为您找到与医药英语词典相关的共17个结果:
下面是读文网小编整理的医学医药常用测试仪器名称(中英对照),以供大家学习参考。
灼热丝试验仪 Glow Wire Tester
恒温水槽 Water Tank with Temp.-controlled
曲挠试验机 Tensile & Elongation Tester
滚筒试验仪 Tumble Tester
耐印字擦拭仪 Marking Durability tester
测量显微镜 Measurement Microscope
球压装置 Ball Pressure Tester
防水试验箱 Waterproof Test House
绝缘电阻测试仪 Insulation Resistance Tester
漏电起痕试验仪 Dielectric Tester
精密电子秤 Precision Electronics Balance
耐压测试仪 Hi-pot Tester
低温试验箱(0~-40°C)Low Temp. Tank(-40°C)
电热恒温干燥箱 Constant Temp. Oven
旋转老化箱 Oven
高温压力试验 Apparatus for Pressure at high-temp.
拉力测验机 Tensile Tester
弯曲试验机 Apparatus for Bending at low-temp.
冲击仪 Apparatus for Impacting at low-temp.
针焰试验仪 Needle-flame Tester
功率表 Power tester
温度计 Tem. Recorder
垂直燃烧装置 Flammability Testing Apparatus
突拉试验机 Tensile Tester
稳压电源 Power Supply
弯折试验机 Flexing Apparatus
自动温度记录表 Auto Temp. Recorder
SHORE A硬度计 Hardness Tester
注释
1 durability
n.经久性,耐用性
参考例句:
Nylons have the virtue of durability.尼龙丝袜有耐穿的优点。
2 waterproof
n.防水材料;adj.防水的;v.使...能防水
参考例句:
My mother bought me a waterproof watch.我妈妈给我买了一块防水手表。
All the electronics are housed in a waterproof box.所有电子设备都储放在一个防水盒中。
3 insulation
n.隔离;绝缘;隔热
参考例句:
Please examine the insulation of the electric wires in my house.请检查一下我屋子里电线的绝缘情况。
It is always difficult to assure good insulation between the electric leads.要保证两个电触头之间有良好的绝缘总是很困难的。
4 apparatus
n.装置,器械;器具,设备
参考例句:
The school's audio apparatus includes films and records.学校的视听设备包括放映机和录音机。
They had a very refined apparatus.他们有一套非常精良的设备。
5 flexing
n.挠曲,可挠性v.屈曲( flex的现在分词 );弯曲;(为准备大干而)显示实力;摩拳擦掌
参考例句:
Flexing particular muscles allows snakes to move in several ways. 可弯曲的特殊的肌肉使蛇可以用几种方式移动。 来自电影对白
China has become an economic superpower and is flexing its muscles. 中国已经成为了一个经济巨人而且在展示他的肌肉。 来自互联网
6 auto
n.(=automobile)(口语)汽车
参考例句:
Don't park your auto here.别把你的汽车停在这儿。
The auto industry has brought many people to Detroit.汽车工业把许多人吸引到了底特律。
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应聘医药代表个人求职英文简历是小编为你准备的应聘医药代表个人求职英文简历。简历是否有亮点直接决定了你的应聘能否成功。以下就是小编为你准备的应聘医药代表个人求职英文简历,供你学习参考。
Richard Anderson
1234, West 67 Street,
Carlisle, MA 01741,
(123)-456 7890.
Incorporation of a company: Southern California Pharmaceutical Discussion Group was dissolved and in its place BioScience Forum was incorporated in 2002. I was chair-elect, then VP and headed this project.
Entrepreneurial Lead Finding: Bio-informatics Company GeneticXchange, VC company Firsthand Principles. Strategic Management Company Mega ventures UK.
Event planning and fund raising:
Headed a Clinical Trials Symposium for Biosciences Forum Jan 11, 2003.
Treasurer for Biosciences Forum of USA. This is a non-profit professional development organization that conducts educational activities relating to life sciences, primarily dinner meetings with a presentation by senior executives of biotechnology companies, outstanding academics and government regulators.
Say It With Flowers Committee (Lou Grehrig's disease) fund raising 1999 to 2002. Solicited a silent auction donation from many local companies.
Organized Commonwealth Club presentation by Barbara Lee, President of Compassion In Dying 2002.
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在一大堆错误百出、英文表达低劣或平庸、毫无针对性和创造性的Resume中,你的那份若能让人眼睛一亮,成功的机率必将大增。下面是读文网小编整理的医药代表应聘英文求职简历模板, 希望对大家有帮助。
Richard Anderson
1234, West 67 Street,
Carlisle, MA 01741,
(123)-456 7890.
OBJECTIVE
To focus my energies and experience to enhance scientific and business aspects of medical research especially oncology, neurology, microbiology, and forensic science. I have published my own work in basic scientific research in vivo and in vitro, and conducted medical editing and writing, led project management, business development, scientific recruiting, competitive intelligence, analysis, market research and scientific event planning
SKILLS SUMMARY
Laboratory Qualifications
In vitro models: rat kidney cell, human rheumatoid arthritis-affected fibroblasts, human he inflammatory nephritis models induced following nephrectomy;
In vivo models of diseases in rodents: neurotoxin models of disease; diabetes model, ad and neck tumor and dermal fibroblast
Antioxidant research: neuroscience and nephrology
Cytokine research: cancer, nephrology and rheumatoid arthritis: prostaglandins and interleukins.
Electron microscopy: transmission and scanning-preparation, microscopy and photomicrography to view: Staph. aureus on nylon stocking and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and carcinoma cell cultures.
Vector analysis: lymphocyte locomotion using mathematical models and statistics.
Forensic science: gas chromatography, blood and urine alcohol analysis, microbiology.
Microsoft and related experience: PowerPoint, Access, Word, Excel, Project.
Business Qualifications:
Excellent interpersonal skills: strong communication skills with strong leadership abilities and emotional intelligence
Language skills: American Sign Language and Spoken German.
Business Development: market research questionnaire writing, analysis and report writing, competitive intelligence in pharmaceutical sector for small and big Pharma companies regarding mammalian cell culture, high-throughput crystallography, micro arrays, high-throughput screening, laser capture micro-dissection and RNA amplification tools. Original electronic manufacturing (OEM) industry interviews conducted.
Writing and editing: Business plan and executive report preparation, medical writing and editing, grant writing, review writing, report writing and editing, annotated bibliographies of research.
Recent Accomplishments:
Incorporation of a company: Southern California Pharmaceutical Discussion Group was dissolved and in its place BioScience Forum was incorporated in 2002. I was chair-elect, then VP and headed this project.
Entrepreneurial Lead Finding: Bio-informatics Company GeneticXchange, VC company Firsthand Principles. Strategic Management Company Mega ventures UK.
Event planning and fund raising:
Headed a Clinical Trials Symposium for Biosciences Forum Jan 11, 2003.
Treasurer for Biosciences Forum of USA. This is a non-profit professional development organization that conducts educational activities relating to life sciences, primarily dinner meetings with a presentation by senior executives of biotechnology companies, outstanding academics and government regulators.
Say It With Flowers Committee (Lou Grehrig's disease) fund raising 1999 to 2002. Solicited a silent auction donation from many local companies.
Organized Commonwealth Club presentation by Barbara Lee, President of Compassion In Dying 2002.
POSITIONS HELD
Senior Staff Scientist, Scientific Writer - Aug 2003 to Present
Neuroscience and Proteomics Department of Hoog Lab, Bucks Institute for Age Research, Novato.
Consultant - Senior Analyst, Medical Writer & Editor - 1999 to July 2003
Blue Shield of California
Skolar.com
Stanford Research Institute Consulting
ALS Association of Biology
San Francisco Unified School District
The Mendel Group, Inc.
Experimental Scientist, Assay Development - 1992 to 1993 Biocircuits, Inc.
Research Assistant, Nephrology - 1989 to 1990 University of London
Doctoral Fellow, Head and Neck Cancer - 1984 to 1990 University of London
Scientific Officer, Forensic Microbiology - 1980 to 1984 London Metropolitan Police Force
EDUCATION
Postgraduate: 1985-1989 University College Hospital Medical School, Department of Bacteriology ,London, England : Ph.D. University of London 1990. Ear, Nose and Throat Pathology, University of London
Supervisor: Professor Lewis Michaels
Thesis title: Tissue Culture of Human Laryngeal Carcinoma.
Undergraduate: 1978-1982 University of Surrey, Department of Microbiology, Guildford, England
B.Sc. University of Surrey 1982. Microbiology (with honors)
Four-year professional course including one year working in microscopic forensic laboratory.
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导语:单词在英语中就行砖头,没有砖就不能建成高楼大厦。所以大家要充分认识单词的重要性,只有背好单词,才能学好英语。现在小编为大家分类了英语单词,供大家学习,参考,希望对大家有所帮助。更多内容尽在读文网网。
医药:
门诊部out-patient dept.急诊室E.R.医生physician
体温计thermometer症状sympton验血blood test
血压blood pressure喷嚏sneeze发炎inflame打鼾snore
康泰克contac流产abortion避孕药contraceptive消化药digestive
止疼药painkiller止咳糖浆cough syrup安眠药sleeping potion
维生素vitamin 善存片centrum西洋参American ginseng
打嗝hiccup点滴I.V.心电图ECG处方prescription
药drug溃疡ulcer花粉症hay fever麻疹measles肺结核T.B.
肺炎pneumonia更年期menopause哮喘asthma白内障cataract
近视myopia远视hyperopia痘痘pimple贫血anemia
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医药是预防或治疗或诊断人类和牲畜疾病的物质或制剂。药物按来源分天然药物和合成药物。医药也可预防疾病,治疗疾病,减少痛苦,增进健康,或增强机体对疾病的抵抗力或帮助诊断疾病的物质。那么,你知道医药的英语怎么写吗?
医药的英文释义:
medicine
medication
medicament
leechdom
remedy
curative
医药的英文例句:
在各种医药研究中,应首先解决寻找新疫苗的问题。
The search for a new vaccine took priority over all other medical research.
目前正将医药用品空投到灾区。
Medical supplies are being dropped to the stricken area.
碘酒可以作为医药使用。
A tincture of iodine may be used medically.
这表明薰衣草在短时间内治愈了失眠。 *偏方通常是一种在传统医药中常见的以植物为基础的治疗形式,这些传统医药是在现代医药服务和科技出现之前发展起来的。
This shows that over a short period of time lavender cures insomnia.
制定和实施扶持中医药和民族医药事业发展的措施。
We will standardize nonpublic education programs and encourage their development.
医药英语怎么写
生物荧光在医药也有巨大的潜力。
Bioluminescence clearly has great potential in medicine.
碘酒可以作为医药使用。
A tincture of iodine may be used medically.
医药公司推出了新的专利药品。
Pharmaceutical companies introduced new proprietary drugs.
目前医药用品正空投到灾区。
Medical supplies are being dropped to the stricken area.
但是,那时候,医药相当落后。
But back then, medicine was rather primitive.
此医生阅读几本医药书并作摘录。
The doctor read several medical books and excerpted.
灾区需用医药,急如星火。
Medical aid must be sent to the stricken area posthaste.
“我不需要医药,”他说。
"I need no medicine," said he.
你和你的医生,或是一个旅行医药专家需要决定你适合接种哪些疫苗。
You and your doctor or a travel medicine specialist should decide whichvaccinations are appropriate for you.
对我来说,一切是免费的 --医药,医生,医院。
For me, everything is free — for medicine, doctors, hospital.
他说,“在那之前,我们将会提供食物、水、卫生设备、医药和学校,所以要对更好的未来抱有有巨大勇气、巨大希望。”
"Before then we'll provide the food, water, sanitation, medicines and schools. So,have great courage and great hope for the better future, " he said.
你不太可能从你的医生那里听到,但是,假的医药与治疗可以有非常好的治愈效果。
You’re not likely to hear about this from your doctor, but fake medical treatmentcan work amazingly well.
在村卫生队和社区医药经销商的参与下,正在对这些接触者进行追踪和开展后续工作。
Tracing and follow-up of these contacts is being performed with the involvementof Village Health Teams and Community Medicine Distributors.
世界卫生组织说,各国政府每年在医药上的投入可能有多达四分之一因为制药商的欺诈、行贿和转移而损失。
Up to a quarter of what governments spend on medicines each year is lost tofraud, bribery and diversion of pharmaceuticals, says the World HealthOrganization.
将来的某个时候,克隆终究会对人类医药的发展做出很大的贡献,但是我们必须谨慎地利用它。
At some point in the future, cloning will have much to contribute to humanmedicine, but we must use it cautiously.
该项研究是在英国体育医药杂志上发表的。
The study appears in the British Journal of Sports Medicine.
需要指出的是我——每个人肯定都是这样的想法——我们不得不加入到所有的医药和工作中的执业医师的队伍中去。
It does point out to me—andthere should be no doubt in anyone's mind—that wehaveto join with all of medicine and work with all practicing physicians.
在很长时间内,这些基因的寻找工作将彻底的改变传统医药。
In the long term, finding these genes will radically transform the practice ofmedicine.
我希望通过把音乐和医药以特定的方式结合在一起,能对这一领域有所贡献。
I hope I've contributed to the field in marrying the practices of music and medicinein particular.
由于离婚、死亡或父母将他们的孩子给别人收养,许多成人可能与他们的父母之一或父母双方都不了解,更不用说他们的医药史了。
Because of divorce, death and parents giving their children up for adoption, manyadults may not even be acquainted with one or both of their parents at all, much less their medical histories.
它们在环境问题上和最终的医药产品上可以成为修饰的介入点,这也是可想而知的。但是这仅仅是一个遥远的前景。
It is also conceivable that they could be points of intervention by modifications inenvironmental factors or eventually in pharmaceutical products; but this is adistant prospect.
我冲了进去,随后就意识到我老公接下来的工作就是要把他在我们医药箱背上凿的洞给补回去了。
I ran in and quickly realized that his next task would be to fix the hole he had made in the back of our medicine cabinet.
计划进行合作的一些领域包括信息技术、技术转移、卫生、传统医药、太空技术、农业以及和平利用核能。
Information technology, technology transfer, health, traditional medicine, spacetechnology, agriculture and peaceful use of nuclear energy are some of the areasplanned for collaboration
可以浏览卫生新闻、药的历史、医药字典或者病人教育。
Browse topics like health news, history of medicine, medical dictionaries or patienteducation.
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小编为大家整理了医药词汇的英语表达。一起来学习吧!
forensic medicine 法医学
doctor, physician 医生,医师,内科医师
family doctor 家庭医生
pediatrician, pediatrist 儿科医师
gynecologist 妇科医师
tocologist, obstetrician 产科医师
neurologist 神经专家
psychiatrist 精神病学专家
ophthalmologist, oculist 眼科专家
dentist, odontologist 牙医师
surgeon 外科医师
anesthetist, anaesthetist 麻醉师
nurse 护士
hospital 医院
clinic 诊所
sanatorium 疗养院
health 健康
healthy (个人)健康
wholesome 合乎卫生的,有益于健康的
hygiene 卫生
to get vaccinated 接种
sick person, patient 病员,患者
to be sick, to be ill 患病
sickly 多病
ailment, complaint 疾病
pain 疼,痛
indisposition, slight illness 不适
unwell, indisposed 不适的
affection, disease 疾病
ulcer 溃疡
wound 创伤,伤口
lesion 损害
injury 损伤
rash, eruption 疹
spot 点,斑
pimple 丘疹,小疮
blackhead 黑头粉刺
blister 水疱
furuncle 疖
scab, boil 痂
scar 癜痕
wart 疣,肉赘
callus, callosity 胼胝
corn 鸡眼
chilblain 冻疮
bruise 挫伤
ecchymosis 瘀癍
bump 肿
swelling 肿胀
contusion 挫伤
sprain, twist 扭伤
fracture 骨折
symptom 症状
diagnosis 诊断
case 病例
incubation 潜伏
epidemic 流行病
contagion 传染
fever 发热
attack, access, fit 发作
coughing fit 咳嗽发作
to take to one's bed 卧床
to sneeze 打喷嚏
faint, fainting fit 晕厥
vertigo, dizziness 眩晕
to feel sick 恶心
to lose consciousness 失去知觉
concussion 震荡
coma 昏迷
diet 饮食
treatment 疗法
to get better, to improve 好转
cure 治愈
relapse 复发
Surgery 外科
anesthesia, anaesthesia 麻醉
blood transfusion 输血
probing, sounding 探通术
amputation 切断术
tracheotomy 气管切开术
trepanation 环锯术,环钻术
graft, transplant 移植
ligature 结扎
stitches 缝线
cicatrization 瘢痕形成
operating theatre 手术室 (美作:operating theater)
instruments 手术器械
bistoury, scalpel 手术刀
bandage 绷带
dressing, bandages 敷料
gauze 纱布
compress 敷布
sticking plaster 橡皮膏,胶布
catgut 肠线
plaster 石膏
sling 悬带
plastic surgery 整形手术
acupuncture 针术
冰袋 Ice Bag
药品 Medicine (Drug)
绷带 Bandage
胶带 Adhesive Tape
剪刀 Scissors
体温计 Thermometer
药丸 Tablet, Pill
舌下锭 Sublingual Tablet
胶囊 Capsules
软膏 Ointment
眼药 Eye Medicine
止咳药 Cough Medicine
阿司匹林 Aspirin
止疼药 Pain Killer
药方 Prescription
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学IT 行业,有许多专业的英语词汇需要知道,那么有关IT专业的英语单词你知道多少呢,下面是读文网小编整理的IT专业英语词典大全, 希望对大家有帮助。
back-scattering 反向散射
back-to-back testing 背对背测试
backbone cabling 主干线布线,主干布线
backbone network 中枢网络
backbone network architecture (BNA) 中枢网络结构
background 背景
background acquisition 背景采集
backplane 底板;背板;基架
backplane bus 基架总线
backplane transceiver logic (BTL) 基架收发器逻辑
backscatter 反向散射
backtrace 回索
backup 备存
backup gap 备存间隙
backup protection 备存保护
backward diode 逆向二极管
backward estimation 后向估计
backward recovery 向后恢复
backward-compatible 逆向相容
baffle 隔板
balance force 平衡力
balance, analytic 分析天平
balance, charge 电荷平衡
balanced 平衡的
balanced amplifier 平衡放大器
balanced capacitance 平衡电容
balanced circuit 平衡电路
balanced conditions 平衡条件
balanced line 平衡线路
balanced mixer 平衡混合器
balanced, link access protocol (LAP-B) 链路存取协定平衡
balancing network 平衡网络
ball bearing 滚珠轴承
ball, solder 焊锡球
ball-bearing fan 滚珠轴承风扇
ballast 镇流管
ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计
balun 平衡-不平衡变换器
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医学就是处理及治疗预防生理疾病和提高人体生理机体健康为目的。接下来小编为大家整理医药相关词汇中英对照,希望对你有帮助哦!
forensic medicine 法医学
doctor, physician 医生,医师,内科医师
family doctor 家庭医生
pediatrician, pediatrist 儿科医师
gynecologist 妇科医师
tocologist, obstetrician 产科医师
neurologist 神经专家
psychiatrist 精神病学专家
ophthalmologist, oculist 眼科专家
dentist, odontologist 牙医师
rash, eruption 疹
spot 点,斑
pimple 丘疹,小疮
blackhead 黑头粉刺
blister 水疱
furuncle 疖
scab, boil 痂
scar 癜痕
wart 疣,肉赘
callus, callosity 胼胝
corn 鸡眼
surgeon 外科医师
anesthetist, anaesthetist 麻醉师
nurse 护士
hospital 医院
clinic 诊所
sanatorium 疗养院
health 健康
healthy (个人)健康
wholesome 合乎卫生的,有益于健康的
hygiene 卫生
to get vaccinated 接种
sick person, patient 病员,患者
to be sick, to be ill 患病
sickly 多病
ailment, complaint 疾病
pain 疼,痛
indisposition, slight illness 不适
unwell, indisposed 不适的
affection, disease 疾病
ulcer 溃疡
wound 创伤,伤口
lesion 损害
injury 损伤
chilblain 冻疮
bruise 挫伤
ecchymosis 瘀癍
bump 肿
swelling 肿胀
contusion 挫伤
sprain, twist 扭伤
fracture 骨折
symptom 症状
diagnosis 诊断
case 病例
incubation 潜伏
epidemic 流行病
contagion 传染
fever 发热
attack, access, fit 发作
coughing fit 咳嗽发作
to take to one's bed 卧床
to sneeze 打喷嚏
faint, fainting fit 晕厥
vertigo, dizziness 眩晕
to feel sick 恶心
to lose consciousness 失去知觉
concussion 震荡
coma 昏迷
diet 饮食
treatment 疗法
to get better, to improve 好转
cure 治愈
relapse 复发
Surgery 外科
anesthesia, anaesthesia 麻醉
blood transfusion 输血
probing, sounding 探通术
amputation 切断术
tracheotomy 气管切开术
trepanation 环锯术,环钻术
graft, transplant 移植
ligature 结扎
stitches 缝线
cicatrization 瘢痕形成
operating theatre 手术室 (美作:operating theater)
instruments 手术器械
bistoury, scalpel 手术刀
bandage 绷带
dressing, bandages 敷料
gauze 纱布
compress 敷布
sticking plaster 橡皮膏,胶布
catgut 肠线
plaster 石膏
sling 悬带
plastic surgery 整形手术
acupuncture 针术
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医药行业英语翻译有哪些你知道吗?下面是小编收集整理的医药行业英语翻译希望对你们有用。
Use of the Apnea Monitor 使用窒息监视器
SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENT 用品
Apnea monitor with electrodes
Material to cleanse the infant's skin 电极窒息监视器
婴儿皮肤清洁用品
PROCEDURES 操作
1. Wash hands. 洗手
2. Gather equipment. 收集用具
3. Explain to caregivers what is to be done and why. 向护工说明操作程序及目的
4. Prepare the infant's skin by making sure it is clean and dry. 婴儿皮肤准备,确保皮肤清洁干燥
5. Apply the electrodes (either to the infant or to the electrode belt, depending on the type of monitor being used). 贴电极片(根据监视器类型,将电极贴于婴儿皮肤或贴于电极带)
a. Place the electrode belt at the infant's nipple line. l 将电极带置于婴儿乳头线
b. Skin electrodes are usually best placed between the infant's nipple and armpit and may be repositioned somewhat. l 皮肤电极通常置于婴儿乳头和腋窝间,也可以置于其他部位。
6. Insert lead wires. Insert the white lead wire on the right side. Insert the black wire on the left. 插入导联线:白色导联线插右侧;黑色导联线插入左侧。
7. Insert the corresponding lead wire into the cable, and insert the cable into the monitor. The cable is usually color coded to match the lead wires. 将相应导联线与电线相接,将电线插入监视器。电线颜色通常与导联线颜色相配。
8. Attach the belt to the infant. The belt should be snug but you should be able to insert two fingers under it. 电极带固定于婴儿身上。电极带固定松紧度以能插入两个手指为宜。
9. Make sure the monitor is plugged in, the cable is attached, and the alarms are properly set. 确保监视器、电线和报警装置连接设置正常。
10. Turn on the monitor. The indicator lights should be on as well. 打开监视器。提示灯亮。
11. Settle the infant comfortably, or allow caregivers to hold and comfort their infant. 婴儿体位舒适,或由护工怀抱并安慰婴儿。
12. If the monitor alarm sounds: 如监视器报警:
a. Check the infant immediately. 立即检查婴儿;
b. Check the infant's breathing and color. If the infant is pink but not breathing, wait until the 10th beep before starting stimulation. If the infant is not pink, begin stimulation immediately. Believe observations of the infant before relying on the monitor. 检查婴儿呼吸和肤色。如肤色粉红但无呼吸,等警报器蜂鸣10下后再开始刺激。如婴儿不是粉红色,则立即开始刺激。操作时以观察结果为准,监视器显示为参考。
13. Use this stimulation sequence: Gently touch the infant; flick the infant's heel; slap the infant's foot; rub the infant's back. (Note: Be certain to teach caregivers never to shake the infant). If the child does not respond, start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). After the problem resolves, the alarm will stop. 行连续刺激:轻触婴儿,指弹婴儿脚跟,拍击婴儿足部,搓擦婴儿背部(教导护工绝不能摇晃婴儿)。如无反应,开始心肺复苏。问题解决,告警停止。
14. Press the reset button to turn off the alarm indicator. 按复位键关闭告警指示器。
15. Document and report any alarms and nursing responses. Document the infant's condition. Always note alarm settings when starting and ending any contact with the infant and at least every hour in between. 记录并报告警报及护理反应。记录婴儿病情。在开始和结束与婴儿接触时应始终注意警报器设置,每小时不少于一次。
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医药类英语翻译有哪些你知道吗?下面是小编收集整理的医药类英语翻译希望对你们有用。
A Guide to Intensive Care Unit ICU指南
This introductory guide to the critical care environment describes the ICU and the caregivers who staff it; the patients and how they are admitted, monitored, and treated; and some of the common life-support equipment. It includes a strategy for presenting your patient to your team and prepares you for the ethical issues that might confront you in the ICU. The guide also describes some of the career paths that culminate in leadership positions in critical care medicine. 危重病护理环境指南介绍了重症监护室及室内护理人员,病人与病人入院、监护和治疗方式,及一些常用的生命支持设备等内容。指南还包括如何向ICU小组介绍病人和如何作好应对ICU可能遇到的职业道德问题的心理准备,并对危重病人护理医学中提升领导职位的职业发展途径进行了描述。
ICU TYPES ICU种类
The hospital you are in today is different from the hospital your attending physician claimed as his or her environment. Lengths of stay are down, patient acuity is rising, and critical care units are proliferating. Although the health care system is changing, hospitals will always need an area to care for their sickest patients--a critical care center. The need for these units is growing as patients at all extremes of life—the most premature infants, adults with cardiovascular disease, the severely injured—are growing, both in absolute numbers and in proportion to the general population. Citizens of developed nations around the world are living--and staying active--into the ninth and tenth decades of life. When they become ill, they often require aggressive intervention to stabilize their delicate physiologic balance so they can heal. 你今天所在的医院与你主治医生所说的那种环境已大不相同。病人住院时间缩短、病人要求提高、危重护理病房不断增多。虽然健康护理系统正在不断发生变化,但医院将始终需要有一个护理最病重的病人的区域 – 一个危重病护理中心。由于处于生命极端状态病人的增多,如早产儿、成人心血管疾病患者和重伤病人等,无论是按绝对数字还是按总人口比率计算,对这些病房的需求也在增长。发达国家人口正进入到人生的90和100岁。一旦生病,他们就常常需要采取入侵性措施使他们那脆弱的生理平衡得以稳定,使疾病得以治愈。
The interventions required to manage life-threatening illnesses generally include both core supports--intensive nursing care and cardiopulmonary monitoring--as well as supports focused on the patient's particular illness. While nearly all ICUs are capable of providing a spectrum of care, many have developed a focused area of excellence: care of critically ill and injured children in the pediatric ICU (PICU); adult cardiac diseases in the coronary care unit (CCU); perioperative care, trauma care, and care of multiple organ dysfunction in the surgical ICU (SICU); care of neurological and neurosurgical patients in the neuroscience ICU; and so on. Many teaching hospitals also have graded critical care centers such as intermediate care units and telemetry units where patients who require more than ward care can benefit from specific monitoring and intervention. 威胁生命的疾病的处理措施包括核心支持—重症护理和心肺监护—及以病人特定疾病为重点的支持措施。尽管几乎所有的ICU都能够提供整套的护理,但很多ICU都有自己 重点关注的强项:儿科ICU(PICU)危重病及受伤儿童的护理;冠心病监护室的成人心脏病护理;外科ICU(SICU)的围手术期护理、外伤护理和多种器官功能障碍的护理等;神经科ICU的神经和神经外科病人护理;等等。很多教学医院也有不同等级的危重病护理中心,如过渡监护治疗病房和远程治疗病房等。需要病房外护理的病人可以从远程治疗特殊的监护和介入中受益。
The ICU Team ICU小组
The more things get busy, the more you will appreciate that each team member in the ICU has a specific role.
The team leader is a physician. Students typically are assigned to train in intensive care units where the team leader is an intensivist physician who has received advanced training in the art and science of critical care medicine. In North America, added qualifications in critical care medicine are obtained after board certification in a primary specialty such as pediatrics, internal medicine, surgery, or anesthesiology. Many countries have established critical care medicine as an independent specialty.
Irrespective of the training pathway, your team leader embraces the philosophy of critical care medicine, namely that a physician-led, multidisciplinary team can provide optimal care to the critically ill patient. 事情越忙,你就越能体会每个ICU成员所起的特殊作用。
ICU小组长是一位医生。在指定的医学生实习重症监护室里,ICU组长通常是一个重症专科医生,他在危重病人护理医学方面受过高级培训。在北美地区,额外的危重病护理医学资格是在其有了基本的专科证书---如儿科、内科、外科或麻醉科等专科资格证书---后获得的。很多国家已将危重病护理医学设为一个独立的专业科室。
不管组长接受的是何种途径的培训,他都会掌握危重病护理医学的基本原理,也就是说,一个由医生领导的多学科小组能够向危重病人提供最佳的护理。
The term "multidisciplinary" refers not only to other physicians who may participate as consultants or coattendings in the ICU, but also to the other health care professionals who work side by side, around the clock in the ICU. The most numerous of these are the critical care nurses, many of whom also have advanced training and certification in critical care and are recognized as CCRNs. Some have achieved even greater recognition and responsibility. They are the acute care nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists who complement the physician staff in establishing plans, writing orders, and directing management. Physician assistants also provide care in the ICU. “多学科”一词并不仅仅是指以会诊医师或合作主治医师身份加入ICU的其他医生,它同时也指在ICU内并肩工作24小时的其他卫生保健专业人员,人数最多的是重症监护护士。这些护士多数在重症护理方面受过高级培训,并获得相应的证书,是公认的“重症监护注册护士”。有些护士所获得的认可不尽于此,他们的职责也更重大。他们是急症护理医生和临床护理专家,也可以制定计划、写医嘱和指导治疗,是医生的补充。医生助理也提供ICU护理。
Respiratory therapists are experts in many forms of pulmonary diagnosis and intervention. In addition to operating the mechanical ventilator, therapists often obtain and analyze arterial blood for blood gases and test patients' breathing strength by obtaining forced vital capacity, negative inspiratory pressure, and other parameters. In some hospitals, respiratory therapists perform endotracheal intubation in addition to supporting ventilation with "bag-and-mask" devices. The ICU team typically includes a pharmacist who helps you review medication profiles and determine if your patient is predisposed to side effects or drug interactions.
The pharmacist will help you calculate clearance rates from measured drug levels and plan dosing schedules for many of the medications used in the ICU. 呼吸治疗师是多种肺病诊断和治疗的专家,除了使用机械呼吸机外,这些治疗师常常获取并分析动脉血气,通过用力肺活量、负压吸气及其他参数测试病人的呼吸力。在一些医院,呼吸治疗师除了用“袋-面罩”装置支持通气外也施行气管内插管。一个典型的ICU小组都有一个药剂师,他帮助护士评估药物性质,确定病人是否会诱发副作用或药物相互作用。
药剂师根据测得的药物浓度帮助你计算药物清除率,为ICU使用的多种药物计划给药方案。
The team also typically includes someone who is an expert in nutrition support such as a dietitian who has advanced training in enteral (gut) and parenteral (intravenous) nutritional support strategies and pitfalls. Other important members of the ICU team are the medical social worker, who provides ongoing psychosocial assessments and support; representatives of the chaplaincy staff, who are available on call to offer spiritual support to patients, families, and ICU staff members; and a unit secretary, who manages administrative tasks such as reception, telecommunications, and chart maintenance. In addition, the ICU staff generally includes many other trainees who are there to learn with you such as fellows, residents, nursing students, and dietetics students. 典型的ICU小组还会包括一位营养专家,如在肠道和非肠道(静脉内)营养支持方法及缺陷方面受过高级培训的营养师等。ICU小组其他重要成员有医务社会工作者,他为病人提供不断的心理社会评估和支持;牧师代表,可以随时招他为病人、家属和ICU成员提供精神上的帮助;以及一位病房秘书,处理一些行政性工作,如接待、联系及图表保管。此外,ICU成员通常包括其他很多在此学习的实习人员,如同行、居民、护生及营养学学生等。
The Patients ICU病人
Patients are admitted to the intensive care unit either because they require high-intensity monitoring and life support by specially trained health care providers or because they require high-intensity nursing care that cannot be provided on a general medical or surgical ward. As noted previously, surgical patients are admitted to the surgical intensive care unit and medical patients to the medical or coronary intensive care units.
Many surgical patients are admitted with medical problems such as pneumonia or sepsis. 病人进入ICU,不是因为需要由经过特殊训练的健康护理人员进行高强度监护和生命支持,就是因为他们所需要的高强度护理是其他变通内科或外科病房所无法提供的。如前所述,外科病人进入外科ICU,内科病人进入内科或冠状病ICU。许多外科病人住进来时都会有内科疾病,如肺炎、浓毒症等。
Patients come to the ICU from several areas:l Operating room (OR) or post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) -- Surgical patients who require invasive monitoring, mechanical ventilation, or resuscitation after surgery may be transported directly to the ICU from the OR or the PACU after a period of observation. Such direct transport is considered a transfer from one critical care area to another. Therefore, their ICU management is a continuation of care that they received from the anesthesiology team in the operating room or PACU. ICU病人来自下例科室:手术室(OR)或麻醉后监护病房(RACU)—术后需要侵入性监测、机械通气或复苏的病人在经过一段观察后可以直接从手术室或麻醉后监护病房送到ICU,这种直接运送方式也就是由一个危重病护理区转到另一个危重病护理区,因此,其ICU处理只是OR或PACU麻醉小组护理的继续。
l Emergent care center (ECC) or emergency room -- Medical, surgical, trauma, or burn patients can be admitted to the ICU from the ECC or emergency room. These patients typically undergo a series of diagnostic tests prior to their transfer, and the etiology of their illness may or may not be known by the time they come to the ICU. They are admitted to manage their acute illness. 急诊护理中心(ECC)或急诊室—内科、外科、创伤或灼伤病人可以由ECC或急诊室收住ICU。这些病人在转来之前通常都做过一系列的诊断检查,到ICU时,其病因可能已经知道,也可能还不知道。他们住进ICU是因为有急病要处理。
l Medical or surgical ward -- Patients may be admitted to the ICU from a general medical or surgical ward. These are patients who were initially stable but who developed respiratory distress, low blood pressure, shock, cardiopulmonary arrest, or other physiologic instabilities on the ward. They require aggressive resuscitation, treatment, and invasive monitoring and are transferred to the ICU for closer observation, more frequent measurement of vital signs, invasive monitoring, or mechanical ventilation. 内科或外科病房—病人可以从普通内科或外科病房收住ICU。这些病人开始时的病情都很稳定,但在病房时发生了呼吸窘迫、低血压、休克、心肺停止或其他的生理不稳定情况,需要超常规的复苏、治疗和侵入性监护,转到ICU进行更密切的观察、增加生命体征测量、采取侵入性监护或进行机械通气。
l Other facilities -- Patients may also be transferred from another facility that does not have the resources to provide the level or type of care they require. 其他机构—病人也可以从另一个机构转到这里,因为该机构没法提供所需的护理。
Common Reasons for Admission to the ICU:l Respiratory compromise--Patients with respiratory distress, manifested either as an inability to oxygenate or an inability to ventilate, are transferred to the ICU for supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation. Etiologies of respiratory distress are numerous and include pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary embolism, and exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease. ICU入院常见原因呼吸系统损伤—呼吸窘迫病人可表现为无法氧合或通气不能,转到ICU就是为了补充氧气、机械通气。呼吸窘迫病因很多,包括肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合症、肺栓塞和慢性阻塞性肺部疾病等。
l Hemodynamic compromise--Patients with hemodynamic instability are admitted for management of arrhythmias, hypotension, or hypertension. Patients with hypotension are typically resuscitated with fluid or medications (e.g., vasopressors or inotropes) to increase vascular tone. If a predetermined minimal mean blood pressure cannot be maintained, or if the patient has signs of inadequate oxygen delivery to the tissues (i.e., altered mental status, decreased urine output, cool skin, and lactic acidosis), a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) may be inserted to monitor cardiac output. Measurements obtained from the PAC aid the clinician in deciding, for example, whether to treat the patient with more fluids to improve preload—the filling pressure of the left ventricle--or to initiate inotropes to improve contractility. In these instances, an arterial catheter is often inserted to monitor systemic blood pressure continuously. Patients with severe hypertension are generally managed with titratable intravenous medications. 血液动力学功能损伤—血液动力学功能不稳病人收住ICU以处理心律失常、低血压或高血压。低血压病人主要是通过液体或药物进行复苏(如血管升压类药物或收缩性药物),增加血管张力。如果无法保持预定的最低平均血压,如果病人出现组织供氧不足症状(如精神状态改变、排尿量减少、皮肤发冷和乳酸性酸中毒),就可能需要施行肺动脉导管(PAC)以监测心排血量。PAC测量结果可以帮助临床医生作出决定,如是否需要增加输液改善前负荷—即左室充盈压—或使用收缩性药物以提高收缩性。在上术情况中,常常要通过插入动脉导管来连续监测体循环血压。有严重高血压的病人通常采用可滴定静脉给药法进行处理。
l Myocardial ischemia or infarction -- Patients with inadequate oxygen delivery to their myocardium are admitted for the management of angina and myocardial infarction. They may require titration of nitroglycerin, beta blockers, and morphine. Each medication can result in further complications such as hypotension, decreased heart rate, bronchospasm, or decreased respiratory drive, respectively. These patients are often candidates for thrombolytic agents and cardiac catheterization. The goal of admission, to reverse ischemia and minimize myocardial injury, requires close monitoring and rapid intervention. 心肌缺血或梗死—心肌供氧不足病人入院处理心绞痛或心肌梗死。这些病人可能需要甘油滴定、β-阻止剂或吗啡。每种药物都可能导致进一步的并发症,如低血压、心率减慢、支气管痉挛或呼吸动力减弱等。这些病人常常是血栓溶解剂和心导管插管的使用对象。收治目的是逆转心肌缺血减少心肌损伤,这需要密切的监护,并迅速采取措施。
l Neurological compromise -- Patients with alterations in mental status are admitted to the ICU for frequent neurologic checks. If their condition deteriorates, they may need to have an endotracheal tube placed to protect their airway. 神经损伤—精神状态变化病人住进ICU进行频繁的神经检查。如果病情恶化,就可能需要放置气管内插管以保护气道。
l Gastrointestinal -- Patients with life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding are admitted to treat hypotension with IV fluids, blood and blood products. Diagnostic tests such as endoscopy will likely be performed to locate and treat the source of bleeding in unstable patients in the ICU. 胃肠—出现危及性命的胃肠出血病人住进ICU,通过IV输液、全血或血液制品治疗低血压。有可能在ICU通过内窥镜之类的诊断检查来定位和治疗不稳定病人的出血。
l Renal and metabolic -- Patients may be admitted for treatment of the complications of renal failure, including acidosis, volume overload, and electrolyte abnormalities. More often, patients develop renal failure in the ICU secondary to hypotension and sepsis. Treatment with careful attention to acid-base balance, electrolytes, and volume status is provided in the ICU. Other metabolic crises, such as hypercalcemia, unrelated to renal failure, may result in a patient's admission to the ICU. 肾和代谢问题—病人入院也可能是为了治疗肾衰引发的各种并发症,包括酸中毒、容量过度负荷、电解质异常等。更常见的情况是,病人在ICU时因低血压和脓毒症而继发肾衰。ICU治疗时应密切注意酸碱平衡、电解质和容积状况。其他代谢性危象如高钙血症等,尽管与肾衰无关,但也可能导致病人收住 ICU
l Postoperative -- There are many reasons for admitting patients to the ICU. They may still be on a ventilator, or they may have other invasive monitoring. They may have a history of coronary artery disease and therefore be at risk for a perioperative MI. They may have had extensive bleeding and require frequent observation. They may have had an extensive surgical procedure, including open-heart surgery, organ transplantation, vascular surgery, or general abdominal surgery. Each surgical intervention has specific perioperative issues that require observation and treatment in the ICU. Patients with trauma, orthopedic injuries, and extensive thermal injuries are also admitted to ICUs. 术后—很多原因可以使病人住进ICU。他们可能仍在使用呼吸机,也可能是在接受其他入侵性监测。他们可能有冠状动脉疾病史,因此有围手术期心肌梗死危险。病人也可能有大出血,需要密切观察。病人可能接受过大型外科手术,如开胸手术、器管移植、血管手术、或腹部手术。每次手术都有特定的围手术期问题需要在ICU进行观察和治疗。创伤、骨伤和大面积热损伤病人也会收住ICU。
Transporting the Patient to the ICUOnce it is clear that a patient requires management in the intensive care unit, the ICU personnel should be notified. An attending, fellow, or resident should call the ICU charge nurse and indicate the patient's name, illness, reason for transfer to the ICU, and immediate plans for treatment. Alerting the staff in the ICU prior to patient transport allows them to prepare for the patient's arrival. Advance communication with the ICU physician ensures that the appropriate support is available when the patient arrives. It is essential that the appropriate personnel, equipment, and monitors are available for all transfers to the ICU. 运送病人到ICU一旦明确病人需要由ICU处理,就应通知ICU医护人员。由主治医师、普通医生或住院医师呼叫ICU主管护师,弄清病人的姓名、疾病、转室原因,立即制订治疗计划。在病人送到前提醒ICU工作人员可以使他们为病人到来作好准备。事先与ICU医师沟通可确保病人到达时得到合适的支持。使转到ICU的所有病人都有合适的人手、器械和监护,这一点极为重要。
The Equipment 设 备
The vast array of technology present in an average patient's room can be overwhelming. Even the beds have become incredibly complex, costing tens of thousands of dollars and requiring detailed operating instructions. It is stressful enough just to be in the room of a patient who is critically ill, let alone to cope with the anxiety that the equipment might alarm or malfunction and require an intervention. In reality, the machines in the ICU have many fail-safe backup systems so that mechanical failure is rare. Furthermore, devices that require more supervision are usually accompanied by an individual with expertise, such as a cardiac technician for an intra-aortic balloon pump or a hemodialysis technician for a hemodialysis machine. Respiratory therapists are in close proximity to patients' rooms and intervene quickly if a mechanical ventilator alarms or malfunctions. The best way to resolve anxiety is to become familiar with all of the different devices. 普通病人病房里的技术多得使人晕头转向,连床铺也复杂得令人难以置信,不但要花数万美元,还要有详细的操作说明。在危重病人病房里就已够紧张的了,更不用说还要应付器械告警或故障需要处理这样令人焦虑的事。在现实中,ICU机器都有很多故障保险备份系统,因此,出现机械故障的可能性很小。而且,需要监督的装置通常都由专业人员看着,如由心脏科技师负责主动脉内气囊泵或血透技师负责血液透析机等。呼吸治疗师离病人房间很近,一旦机械呼吸机告警或故障,他可以很快进行处理。减轻焦虑的最佳方法是熟悉各种装置。
Bedside monitorsAll patients are connected to a bedside monitor whose screen displays several parameters. Channels I and II typically display two EKG leads providing continuous monitoring of the patient's heart rhythm. The patient's blood pressure is displayed either continuously from a catheter in the patient's arterial system or intermittently from an automatically inflating blood pressure cuff on channel III. The arterial line allows beat-to-beat measurement of blood pressure. An A-line is also inserted in patients who require numerous arterial blood gases in order to avoid repeated punctures. 床边监测仪所有病人都接有一个床边监测仪,它可以显示多种参数。其中通道I、II 主要显示两台EKG 导联仪,对病人心律进行连续监测。病人血压监测有连续和间断两种,前者通过病人动脉系统插管监测,后者通过通道III自动充气血压袖带监测。动脉插管可以测量每一搏动的血压情况,它可以用于需要大量动脉血气的病人,避免重复穿刺。
Patients may have a central venous catheter placed in the superior vena cava through the internal jugular or subclavian vein. A central venous catheter allows measurement of central venous pressure (CVP). The CVP serves as an estimate of the patient's volume status. Central lines are also used to rapidly infuse fluid and to administer substances that cannot be infused into a peripheral vein such as hypertonic parenteral fluids and medications such as vasopressors. 病人也可以经由颈内静脉或锁骨下静脉放置上腔静脉中心静脉插管,测定中心静脉压(CVP),由此估计病人的容积状态。中心静脉插管也可用于快速输液和给药。一些周围静脉难以输入的药物或液体,如高渗非肠道液体、血管升压类药物等,都可以通过该插管输入。
When more data about a patient's hemodynamic physiology is required, a pulmonary artery catheter can be inserted and advanced through the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. The PAC allows continuous display of pulmonary artery pressure, and variables such as cardiac output and pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, or wedge pressure, can be intermittently obtained. The "wedge pressure" is a measurement that reflects the patient's preload. The catheter is used to diagnose and manage hemodynamic instability. 如需要更多的病人血液动力生理学资料,就可以施行肺动脉插管(PAC),经由右室插入肺动脉。PAC可以连续显示肺动脉压及其他多种变量,如心排血量,也可以间断性显示肺动脉闭塞压或楔压。楔压反映了病人的前负荷情况,插管用于诊断和处理血液动力学的不稳定性。
The respiratory rate and the pulse oximeter reading, which indicates the patient's oxygen saturation, are also displayed on the monitor. The pulse oximeter is a noninvasive monitor attached to the patient's finger or earlobe to measure oxygen saturation continuously. Bedside monitors can be set to alarm for bradycardia or tachycardia, hypotension or hypertension, tachypnea, and/or oxygen desaturation. 监测仪还可显示呼吸频率和脉氧值。脉氧仪显示病人氧饱和度,这是一种非侵入式监测仪,套在病人指头或耳垂上连续监测氧饱和度。经过设置,床边监测仪可以警示下列情况:心动过缓或过速,低或高血压、呼吸急促和/或氧减饱和。
Mechanical ventilatorsPatients are mechanically ventilated for several reasons. If they are unable to protect their airway due to encephalopathy or massive stroke, they may be intubated (have an endotracheal tube placed through their mouth or nose into the trachea) to minimize the possibility of aspiration. If they have refractory hypoxemia (low oxygen saturation that does not respond to oxygen delivered by face mask), the ventilator will allow higher concentrations of FIO2 to be delivered to the alveoli, and pressure can be delivered through the ventilator to open alveoli that have collapsed. If they have respiratory failure and are unable to take adequate tidal volume, the ventilator can deliver a preselected tidal volume and respiratory rate. Patients remain on the ventilator until the underlying disease is resolved. When this occurs, the doctors and respiratory therapists begin the process of decreasing, or "weaning," ventilator support until the endotracheal tube can be removed, a process known as extubation. 机械呼吸机病人因多种原因需要进行机械通气。如果病人因脑病或大面积中风无法保护气道,这时就需要插管(即经口或鼻施行气管内插管),最大限度地减少抽吸可能性。如果病人有难治性低氧血症(低氧饱和度,面罩供氧无效),呼吸机就可以将高浓度的吸入氧输送到肺泡,并通过呼吸机输送的压力张开塌陷的肺泡。如果病人呼吸衰竭潮气量不足,呼吸机就可以按预先设置的潮气量和呼吸率进行输送。在疾病消失前,病人都要使用呼吸机。如要除去呼吸机,医生和呼吸治疗师通常要先逐渐减少或“断奶”呼吸机支持,最后才拨掉气管内插管,即拨管。
Other common devicesIntravenous medication pumps allow the nursing staff to titrate medications; Foley catheters and urine collection bags aid in monitoring urine output; sequential compression devices squeeze the lower extremities and reduce the incidence of deep venous thrombosis; transvenous pacemakers stimulate the patient's heart to beat; dialysis machines remove fluid and correct electrolyte and acid-base disturbances; intraaortic balloon pumps assist the heart's contractility; and neurologic monitoring systems measure intracranial pressure. 其他常用装置静脉内给药泵由普通护士用于滴定药物;弗利氏导管和集尿袋帮助监测排尿量;连续压迫装置挤压下肢,减少深部静脉血栓形成;经静脉起搏器刺激病人心脏跳动;透析仪除去液体,纠正电解质和酸碱紊乱;主动脉内气囊泵支持心脏收缩;神经病学监测系统测定颅内压。
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医药学英语翻译有哪些你知道吗?下面是小编收集整理的医药学英语翻译希望对你们有用。
Resuscitation 复苏术
Assessment 评估
Assess the client's unresponsiveness by shaking the client and shouting, "Are you OK?" 摇病人或呼叫病人,评估病人反应程度。
Implementation 实施
1. Activate the emergency medical services according to hospital policy and procedure 根据医院规定和操作程序起动急诊治疗。
2. Observe for chest movement; listen and feel for breaths. 观察胸部有无运动,听、感觉病人呼吸。
3. If client is breathing and no trauma is present, place client in the recovery position. 如病人有呼吸、无外伤,将病人置于恢复位。
4. If no respirations are detected, call for assistance. 如无呼吸,寻求协助。
5. Place victim on hard surface, such as floor or ground, or use the backboard found on the resuscitation cart or the headboard of the hospital bed. If the client must be moved to the supine position, use the log-rolling technique to maintain spinal integrity. 将患者置于硬面上,如地板或地面,或采用救护车上的底板或病床床头板。如需将病人移至仰卧位,可采用滚木手法以保持脊柱完整。
6. Correctly position for resuscitative efforts. 复苏时正确体位:
A. One-person rescue: face client while kneeling parallel to the client's sternum. 单人救护:面向病人,跪膝与病人胸骨平行。
B. Two-person rescue: one person faces client while kneeling parallel to the client's head. Second person is on the opposite side parallel to the client's sternum. 双人救护:一人面向病人,跪膝与病人头部平行;一人于病人另一侧,与病人胸骨平行。
7. Open the airway. 打开气道
A. If no head or neck trauma is suspected, use the head-tilt, chin-lift method. 如无头世颈外伤,可采用侧头、抬头举颏法。
B. If head or neck trauma is suspected, use the jaw-thrust maneuver only. Grasp angles of client's lower jaw and lift with both hands, displacing the mandible forward. 如疑有头或颈部外伤,只能采用双手托颌法。双手抓住病人下巴尖,抬起,按住前额后仰。
8. Mouth-to-mouth artificial respirations: 口对口人工呼吸
A. Adult: 成人
a. Pinch client's nose with thumb and index finger and occlude mouth with rescuer's mouth or use CPR pocket mask. Attempt two slow breaths, 1 1/2 to 2 sec per breath. 用拇指和食指捏住病人鼻子,抢救者张口封住病人口唇,也可使用CPR袖珍面罩。先行两次慢呼吸,每呼吸1.2至2秒。
b. The rescuer should take a breath after each ventilation. 每次人工呼吸后抢救者都应吸一口气。
c. Allow the client to exhale between breaths. 两次呼吸间应允许病人呼气。
d. Continue with 12 breaths per minute. 继续人工呼吸,每分钟12次。
B. Child (1 to 8 years of age): 儿童(1-8岁)
a. Pinch the victim's nose tightly with thumb and forefinger. Place rescuer's mouth or CPR pocket mask over client's mouth, forming an airtight seal. Give two slow breaths, 1 to 1 1/2 sec per breath. 用手指和食指捏紧患者鼻子。抢救者用口或CPR袖珍面罩封住病人口唇,形成一个密闭气道。先行两次慢呼吸,每次1-1,5秒钟。
b. Pause after the first breath to take a breath. 每一次呼吸后稍停,吸气。
c. Continue with 20 breaths per minute. 继续人工呼吸,每分钟20次。
C. Infant: 婴儿
a. Place the rescuer's mouth over the infant's nose and mouth, forming an airtight seal. 抢救者口封住患儿鼻、口,形成一密闭气道。
b. Give two breaths slowly at 1 to 1 1/2 sec per breath. 行两次慢呼吸,每呼吸1-1.5秒。
9. Continue with 20 breaths per minute. 继续呼吸,每分钟20次。
10. Ambu bag artificial respirations: 急救袋人式呼吸
All ages: 所有年龄
A. Connect oxygen supply tubing to Ambu bag and oxygen flowmeter. Adjust oxygen to 100% FiO2 or ordered rate. 将供氧管与急救袋和流量计相连,将氧气调节至100%吸氧浓度分数或规定速度。
B. Insert oropharyngeal airway. 插入口咽导气管。
C. Position the face mask of the Ambu bag over the client's mouth and nose. 将急救袋面罩置于患儿口、鼻。
D. Give slow breaths by squeezing the bag. 捏挤急救袋行慢呼吸。
E. Allow time for client to exhale. 留出病人呼气时间。
11. If ventilation attempt is unsuccessful, reposition the client's head and reattempt rescue breathing again. If ventilation attempt remains unsuccessful, the airway may be obstructed by a foreign body that will need to be removed. 如人工勇气失败,重新放置病人头部,再次开始抢救呼吸。如再次失败,气道可能有异物堵塞,需要去除异物。
12. Suction secretions as needed or turn client's head to the side if no trauma is suspected. 必要时吸痰或将病人头侧向一侧(如无损伤)。
13. Check for the presence of carotid pulse in adult and child or brachial pulse in infant. Feel for 3 to 5 sec. 检查脉搏:成人及儿童测颈动脉,婴儿测臂动脉。3-5秒。
14. If no pulse, initiate chest compressions. 如无脉搏,行胸外按压法。
A. Adult: Place heel of hands, one atop the other, on lower third of the sternum. Lock elbows and maintain shoulders in line with sternum. 成人:两手相叠,手掌放于第三胸骨处。双肘关节伸直双肩与胸骨对齐。
B. Child: Place the heel of one hand on the lower half of the sternum. 儿童:将一手掌根放于下1/2胸骨处。
C. Infant: Place two or three fingers on the lower half of the sternum just below the level of the infant's nipples. 婴儿:将2-3根手指放于下1/2胸骨处,婴儿乳头下方。
15. Compress chest downward to proper depth and then release. Maintain constant contact with skin. 向下按压胸部至适当深度,放松。始终保持与皮肤接触。
A. Adult: 1 1/2 to 2 inches ( 4 to 5 cm) 成人:按压时下陷1.5至2吋(4-5 cm)
B. Child:1 to 1 1/2 inches (2.5 to 4 cm) 儿童:按压时下陷1至1.5吋(2.5-4 cm)
C. Infant:1/2 to 1 inch (1 to 2.5 cm) 婴儿:按压时下陷0.5-1吋(1-2.5 cm)
16. Maintain correct ratio proportionate to number of rescuers: 按抢救人数保持正确速度。
One rescuer: 15 compressions, 2 breaths 单人:2次呼吸按压15下
Two rescuers: 5 compressions, 1 breath 双人:1次呼吸按压5下
A. Adult: minimum of 80 to 100 compressions per min 成人:最少80-100次/分
B. Child: minimum of 100 compressions per min 儿童:最少100次/分
C. Infant: minimum of 100 compressions per min 婴儿:最少100次/分
17. Continue artificial respiration. 继续人工呼吸
18. Monitor the adequacy of the compressions during two-rescuer CPR with palpation of the carotid (adult, child) or brachial (infant) pulse during compressions. 双人胸外按压时扪摸颈动脉(成人或儿童)或臂动脉(婴儿)监测按压是否适当。
19. Continue CPR until the rescuer is relieved, client regains cardiopulmonary function independently, or physician directs that CPR be discontinued. 继续行CPR,直到有人替换,或病人恢复自主心肺功能,或医生指示中止CPR。
20. Use Completion Protocol. 采用标准完成程序。
Identify Unexpected Outcomes and Nursing Interventions 确认意外结果与护理措施。
Record and Report 记录与报告
1. Onset of arrest. 停搏时间
2. Location. 部位
3. Actions taken. 采取的行动
4. Client response. 病人反应
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医药英语翻译有哪些你知道吗?下面是小编收集整理的医药英语翻译希望对你们有用。
Preoperative Assessment 术前评估
Assessment and Implementation 评估实施
1. Use Standard Protocol. 采用标准护理程序
2. Determine if the client has any communication impairment and if the client is mentally competent. 测定病人存在沟通障碍,心智是否健全。
3. Assess the client's understanding of the intended surgery and anesthesia. 评估病人是否了解即将进行的手术及麻醉。
4. Obtain a nursing history: 获取护理史
A. Condition leading to surgery 需手术的病情
B. The need for isolation precautions. 隔离需要
C. Chronic illnesses. 慢性疾病
D. Last menstrual period (for female clients in childbearing years). 末次月经(育龄期女性病人)
E. Previous hospitalizations. 既往住院史
F. Medication history, including prescription and over-the-counter (OTC), and date/time of last doses. 用药史,包括处方与非处方药,末次用药日期/时间
G. Previous experience with surgery and anesthesia. 既往手术及麻醉史
H. Family history of complications from surgery or anesthesia. 家庭手术或麻醉并发症史
I. Allergies to medications or food, including specific questions about natural rubber latex. 药物或食物过敏史,包括天然橡胶特种过敏反应
J. Physical impairment. 身体受损情况
K. Prostheses and implants (e.g., dentures, hearing aid, pacemaker, internal defibrillator, hip prosthesis) 假体和移植(如义齿、助听器、起搏器、除颤器、人工髋关节)
L. Smoking, alcohol, and drug use. 吸烟、饮酒和吸毒史
M. Occupation 职业
5. Assess client's weight, height, and vital signs. 评估病人体重、身高和生命体征。
6. Assess client's respiratory status, including character and rate of respirations, oxygen saturation, ability to breathe lying flat, and chest x-ray report. 评估病人呼吸系统状况,包括呼吸特征与速度,氧饱和度,平卧呼吸能力及胸片。
7. Assess client's circulatory status, including apical pulse, electrocardiogram (ECG) report, and peripheral pulses. 评估病人循环系统状况,包括心尖搏动、心电图和周围脉搏。
8. Determine client's neurological status, including level of consciousness (LOC). 测定病人神经学状况,包括神志清醒程度。
9. Assess client's musculoskeletal system, including range of motion (ROM) of joints. 评估病人肌骨骼系统,包括关节活动度。
10. Examine client's skin; identify any breaks in skin integrity and determine level of hydration. 检查病人皮肤,确认皮肤完整性受损情况,确定水合程度。
11. Assess client's emotional status, including level of anxiety, coping ability, and family support. 评估病人情绪状况,包括焦虑程度、应对能力和家庭支援。
12. Review the results of laboratory tests, including complete blood count (CBC), electrolytes, urinalysis, and other diagnostic tests. 审查化验报告,包括全血计数、电解质、尿检和其他诊断试验。
13. Ask if client has an advanced directive. 询问病人是否得到事先说明。
14. Identify the time of client's last intake of food or drink. 确认病人上次摄食与饮水时间。
15. Use Completion Protocol. 采用护理完成标准程序。
Evaluation 评价
1. Review records to determine if necessary information has been assessed. 复查记录,确定必需项目是否得到评估。
2. Evaluate client's ability to cooperate. 评价病人合作能力。
Identify Unexpected Outcomes and Nursing Interventions 确认意外结果与护理措施
Record and Report 记录与报告
1. Using agency format (preoperative checklist), complete all essential information. 采用机构表格(术前目录单),填写全部重要信息。
2. Report abnormal laboratory values and other concerns to the surgeon or anesthesiologist. 向手术医生或麻醉师报告异常化验值及其他问题。
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医药专业英语翻译有哪些你知道吗?下面是小编收集整理的医药专业英语翻译希望对你们有用。
Crutch Walking 拐杖行走
Crutches are often needed to increase a client's mobility. The use of crutches may be temporary (such as after ligament damage to the knee) or permanent (as with paralysis of the lower extremities). It is important that crutches be measured for the appropriate length and that clients be taught how to use them correctly. 为增加病人活动能力,常常需要用到拐杖。使用拐杖可能是临时的(如膝韧带损伤时),也可以是永久性的(如出现下肢瘫痪情况)。重要的是,拐杖应长短要测量适度,并教会病人如何正确使用拐杖。
Potential Nursing DiagnosesClient data derived during the assessment reveal defining characteristics to support the following nursing diagnoses in clients requiting this skill:
Impaired physical mobility
High risk for injury 潜在的护理诊断:
同坐位:
躯体活动障碍,
有受伤的危险
EquipmentTape measure
Goniometer
Rubber crutch tips
Wooden crutches 用具:
卷尺、测角仪、拐杖橡胶端头,木手杖。
STEPS 步骤及说明
1. Wash hands.
* Reduces transmission of microorganisms. 1.洗手
* 减少微生物传播
2. Measure for crutch length: 3 to 4 finger widths from axilla to a point 15 cm (6 inches) lateral to client's heel is standard
* Ensures that crutches are individualized to client's height. 2.测定拐杖高度:标准为:腋下3-4指宽处至病人脚跟向外15cm(6时)处的长度。
* 确保拐杖适合每个病人身高度。
3. Position crutch handgrips with elbows flexed at 20- to 25-degree angle. Ankle of elbow flexion should be verified by goniometer
* Prevents client's body weight from being supported by quduwen, which would result in nerve damage. 3.屈肘20-25度,放好拐杖把手;屈肘角度应用测角仪确定
* 避免病人体重的腋窝支撑,否则会导致神经损害。
4. Verify that distance between crutch pad and axilla is 3 to 4 finger widths
* Prevents axillary skin breakdown secondary to pressure from crutch pad. 4.核实拐杖垫与腋窝间有3-4指宽的距离
* 避免因拐杖垫压迫而引起腋窝皮肤裂开。
5. Instruct client to assume tripod stance. Tripod stance is formed when crutches are placed 15 cm (6 inches) in front and 15 cm to side of each foot
* Improves balance by providing wider base of support. No weight should be borne by quduwen. 5.指导病人采三角站立姿势。三角站立姿势;拐杖置于体前方15cm、离脚跟15cm的交接处
* 增加支撑面宽度,改善平衡。不得将体重压在腋窝。
6. Teach client one of four crutch-walking gaits. (Darkened areas on Figs. 28 to 30 represent weight-bearing areas):
* Allows client to ambulate safely. Specific type of gait chosen depends on client's impairment and physician's order. 6.教会病人使用四种持拐杖步行法中的一种
* 使病人行走安全。选用何种步法取决于病人的损伤情况及医生医嘱。
l Four-point alternating, or four-point gait, gives stability to client but requires weight bearing on both legs. Each leg is moved alternately with each crutch so three points of support are on floor at all times 四点轮替或四点法:采用本步法可使病人稳定,但要求将体重落于双腿。两腿随拐杖交替移动,因此,地面始终留下三个支撑点
l Three-point alternating, or three-point gait, requires client to bear all weight on one foot. Weight is borne on uninvolved leg, then on both crutches, and the sequence is repeated. Affected leg does not touch ground during early phase of three-point gait. Gradually client progresses to touchdown and full weight bearing on affected leg 三点轮替或三点步态:要求病人单脚承受全部体重。先由未受伤一脚承担全部体重,然后移至双拐,以此类推。在三点步法的初期,伤腿不接触地面。经过一段时间后,病人慢慢触地,直至全部体重移至患腿
l Two-point gait requires at least partial weight bearing on each foot. Client moves each crutch at same time as opposing leg so crutch movements are similar to arm motion during normal walking 两点步法:本法要求伤腿至少承担部分体重。病人在移动拐杖的同时移动相对的一条腿。拐杖运动正好与正常行走时的手臂运动相同
l Swing-through, or swing-to gait is frequently used by paraplegics who wear weight-supporting braces on their legs. With weight on supported legs, the client places crutches one stride in front and then swings to or through them while they support his weight. 迈越步/摇摆步态:本法通常用于双腿带有承重梏具的截瘫病人。先将体重落于支撑腿,病人随即将拐杖前移一步,然后,在双拐支撑体重时病人顺势向前摆动,越过拐杖。
7. Teach client to ascend and descend on stairs:
* Reduces risk of further damage to musculoskeletal system and risk of falling. 7.教病人上、下楼梯:
* 减少进一步损伤肌肉骨骼系统的危险及摔倒危险。
Ascend
l Assume a tripod position.
l Transfer body weight to crutches
l Advance unaffected leg between crutches and stair.
l Shift weight from crutches to unaffected leg
l Align both crutches on stair 上楼:
a.采三足鼎立位。
b.将体重移至拐杖
c.将未受伤腿前进至拐杖和楼梯之间。
d.将体重从拐杖移至未受伤腿
e. 调整双拐,使其处于同一直线
Descend
l Transfer body weight to unaffected leg
l Place crutches on stair and begin to transfer body weight to crutches, moving affected leg forward
l Align unaffected leg on stair with crutches 下楼:
a.将体重移至未受伤腿
b. 将双拐置于楼梯,开始将体重移至双拐,受伤腿向前移动
c. 调整楼梯上的受伤腿,使其与双拐成一直线
8. Teach client how to sit in chair and how to get up from chair:
* Provides safe method of sitting in and getting up from chair. Reduces further damage to client's musculoskeletal system and the risk of falling. 8. 教会病人如何在椅子上起坐。
* 提供安全的椅上起坐方法,减少病人肌肉骨骼系统进一步损伤及摔倒危险。
Sitting
l Client positioned at center front of chair with posterior aspects of legs touching chair
l Client holds both crutches in hand opposite affected leg. If both legs are affected, crutches are held in hand on client's strong side
l Client grasps arm of chair with other hand and lowers body into chair
Getting up
l Perform three steps above in reverse order. 坐:
a.病人位于椅子前面中央,两腿后面接触椅子
b.病人将双拐握于受伤腿对侧的手中。如双腿受伤,双拐应握于病人较为健康一侧的手中。
d. 病人用另一只手抓住椅子扶手,坐进椅子。
起:
按相反次序操作上述三步。
9. Wash hands.
* Reduces transmission of microorganisms. 9.洗手。
* 减少微生物传播。
10. Record gait and procedures taught and client's ability to perform gaits in nurse's notes.
* Documents teaching and client's learning. 10.记录所教步法及程序及病人实施步法的能力。
* 文件证明教育及病人学习情况。
Nurse AlertThe client with cognitive impairment or one who has received analgesics or tranquilizers may be unable to understand instructions or to ambulate safely with crutches. 注意事项:有认知障碍的病人或接受麻醉或镇静剂病人可能无法理解指导或用拐杖安全行走。
Client TeachingThe nurse should instruct the client that, because of the potential for axillary skin breakdown and nerve damage, he must not lean on his crotches to support his body weight. Rubber crutch tips should be replaced as they wear out, and they should remain dry. Worn or wet crutch tips decrease surface tension and increase the risk of falling. The client should be given a list of medical suppliers in his community so he can obtain repairs as well as new rubber tips, handgrips, and crutch pads. In addition, advise him that he should have spare crutches and tips on hand. 病人教育:
由于潜在腋窝皮肤裂开及神经损伤可能,护士应指导病人不能倚在双拐上,用双拐支撑其体重。橡胶拐杖头磨穿后应及时更换,并保持干燥。磨损或潮湿的拐杖头会降低其表面张力,增加摔倒危险。应将其社区医疗供应商名单告知病人,以便他获得修理服务及新的橡胶头、拐杖柄和拐杖垫。此外,应忠告病人应有备用的拐杖和拐杖头。
Geriatric ConsiderationsThe normal visual acuity and depth perception changes with aging may prevent the client from safely ascending or descending stairs with crutches. 老年:随年龄出现的正常视敏度和深度感知变化可能使病人无法借助双拐安全地下楼梯。
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healing drugs
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医药费就是去医院看病需要的费用,那么你知道医药费用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
1. She is demanding reimbursement for medical and other expenses.
她正在索赔医药费和其他花费。
2. Wyrazik, it appears, was sending money to Kansas to help pay medical expenses for his father.
看来,怀拉兹克一直往堪萨斯寄钱,帮助他父亲付医药费.
3. Expensive drugs keep HIV - positive patients alive and healthy, perhaps indefinitely.
昂贵的医药费能够抑制HIV阳性患者维持生命,保持健康, 但这一现象是也不太确定(或许还能长期地延续这种状态).
4. They for the bladder operation with his college fund.
他们用他上大学的基金付了膀胱开刀的医药费.
5. Telephone, credit card bills and medical expenses required to pay on time.
电话费 、 信用卡票据和医药费需要准时付.
6. Medical expenses should also be the first advance.
医药费也应先垫付.
7. Having had so many medical bills to pay, Joe is now up a tree financially.
乔有那么多医药费要付, 因此他在经济上很困难.
8. She wants to go to HK to for her mother's medicine and for her children's education.
她希望来港工作支付母亲的医药费和子女的教育开支.
9. I will have to withdraw 10,000 dollars from my bank account to cover his medical expense.
我将不得不从我的银行帐户中取一万元去支付他的医药费.
10. A highest tendon of middle finger and forefinger ruptures, how much should medical expenses want?
中指和食指的最高的一节肌腱断裂, 医药费应该要多少 啊 ?
11. Finally she looked , and the note on the side of the bill caught her attention.
最后,她还是鼓起勇气,翻开了医药费通知单,旁边的那行小字引起了她的注意.
12. Kelly requested the business office to pass the final bill to him for approval.
凯利医生要求把医药费通知单送到他那里.
13. He was hurt while on the job. The company should pay for his medical expenses.
他是在工作中受伤的, 公司应该赔偿他的医药费.
14. The couple refinanced at a low interest rate to free up money for medical bills.
夫妇二人在利率低时货款来付医药费.
15. I want to get paid for all my expenses: auto repairs, medical and lost opportunities.
我希望我所有的费用都得到补偿: 汽车修理费 、 医药费和失去的机会.
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