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下面是读文网小编整理的电子商务英语论文范文,以供大家学习参考。
Recent development of information technologies has brought us new possibilities for teaching and learning classical art and humanities in several different ways. Image plays a key role here. In learning classical Japanese poetry, it is quite important to examine original books and manu******s because even the published books were printed from the wood blocks of engraved words which were written with brush by, in many cases, the authors themselves. Not only the visual art works, but also the literary materials as such pose the problem of authenticity, and this problem itself is closely linked to the interpretation of the literary works and the life history of the authors. Yosa Buson (1716-84), a poet-painter, and his followers best represent this type of artists and must be studied with both texts and images they created.
Buson was a leading haiku poet of the 18th century and, with Basho and Issa, one of the great names in haiku. He was also a distinguished BUNJINGA (literati-style) painter, and perfected haiga or cursive sketch with poems as a branch of Japanese pictorial art. Buson read classics extensively and studied different styles of Chinese and Japanese paintings. Poetry and painting affected each other in his art. His poems were, diversely enough, rich in imagery, clearly depicting fine movements and sensual appearances of things, dynamic with wider landscapes, lyrical, sensitive to human affairs, romantic with hidden stories, graceful, and longingly time-conscious. Buson completed his own style of painting in his later years when he was using the name of Sha-In. Freed from the influence of China, he created genuine Japanese landscapes.
Two years after starting its creation, this site now receives more and more accesses from both Japan and abroad. In May 2000, for example, there were, in average, about 350 hits for the site per day, 45 different individual accesses to the English top page, and 17 different accesses to the Japanese top page. Some people leave notes in the guest book, and some other people prefer to send e-mails to the site author. These notes and mails are analyzed in terms of contents, interests, and gratification. Formative evaluation of the site is now conducted with college students. This site, when it is fully developed, is to be converted into a CD-ROM with upgraded still and moving images.
Abstract From the concept of the network university, we deduce its three basic infrastructures:the education center station, the high speed backbone and the user terminal network. we point out that the remote learning online at home will be the most important studying model in the future,so the HomeNet will be a necessary infrastructure platform for remote learning , in this paper we discuss the structure, the key technologies and connection media of HomeNet.
Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet
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电子商务是以信息网络技术为手段,以商品交换为中心的商务活动。那么你知道电子商务用英语怎么说吗?下面读文网小编为大家带来电子商务的英语说法,希望对大家的学习有所帮助!
1. The Pentagon will give preference to companies which do business electronically.
美国国防部将会优先考虑那些能够进行电子商务的公司。
2. As we move into broadband, a wide range of e-commerce services will become available.
我们转入宽频传输领域后,将会提供多种电子商务服务。
3. 19 per cent of B2C companies are now worth little more than the cash on their balance sheets.
19%的B2C电子商务公司现在的市值比其资产负债表上的现金额高不了多少。
4. I don't know anything about e - commerce .
关于 电子商务 我什么都不知道.
5. Pete Wilson , the governor, bought a Mickey Mouse toy for his secretary's new baby through e - commerce .
皮特·威尔逊 州长通过 电子商务 邮件给他秘书刚出生的宝贝买了一个米老鼠玩具.
6. Electronic commerce in now ages, world logistics industry contain new development trend.
在当今的电子商务时代, 全球物流产业有了新的发展趋势.
7. If I were a tycoon, I would invest more money on e - commerce .
如果我是大款, 我会投资很多资金在 电子商务 里.
8. Of an enterprise, e - commerce is a new means of operation.
对一个企业来说, 电子商务 是一种新的经营手段.
9. Since 2003, MOFCOM has been compiling the annual China Report on E - commerce .
商务部自2003年起每年组织撰写《中国 电子商务 发展报告》.
10. Take the lead in identifying potential E - commerce opportunities with key suppliers.
率先与主要供应商确定潜在的 电子商务 机遇.
11. Online games have been a highly profitable e - application in recent years.
近年来,线上游戏已成为高获利的 电子商务.
12. Information, Hi 2000 is a typical e - commerce industry, Hangzhou, the local community site.
资料显示, 网盛科技是一家典型的杭州本土 电子商务 行业网站.
13. Boost your ROI on your marketing, sales and e - commerce activities.
提升企业在营销 、 销售以及 电子商务 活动的投资回报.
14. The e - commerce world has changed since July, 1995, when Amazon was born.
自亚马孙公司1995年7月诞生以来, 电子商务 世界发生了巨大变化.
15. There exists no widely accepted definition for electronic commerce.
那里存在着没有被广泛接受的电子商务的定义.
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下面是读文网小编整理的商务英语论文范文,希望对大家有帮助。
Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1
Chapter One Cultural Differenceces………………………………………………..1
1.1 The Definition of Culture………………………………………….....................1
1.2 Causes of Cultural Differences………………………………………………….2
1.2.1 Regional Differences……………………………………………………….2
1.2.2 Ethnic Differences…………………………………………………………2
1.2.3 Political Differences……………………………………………………….2
1 .2.4 Economic Differences…………………………………………………….2
1.2.5 Religious Differences………………………………………………….......3
1.2.6 Value Differences………………………………………………………….3
1.2.7 Law and Ethics Differences……………………………………………….3
Chapter Two Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations…………………………………………………………………………..3
2.1Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations 4
2.1.1Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation. 4
2.1.2Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation. 5
2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation. 6
2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations. 6
2.3 Communication Process…………………………………..
3. Coping Strategy Of Negotiating Across Cultures. 9
3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation. 9
3.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice. 10
3.3 Conquering Communication Barriers. 10
Conclusion 11
Bibliography 12
Acknowledgements 13#p#副标题#e#
摘 要
不同文化条件下的商务谈判就是跨文化谈判。在世界经济日趋全球化的今天,随着国际间商务交往活动的频繁和密切,各国间的文化差异就显得格外的重要,否则将会引起不必要的误会,甚至可能直接影响商务交往的实际效果。这味着如何化解各国不同文化背景在国际商务谈判中是非常重要的。文章从文化差异的类型入手,然后解释了这些文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响,最后分析了如何正确解决谈判过程中文化差异的问题。文章强调了这样一个观点,在不同国家商务谈判中,谈判员应该接受对方的文化,并试图是自己被对方所接受,然后在有效沟通的帮助下做出正确评估,并找出它们之间的真正利益。此外,们应该尽可能的清楚的了解并发现对方的文化。这对文化谈判的成功至关重要。
关键词:文化,文化差异,商务谈判,影响
Abstract
The business negotiations under different cultural conditions come to cross- cultural negotiations. With the economic globalization and the frequent business contacts, cultural differences seem to be very important; otherwise they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, even affect the result of the business negotiations. This means it is very important to know the different culture in different countries and the ways to avoid the culture conflicts in the international business negotiations. The article commences from the types of culture differences, then it explains the impacts of these culture differences on international business negotiation and finally it analyzes how to deal with the problem of the cultural differences correctly in negotiation process. Such a standpoint is emphasized: In the business negotiations between different countries, negotiators should accept the other party’s culture, and try to make him be accepted; then make a correct evaluation with the help of valid communication and discover their real benefits between them. Besides, we should know clearly and try to accept the culture differences as possible as we can. It is very important for the success of culture negotiations.
Key words: Culture, Clturaltal differences,Business negotitation,Impact
Introduction
Along with the advancement globalization and China’s WTO entry, business enterprises in China have to face more and more business negotiations with foreign enterprises, especially with American enterprises. In these negotiations, Chinese negotiators sometimes feel uncomfortable, puzzled, lost, irritated and the alike, because of unfamiliar custom and behaviors demonstrated by American negotiators. Meanwhile, American negotiators confront the same situation. Cult rural differences between China and west countries could cause many problems. Therefore, understanding cultural differences and overcoming them is crucial in international business negotiations.
Although the definition of culture is numerous and vague, it is commonly Recognized that culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, values, attitudes and expectations. Culture is a major determinant in business negotiation. So have a clear picture of culture differences if of great significance.
Chapter One Cultural Differences
The east countries and west countries have produced different cultures on the different continents. Among the different cultures, value views, negotiating style and thinking model appear more obvious.
1.1 The Definition of Culture
Culture is a national system of specific concepts and values. These concepts become people’s behavior during their life and work. As early as 1952, Kroeber and Kluckhohn listed 164 definitions of culture that they found in the anthropology literature. Of course, many new definitions have appeared since then. For example, some scholars gave such definition that culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and not the result of biological inheritance. In the thesis, culture refers to the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, habits, and capabilities acquired by individuals who interact in a specific area of society.
1.2 Causes of Cultural Differences
The impacts of regional differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and value differences on people’s life are embodied in the catering, clothing, housing, holidays, rituals and other material and cultural life in all aspects. These result in cultural differences in different countries and regions.
1.2.1 Regional Differences
Regional differences refer to that people in different geographical regions often have different languages, life styles and hobbies because of the differences of geographical environments, levels of economic development and traditions, which would affect their behavior and habits. For example, western countries pay more attention to Christmas, while the regions have no snow, such as some African countries near the equator, where people have no idea of Christmas. The reason is that the best decoration to Christmas is snow, but people near the equator are not familiar with the snow which never falls on there.
1.2.2 Ethnic Differences
Ethnic differences refer to that different ethnic groups in the process of long-term development form its own languages, customs, habits and hobbies. They have their own characteristics in their diet, clothing, housing, holidays, rituals and other material and cultural life.
1.2.3 Political Differences
Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.
1 .2.4 Economic Differences
Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences.
1.2.5 Religious Differences
Religion is a historical product with human beings developing into a certain stage. There are three main religions in the world: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is predominant in northern Europe, North America and Australia; Christian (Catholic) is predominant in Western Europe and South American countries. Islam largely scope of the Middle East and North Africa. Many people in Asia regions believe in Buddhism. Different religions have different cultural trends and precepts, which affect the way that people understand things, conduct and values.
1.2.6 Value Differences
Value concepts mean people’s evaluation criteria to human being’s internal world. It contains time value, wealth value, the attitude toward life and risk. To the same problems, different people in different societies have different views or even diametrically opposite views. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.
This causes their dependence on their parents even when they grow up. This shows that different countries share different values.
1.2.7 Law and Ethics Differences
Law and ethics is an integrated system, but sometimes they are contradictive in business negotiation. Western people like to deal with things according to laws. They usually go to negotiate with accompaniment of their lawyers. On the contrary, eastern people pay more attention to ethics rather than laws. In their eyes, business ethics refers to the measurement of business behavior based on standards of right or wrong, rather than relying entirely on principles of accounting, management or laws.#p#副标题#e#
Chapter Two Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations
With the rapid development of economy, we need to do business with businessmen under different culture background, so in order to reach trade agreement, it is necessary for us to study the impact of culture differences on international negotiation in global business activities. The impact of culture differences on international negotiation is extensive and deeply. Different cultures divide the people into different group and they are also the obstacles of people’s communication. Accordingly, it is required that the negotiator should accept the culture of each other. Furthermore, through culture differences, it is important that the negotiator reveal and understand the other party’s goal and behavior and make him or herself be accepted by the opponent to reach agreement finally
2.1 Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations
Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations fall into three types: time view, negotiation style, thinking model. Each has big influences on business negotiation
2.1.1 Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation.
The time view which affects the negotiator’s behavior varies from east countries to west countries. The oriental or the Chinese negotiators are usually cautious and patient. They need to go through the phrases of coming up with proposes, bringing up objections and ending the trade which takes a longer time. And they hope to arrange rich time to go on a negotiation, thus knowing more about the opponent .They are good at long and continuous battle. While west people or we could say American people, consider time is precious. They tend to resolve problems swiftly. So, in business negotiation, American businessmen often complain about the delay and the lack of efficiency of negotiators from other countries, while these countries also make a complaint that the Americans lack patience. There is a popular saying among American negotiators and businessmen: It is prohibited to steal time. That shows the time view of Americans. To them, time means money. The time view of Chinese is cyclic. They use long-term and systematic viewpoints to value the importance of the topic. A famous people classify the time view into two kinds: straight-line time viewand cyclic time view. The former pay more attention to concentration and speed, and the later stress doing many things at one time. That they insist on different time view leads to different negotiating style and method. The American people represent the straight-line time view and they have a strong awareness of modern competition. They look for speed and efficiency. So they value time badly and consider time as a special commodity whose value could be assessed. They often use minute to calculate time .They hope to reduce negotiation time at every phrase and want to complete the negotiation quickly. But the Chinese time view is cyclic and they place emphasis on unity.
Moreover, it is necessary to be punctual at negotiations. West people have a strong time view, if you don’t comply with the appointment time, they may give you a punishment and they will regard you as unreliable and irresponsible person. Being late for negotiation will give the west businessmen opportunities to exert pressure onyou, and then you will lose the status of being initiative.
2.1.2 Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation
America went through the bourgeoisie revolution of striving for the equality and freedom, so they take equality into their heart. Americans stick to equality and fairness in business, and hope that both could gain benefit. When introducing the topic or situation, the west people would like to use concrete method, particularly data.
Their negotiating method is that they will describe their viewpoint and propose at the beginning in order to get initiative. Under this principle, they would come up with a reasonable resolution which they think is very fair. In business relationship, the sellers from America regard the buyer as a counterpart. Americans are fairer than Japanese is sharing benefits. A lot of American managers think fair division of profits is more important than how much they could get. At this point, the east people are different. Because of the deeply influence of class view, they don’t pay much attention to equality. They usually adopt single-win strategy in business negotiations. When involving economic benefits they think much about their own benefits and profits and don’t give so much attention to the benefit of their partners. The market economic system of developed countries is quite mature, so west countries take win-win strategy more in negotiation; basically, they could take the benefits of both into consideration.
2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation
The objectivity in international business negotiation reflects the degree to which people treat any things. West people especially Americans have a strong objectivity on the understanding of issues. At negotiation table, Americans don’t care much about relationship between people. They don’t care if the status of the opponent is equal to theirs. They make decision based on facts and data, not people. The saying that public things use public ways is a reflection of American objectivity. Therefore,Americans emphasize that Businessmen should distinguish people and issues, what they are really interested in is the actual problems. But in the other parts of the world, it is impossible for them to distinguish people and issues
2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations
The impacts of negotiating style differences on international business negotiation mainly exist in negotiating method and negotiating structure. Take the negotiation between America and China as a example, since the oriental care more about unity in thinking, they method they adopt in negotiation is from unity to parts, from the big to little, from the abstract to the concrete, that is to say they should each agreement on general terms, then begin to talk about the concrete terms. And usually not until the end of the negotiation do they make compromise and promise based on all the items, and then to reach agreement. The west people are influenced by analytic thinking, so pay more attention to logical relations between things. They consider more about concrete things than integrity. And they tend discuss the concrete items at the beginning of negotiation, so they often resolve the price, delivery and issuance respectively at first. And they may make compromise at every detail, so the final contract is the combination of many little agreements. The negotiating structure is linked with cultures. Negotiating structure mostly refers to the number of the participants. In business negotiation, the foreign delegation is usually composed by 3-5 people, while the Chinese one could be more 15 people. The foreign negotiators not only need to negotiate with their counterparts but also need to discuss with related person in charge or the government. When making the final decisions, the Chinese negotiators often discuss the results repeatedly from the workers to the board to avoid being decided by a single person. That results from the influence of collectivism. So they often said to their partners: Let us think about it. Let us discuss it. But the west negotiators could make the final decision without going back for discussion. That because their admire individualism and hard working. They have strong independence. They would carry on according to the best ways after knowing their goals. What’s more, most west people think that they have the ability to deal with the negotiation situation on their own. And truly, they are brave enough to take responsibility.
2.3 Communication Process
In the international business negotiation, communication process is very important, and it contains two parts, verbal communication and nonverbal communication
2.3.1 Verbal Communication
Verbal communication mainly refers to language communication. Language is important to international business negotiation, because it is how we reach out to make contract with others. We all agree that language play an important role in communication with people from different backgrounds. However, we may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language. If we select language without being aware of the cultural implications, we may not communicate well and even send the wrong message. Therefore, during the international business negotiation process, a good interpreter can help overcome the cultural barriers.
2.3.2 Nonverbal Communication
Simply, nonverbal communication refers to communication without the use of words. Even if you know the language, cultures differ in the use of nonverbal communication. Cultural differences may cause negotiators to play differently on facial expressions, gestures, and the other kinds of body language.
Researchers have shown that the words a person speaks may be far less important than the body language used when delivering the verbal message, and they estimate that less than 30% of communication between two individuals within the same culture is verbal in nature. Over 70% of communication takes place nonverbally. Some other scholars even say that 90% of the information is actually transmitted through nonverbal means. We are not sure of that. But one thing we are sure is that in face-to-face communication nonverbal signals are just as important as verbal message.
Take head movement for example, generally speaking, in most cultures nodding one’s head is seen as agreement while shaking one’s head is seen as rejection. But, in Bulgaria, for instance, people may nod their heads to signify no and shake their heads to signify yes. A lowered head in the western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian cultures lowering one’s head may mean acceptance
2.4 international Thinking and Analytic Thinking
Easterners lay stress on harmony and entirety, while westerners on analysis and part. In other words, easterners view things from whole to part, while westerners from part to whole. Chinese people have been accustomed to dividing one issue into two opposite parts that are considered as interactive and interdependent; they hold the view that human and nature are an indivisible unity. With regard to the relationship among people, they appeal to collectivism and trust their own intuition. For thousands of years, this kind of thinking pattern has occupied a dominant position in China and becomes the core of cognition and communication. Therefore, Chinese people are used to making a comprehensive survey of the overall situation first, and then thinking over details. They depend on intuition and are imbued with imagination. People call this “round thinking mode” (Jia Yuxin, 1997).
Western thinking pattern is noted for logic, analysis, and linearity. By adopting the method of bisection, westerners consider subject and object, material and spirit diametrically opposed, i.e., things just have two possibilities, either this or that, when thinking, westerners usually start from parts, and then think about the whole situation, which is called “linear thinking mode”(Jia Yuxin, 1997,p.100).
2.4.1 Concrete Thinking and Abstract Thinking
Basically, people in any country have concrete thinking pattern and abstract thinking pattern. However, due to the difference in history and culture, each nation has its emphasis on either of them. On the whole, traditional Chinese culture is known for concrete thinking while western culture for abstract thinking. Based on experience, concrete thinking depends on analogy, metaphor and symbol. Ancient westerners adopted abstract thinking to deal with problems by means of concept, judgment, and reasoning.#p#副标题#e#
2.5 Negotiation Structure
Cultural differences also impact on negotiation structure. Different countries have different negotiation structure, so do the team. The team in eastern countries feel that time is abundant and humans should not follow the timetable blindly. For example, Chinese people are famous for the length of their negotiations; they spend much time in the non-task sounding stage of negotiation to establish rapport and get to know their partners. Chinese people usually discuss many issues at one time, without an apparent order, they may skip from one issue to another and they may also come back to points which in the eyes of their Western partners have already been settled and concessions are made or all issues at the end of the discussion.
However, the team in western countries regard time as money and would like to set fixed agendas. Western countries are emblematic of the “time is money” culture, where time is a scarce resource. People would try to achieve its optimal allocation between the competing ways of using it. They establish timetables and deadlines. Norms tend to be strict regarding time schedules. When a discussion with someone lasts longer than planned, they will politely stop the conversation, in order to keep their schedule.
2.6 Negotiation Style
Negotiation practices differ from one culture to another and cultural difference can impact on “negotiation style” --- the way people from different cultures conduct themselves. Here, we divide negotiation style into the eastern negotiation style and the western one. China and Japan are the typical countries of the East, while America the West.
Chinese culture is a high–context culture. In a high-context culture, the emphasis on communication is indirectness and ambiguity. Most of the information is in the context while little is in the explicit part of the message. The external environment, situation and non-verbal behavior are crucial in understanding communications. People depend heavily upon covert clues to interpret a message given under a certain context. And also, Chinese negotiators also look forward to long-term partnership. They are not in a hurry to push for an agreement. Generally, there is a slow start to “warm up”, and then it is followed by some tentative suggestions.
In the international business negotiation, saving face and achieving harmony are more important factors than achieving higher sales and profits for Japanese. As far as the Japanese negotiators are concerned, they try to build up a long-term relationship in the course of negotiation. Therefore, they prefer personal contacts in an informal way. For them, trust is more important than agreements. The reason why there is a low ratio of success between American and Japanese negotiators lies mainly in this point. Besides, Japanese negotiators try their best to avoid an open conflict between both parties. Consequently, they often ask a third party to function as go-betweens. In this way, they can prevent an unpleasant feeling from coming up on both sides
The impression Americans leave us on the negotiating table is flexibility, straightness and zest. They never express themselves with vague words. They say “Yes” or “No” directly. Consequently, during a negotiation they like people speaking without reservation. When any conflict appears in a negotiation, Americans aim to solve the problem and never mind if you have adequate proof and dispute with them. Meanwhile, if you want to ease up the atmosphere and respond with a smile, it will be reckoned as insincere and as if you are in the wrong way. In addition, Americans respect human rights, and they can not tolerate throwing stones at a certain person behind him. American negotiators often act in an impersonal way ---“business is business” is their view, American negotiators are always mission-driven---anxious to bring parties concerned into agreement, and they have little interest in building up any relationship. Furthermore, American negotiators like to be openly challenged for the negotiation, and they think it is quite normal if they run into any conflict with any party concerned.
2.7 Decision-making Process
Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the decision of the majority of the group members, but other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all members have agreed. Knowing how your counterpart makes decisions is vital to help gauge the approach you should take to persuade him or her. Take Japan and America as typical eastern and western countries for example.American people make decisions based upon the bottom line and cold, hard facts. They believe not people, but statistics and performance count. Business is business. In American view, a business negotiation is a problem-solving activity, and the solution is a deal that suits both parties.
The decision making process is just like a cost-benefit analysis applied to all parties who would be touched by the decision. A decision is considered right because it produces the greatest net benefit when all the costs and benefits to all the affected parties are taken into account. So the Americans usually list the possible effects and estimate the magnitude of their costs and benefits as accurately as possible.
In general, decision-making in Japan is a communal affair requiring unanimous approval by management. In this decision-making style, everyone must be convinced, not just the key decision-maker. Upper-level managers do not make fast, on-the-spot decisions. Most Japanese companies use some form of a system of decision-making known as document system. In the lower layer of management, usually at the section level, a manager drafts a proposal after achieving consensus within his own group.
The proposal is circulated to the heads of other sections and departments. These heads study the proposal. If they approve, they stamp their name seals on it. If they disapprove, they either refuse to stamp it or put their seals on it upside down. Then the document is passed up through the different
levels of management until it reaches the president. If everyone stamps the proposal, it becomes a company policy. If not, it is usually sent back to its originator with certain suggestion. Thus all the middle managers in companies using this system perform almost all the planning functions for the company, deciding what will be done, when and how.
Chapter Three Coping Strategy of Negotiating across Cultures
The culture differences in cross-cultural communication have various impacts on operation of enterprises. These differences will influence negotiation and management of transnational operation; what’s more, it may have bad effects on the harmonious relationship between our country and foreign countries. Maybe that will lead to the missing of market opportunities, the increase of trade cost and the low efficiency of company management. So, it is really necessary for us all to eliminate and avoid disadvantageous effects.
3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation.
The negotiators must make good preparations if they want control the development of negotiation successfully in the complex situation. Only do they make good preparations can they make changes freely according to the situation of negotiation and avoid the happening of conflicts. Because the international business negotiation involves extensive aspects, more preparations are needed. The preparations often include the analysis of the negotiators themselves and the opponents; the constitution of negotiation group, elaborating the negotiating goal and strategy and going on imitation negotiation when necessary. When making preparations, you should try to know the opponents while you analyze yourselves. Analyzing yourselves mainly refers to studying if the project is feasible. To knowing about the opponents means understanding their strength such as credit status, the policy、 business customs and regulations of their countries and the
conditions of their negotiating members and so on.
3.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice
Tolerating different cultures and overcoming cultural prejudice contribute to better communicating with each other and understanding each other. West people often think that they are powerful, capable and experienced, so sometimes, we need to recognize then and give then some good comments. We should learn about the foreign cultures before negotiation and accept and understand their cultures in negotiation, because every country regard their own cultures as a matter of course and hope that their culture could be recognized and accepted.
3.3 Conquering Communication Barriers
Two trains running at different railways in the opposite direction will collide with each other; maybe this is the best arrangement for trains. But to communication between people, there won’t be communications if people go ahead according to their own ways. Trains will collide with each other if they run on the same railway at the opposite direction. But if we measure by the objective of people’s communication, only we meet each other, can we have communication and friendship. In negotiation, sometimes we can’t make much progress although we have talked for long time. And sometimes both parties are not satisfied. After thinking, that is caused by communication barriers which happen easily in cross-cultural negotiation. We should make sure if there appear communication barriers, if so, we must overcome them. Generally speaking, we should pay more attention to the following three communication barriers in cross-cultural negotiation: the communication barriers caused by culture background of both; the ones caused by misunderstanding of the contents and information from the partner; the ones caused by not being willing to accept the opponent’s contents and ideas.#p#副标题#e#
Chapter Four The reasons of the different culture
Since there are so many cultural differences, then conflict is inevitable.A cultural diversity have many reasons, in a word, eastern and Western cultures have different cultures, historical background, it will inevitably bring some thinking, behavior, and many other differences, even conflicts. Many factors influence the differences of cultures.
4.1 Value Differences
Every culture has own unique value systems, this culture think that is good, another culture might consider bad, but it does not mean that this values are advanced, and the other values are behind. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.
4.2 Political Differences
Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.
4.3 Economic Differences
Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences
Chapter Five Negotiation Skills: correctly to deal with the cultural differences
As we all know, different countries have different cultures. According to the culture of different countries adopt different strategies in the international business negotiations, in order to ensure that negotiations can be expected to achieve, decision-making must based on cultural differences, learn some international business etiquette and practices, respect each other's cultural practices, so negotiations will be guarantee successfully.
Negotiational tactic is objective. Unless we understand it, we can apply it. Specifically speaking, take Chinese negotiators for example, we must achieve the following several points: First, understanding English has always being identified as a key successful factor for Chinese Business. Second, Chinese businessmen have to know the culture differences between the East and the West so that they not only can know their own negotiation’s mentality but also their rival’s mentality. In addition,Chinese businessmen should respect other parties’ customs, in equal and friendly foundation. Third, both parts should attempt to conciliate the bilateral cultural difference. Studying and respecting the foundation of adversary’s cultural difference requires both sides to exchang ideas, to stand in adversary’s angle and standpoint to think question.
Chapter Six How to negotiation and to deal with cultural differences in negotiation
6.1 1.Pre-negotiation
The pre-negotiation stage begins form the first contact between the two sides whose interest in doing business with each other,we should keep an open mind to recognize and accept the difference, because information gathering will to some extent determine the success and failure of the negotiation.
6.2 .Face-to-Face Negotiation
In this stage, I think negotiators should adopt some proper communication skills to reach an agreement. And we know conflict tend to be more difficult and complex when involved negotiators with cultural differences. But conflict is unavoidable during the process of negotiation. To make things worse, poor communication may kill deals. So we should try our best to overcome the cultural differences on negotiation, and utilize some effective communication to gain the common interest. In view of its significance in negotiation, communication is at the heart of the negotiating process.
6.3 Post-negotiation
Finally the business negotiation is brought to the end stage. The contract is being drawn up and to be signed. However, writing and wording of the contract in itself is a kind of negotiating process. For word meaning and business value might differ due to the cultural factors involved in the business negotiation, form of agreement is preferred differently from culture to culture.
6.4 Cultivation of Cross-cultural Awareness
Without both parties effort negotiations can not be achieved, so we should cultivate cross-cultural awareness to avoid some unnecessary matters.
First of all, a negotiator needs to have a reflection upon his own cultural system. He needs to be aware of his own values, beliefs and social norms. He also needs to be culturally sensitive and always bear in mind that a foreign negotiator is different from natives not only in physical features, but also in motivations, beliefs and values.
Then, show respect for the other party. Show respect for the other party will smooth the situation and speed the negotiation process. Anyhow, the result of the establishment of cultural fellowship does not mean overcoming a culture but means a third culture created by the former two (Li and Zhang, 2004).
Finally, accept other’s culture. For example, we usually believe in this saying “you will be treated how you treat others”. But in the cross-cultural setting, it’s not this way. What you want to be treated is not an American want to be. Therefore, we should believe that “how they treat other is what we will do” (Acuff, 1995). Try to behave like others do may bring you inconvenience, but just try it and it’s sure that the other part will encourage and appreciate your action.
Conclusion
“Social Customs varies in different countries”. In a word, cross- cultural communication will meet the problem of culture differences surely. In turn, culture differences also influence all aspects of international business communication. To avoid or to resolve the culture differences is a huge task in international business negotiation. In order to step into the international market successfully, we must have the awareness of culture differences, acknowledge culture differences and understand different cultures. Try to know yourself and know them. What’s more, we should respect different behavior of businessmen under different culture background, and then we could reduce unnecessary conflicts resulting from not respecting the opponents. It is beneficial for both to form an atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation, reduce culture differences and turn disadvantages into advantages and benefits. Thus, we could avoid conflicts and obstacles, then to promote communication and harmony in international business negotiation.#p#副标题#e#
Reference
[1]George Yule. The study of Language[M].Cambridge University Press,2000:202-209
[2]Harvey, Paul,,“The Oxford Companion to English Literature” [M].London: Oxford University Press.1978:23-25
[3]Philip R Harris, Managing Cultural Differences [M]. Gulf Publishing Company, 1987:234-260
[4]Wang Cheng fa. A Glimpse of Foreign Land [J]. Kaifeng: Henan Univesity Press, 2000:58-62
[5]陈俊森.《外国文化与跨文化交际》北京:华中理工大学出版社,2000:2-6
[6]查尔斯·李龙与牛仔——《美国人眼中的中国商人》北京:中国海关出版社,2004
[7]韩承敏.《跨文化人力开发与资源管理》[M]南京:东南大学出版社,2003:340-342
[8]孙长征、黄洪民、吕舟雷. 《公共谈判与推销技巧》]青岛:青岛出版社,2001
Appreciation
As acknowledgements for my paper, only I — the writer is responsible for the shortcomings. I much acknowledges my thanks to all my teachers, especially to Miss Liu Mifan, my supervisor, who has provides me support, critical ideas and careful suggestions.
I also want to thank my family who always give me time, encouragement and secretarial services, especially my parents.
Finally, my classmate and friends, who provided thoughtful and thorough reviews of my paper, must be acknowledged.
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下面是读文网小编整理的电子商务英语,希望对大家有帮助。
《电子商务英语》(第2版) 在编写的过程中突出强调读者对于专业文献的各方面的应用能力,安排时文阅读技巧、时文翻译技巧、商务电邮写作和工作场景用语等内容。《电子商务英语(第2版)》分10个单元,共20篇课文和10篇阅读材料,内容涉及电子商务概述、电子商务的交易模式、电子商务安全技术、电子商务网上支付、电子商务物流管理、电子商务的系统实施、网络营销和电子商务的行业应用等10个方面,力求在向读者提供丰富的电子商务英语词汇及阅读资料的同时,向读者介绍目前电子商务运营的各个环节、内容以及未来的发展动向。
《电子商务英语(第2版)》可作为高职高专院校电子商务、物流专业和金融管理等专业的教材,也可作为从事电子商务人员及其他自学者的学习用书
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电子商务是以信息网络技术为手段,以商品交换为中心的商务活动。那么,你知道电子商务的英文怎么写吗?下面就让读文网小编来告诉你电子商务的英语的说法。
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古典文学常见论文一词,谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代,论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。那么,你知道论文的英语怎么说吗?
老师问了我一些和我的论文有关的问题。
The teacher asked me some questions relative to my paper.
老师的办公室里堆满了大批不同的论文。
There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.
我们相信你在星期五之前可以完成这篇论文。
We are depending on you to finish the paper by Friday.
英语论文怎么写
还没有装订成册的论文稿件堆放在桌子上。
The unbound sheets of paper were piled up on the table.
他写的论文很优秀。
The treatise he wrote is excellent.
我们的教授要求他就这个课题写篇论文。
Our professor asked him to write a treatise on the subject.
论文最后简要总结了本论文的内容和不足。
The last chapter of the paper briefly summarizes the harvest and deficiency.
将参赛的建模方案论文复印三份,将摘要页装订在每份论文的第一页上沿。
Staple one copy of the summary sheet on top of each copy of the solution paper.
我们将在一起审阅这些论文。
We shall go through these papers together.
我终于写完了李教授要的论文。
I finally popped that paper for Professor Li.
教授已经把我的论文搁置一个月了。
The professor has turned aside my paper for a month.
这是你的论文吗?
Is this you dissertation?
它就是你要表达的东西,这个论文也是,另一种思考它的方式,关于一个问题的答案。
It is what you profess. Well, the thesis is also, another way to think of it, an answer to a question.
他表示愿意帮助我一起做我的研究论文。
He offered to help me with my research paper.
看到了,你打算递交论文吗?
Do you plan to submit any paper?
一些书籍和论文讲述了如何在单元测试中使用模拟对象,描述的是模拟对象应该具备的能力以及如何使用他们。
Several books and papers show how to use mock objects in unit testing. Thesedescribe the capabilities that mock objects should have and how to use them.
这个部分是对论文所要写的内容做个一般性的介绍—它不仅仅是对每一部分的描述。
This is a general introduction to what the thesis is all about -- it is not just adescription of the contents of each section.
即便这样 这还是一片非常糟糕的论文如果让我审核的话它一定会被淹没在红墨水的海洋里去.
Yet it's an awful paper that I would have shredded in a sea of red ink if it hadcome to me.
玛雅:现在你得让我采访你,好写我的论文。
Maya: Now you have to let me interview for my paper.
这里你列举出你的论文所做出的新知识的贡献。
Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.
用另一句话来说就是,这篇短文应该会对你很有帮助无论是你刚刚开始你的研究生课程还是稍后你要开始写你的论文。
In other words, this note should be helpful when you are just getting started inyour graduate program, as well as later when you start to write your thesis.
但他的批评者同意一个事实:他的论文指出了减少化肥的使用在中国的重要性。
And his critics agree with him on one matter: the paper points to the importance ofreducing fertilizer use in China.
那时我将真的不得不对期末论文评分了。
Then I really do have to grade term papers.
此外,论文的方法部分本来应该为其他人复制实验提供足够的信息,但通常情况都不是这样。
Moreover, the methods sections of papers are supposed to provide enoughinformation for others to replicate an experiment, but often do not.
在那个研讨会上,他交了一篇,论文,是为其它一些场合写的,是关于关心这个概念。
At the symposium, he submitted a paper which he had written for some otheroccasion on the concept of caring about.
但是他们的论文是最完备的。
But their paper is the most thorough.
你什么时候能完成学期论文?
When will you finish the term paper?
不管你的学期论文是关于什么的,因特网总可以帮助你选择主题或提供多种多样的主题供你选择。
No matter whatever your term paper is about, they help you in selecting topicsand some offer a wide range of topics to choose from.
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下面是读文网小编整理的电子商务英语教程,希望对大家有帮助。
《电子商务英语教程》主要从基本理论、流行商业模式和管理运营三个层面讨论了电子商务的理论知识和实务操作。《电子商务英语教程》参考了国外最新的资料,在很多概念和网站运营模式方面,选取了最新、最有代表性的成功或失败案例,指出了中国和其他国家在电子商务方面的渊源,并对本土化中电子商务公司待解决问题和突破的方向等提出了建议。此外,《电子商务英语教程》注重基础知识的应用,除了必要的语言基本能力培养外,还强调让学习者根据基础知识和技巧进行实际操作,解决实际问题,而不是简单的知识传授。
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以下是小编为大家整理的电子商务英语词汇,希望能帮助大家提高英语水平。
1、Access Method 网络的访问方法
2、Access Right访问(存取)权
3、Accounts 网络账号
4、Accounting Services 记账服务
5、Acknowledgment 确认
6、Address Resolution Protocol(ARP)网址解决协议
7、Addresses of Electronic Mail电子邮件地址
8、Address of Network 网络地址
9、Advertise online 网络广告
10、Alpha 阿尔法试验
11、Ask Job on Internet 网上求职
12、Advertisement on Internet 网上广告
13、AAMOF 事实上
14、AFAIK 据我所知
15、Angels 网络投资者
16、ASAP 尽快
17、Agent 代理程序
18、Alpha AXP, DEC 数字设备公司的电脑系统
19、Amazon Business Model 亚马逊商务模式
20、American National Standards Institute(ANSI) 美国国家标准协会
21、Anonymous File Transfer Protocol 匿名文件传输协议
22、AOL(American Online)美国在线
23、Application Services Proviver(ASP) 网络应用服务供应商
24、Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line(ADSL)异步数字用户线
25、At Work Architecture, Microsoft Auditing 网络运作体系结构
26、Authentication and Authorization 验证和授权
27、RSA 数据安全
28、Backbone Networks 骨干网络
29、Backup and Data Archiving 备份与归档
30、Bandwidth 带宽
31、B to B (Business to Business) 企业间的电子交易
32、BBC Model BBC 模式
33、B to C 电子零售,企业对消费者的交易
34、Biz. 商业类新闻讨论组
35、BBIAB 马上回来
36、BBIAF 以后见
37、BBL稍后便回
38、BBYE 再见
39、BTW 顺便提一下
40、Bits and Bytes 比特与字节
41、Business Software 商业软件
42、Bookmark 书签
43、Bookstore Online 网上书店
44、BGP 边界网关协议
45、Bridge 网桥
46、Broadband ISDN(B-ISDN) 宽带综合业务数字网
47、Broadband Service 宽带服务
48、Browser 浏览器
48、Browsing 浏览
49、Bulletin Board System (BBS) 电子公告栏
50、Buy Online 网上购物
51、Commercial Software 商业软件
52、Cyber economy 网络经济
53、CES(Consumer Electronics Show)消费性电子用品展
54、Carrier 电信公司
55、CD 光盘
56、CEO(Chief Executive Official) 首席执行官
57、CGI(Common Gateway Interface)通用网关接口
58、Channel 信道,通道,频道
59、Certification Systems 确认认证系统#p#副标题#e#
60、Client/Server 客户服务器
61、Principal and Subordinate Structure 主从结构
62、Client-Server LAN Protocol 客户服务器局域网络协议
63、Client Software 用户端软件
64、Command Line Account 命令行账户
65、Commerce Net 商业网
66、Commercial Online Service 商业在线服务
67、Comparative Buy 比较购物
68、Common Mail Calls(CMC) 共同邮件呼叫
69、Communication 通讯
70、Communication Server 通讯服务器
71、Computer Network 计算机网络
72、Consumer Online 网络消费者
73、CRM(Customer Relationship Management)客户关系管理
74、Cryptography 密码术
75、C to C 消费者之间的交易
76、CPM 每千人收费
77、Cybercafés 网吧
78、CNNIC(China internet network information center)
中国互联网络信息中心
79、Customer Online 在线顾客、客户
80、CWIS(Campus Wide Information System)全校园信息系统
81、Cyber investigate for Consumer 网络消费者调查
82、Cyberspace 网络空间
83、Data Base Management System (DBMS) 数据库管理系统
84、Database Server 数据库服务器
85、Data Communications 数据通信
86、Data Encryption Standard(DES) 数据加密标准
87、Datagram Delivery Protocol(DDP) 数据报传送协议
88、Datagram Network Services 数据报网络服务
89、Data Highway 数据高速公路
90、Data Management 数据管理
91、Data Migration 数据转移
92、Data Protection 数据保护
93、Data Transfer Rates 数据传输率
94、Digital Cash 数字现金
95、Dotcom(.com) 互联网络公司
96、Desktop 台式计算机
97、Dialup Line 拨号线
98、Digital Certificate 数字凭证
99、Digital Recording 数字录制
100、Digital Signatures 数字签名
101、Directory Management 目录管理
102、Directory Services 目录服务
103、Directory Services, Netware Netware 的目录服务器
104、Directory Tree 目录树状结构
105、Distributed Computing 分布式计算机
106、Distributed Data Base 分布式数据库
107、Document Management 文件管理#p#副标题#e#
108、Domain Name Service(DNS) 域名服务
109、Domains 域
110、Download 下载
111、Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) 动态数据交换
112、Dynamic Routing 动态路由
113、E-book 电子图书
114、Ecash 电子现金
115、Electronic Mall 电子购物中心
116、Electronic money 电子货币
117、Eyeball Economy “眼球”经济
118、E-wallet 电子钱包
119、E-banking 网上银行
120、EC(Electronic Commerce)电子商务
121、EC Website in China 中国电子商务网站
122、EC of Wireless 无线电子商务
123、Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) 电子数据交换
124、Electronic Mail 电子邮件
125、E-Traditional Industry 传统产业的电子化
126、E-Mail System and Standard 电子邮件系统和标准
127、SMTP 互联网简易邮件传输协议
128、Novell, MHS 信息管理服务系统
129、Constitute Project E-Mail System 建立企业电子邮件系统
130、E-Mail Application Program Interface Standard电子邮件应用程序接口标准
131、Electronic Business 电子商务
132、E-Marketplace 电子交易市场
133、E-journal 电子刊物
134、Enterprise Network 企业网
135、E-zine 电子杂志
136、Extranet 企业外部互联网
137、EBay(eBay.com) 电子港湾
138、Electronic Mail Broadcasts to a Roaming Computer (EMBARC)对移动计算机的电子邮件广播
139、E-Consumer 电子消费者
140、ECR(Electronic Cash Register)电子收款机
141、ECP (Enterprise Customer Portal)企业客户门户
142、EDI(Electronic Data Interchange)电子数据交换
143、E-Distribution 电子分销
144、EFT(Electronic Fund Transfer)电子资金转帐
145、ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)企业资源计划
146、EOS(Electronic Ordering System)电子订货系统
147、Encoder 编码
148、Enterprise Networks 企业网络
149、Expert system 专家系统
150、E-Publishing 电子出版
151、FAQ(Frequently Asked Questions)常见问题回答
152、Big File, Little Space 大文件,小空间
153、File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM) 文件传输存取与管理
154、File Transfer Protocol(FTP) 文件传输协议
155、Follow up Article 后续新闻稿
156、Free-Net 免费网络
157、Freeware 免费软件
158、FTP(File Transfer Protocol)匿名 FTP
159、Domain Name Service 域名服务
160、Electronic Mail Gateway 电子邮件网关
161、Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol 网关一网关协议
162、Global Naming Service 全球命名服务
163、Group Buy 网上集体议价
164、Group 新闻组
165、GIF(Graphic Interchange Format)图形交换格式
166、Goods Online 在线商品
167、Gopher space Gopher 公共Gopher服务器
168、Price of Goods Online 在线商品价格
169、Groupware 新闻组软件
170、E-Mail And Groupware 电子邮件与新闻组软件
171、Work Flow Software 工作流软件
172、Gateway 网关
173、Hacker 黑客
174、Header 标题、报头、页眉
175、Hierarchy 新闻组的分级
176、Host 主机
177、Home Page 主页
178、Home Shopping 在家购物
179、Hostname 主机名
180、Hot list 热表
181、HTTP(Hyper Text Transport Protocol)超文本传输协议
182、Hyperlink 超链接
183、Hypermedia 超媒体
184、Hypertext 超文本
185、IC 我明白了
186、IDK 我不知道
187、IOW 换句话说
188、Internet 内部互联网
189、IDG(International Data Group)国际数据集团
190、Inter NTC(internet network information center) 互联网网络信息中心
191、ID(Identifier)标识符
192、Reseller Online 网上中间商#p#副标题#e#
193、Information Superhighway 信息高速公路
194、Imaging 图形化
195、Interconnectivity 网络连接
196、IRM(Information Resource Manage met)信息资源管理
197、Interactive 交互的、互动的
198、Interactive Marketing 互动营销
199、Interactive Television 互动式电视
200、Internet Account Internet 账户
201、IP(Internet phone)网络电话
202、Investigate on internet 网上调查
203、ICQ(I seek you)网络寻呼机
204、Internet Address Internet 地址
205、Internet work 网际网
206、IP(Internet Protocol)互联网络协议
207、IP Address IP 地址
208、Interior Gateway Protocols 内部网关协议
209、International Organization for Standardization(ISO) 国际标准组织
210、Internet 互联网
211、Internet Mall 网络购物中心
212、Internet Protocol(IP) 互联网协议
213、IPX PACKETS IPX 信息包
214、Internet work Routing 互联网上的路由
215、Interoperability 交互操作性
216、Interrupts 中断
217、ISP(Internet Serve Provider 网络服务供应商
218、IT (Information Technology) 信息技术
219、KOOL 酷
220、Kbps (kilo bit per second) 每秒千比特
221、Key Escrow 第三方保存密钥#p#副标题#e#
222、Kerberos Authentication Kerberos 认证
223、Kernel 核心
224、Key Encryption Technology 钥匙的加密技术
225、LAN Drivers 局域网络驱动程序
226、LAN and WAN 局域与广域网络
227、Local Area Network (LAN) 局域网络
228、Wide Area Network (WAN) 广域网络
229、Layered Architecture 阶层性结构
230、Leaf Objects 未端对象
231、Learning Bridges 学习型网桥
232、Leased Line 专线
233、Login 登录
234、Logic bomb 逻辑炸弹
235、Lurking 潜伏
236、Local Area Networks(LANs) 局域网络
237、Netscape6 新版网景浏览器
238、Local Area Transport(LAT) 局域传输
239、Logistics 现代物流
240、Management Group(Team) 管理团队
241、Mobile Office 移动办公室
242、Moore’s Law 摩尔定律
243、MIS(Management Information System 管理信息系统
244、MP3 电子音乐格式
245、NASDAQ 纳斯达克
246、Netizen 网民
247、Netbug 网虫
248、Netiquette 网络礼仪
249、Netnews 网络新闻
250、Network Language 网络语言
251、Newbie 网络新手
252、Newsreader 新闻阅读器
253、New Economy 新经济
254、NC(Network Computer)网络计算机
255、NIC(Network Information Center)网络信息中心
256、NOC(Network Operation Center)网络运行中心
257、Node 节点
258、Object-Oriented 面向对象的
259、Protocol Independence 协议独立
260、Network Cant 网络“黑话”
261、Memory Management 内存管理
262、Networks 网络
263、Why Constitute Network? 为何建立电脑网络?
264、Network Environment 网络环境
265、Network Compose 网络的组成
266、Network Connect Method 网络连结的方法
267、Network Class 网络的种类
268、Network Configuration 网络结构
269、Offline 脱机,离线
270、Online 联机,在线
271、Online Career Center 网上求职中心
272、Online Community 网络社区
273、OEM(Original Equipment Manufacturer)原始设备制造厂商
274、Online Service 在线服务
275、Operating System 操作系统
276、On-Line Transaction Processing(OLTP) 在线即时事务处理
277、Open Data-link Interface(ODI) 开放式数据链接口
278、Open Messaging Interface(OMI) 开放式信息接口
279、Open Network Computing(ONC),SunSoft SunSoft 的开放式网络计算
280、Remote Program Call(RPC) 远程程序呼叫
281、External Data Representation(XDR) 外部数据展现
282、Network File System(NFS) 网络文件系统
283、Open System 开放系统
284、Optical Libraries 光盘图书馆
285、Packets 信息包
286、Packet-Switching Network 包交换网络
287、Parallel Processing 并行处理
288、PDA(Personal Digital Assistant)个人数字辅助电脑
289、Personal Marketing 个性化营销
290、Place Online 在线销售渠道
291、Platform 平台
292、Promotion On Internet 网上促销
293、Promotion of E-Webs it 电子商务网站的促销
294、Portable Computer 便携式计算机
295、Protocol 协议
296、Public File 公共文件
297、POS(Point of Sale)销售点信息系统
298、Mobile Radio Networks 移动无线电网络
299、Redirector 重新定向器
300、Release 新产品发布
301、RI&W 读完去哭吧
302、ROTEL 捧腹大笑
303、Real time 实时
304、Remote Access Software 远程存取软件
305、Remote Procedure Call (RPC) 远程程序呼叫
306、Report of Business Plan 商业计划书
307、Replication 复制
308、Routers 路由器
309、Multi Protocol Router 多协议路由器
310、Interior Gateway Protocols 内部网关协议
311、Exterior Gateway Protocol(EGP) 外部网关协议
312、Interdomain Policy Routing Protocols 域间的政策性路由器协议
313、Border Gateway Protocol(BGP) 边界网关协议
314、Routing Information Protocol(RIP) 路由信息协议
315、Routing Protocols 路由协议
316、Path Logic 逻辑路由
317、Exterior Protocol 外部/域协议
318、RSA Data Security RSA 数据安全性
319、Authentication and Accredit 认证和授权
320、Private Key Method 私钥方法(对称性)
321、Public Key Method 公钥方法(非对称性)
322、Appraisal System 鉴定系统
323、Number Idiographic 数字签名
324、Segment, Network 区段,网络
325、Semaphore 信号灯
326、Servers, Network 网络服务器
327、Directory Server 目录服务器
328、Service after Sell Online 在线售后服务
329、Service Access Point 服务存取点
330、Service Advertising Protocol (SAP) 服务广告协议#p#副标题#e#
331、Set-Top Box 机顶盒
332、Shareware 共享软件
333、Shell 外壳
334、Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 简易邮件传送协议
335、Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 简易网络管理协议
336、Signature 签名
337、SOHO(Small Office Home Office) 在家办公
338、Sockets 插头
339、Software Distribution 软件分布
340、Spanning Tree Algorithm 伸缩树法
341、Spam 垃圾邮件
342、Subscribe 订阅
343、Supercomputer 超级计算机
344、Supply Chain Management 供应链管理
345、Surfing 冲浪
346、Sysop(System Operator) 系统操作员
347、System Integration 系统集成
348、Supervisor 管理者
349、Switched Services 交换服务
350、Integrated Service Digital Network(ISDN) 综合业务数字网
351、Synchronous Communication 同步传输
352、Synchronous Optical Network(SONET) 同步光纤网络
353、System Fault Tolerance(SFT) 系统容错
354、System Application Architecture(SAA) 系统应用程序体系结构
355、Talk 对话
356、Telecommuting 远程上班
357、Telnets 远程网
358、Terminal 终端机
359、Terminal Emulation 终端服务器
360、Third Party Logistics 第三方物流
361、Logistics Center 物流中心,配送中心
362、Timesharing Computer 分时计算机
363、Internet Protocol (IP)网际协议
364、Internet Protocol Address IP 地址
365、Internet Applications Protocol 应用软件协议
366、Trustees 受托人
367、Twisted-Pair Cable 双绞线
368、Line Limit 连线限制
369、Time limit 时间限制
370、Workstation Limit 工作站限制
371、Virtual office 虚拟合作
372、Virtual office 虚拟办公室
373、Videoconferencing 视频会议
374、Virtual Circuits 虚拟线路
375、Virtual Community 虚拟社区
376、Virtual Data Networks 虚拟数据网络
377、Virtual File System(VFS) 虚拟文件系统
378、Data Access and Access Environment 数据存取与存取环境
379、The Repository Environment 库存环境
380、Virtual Memory System(VMS) 虚拟存储系统
381、Virtual Terminal, (VT) 虚拟终端机
382、Virtual Electronic Commerce City 电子商城
383、Wide Area Networks(WAN) 广域网络
384、Expert Network 专用网络
385、Public Equipment 公用设备
386、Circuitry Exchange Serve 线路交换服务
387、Package Exchange Serve 包交换服务
388、Leased Line 专用线路
389、Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 综合业务服务网
390、WAN(Wide Area Network)广域网
391、Wed 万维网
392、Webonomics 网络经济家
393、WAP(Wireless Application Protocol)无线应用协议
394、WYSIWYG 所见即所得
395、Webmaster 万维网设计管理师
396、Website Brand 网站品牌
397、Virtual Storage 虚拟存储器
398、File and System Protect 文件与系统保护
399、Network 网络
400、Print Function 打印功能
401、Login Startup Options 登入与启动选项
402、Worm 蠕虫
403、WWW 万维网
404、Workgroups 工作组
405、Workplace OS 工作站操作系统
406、Workstation 工作站
407、Yellow pages 黄页
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下面是读文网小编整理的电子商务英语试卷,以供大家学习参考。
注意事项:
用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上。
四、单词汉译英(本大题共15小题,每小题1分,共15分)
根据给出的汉语词义和规定的词类写出相应的英语单词。每词的第一个字母已给出。
41. 产生;发生 v. g______
42. 合同;契约 n. c______
43. 立法;法规 n. l______
44. 行政官;行政人员 n. e______
45. 分配;分发;分布 v. d______
46. 扣除;减除 v. d______
47. 同义词 n. s______
48. 分类;归类 v. c______
49. 偶然的;随便的 adj. c______
50. 基本上,根本上 adv. b______
51. 无效果的 adj. i______
52. 产生;屈服;让步 v. y______
53. 车辆;媒介 n. v______
54. 趋势,倾向 n. t______
55. 使合乎规格,使标准化 v. s______
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电子商务是指以信息网络技术为手段,以商品交换为中心的商务活动。接下来小编为大家整理了电子商务词汇中英对照,希望对你有帮助哦!
e-cash 电子现金
3-catalogs 电子商品目录
e-checks 电子支票
authentication 身份认证
EDI gateways 电子数据交换网关
EDI hubs 电子数据交换集线器
EDI translation software 电子数据交换翻译软件
efficient consumer response (ECR) 消费者有效应答
certification authority (CA) 认证机构
advance notification of payment 支付前通知
advance shipment notice (ASN) 装运前通知
automated clearing houses (ACH) 自动交换中心
automated teller machine (ATM) 自动取款机
bar coding 条形码
blind signature 伪签名
gateway 网关
e-wallet 电子钱包
cash concentration and disbursement (CCD) 资金集中与支付
clipper chip 审查芯片
commerce net 商务网
consumer EDI 消费者电子数据交换
continuous replenishment (CR) 永续更新
corporate trade exchange (CTX) 公司交易汇兑
corporate trade payments (CTP) 公司交易支付
costs of EDI 电子数据交换成本
credit cards 信用卡
currency server 货币服务器
data encryption standard (DES) 数据编码加密标准
debit cards 计账卡
digital cash 数字化现金
digital signature 数字化签名
disbursement services 支付服务
disintermediation 非居间化
double spending 重复付款
EDIBANX 电子数据交换银行联合网络交易
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你是否在想,小学年级的英语论文,该如何写好呢?下面是读文网小编带来小学英语论文范文模板,希望对大家有帮助。
浅谈外语教学中的素质教育
在外语教学中,如何加强素质教育,我认为以下三点至关重要。
一、在教学中渗透民族自强意识
长期来,外语教学只注重语言文字的教学而忽略精神素质培育这是一个不小的失误。有人预言,21世纪是中国的世纪,怎样来理解这个预言?我曾赴澳教学一年,在昆州一所中学任教中文,也即他们的外语。绪论课是澳州教师上的,他不客气地开宗明义:“我们要好好学习中文,因为中国地大物搏,人口很多,是很好的商品市场和劳动力市场,你们学好了中文可以去那里图谋发展。”澳洲人也认为21世纪是中国的世纪,但仅仅是从他们的发展角度来寻找市场和劳动力的,如果我们的莘莘学子拼命学习外语,不过想求取一个外国老板的洋饭碗,那还会有什么“中国的世纪”呢?而新世纪的脚步声确实已非常急促了,因此,在外语教学中渗透民族自强意识已是十分紧迫和必要的了,我们一定要让学生懂得,他们生在一个文明古国,祖先为他们留下了深厚的文化积淀而并非只有贫穷;勤奋刻苦、改造世界本是我们民族的优秀精神,千万不要数典忘祖,只有具备了民族自强的意识,才能走到哪里都是一个大写的人。
二、在教学中增强文化素养的培育
过去,外语教学的习惯做法是:将课文当作生字、句子与语法的载体,而课文的背景、语言风格以及文章本身的内涵却很少被重视、被开掘。我们在课堂上把学生的注意力引到典型句型的分析上,像推导数学公式那样把复杂的长句一步步解开,我们乐此不疲,却也活生生地把一些很好的范文支解得零零碎碎,更何谈理解、体味、欣赏和学习了。这也是我们的学生外语语法学的很多,而外语语言修养却普遍水准不高、语汇贫乏、缺少风采的原因。如何扭转这些由应试教育带来的弊病呢?从目前学生外语学习的状况来看,只要教与学的观念改变了,我们完全有条件在教学中着意增强文化素养的培育。
条件之一,我们有很好的教材。以高中三册教材为例,涉及的文体、内容和文章的语言风格、时代背景还是相当广的,有十八、九世纪文学名著选摘、有伟人的演讲、有异国风光的描述和有趣的科普读物,还有褒扬真、善、美的诗与戏剧,其中自然包含着许多外国历史的、人文的、文学的、科学的甚至经济的知识,我们只需在课堂上匀出一定时间,有意把课文的内涵展开,那么,我们的外语教学就会变得立体而丰富,就会产生无穷的意趣,学生求知的触角便可作多方位地延伸。
条件之二,我们有好学的学生。以中国学生的勤奋、刻苦和聪明,如果能使他们意识到探求外语背景文化的重要性的话,我想他们会提出更有质量的问题。
因此,外语教学有责任也有条件努力去做这方面的引导和培养。
三、运用多种手段,提高学生外语应用能力
应试教育的一个弊病,就是培养了不少高分低能的学生。虽然考试、选拔现在是,将来也还是一种知识水准的衡量手段,但分数、学历不完全证明能力。能不能将所学知识转化为对社会的贡献,这才是最根本的目的,这一点,现在已越来越成为社会共识了。联系到外语教学的现状,最紧要的问题,当然就是如何运用各种教学手段,使学生在应用能力和交际能力上有所提高。我所在的南洋模范中学,生源好,教学硬件好,教师自身知识结构也较好,为了更好地调动学生积极性,培养他们的应用能力和交际能力,我们组织了学校英语广播和英语热线电话。我在中午电话热线开播以后,不停地接到学生的电话。有一些是询问课后作业的解答,更多的是只想与我用英语交谈交谈,话题涉及很广。有位女学生在电活中告诉我:她参加了美国“肯得基”杯口语竞赛,被选为荣誉礼仪小姐,但她担心自己相貌平平,会否见了总裁后被刷下来……接听这些电话,我感到很快慰。
学生在十分放松的情境中,积极的表达欲使他们的口语能力有超常发挥,清楚、流利,也较得体。当然,我也不时地对他们口语中的缺陷、错误加以纠正。这种教与学的方式十分和谐,学生不仅欢迎而且感到很有效。由此推想,我们是否也可以在课堂上创设一些好的情景,给学生更多动脑、动口的参与机会?
回想起来,我曾上过一堂“答记者问”式的复习课。我坐在学生中间,不时地回答他们的各类问题,有时也抛出一、二个思考题,让他们稍作思考后回答我,或者我将一个较难的问题“挑动”学生争辩。我发现这种讨论的气氛特别能加强逻辑思维。为了回答或驳倒对方,必须特别清晰地归纳思路和调整语言方式,学生的注意力异常集中。尽管他们用英语提问或口答尚感吃力,但冲出第一步总是学会走路了。
看过小学英语论文范文模板
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语论文开题报告范文,希望对大家有帮助。
一、论文题目:classroom interaction and oral english teaching
二、研究现状:
对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系,国内的研究主要集中在:(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式,司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手,探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手,强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用,对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少,黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析,提倡“以学生为中心”,实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”,促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”,提高口语交际能力。(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行,它兴起于美国,在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式,从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中,他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则,对待新的理念,指导英语口语教学。(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当,会影响学生用目标语进行交流,进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”,及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类,进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”,为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。
三、研究的目的及意义:
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看:关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少,没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中,它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此,本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法:
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础,以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据,运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述,从而引出本文论题,通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
五、提纲:
introduction
chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction
1.1 definition of interaction
1.2 theoretical basis of interaction
1.3 some main interactive modes in the present classroom
chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode
2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode
2.2 the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode
2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles
chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching
3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students
3.2 two types of personal interaction
3.3 classroom climate
3.4 classroom size
chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode
4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating
4.2 the concept of evaluating
4.3 the technology of evaluating
conclusion
六、参考文献
jonssen, dh..thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational technolgy. 3 (1994): 34-35.
littlewood, william. communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press .1981.
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在英语的学习中,词汇量的积累无疑是很重要的,电子商务的相关英语单词你知道多少呢,下面是读文网小编整理的一些电子商务英语词汇, 希望对大家有帮助。
Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol 网关一网关协议
Global Naming Service 全球命名服务
Group Buy 网上集体议价
Group 新闻组
GIF(Graphic Interchange Format)图形交换格式
Goods Online 在线商品
Gopher space Gopher 公共Gopher服务器
Price of Goods Online 在线商品价格
Groupware 新闻组软件
E-Mail And Groupware 电子邮件与新闻组软件
Work Flow Software 工作流软件
Gateway 网关
Hacker 黑客
Header 标题、报头、页眉
Hierarchy 新闻组的分级
Host 主机
Home Page 主页
Home Shopping 在家购物
Hostname 主机名
Hot list 热表
HTTP(Hyper Text Transport Protocol)超文本传输协议
Hyperlink 超链接
Hypermedia 超媒体
Hypertext 超文本
IC 我明白了
IDK 我不知道
IOW 换句话说
Internet 内部互联网
IDG(International Data Group)国际数据集团
Inter NTC(internet network information center) 互联网网络信息中心
ID(Identifier)标识符
Reseller Online 网上中间商
Information Superhighway 信息高速公路
Imaging 图形化
Interconnectivity 网络连接
IRM(Information Resource Manage met)信息资源管理
Interactive 交互的、互动的
Interactive Marketing 互动营销
Interactive Television 互动式电视
2Internet Account Internet 账户
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语论文提纲范文,希望对大家有帮助。
contents
i. introduction -------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
ii. several kinds of the origin of festivals in english-speaking countries--------1
1. religious and customary-------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 christmas----------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.2 boxing day--------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.3 easter sunday ----------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.4 halloween----------------------------------------------------------------------------3
1.5 new year's day -------------------------------------------------------------------4
1.6 all fool's day------------------------------------------------------------------------5
1.7 thanksgiving day------------------------------------------------------------------5
2. memorial--------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
2.1 for great peoples-------------------------------------------------------------------8
2.2 for great events--------------------------------------------------------------------10
3. brought in by immigrant------------------------------------------------------------11
ⅲ.the festivals’ influence on people’s daily life in english-speaking countries.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12
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汉语解释:电子商务是以信息网络技术为手段,以商品交换为中心的商务活动;也可理解为在互联网(Internet)、企业内部网(Intranet)和增值网(VAN,Value Added Network)上以电子交易方式进行交易活动和相关服务的活动,是传统商业活动各环节的电子化、网络化、信息化。那么,你知道电子商务的英语怎么说吗?
中文:电子商务
英语:Electronic Commerce; Electronic Business; E-commerce;
新电子商务网站正如雨后春笋般涌现。
New e-commerce websites are mushrooming.
2.苹果的电子商务业务正在迅速扩张。
Apple's commerce business is expanding quickly.
3.电子商务零售商很少有实现盈利的。
Few ecommerce retailers are profitable.
4.中国中小企业是阿里巴巴集团电子商务帝国的基石。
Chinese smes are the bedrock of alibaba group's e-commerce empire.
5.阿里巴巴集团在中国的电子商务领域居主导地位。
China's e-commerce is dominated by china's alibaba group.
1. The Pentagon will give preference to companies which do business electronically. 美国国防部将会优先考虑那些能够进行电子商务的公司。
2. As we move into broadband, a wide range of e-commerce services will become available. 我们转入宽频传输领域后,将会提供多种电子商务服务。
3. 19 per cent of B2C companies are now worth little more than the cash on their balance sheets. 19%的B2C电子商务公司现在的市值比其资产负债表上的现金额高不了多少。
4. I don't know anything about e - commerce . 关于电子商务我什么都不知道.
5. Pete Wilson , the governor, bought a Mickey Mouse toy for his secretary'snew baby through e - commerce . 皮特·威尔逊 州长通过电子商务邮件给他秘书刚出生的宝贝买了一个米老鼠玩具.
6. Electronic commerce in now ages, world logistics industry contain newdevelopment trend. 在当今的电子商务时代, 全球物流产业有了新的发展趋势.
7. If I were a tycoon, I would invest more money on e - commerce . 如果我是大款, 我会投资很多资金在电子商务里.
8. Of an enterprise, e - commerce is a new means of operation. 对一个企业来说,电子商务是一种新的经营手段.
9. Since 2003, MOFCOM has been compiling the annual China Report on E -commerce . 商务部自2003年起每年组织撰写《中国电子商务发展报告》.
10. Take the lead in identifying potential E - commerce opportunities with keysuppliers. 率先与主要供应商确定潜在的电子商务机遇.
11. Online games have been a highly profitable e - application in recent years. 近年来,线上游戏已成为高获利的电子商务.
12. Information, Hi 2000 is a typical e - commerce industry, Hangzhou, the localcommunity site. 资料显示, 网盛科技是一家典型的杭州本土电子商务行业网站.
13. Boost your ROI on your marketing, sales and e - commerce activities. 提升企业在营销 、 销售以及电子商务活动的投资回报.
14. The e - commerce world has changed since July, 1995, when Amazon wasborn. 自亚马孙公司1995年7月诞生以来,电子商务世界发生了巨大变化.
15. There exists no widely accepted definition for electronic commerce. 那里存在着没有被广泛接受的电子商务的定义.
16. I want electronic business affairs now have fun at go learning.电子商务我现在都要有兴趣去学.
17. Notable is, billows has market of electronic business affairs again recently. 值得注意的是,电子商务市场最近波澜又起.
18. So far, over 200 E - commerce cases have been studied. 到目前为止, 共完成了200多个电子商务案例调研.
19. Perfect World has set up a game - related e - commerce website. 完美时空(PerfectWorld)创建了一个与游戏有关的电子商务网站.
20. J 2 EE developers to create e - business applications has become a de factostandard. 已经成为开发商创建电子商务应用的事实标准.
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下面是读文网小编整理的关于电子商务的英语作文,希望对大家有帮助。
Internet, e-commerce can be divided into three areas: information services, transactions and payments. The main contents include: E-Trade ad; electronic purchasing and trading, electronic trading exchange certificate; electronic payment and settlement and the sale of online services. Main types of enterprises and individuals trading transactions (B to C mode) and business transactions between (B to B mode) two. There are four entities involved in electronic commerce: customers (individual consumers or enterprise groups), businesses (including retailers, manufacturers, storage providers), banks (including the issuer, acquirer) and Certification Center.
Explosive development of Internet commerce is the direct product of the new Internet technology development. Internet itself is open, global, low-cost, high-efficiency features, has become the inherent characteristics of e-commerce, and so far beyond e-commerce as a new form of the value of trade, it will not only change enterprise's own production, operation, management activities, and will affect all of society's economic performance and structure.
1. E-commerce is the traditional business processes electronic digitization, one hand instead of actual electron flow logistics, a reduction in manpower, material resources, reduce the cost; the other hand, breakthrough time and space constraints, making transactions in any time, any place, thereby greatly increasing efficiency.
2. E-commerce has the openness and global features for enterprises to create more trade opportunities.
3. E-commerce enables businesses to cost close to enter the global electronic market, making SMEs and large enterprises may have the same information resources, improve the competitiveness of SMEs.
4. E-commerce has redefined the traditional distribution model, reduce intermediate links, making producers and consumers directly deal possible, which to some extent, changed the way social and economic operation.
5. E-commerce on the one hand breaking the barriers of time and space, on the other hand, provide a wealth of information resources for various socio-economic elements of reorganization provides a more likely, this will affect the social and economic layout and structure.
E-commerce refers to the use of simple, fast, low-cost electronic means of communication is not never met buyers and sellers to conduct various business activities.
E-commerce through a variety of electronic means of communication to complete. Simple, such as by phone or fax you a way to conduct business activities with customers, seems to be known as e-commerce; But now people are mainly of e-business EDI (electronic data interchange) and the INTERNET to complete of. Especially with the INTERNET technologies become more sophisticated, the real development of e-commerce will be built on the INTERNET technology. Therefore, the e-commerce was also referred to as IC (INTERNET COMMERCE).
From the perspective of trade, e-commerce can be achieved in many areas, this can also e-commerce is divided into two levels, low levels of e-commerce such as e-Business, e-commerce, electronic contracts; the most complete is The most advanced e-commerce should be carried out using INTENET network to all trading activities, namely, the Internet will be information flow, business flow, capital flow and some of the logistics to achieve complete, that is, you can start from Xunzhao customers until negotiation, ordering, online payment (income), the open, according to electronic invoicing as well as EDI, electronic tax payment through the INTERNET at one go.
To achieve a complete e-commerce also involves many aspects, in addition to buyers and sellers, but also with banks or financial institutions, government agencies, certification, distribution centers and other institutions to join Caixing. As the parties involved in electronic commerce is not never met each other physically, so the entire e-business process is not a replica of the physical world, business, online banking, online electronic payment and other conditions and data encryption, electronic signatures in electronic commerce play an important role essential.
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如果老师要你写一篇有关生态的英语作文,你会怎么写?下面是读文网小编整理的生态旅游英语论文,以供大家学习参考。
欣赏风景,享受新鲜空气
有人摘花、捉鸟、乱扔垃圾
真正的生态游
享受自然,同时也是一种责任
要保护自然,保护野生动物
带走美好回忆,留下青山绿水
Last weekend I went on an eco-travel with a travel agency. All the way we enjoyed the beautiful scenery and fresh air. But a few of us picked flowers as while going sightseeing. Some even tried to catch the birds they saw. What was worse, many tourists threw rubbish here and there. The rubbish may do harm to wildlife there.
I don’t think this is a true eco-travel. A true eco-travel is a tour that not only allows us to express our love for nature, but needs our responsibility as well. As we enjoy the beauty of nature, we should try our best to protect it. And we should also try to protect wildlife. A true eco-travel should be like this: take nothing away but your good memory; leave nothing behind but all the green trees and the clean water.
With the progress of civilizations of human beings and the construction of the ecological surroundings, ecotourism is responsible for environments, and it can realize the harmonious development among the economy, society and environments to bring the maximum economic benefits. So it is considered as the best mode of tourism to promote the sustainable development of tourism. Panzhihua is rich not only in iron and steel, vanadium-titanium and hydropower resources, but also in ecological tourist resources of ideal climate, natural and cultural landscape. All of them are the basis of the ecotourism development. However, due to the 42 years’ construction, the ecological environment in Panzhihua has been destroyed to some degrees. Developing ecological tourism should not sacrifice environments at a price. It’s necessary to learn the good experience of developing ecotourism from abroad. In this paper some suggestions for construction of ecological scenic spots are made, namely the pastoral, natural, leisure and magical fairyland ecotourism. In order to develop ecotourism successfully in Panzhiuha, the following main points should be paid attention to. Firstly, various forms of ecological tourism should be exploited. Secondly, the development of ecotourism routes can be designed carefully. Thirdly, measures for the promotion of ecotourism development must be taken seriously. Only in this way, can the harmonious development among the ecological environment, society and economy be realized in Panzhihua.
随着人类文明进步以及生态环境的构建,生态旅游作为旅游的发展方向,它对环境负责,使经济社会与环境协调发展,最终带来最大经济效益,是实现旅游可持续发展的一种主导旅游形式。攀枝花拥有矿产资源和水能资源,还有非常丰富的生态旅游资源,包括自然资源,气候资源和人文景观。由于42年的城市建设使其生态环境遭受较为严重的破坏。开展生态旅游不应牺牲环境为代价。有必要借鉴国外发展生态旅游的先进经验,制定合理的规划。本文提出发展田园观光生态游、自然体验生态游、休闲互动生态游以及梦幻仙境生态游等形式作为建设生态风景区的规划。为了更好地发展攀枝花的生态旅游,本文提出从开发多种生态旅游;开辟多条生态旅游线路;开发高质量的旅游产品;建设生态区;增加旅游专项资金;增强对生态旅游的理解以及提高环境保护意识等方面来发展攀枝花的生态旅游业。以实现攀枝花的生态、社会、经济三者的和谐发展。
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