上就是读文网小编为大家带来的商务英语合同翻译技巧，希望对大家能有所帮助!