为您找到与关于友情的英语论文相关的共28个结果:
Did you know that people without friends are more likely to die an early death? It’s true. Just ask science.
To up your chances of living a long, happy life, having a bunch of fair-weather buddies won’t do the trick. You need a diverse, well-rounded entourage that will stick with you through thick and thin. The following eight types of friends are just what you need to keep the doctor away.
你知道吗?没有朋友的人往往死的早。这是真的。不信,可以向科学求证。
要想生活得长久幸福,一群不能共患难的朋友是不能助你达成目的的。你需要的是一群性格各异、面面俱到,可以与你同甘苦共患难的朋友。接下来要说的八种类型的朋友正是这一类。
We live in a big world where there are so many places to see, people to meet, and experiences to be had, yet so many of us are stuck in our own routines and forget to, well, live. We all need an adventurous friend who will pull us out of our shells and introduce us to new ideas, cultures, philosophies, and activities.
我们生活在一个宏大的世界里,可以看许多风景,遇到各色人,拥有丰富多彩的经历。然而,我们大部分人都深陷在自己的琐事里,忘记如何好好地生活。我们都需要一个冒险的朋友,将自己从壳里拖出来并向我们介绍新想法、文化、哲学和活动。
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摘录:在盼朋友出现时,你的心跳不会增加;你不会夜不能寐地想着你的朋友;如果几天没见到朋友,你也不会完全迷失;想到朋友时,你的眼中不会有梦想。但是在恋爱中,这一切你都会做而且程度会更深。确实,爱情和友情没有可比性。
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大家想知道表达友谊的英语句子有哪些吗?下面一起来看一下吧.
1、A life without a friend is a life without a sun.
人生在世无朋友,犹如生活无太阳。
2、The friendship of a gentleman is insipid as water.
君子之交淡如水。
3、The best mirror is an old friend.
最好的镜子是老朋友。
4、Between friends all is common.
朋友之间不分彼此。
表达友情的英文句子
5、Set great store by friendship.
情意重千斤。
6、Your forever friend lifts you up in spirits and makes that dark and empty world suddenly seem bright and full.
你真正的朋友会让你振作起来,原本黯淡、空虚的世界顿时变得明亮和充实。
7、Your forever friend gets you through the hard times,the sad times,and the confused times.
你真正的朋友会与你一同度过困难、伤心和烦恼的时刻。
8、A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真情
9、Old friends and old wine are best.
陈酒味醇,老友情深。
10、Fire is the test of gold, adversity of friendship.
烈火试真金,苦难试友情。
11、Friendship cannot stand always on one side.
友谊是双方的事。
12、A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
广交友,无深交。
13、Friendship is like wine---the older the better.
友谊像美酒, 越陈越醇厚。
14、Friends are like wine; the older, the better.
朋友象酒,越久越淳。
15、There is no friend so faithful as a good book.
最忠实的朋友莫过于一本好书
16、A friend is easier lost than found.
得朋友难,失朋友易。
17、True friendship lasts forever.
真正的友谊恒久不变。
18、He who mistrusts most should be trusted least.
最不信任别人的人最不应该得到信任。
19、A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.
海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
20、A friend is not so soon gotten as lost.
交友慢,失友快。
21、A friend in need is a friend indeed.
在你最需要时出现 朋友上一真正的朋友。
22、A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both.
父亲是财富,兄弟是安慰,朋友兼而有之。
23、A frie nd is a second self.
朋友是另一个我。
24、Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing.
选择朋友要审慎,摒弃更要审又慎。
25、A friend exaggerates a mans virtue, an enemy his crimes.
朋友宣扬人的美德,敌人夸大人的罪过。
26、A friend is best found in adversity.
患难见真友。
27、One tree does not make a forest.
独木不成林。
28、To find friendship offer friendship.
以友谊换友谊。
29、A man is known by his friends.
什么人交什么朋友。
30、Life without a friend is death without a witness.
没有朋友的生活等于孤独一人死去。
31、A friend is never known till a man has need.
不到患难时,永远不能认识真正的朋友。
32、A friend is never known till a man has need.
不到患难时,永远不能认识真正的朋友。
33、A bosom friend afar brings distant land near.
海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
34、A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真交。
35、A life without a friend is a life without a sun.
人生在世无朋友,犹如生活无太阳。
36、A friend is a loving companion at all times.
朋友是永久的知心伴侣。
37、A friend exaggerates a man's virtue, an enemy his crimes.
朋友宣扬人的美德,敌人夸大人的罪过。
38、You're wonderful friend, and I treasure you more with every year.
你是一位难得的挚友,我对你的珍重与岁俱增。
39、We can live without a brother, but not without a friend.
我们生活中可以没有兄弟,但不能没有朋友。
40、Without a friend the world is a wilderness.
没有朋友,世界就等於一片荒野。
41、When I think of you the miles between us disappear.
当我想起你,相隔千里,如在咫尺。
42、A good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon us.
一本好书,莫逆之交。
43、Life without a friend is death without a witness.
在世无朋友,死后无证人。
44、To preserve a friend three things are required: to honour him present, praise him absent, and assist him in his necessities.
维持友谊需要三点∶当面尊重他,背后赞扬他,需要时帮助他。
45、Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public.
在私底下要忠告你的朋友,在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。
46、Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen.
书籍如朋友,应该少而精。
47、We can live without our friends, but not without our neighbours.
生活可无友,邻居不能无。
48、From majestic mountains and valleys of green to crystal clear waters so blue, this wish is coming to you.
越过青翠的峻岭和山谷,直到晶莹湛蓝的水边,飞来了我对你的祝愿。
49、Trust not the praise of a friend, nor the contempt of an enemy.
不要信赖朋友的赞扬,也不要仇敌的轻蔑放在心上。
50、When a friend asks, there is no tomorrow.
朋友的要求不要拖。
51、It's joy to know you, wishing the nicest things always for you, not only today, but all the year through because you are really a joy to know.
认识你是一种快慰,愿你永远拥有最美好的东西,不仅今天拥有,而且天天拥有,因为认识你真是一种慰藉。
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以下是读文网小编整理的歌颂友情的英文句子,以供大家学习参考。
Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing.
选择朋友要审慎,摒弃更要审又慎。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真交。
A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both.
父亲是财富,兄弟是安慰,朋友兼而有之。
A friend exaggerates a man's virtue, an enemy his crimes.
朋友宣扬人的美德,敌人夸大人的罪过。
歌颂友情的英文句子
A friend in court is better than a penny in purse.
囊中有钱,不如朝中有友。
A friend is a second self.
朋友是另一个我。
A friend is best found in adversity.
患难见真友。
A life without a friend is a life without a sun.
人生在世无朋友,犹如生活无太阳。
A friend is never known till a man has need.
不到患难时,永远不能认识真正的朋友。
A friend is not so soon gotten as lost.
交友慢,失友快。
A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
广交友,无深交。
A friend without faults will never be found.
没有缺点的朋友是永远找不到的。
A joke never gains an enemy but often loses a friend.
开玩笑总不能化敌为友,反而有时会失去朋友。
Better lose a jest than a friend.
宁可不说一句俏皮话,以免得罪朋友们。
Choose an author as you choose a friend.
选书如择友。
He that has a full purse never wants a friend.
只要袋里有,不愁没朋友。
Life without a friend is death without a witness.
在世无朋友,死后无证人。
Thy friend has a friend and thy friend's friend has a friend so be discreet.
你的朋友有朋友,朋友的朋友又有朋友,所以要谨慎小心。
Trust not the praise of a friend, nor the contempt of an enemy.
不要信赖朋友的赞扬,也不要仇敌的轻蔑放在心上。
We can live without a brother, but not without a friend.
我们生活中可以没有兄弟,但不能没有朋友。
We can live without our friends, but not without our neighbours.
生活可无友,邻居不能无。
When a friend asks, there is no tomorrow.
朋友的要求不要拖。
Without a friend the world is a wilderness.
没有朋友,世界就等於一片荒野。
A bosom friend afar brings distant land near.
海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public.
在私底下要忠告你的朋友,在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。
A faithful friend is hard to find.
益友难得。
A good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon us.
一本好书,莫逆之交。
A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.
远亲不如近邻。
An empty purse frightens many friends.
囊中无分文,亲友不上门。
A ready way to lose friend is to lend him money.
失友皆从借钱起。
A thousand friends are few, one enemy is too many.
朋友千人尚觉少,仇敌一人犹嫌多。
A true friend is known in the day of adversity.
疾风知劲草,患难见真情。
A true friend is one soul in two bodies.
真正的朋友好似两个身子长著一颗心。
Better an open enemy than a false friend.
明枪易躲,暗箭难防。
Between friends all is common.
朋友之间不分彼此。
Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen.
书籍如朋友,应该少而精。
Everything is good when new, but friend when old.
东西新的好,朋友老的好。
Familiar paths and old friends are the best.
熟路好遵循,老友最可珍。
Friends are like fiddle-strings, they must not be screwed too tight.
朋友像琴弦,不能太拧紧。
Friendship cannot stand always on one side.
来而不往非礼也。
Friendship is love with understanding.
友谊是爱加上谅解。
Friendship multiplies joys and divides griefs.
友谊可以增添欢乐,可以分担忧愁。
Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.
友谊是两人一条心。
Friendship the older it grows the stronger it is.
友谊地久天长。
Friends may meet, but mountains never greet.
朋友可相逢,高山永分离。
Friends must part.
天下无不散之筵席。
God defend me from my friends; form my enemy I can defend myself.
防友*天,防敌*己。
He is rich enough who has true friends.
有真朋友的人是富翁。
Hunger knows no friend.
饥难周友。
A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near. 海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both.父亲是财富,兄弟是安慰,朋友兼而有之。
A friend exaggerates a mans virtue, an enemy his crimes.朋友宣扬人的美德,敌人夸大人的罪过。
A friend is a second self.朋友是另一个我。 A friend is best found in adversity. 患难见真友。
A friend is never known till a man has need. 不到患难时,永远不能认识真正的朋友。
A friend is not so soon gotten as lost. 交友慢,失友快。
A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody. 广交友,无深交。
A life without a friend is a life without a sun.人生在世无朋友,犹如生活无太阳。
Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing.选择朋友要审慎,摒弃更要审又慎。
Between friends all is common. 朋友之间不分彼此。
Fire is the test of gold, adversity of friendship.烈火试真金,苦难试友情。
Friendship is like wine---the older the better.友谊像美酒, 越陈越醇厚。
Life without a friend is death without a witness.没有朋友的生活等于孤独一人死去。
To preserve a friend three things are required: to honour him present, praise him absent, and assist him in his necessities.
维持友谊需要三点∶当面尊重他,背后赞扬他,需要时帮助他。
Old friends and old wine are best. 陈酒味醇, 老友情深。
Set great store by friendship. 情意重千斤。
The friendship of a gentleman is insipid as water. 君子之交淡如水。
To find friendship offer friendship.以友谊换友谊。
True friendship lasts forever.真正的友谊恒久不变。
Thank you for being a friend . No matter where we go or who we become , never forget who helped us get there. 感谢成为朋友,不管我们去哪儿或我们会变成谁,永远别忘记谁帮助我们到达了那里. It's joy to know you, wishing the nicest things always for you, not only today, but all the year through because you are really a joy to know. 认识你是一种快慰,愿你永远拥有最美好
In time of prosperity, friends will be plenty; In time of adversity, not one amongst twenty.
富在深山有远亲,穷在闹市无人
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友情需要,一点互助,一点真诚,一点信任。今天读文网小编在这里为大家分享一些关于友情的英文短句,希望大家会喜欢这些友谊英文语录!
16、A friend without faults will never be found.
没有缺点的朋友是永远找不到的。
17、A true friend is known in the day of adversity.
疾风知劲草,患难见真情。
18、Friends may meet, but mountains never greet.
朋友可相逢,高山永分离。
19、I've had a great life because I've got you ae a real friend.
我的生活精采因为有了你这个朋友
20、You are the best friend becuase you always can listen to what I don't say!
你是那位可以听到我心里深处的朋友!
21、Thy friend has a friend and thy friend's friend has a friend so be discreet.
你的朋友有朋友,朋友的朋友又有朋友,所以要谨慎小心。
22、An empty purse frightens many friends.
囊中无分文,亲友不上门。
23、When a friend asks, there is no tomorrow.
朋友的要求不要拖。
24、Better an open enemy than a false friend.
明枪易躲,暗箭难防。
25、A FRIEND is a 'gift' if of our heart treasures. Thank you forbeing the treasure in my heart.
朋友是心里的一个宝物!
26、A faithful friend is hard to find.
益友难得。
27、A friend is best found in adversity.
患难见真友。
28、Friendship multiplies joys and divides griefs.
友谊可以增添欢乐,可以分担忧愁。
29、Without a friend the world is a wilderness.
没有朋友,世界就等於一片荒野。
30、A thou sand friends are few, one enemy is too many.
朋友千人尚觉少,仇敌一人犹嫌多。
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在成长道路上友情是上帝赐给我们最珍贵的礼物,我们都渴望能够拥有真挚的友情。今天读文网小编在这里为大家分享一些关于友情的英文句子,欢迎大家阅读!
Life without a friend is death without a witness.
在世无朋友,死后无证人。
A friend is a second self.
朋友是另一个我。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真交。
A friend is never known till a man has need.
不到患难时,永远不能认识真正的朋友。
Always my a pair comity is constant.
我俩友谊永不变。
Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.
友谊是两人一条心。
A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both.
父亲是财富,兄弟是安慰,朋友兼而有之。
A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
广交友,无深交。
A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.
远亲不如近邻。
I've had a great life because I've got you ae a real friend.
我的生活精采因为有了你这个朋友
You are the best friend becuase you always can listen
to what I don't say! 你是那位可以听到我心里深处的朋友!
When we meet difficults,we can lean on each other.
Then we will be okay!
遇困难时,让我们互相扶持!
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想知道关于友情的英文句子有哪些吗?下面小编整理了一些关于友情的英文句子,供大家学习参考。
1、A joke never gains an enemy but often loses a friend.开玩笑总不能化敌为友,反而有时会失去朋友。
2、Better lose a jest than a friend. 宁可不说一句俏皮话,以免得罪朋友们。
3、Thy friend has a friend and thy friend's friend has a friend so be discreet. 你的朋友有朋友,朋友的朋友又有朋友,所以要谨慎小心。
4、To preserve a friend three things are required: to honour him present, praise him absent, and assist him in his necessities. 维持友谊需要三点∶当面尊重他,背后赞扬他,需要时帮助他。
5、Trust not the praise of a friend, nor the contempt of an enemy. 不要信赖朋友的赞扬,也不要仇敌的轻蔑放在心上。
6、We can live without a brother, but not without a friend. 我们生活中可以没有兄弟,但不能没有朋友。
7、We can live without our friends, but not without our neighbours. 生活可无友,邻居不能无。
8、A friend is a second self. 朋友是另一个我。
9、A friend is best found in adversity. 患难见真友。
10、A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生在世无朋友,犹如生活无太阳。
11、Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing. 选择朋友要审慎,摒弃更要审又慎。
12、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真交。
13、A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both. 父亲是财富,兄弟是安慰,朋友兼而有之。
14、A friend exaggerates a man's virtue, an enemy his crimes. 朋友宣扬人的美德,敌人夸大人的罪过。
15、A friend in court is better than a penny in purse. 囊中有钱,不如朝中有友。
16、Choose an author as you choose a friend. 选书如择友。关于友情的英文句子
17、He that has a full purse never wants a friend.只要袋里有,不愁没朋友。
18、Life without a friend is death without a witness. 在世无朋友,死后无证人。
19、A friend is not so soon gotten as lost. 交友慢,失友快。
20、A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody. 广交友,无深交。
21、A friend without faults will never be found. 没有缺点的朋友是永远找不到的。
22、A friend is never known till a man has need. 不到患难时,永远不能认识真正的朋友。
23、When a friend asks, there is no tomorrow.
朋友的要求不要拖。
24、Better an open enemy than a false friend.
明枪易躲,暗箭难防。
25、A FRIEND is a 'gift' if of our heart treasures. Thank you forbeing the treasure in my heart.
朋友是心里的一个宝物!
26、A faithful friend is hard to find.
益友难得。
27、A friend is best found in adversity.
患难见真友。
28、Friendship multiplies joys and divides griefs.
友谊可以增添欢乐,可以分担忧愁。
29、Without a friend the world is a wilderness.
没有朋友,世界就等於一片荒野。
30、A thou(www.lz13.cn)sand friends are few, one enemy is too many.
朋友千人尚觉少,仇敌一人犹嫌多。
31、A bosom friend afar brings distant land near.
海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
32、A ready way to lose friend is to lend him money.
失友皆从借钱起。
33、A true friend is one soul in two bodies.
真正的朋友好似两个身子长着一颗心。
34、Friendship is love with understanding.
友谊是爱加上谅解。
35、A life without a friend is a life without a sun.
人生在世无朋友,犹如生活无太阳。
36、Books, like friends, should be few and well chosen.
书籍如朋友,应该少而精。
37、He is rich enough who has true friends.
有真朋友的人是富翁。
38、Everything is good when new, but friend when old.
东西新的好,朋友老的好。
39、Familiar paths and old friends are the best.
熟路好遵循,老友最可珍。
40、When we meet difficults,we can lean on each other.Then we will be okay!
遇困难时,让我们互相扶持!
41、Friendship cannot stand always on one side.
来而不往非礼也。
42、Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing.
选择朋友要审慎,摒弃更要审又慎。
43、Between friends all is common.
朋友之间不分彼此。
44、He that has a full purse never wants a friend.
只要袋里有,不愁没朋友。
45、God defend me from my friends; form my enemy I can defend myself.
防友*天,防敌*己。
46、Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public.
在私底下要忠告你的朋友,在公开场合又表扬你的朋友。
47、You the real friend who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
谢谢你是那位全世界都遗弃我时还在我身边的朋友!
48、Life without a friend is death without a witness.
在世无朋友,死后无证人。
49、A friend is a second self.
朋友是另一个我。
50、A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真交。
51、A friend is never known till a man has need.
不到患难时,永远不能认识真正的朋友。
52、Always my a pair comity is constant.
我俩友谊永不变。
53、Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.
友谊是两人一条心。
54、A father is a treasure, a brother is a comfort, but a friend is both.
父亲是财富,兄弟是安慰,朋友兼而有之。
55、A friend to everybody is a friend to nobody.
广交友,无深交。
56、A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.
远亲不如近邻。
I've had a great life because I've got you ae a real friend.
我的生活精采因为有了你这个朋友
You are the best friend becuase you always can listen
to what I don't say! 你是那位可以听到我心里深处的朋友!
When we meet difficults,we can lean on each other.
Then we will be okay!
遇困难时,让我们互相扶持!
You the real friend who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.
谢谢你是那位全世界都遗弃我时还在我身边的朋友!
A FRIEND is a 'gift' if of our heart treasures. Thank you for
being the treasure in my heart. 朋友是心里的一个宝物!
A life without a friend is a life without a sun.
人生在世无朋友,犹如生活无太阳。
Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing.
选择朋友要审慎,摒弃更要审又慎。
A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真交。
1、想你,是一种美丽的忧伤的甜蜜的惆怅,心里面,却是一种用任何语言也无法表达的温馨。
It is graceful grief and sweet sadneto think of you, but in my heart, there is a kind of soft warmth that can't be expressed with any choice of words.
2、你知道思念一个人的滋味吗,就像喝了一大杯冰水,然后用很长很长的时间流成热泪。
Do you understand the feeling of missing someone? It is just like that you will spend a long hard time to turn the ice-cold water you have drunk into tears.
3、我知道你最喜欢这首歌,我也知道你的心思,我想你。
I know you like this song most and I know what you are thinking about ,too, I miyou .
4、常常想起曾和你在一起的那些日子。开心、快乐、幸福、失落、伤心、痛苦的所有日子。很想你,很想你……
Those days when we were together appear in my mind time after time, because they were so joyful, happy, blest, disappointing, sad and painful. I miyou ,and miyou so mach……
4、你知道么,有个人时时想念着你,惦记你,你含笑的眼睛,象星光闪闪,缀在我的心幕上,夜夜亮晶晶。
Do you know there is someone thinking of you and caring you all the time ? Your smiling eyes are just like the sparkling stars hanging on the curtain of my heart.
5、心要让你听见,爱要让你看见,不怕承认对你有多眷恋;想你的时候,盼你能收到我的真情留言!
Listening to my heart beating. Seeing how much I love you ,I dare to admit how much I love you .When thinking of you, I hope you can receive the passionat words I left for you!
6、千万个思念,在空气中凝固。扬起风吹向你,带着我的祝福,寂寞我不在乎,你快乐我就满足,想你是我的幸福!
Thousand of time I have thought of you .My heart is going high into the air and flying with my blessing towards you I don't care loneliness. I am satisfied when you are happy and I am happy when I think of you!
7、不是因为寂寞才想你,是因为想你才寂寞。孤独的感觉之所以如此之重,只是因为太想你。
I miyou not because of my lonelinebut I do feel lonely when I miyou. Only when I miyou deeply I feel so lonely.
8、长长的思念,就像风筝断了线,飘啊飘啊,飘到你的身边。
I miyou so deeply that my love just like a kite has broken its line and won't stop flying until it reaches you at last.
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古典文学常见论文一词,谓交谈辞章或交流思想。当代,论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章,简称之为论文。那么,你知道论文的英语怎么说吗?
老师问了我一些和我的论文有关的问题。
The teacher asked me some questions relative to my paper.
老师的办公室里堆满了大批不同的论文。
There is a heterogeneous mass of papers in the teacher's office.
我们相信你在星期五之前可以完成这篇论文。
We are depending on you to finish the paper by Friday.
英语论文怎么写
还没有装订成册的论文稿件堆放在桌子上。
The unbound sheets of paper were piled up on the table.
他写的论文很优秀。
The treatise he wrote is excellent.
我们的教授要求他就这个课题写篇论文。
Our professor asked him to write a treatise on the subject.
论文最后简要总结了本论文的内容和不足。
The last chapter of the paper briefly summarizes the harvest and deficiency.
将参赛的建模方案论文复印三份,将摘要页装订在每份论文的第一页上沿。
Staple one copy of the summary sheet on top of each copy of the solution paper.
我们将在一起审阅这些论文。
We shall go through these papers together.
我终于写完了李教授要的论文。
I finally popped that paper for Professor Li.
教授已经把我的论文搁置一个月了。
The professor has turned aside my paper for a month.
这是你的论文吗?
Is this you dissertation?
它就是你要表达的东西,这个论文也是,另一种思考它的方式,关于一个问题的答案。
It is what you profess. Well, the thesis is also, another way to think of it, an answer to a question.
他表示愿意帮助我一起做我的研究论文。
He offered to help me with my research paper.
看到了,你打算递交论文吗?
Do you plan to submit any paper?
一些书籍和论文讲述了如何在单元测试中使用模拟对象,描述的是模拟对象应该具备的能力以及如何使用他们。
Several books and papers show how to use mock objects in unit testing. Thesedescribe the capabilities that mock objects should have and how to use them.
这个部分是对论文所要写的内容做个一般性的介绍—它不仅仅是对每一部分的描述。
This is a general introduction to what the thesis is all about -- it is not just adescription of the contents of each section.
即便这样 这还是一片非常糟糕的论文如果让我审核的话它一定会被淹没在红墨水的海洋里去.
Yet it's an awful paper that I would have shredded in a sea of red ink if it hadcome to me.
玛雅:现在你得让我采访你,好写我的论文。
Maya: Now you have to let me interview for my paper.
这里你列举出你的论文所做出的新知识的贡献。
Here you list the contributions of new knowledge that your thesis makes.
用另一句话来说就是,这篇短文应该会对你很有帮助无论是你刚刚开始你的研究生课程还是稍后你要开始写你的论文。
In other words, this note should be helpful when you are just getting started inyour graduate program, as well as later when you start to write your thesis.
但他的批评者同意一个事实:他的论文指出了减少化肥的使用在中国的重要性。
And his critics agree with him on one matter: the paper points to the importance ofreducing fertilizer use in China.
那时我将真的不得不对期末论文评分了。
Then I really do have to grade term papers.
此外,论文的方法部分本来应该为其他人复制实验提供足够的信息,但通常情况都不是这样。
Moreover, the methods sections of papers are supposed to provide enoughinformation for others to replicate an experiment, but often do not.
在那个研讨会上,他交了一篇,论文,是为其它一些场合写的,是关于关心这个概念。
At the symposium, he submitted a paper which he had written for some otheroccasion on the concept of caring about.
但是他们的论文是最完备的。
But their paper is the most thorough.
你什么时候能完成学期论文?
When will you finish the term paper?
不管你的学期论文是关于什么的,因特网总可以帮助你选择主题或提供多种多样的主题供你选择。
No matter whatever your term paper is about, they help you in selecting topicsand some offer a wide range of topics to choose from.
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下面是读文网小编整理的商务英语论文范文,希望对大家有帮助。
Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..1
Chapter One Cultural Differenceces………………………………………………..1
1.1 The Definition of Culture………………………………………….....................1
1.2 Causes of Cultural Differences………………………………………………….2
1.2.1 Regional Differences……………………………………………………….2
1.2.2 Ethnic Differences…………………………………………………………2
1.2.3 Political Differences……………………………………………………….2
1 .2.4 Economic Differences…………………………………………………….2
1.2.5 Religious Differences………………………………………………….......3
1.2.6 Value Differences………………………………………………………….3
1.2.7 Law and Ethics Differences……………………………………………….3
Chapter Two Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations…………………………………………………………………………..3
2.1Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations 4
2.1.1Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation. 4
2.1.2Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation. 5
2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation. 6
2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations. 6
2.3 Communication Process…………………………………..
3. Coping Strategy Of Negotiating Across Cultures. 9
3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation. 9
3.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice. 10
3.3 Conquering Communication Barriers. 10
Conclusion 11
Bibliography 12
Acknowledgements 13#p#副标题#e#
摘 要
不同文化条件下的商务谈判就是跨文化谈判。在世界经济日趋全球化的今天,随着国际间商务交往活动的频繁和密切,各国间的文化差异就显得格外的重要,否则将会引起不必要的误会,甚至可能直接影响商务交往的实际效果。这味着如何化解各国不同文化背景在国际商务谈判中是非常重要的。文章从文化差异的类型入手,然后解释了这些文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响,最后分析了如何正确解决谈判过程中文化差异的问题。文章强调了这样一个观点,在不同国家商务谈判中,谈判员应该接受对方的文化,并试图是自己被对方所接受,然后在有效沟通的帮助下做出正确评估,并找出它们之间的真正利益。此外,们应该尽可能的清楚的了解并发现对方的文化。这对文化谈判的成功至关重要。
关键词:文化,文化差异,商务谈判,影响
Abstract
The business negotiations under different cultural conditions come to cross- cultural negotiations. With the economic globalization and the frequent business contacts, cultural differences seem to be very important; otherwise they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, even affect the result of the business negotiations. This means it is very important to know the different culture in different countries and the ways to avoid the culture conflicts in the international business negotiations. The article commences from the types of culture differences, then it explains the impacts of these culture differences on international business negotiation and finally it analyzes how to deal with the problem of the cultural differences correctly in negotiation process. Such a standpoint is emphasized: In the business negotiations between different countries, negotiators should accept the other party’s culture, and try to make him be accepted; then make a correct evaluation with the help of valid communication and discover their real benefits between them. Besides, we should know clearly and try to accept the culture differences as possible as we can. It is very important for the success of culture negotiations.
Key words: Culture, Clturaltal differences,Business negotitation,Impact
Introduction
Along with the advancement globalization and China’s WTO entry, business enterprises in China have to face more and more business negotiations with foreign enterprises, especially with American enterprises. In these negotiations, Chinese negotiators sometimes feel uncomfortable, puzzled, lost, irritated and the alike, because of unfamiliar custom and behaviors demonstrated by American negotiators. Meanwhile, American negotiators confront the same situation. Cult rural differences between China and west countries could cause many problems. Therefore, understanding cultural differences and overcoming them is crucial in international business negotiations.
Although the definition of culture is numerous and vague, it is commonly Recognized that culture is a shared system of symbols, beliefs, values, attitudes and expectations. Culture is a major determinant in business negotiation. So have a clear picture of culture differences if of great significance.
Chapter One Cultural Differences
The east countries and west countries have produced different cultures on the different continents. Among the different cultures, value views, negotiating style and thinking model appear more obvious.
1.1 The Definition of Culture
Culture is a national system of specific concepts and values. These concepts become people’s behavior during their life and work. As early as 1952, Kroeber and Kluckhohn listed 164 definitions of culture that they found in the anthropology literature. Of course, many new definitions have appeared since then. For example, some scholars gave such definition that culture is an integrated system of learned behavior patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and not the result of biological inheritance. In the thesis, culture refers to the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, habits, and capabilities acquired by individuals who interact in a specific area of society.
1.2 Causes of Cultural Differences
The impacts of regional differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and value differences on people’s life are embodied in the catering, clothing, housing, holidays, rituals and other material and cultural life in all aspects. These result in cultural differences in different countries and regions.
1.2.1 Regional Differences
Regional differences refer to that people in different geographical regions often have different languages, life styles and hobbies because of the differences of geographical environments, levels of economic development and traditions, which would affect their behavior and habits. For example, western countries pay more attention to Christmas, while the regions have no snow, such as some African countries near the equator, where people have no idea of Christmas. The reason is that the best decoration to Christmas is snow, but people near the equator are not familiar with the snow which never falls on there.
1.2.2 Ethnic Differences
Ethnic differences refer to that different ethnic groups in the process of long-term development form its own languages, customs, habits and hobbies. They have their own characteristics in their diet, clothing, housing, holidays, rituals and other material and cultural life.
1.2.3 Political Differences
Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.
1 .2.4 Economic Differences
Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences.
1.2.5 Religious Differences
Religion is a historical product with human beings developing into a certain stage. There are three main religions in the world: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is predominant in northern Europe, North America and Australia; Christian (Catholic) is predominant in Western Europe and South American countries. Islam largely scope of the Middle East and North Africa. Many people in Asia regions believe in Buddhism. Different religions have different cultural trends and precepts, which affect the way that people understand things, conduct and values.
1.2.6 Value Differences
Value concepts mean people’s evaluation criteria to human being’s internal world. It contains time value, wealth value, the attitude toward life and risk. To the same problems, different people in different societies have different views or even diametrically opposite views. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.
This causes their dependence on their parents even when they grow up. This shows that different countries share different values.
1.2.7 Law and Ethics Differences
Law and ethics is an integrated system, but sometimes they are contradictive in business negotiation. Western people like to deal with things according to laws. They usually go to negotiate with accompaniment of their lawyers. On the contrary, eastern people pay more attention to ethics rather than laws. In their eyes, business ethics refers to the measurement of business behavior based on standards of right or wrong, rather than relying entirely on principles of accounting, management or laws.#p#副标题#e#
Chapter Two Impact of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations
With the rapid development of economy, we need to do business with businessmen under different culture background, so in order to reach trade agreement, it is necessary for us to study the impact of culture differences on international negotiation in global business activities. The impact of culture differences on international negotiation is extensive and deeply. Different cultures divide the people into different group and they are also the obstacles of people’s communication. Accordingly, it is required that the negotiator should accept the culture of each other. Furthermore, through culture differences, it is important that the negotiator reveal and understand the other party’s goal and behavior and make him or herself be accepted by the opponent to reach agreement finally
2.1 Impact of Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations
Value Views Differences on International Business Negotiations fall into three types: time view, negotiation style, thinking model. Each has big influences on business negotiation
2.1.1 Impact of Time View Difference on Negotiation.
The time view which affects the negotiator’s behavior varies from east countries to west countries. The oriental or the Chinese negotiators are usually cautious and patient. They need to go through the phrases of coming up with proposes, bringing up objections and ending the trade which takes a longer time. And they hope to arrange rich time to go on a negotiation, thus knowing more about the opponent .They are good at long and continuous battle. While west people or we could say American people, consider time is precious. They tend to resolve problems swiftly. So, in business negotiation, American businessmen often complain about the delay and the lack of efficiency of negotiators from other countries, while these countries also make a complaint that the Americans lack patience. There is a popular saying among American negotiators and businessmen: It is prohibited to steal time. That shows the time view of Americans. To them, time means money. The time view of Chinese is cyclic. They use long-term and systematic viewpoints to value the importance of the topic. A famous people classify the time view into two kinds: straight-line time viewand cyclic time view. The former pay more attention to concentration and speed, and the later stress doing many things at one time. That they insist on different time view leads to different negotiating style and method. The American people represent the straight-line time view and they have a strong awareness of modern competition. They look for speed and efficiency. So they value time badly and consider time as a special commodity whose value could be assessed. They often use minute to calculate time .They hope to reduce negotiation time at every phrase and want to complete the negotiation quickly. But the Chinese time view is cyclic and they place emphasis on unity.
Moreover, it is necessary to be punctual at negotiations. West people have a strong time view, if you don’t comply with the appointment time, they may give you a punishment and they will regard you as unreliable and irresponsible person. Being late for negotiation will give the west businessmen opportunities to exert pressure onyou, and then you will lose the status of being initiative.
2.1.2 Impact of Equality View Difference on Negotiation
America went through the bourgeoisie revolution of striving for the equality and freedom, so they take equality into their heart. Americans stick to equality and fairness in business, and hope that both could gain benefit. When introducing the topic or situation, the west people would like to use concrete method, particularly data.
Their negotiating method is that they will describe their viewpoint and propose at the beginning in order to get initiative. Under this principle, they would come up with a reasonable resolution which they think is very fair. In business relationship, the sellers from America regard the buyer as a counterpart. Americans are fairer than Japanese is sharing benefits. A lot of American managers think fair division of profits is more important than how much they could get. At this point, the east people are different. Because of the deeply influence of class view, they don’t pay much attention to equality. They usually adopt single-win strategy in business negotiations. When involving economic benefits they think much about their own benefits and profits and don’t give so much attention to the benefit of their partners. The market economic system of developed countries is quite mature, so west countries take win-win strategy more in negotiation; basically, they could take the benefits of both into consideration.
2.1.3 Impact of Objectivity Difference on Negotiation
The objectivity in international business negotiation reflects the degree to which people treat any things. West people especially Americans have a strong objectivity on the understanding of issues. At negotiation table, Americans don’t care much about relationship between people. They don’t care if the status of the opponent is equal to theirs. They make decision based on facts and data, not people. The saying that public things use public ways is a reflection of American objectivity. Therefore,Americans emphasize that Businessmen should distinguish people and issues, what they are really interested in is the actual problems. But in the other parts of the world, it is impossible for them to distinguish people and issues
2.2 Impact of Negotiating Style Differences on International Business Negotiations
The impacts of negotiating style differences on international business negotiation mainly exist in negotiating method and negotiating structure. Take the negotiation between America and China as a example, since the oriental care more about unity in thinking, they method they adopt in negotiation is from unity to parts, from the big to little, from the abstract to the concrete, that is to say they should each agreement on general terms, then begin to talk about the concrete terms. And usually not until the end of the negotiation do they make compromise and promise based on all the items, and then to reach agreement. The west people are influenced by analytic thinking, so pay more attention to logical relations between things. They consider more about concrete things than integrity. And they tend discuss the concrete items at the beginning of negotiation, so they often resolve the price, delivery and issuance respectively at first. And they may make compromise at every detail, so the final contract is the combination of many little agreements. The negotiating structure is linked with cultures. Negotiating structure mostly refers to the number of the participants. In business negotiation, the foreign delegation is usually composed by 3-5 people, while the Chinese one could be more 15 people. The foreign negotiators not only need to negotiate with their counterparts but also need to discuss with related person in charge or the government. When making the final decisions, the Chinese negotiators often discuss the results repeatedly from the workers to the board to avoid being decided by a single person. That results from the influence of collectivism. So they often said to their partners: Let us think about it. Let us discuss it. But the west negotiators could make the final decision without going back for discussion. That because their admire individualism and hard working. They have strong independence. They would carry on according to the best ways after knowing their goals. What’s more, most west people think that they have the ability to deal with the negotiation situation on their own. And truly, they are brave enough to take responsibility.
2.3 Communication Process
In the international business negotiation, communication process is very important, and it contains two parts, verbal communication and nonverbal communication
2.3.1 Verbal Communication
Verbal communication mainly refers to language communication. Language is important to international business negotiation, because it is how we reach out to make contract with others. We all agree that language play an important role in communication with people from different backgrounds. However, we may be less aware that cultural literacy is necessary in order to understand the language. If we select language without being aware of the cultural implications, we may not communicate well and even send the wrong message. Therefore, during the international business negotiation process, a good interpreter can help overcome the cultural barriers.
2.3.2 Nonverbal Communication
Simply, nonverbal communication refers to communication without the use of words. Even if you know the language, cultures differ in the use of nonverbal communication. Cultural differences may cause negotiators to play differently on facial expressions, gestures, and the other kinds of body language.
Researchers have shown that the words a person speaks may be far less important than the body language used when delivering the verbal message, and they estimate that less than 30% of communication between two individuals within the same culture is verbal in nature. Over 70% of communication takes place nonverbally. Some other scholars even say that 90% of the information is actually transmitted through nonverbal means. We are not sure of that. But one thing we are sure is that in face-to-face communication nonverbal signals are just as important as verbal message.
Take head movement for example, generally speaking, in most cultures nodding one’s head is seen as agreement while shaking one’s head is seen as rejection. But, in Bulgaria, for instance, people may nod their heads to signify no and shake their heads to signify yes. A lowered head in the western culture can signify defeat or uncertainty. In Asian cultures lowering one’s head may mean acceptance
2.4 international Thinking and Analytic Thinking
Easterners lay stress on harmony and entirety, while westerners on analysis and part. In other words, easterners view things from whole to part, while westerners from part to whole. Chinese people have been accustomed to dividing one issue into two opposite parts that are considered as interactive and interdependent; they hold the view that human and nature are an indivisible unity. With regard to the relationship among people, they appeal to collectivism and trust their own intuition. For thousands of years, this kind of thinking pattern has occupied a dominant position in China and becomes the core of cognition and communication. Therefore, Chinese people are used to making a comprehensive survey of the overall situation first, and then thinking over details. They depend on intuition and are imbued with imagination. People call this “round thinking mode” (Jia Yuxin, 1997).
Western thinking pattern is noted for logic, analysis, and linearity. By adopting the method of bisection, westerners consider subject and object, material and spirit diametrically opposed, i.e., things just have two possibilities, either this or that, when thinking, westerners usually start from parts, and then think about the whole situation, which is called “linear thinking mode”(Jia Yuxin, 1997,p.100).
2.4.1 Concrete Thinking and Abstract Thinking
Basically, people in any country have concrete thinking pattern and abstract thinking pattern. However, due to the difference in history and culture, each nation has its emphasis on either of them. On the whole, traditional Chinese culture is known for concrete thinking while western culture for abstract thinking. Based on experience, concrete thinking depends on analogy, metaphor and symbol. Ancient westerners adopted abstract thinking to deal with problems by means of concept, judgment, and reasoning.#p#副标题#e#
2.5 Negotiation Structure
Cultural differences also impact on negotiation structure. Different countries have different negotiation structure, so do the team. The team in eastern countries feel that time is abundant and humans should not follow the timetable blindly. For example, Chinese people are famous for the length of their negotiations; they spend much time in the non-task sounding stage of negotiation to establish rapport and get to know their partners. Chinese people usually discuss many issues at one time, without an apparent order, they may skip from one issue to another and they may also come back to points which in the eyes of their Western partners have already been settled and concessions are made or all issues at the end of the discussion.
However, the team in western countries regard time as money and would like to set fixed agendas. Western countries are emblematic of the “time is money” culture, where time is a scarce resource. People would try to achieve its optimal allocation between the competing ways of using it. They establish timetables and deadlines. Norms tend to be strict regarding time schedules. When a discussion with someone lasts longer than planned, they will politely stop the conversation, in order to keep their schedule.
2.6 Negotiation Style
Negotiation practices differ from one culture to another and cultural difference can impact on “negotiation style” --- the way people from different cultures conduct themselves. Here, we divide negotiation style into the eastern negotiation style and the western one. China and Japan are the typical countries of the East, while America the West.
Chinese culture is a high–context culture. In a high-context culture, the emphasis on communication is indirectness and ambiguity. Most of the information is in the context while little is in the explicit part of the message. The external environment, situation and non-verbal behavior are crucial in understanding communications. People depend heavily upon covert clues to interpret a message given under a certain context. And also, Chinese negotiators also look forward to long-term partnership. They are not in a hurry to push for an agreement. Generally, there is a slow start to “warm up”, and then it is followed by some tentative suggestions.
In the international business negotiation, saving face and achieving harmony are more important factors than achieving higher sales and profits for Japanese. As far as the Japanese negotiators are concerned, they try to build up a long-term relationship in the course of negotiation. Therefore, they prefer personal contacts in an informal way. For them, trust is more important than agreements. The reason why there is a low ratio of success between American and Japanese negotiators lies mainly in this point. Besides, Japanese negotiators try their best to avoid an open conflict between both parties. Consequently, they often ask a third party to function as go-betweens. In this way, they can prevent an unpleasant feeling from coming up on both sides
The impression Americans leave us on the negotiating table is flexibility, straightness and zest. They never express themselves with vague words. They say “Yes” or “No” directly. Consequently, during a negotiation they like people speaking without reservation. When any conflict appears in a negotiation, Americans aim to solve the problem and never mind if you have adequate proof and dispute with them. Meanwhile, if you want to ease up the atmosphere and respond with a smile, it will be reckoned as insincere and as if you are in the wrong way. In addition, Americans respect human rights, and they can not tolerate throwing stones at a certain person behind him. American negotiators often act in an impersonal way ---“business is business” is their view, American negotiators are always mission-driven---anxious to bring parties concerned into agreement, and they have little interest in building up any relationship. Furthermore, American negotiators like to be openly challenged for the negotiation, and they think it is quite normal if they run into any conflict with any party concerned.
2.7 Decision-making Process
Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the decision of the majority of the group members, but other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all members have agreed. Knowing how your counterpart makes decisions is vital to help gauge the approach you should take to persuade him or her. Take Japan and America as typical eastern and western countries for example.American people make decisions based upon the bottom line and cold, hard facts. They believe not people, but statistics and performance count. Business is business. In American view, a business negotiation is a problem-solving activity, and the solution is a deal that suits both parties.
The decision making process is just like a cost-benefit analysis applied to all parties who would be touched by the decision. A decision is considered right because it produces the greatest net benefit when all the costs and benefits to all the affected parties are taken into account. So the Americans usually list the possible effects and estimate the magnitude of their costs and benefits as accurately as possible.
In general, decision-making in Japan is a communal affair requiring unanimous approval by management. In this decision-making style, everyone must be convinced, not just the key decision-maker. Upper-level managers do not make fast, on-the-spot decisions. Most Japanese companies use some form of a system of decision-making known as document system. In the lower layer of management, usually at the section level, a manager drafts a proposal after achieving consensus within his own group.
The proposal is circulated to the heads of other sections and departments. These heads study the proposal. If they approve, they stamp their name seals on it. If they disapprove, they either refuse to stamp it or put their seals on it upside down. Then the document is passed up through the different
levels of management until it reaches the president. If everyone stamps the proposal, it becomes a company policy. If not, it is usually sent back to its originator with certain suggestion. Thus all the middle managers in companies using this system perform almost all the planning functions for the company, deciding what will be done, when and how.
Chapter Three Coping Strategy of Negotiating across Cultures
The culture differences in cross-cultural communication have various impacts on operation of enterprises. These differences will influence negotiation and management of transnational operation; what’s more, it may have bad effects on the harmonious relationship between our country and foreign countries. Maybe that will lead to the missing of market opportunities, the increase of trade cost and the low efficiency of company management. So, it is really necessary for us all to eliminate and avoid disadvantageous effects.
3.1 Making Preparations before Negotiation.
The negotiators must make good preparations if they want control the development of negotiation successfully in the complex situation. Only do they make good preparations can they make changes freely according to the situation of negotiation and avoid the happening of conflicts. Because the international business negotiation involves extensive aspects, more preparations are needed. The preparations often include the analysis of the negotiators themselves and the opponents; the constitution of negotiation group, elaborating the negotiating goal and strategy and going on imitation negotiation when necessary. When making preparations, you should try to know the opponents while you analyze yourselves. Analyzing yourselves mainly refers to studying if the project is feasible. To knowing about the opponents means understanding their strength such as credit status, the policy、 business customs and regulations of their countries and the
conditions of their negotiating members and so on.
3.2 Overcoming Cultural Prejudice
Tolerating different cultures and overcoming cultural prejudice contribute to better communicating with each other and understanding each other. West people often think that they are powerful, capable and experienced, so sometimes, we need to recognize then and give then some good comments. We should learn about the foreign cultures before negotiation and accept and understand their cultures in negotiation, because every country regard their own cultures as a matter of course and hope that their culture could be recognized and accepted.
3.3 Conquering Communication Barriers
Two trains running at different railways in the opposite direction will collide with each other; maybe this is the best arrangement for trains. But to communication between people, there won’t be communications if people go ahead according to their own ways. Trains will collide with each other if they run on the same railway at the opposite direction. But if we measure by the objective of people’s communication, only we meet each other, can we have communication and friendship. In negotiation, sometimes we can’t make much progress although we have talked for long time. And sometimes both parties are not satisfied. After thinking, that is caused by communication barriers which happen easily in cross-cultural negotiation. We should make sure if there appear communication barriers, if so, we must overcome them. Generally speaking, we should pay more attention to the following three communication barriers in cross-cultural negotiation: the communication barriers caused by culture background of both; the ones caused by misunderstanding of the contents and information from the partner; the ones caused by not being willing to accept the opponent’s contents and ideas.#p#副标题#e#
Chapter Four The reasons of the different culture
Since there are so many cultural differences, then conflict is inevitable.A cultural diversity have many reasons, in a word, eastern and Western cultures have different cultures, historical background, it will inevitably bring some thinking, behavior, and many other differences, even conflicts. Many factors influence the differences of cultures.
4.1 Value Differences
Every culture has own unique value systems, this culture think that is good, another culture might consider bad, but it does not mean that this values are advanced, and the other values are behind. For example, parents in western countries tend to cultivate children to be independent. They encourage their children to deal with their personal things by themselves. Parents in eastern countries, however, always spoil their children. They always help their children finish some things which the children have the ability to cope with by themselves.
4.2 Political Differences
Political differences mean that policies and regulations of the political system standardize the behavior of the people’s role so that people under different political system have different political concepts. Take America and France for example: the power of American president is strictly limited by the Constitution and the other two authorities---Congress and Supreme Court. While France has to expand their president’s power due to their own conditions.
4.3 Economic Differences
Economic difference is a reflection of the cultural differences due to economic factors. For example, people in the western developed countries have the rich life, and receive the high education so that they pay more attention to the quality of life, and they have good safety awareness. But in the Third World, especially the developing countries, people are more concerned with the problem of food and clothing. So this is reflected in cultural differences
Chapter Five Negotiation Skills: correctly to deal with the cultural differences
As we all know, different countries have different cultures. According to the culture of different countries adopt different strategies in the international business negotiations, in order to ensure that negotiations can be expected to achieve, decision-making must based on cultural differences, learn some international business etiquette and practices, respect each other's cultural practices, so negotiations will be guarantee successfully.
Negotiational tactic is objective. Unless we understand it, we can apply it. Specifically speaking, take Chinese negotiators for example, we must achieve the following several points: First, understanding English has always being identified as a key successful factor for Chinese Business. Second, Chinese businessmen have to know the culture differences between the East and the West so that they not only can know their own negotiation’s mentality but also their rival’s mentality. In addition,Chinese businessmen should respect other parties’ customs, in equal and friendly foundation. Third, both parts should attempt to conciliate the bilateral cultural difference. Studying and respecting the foundation of adversary’s cultural difference requires both sides to exchang ideas, to stand in adversary’s angle and standpoint to think question.
Chapter Six How to negotiation and to deal with cultural differences in negotiation
6.1 1.Pre-negotiation
The pre-negotiation stage begins form the first contact between the two sides whose interest in doing business with each other,we should keep an open mind to recognize and accept the difference, because information gathering will to some extent determine the success and failure of the negotiation.
6.2 .Face-to-Face Negotiation
In this stage, I think negotiators should adopt some proper communication skills to reach an agreement. And we know conflict tend to be more difficult and complex when involved negotiators with cultural differences. But conflict is unavoidable during the process of negotiation. To make things worse, poor communication may kill deals. So we should try our best to overcome the cultural differences on negotiation, and utilize some effective communication to gain the common interest. In view of its significance in negotiation, communication is at the heart of the negotiating process.
6.3 Post-negotiation
Finally the business negotiation is brought to the end stage. The contract is being drawn up and to be signed. However, writing and wording of the contract in itself is a kind of negotiating process. For word meaning and business value might differ due to the cultural factors involved in the business negotiation, form of agreement is preferred differently from culture to culture.
6.4 Cultivation of Cross-cultural Awareness
Without both parties effort negotiations can not be achieved, so we should cultivate cross-cultural awareness to avoid some unnecessary matters.
First of all, a negotiator needs to have a reflection upon his own cultural system. He needs to be aware of his own values, beliefs and social norms. He also needs to be culturally sensitive and always bear in mind that a foreign negotiator is different from natives not only in physical features, but also in motivations, beliefs and values.
Then, show respect for the other party. Show respect for the other party will smooth the situation and speed the negotiation process. Anyhow, the result of the establishment of cultural fellowship does not mean overcoming a culture but means a third culture created by the former two (Li and Zhang, 2004).
Finally, accept other’s culture. For example, we usually believe in this saying “you will be treated how you treat others”. But in the cross-cultural setting, it’s not this way. What you want to be treated is not an American want to be. Therefore, we should believe that “how they treat other is what we will do” (Acuff, 1995). Try to behave like others do may bring you inconvenience, but just try it and it’s sure that the other part will encourage and appreciate your action.
Conclusion
“Social Customs varies in different countries”. In a word, cross- cultural communication will meet the problem of culture differences surely. In turn, culture differences also influence all aspects of international business communication. To avoid or to resolve the culture differences is a huge task in international business negotiation. In order to step into the international market successfully, we must have the awareness of culture differences, acknowledge culture differences and understand different cultures. Try to know yourself and know them. What’s more, we should respect different behavior of businessmen under different culture background, and then we could reduce unnecessary conflicts resulting from not respecting the opponents. It is beneficial for both to form an atmosphere of mutual trust and cooperation, reduce culture differences and turn disadvantages into advantages and benefits. Thus, we could avoid conflicts and obstacles, then to promote communication and harmony in international business negotiation.#p#副标题#e#
Reference
[1]George Yule. The study of Language[M].Cambridge University Press,2000:202-209
[2]Harvey, Paul,,“The Oxford Companion to English Literature” [M].London: Oxford University Press.1978:23-25
[3]Philip R Harris, Managing Cultural Differences [M]. Gulf Publishing Company, 1987:234-260
[4]Wang Cheng fa. A Glimpse of Foreign Land [J]. Kaifeng: Henan Univesity Press, 2000:58-62
[5]陈俊森.《外国文化与跨文化交际》北京:华中理工大学出版社,2000:2-6
[6]查尔斯·李龙与牛仔——《美国人眼中的中国商人》北京:中国海关出版社,2004
[7]韩承敏.《跨文化人力开发与资源管理》[M]南京:东南大学出版社,2003:340-342
[8]孙长征、黄洪民、吕舟雷. 《公共谈判与推销技巧》]青岛:青岛出版社,2001
Appreciation
As acknowledgements for my paper, only I — the writer is responsible for the shortcomings. I much acknowledges my thanks to all my teachers, especially to Miss Liu Mifan, my supervisor, who has provides me support, critical ideas and careful suggestions.
I also want to thank my family who always give me time, encouragement and secretarial services, especially my parents.
Finally, my classmate and friends, who provided thoughtful and thorough reviews of my paper, must be acknowledged.
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你是否在想,小学年级的英语论文,该如何写好呢?下面是读文网小编带来小学英语论文范文模板,希望对大家有帮助。
浅谈外语教学中的素质教育
在外语教学中,如何加强素质教育,我认为以下三点至关重要。
一、在教学中渗透民族自强意识
长期来,外语教学只注重语言文字的教学而忽略精神素质培育这是一个不小的失误。有人预言,21世纪是中国的世纪,怎样来理解这个预言?我曾赴澳教学一年,在昆州一所中学任教中文,也即他们的外语。绪论课是澳州教师上的,他不客气地开宗明义:“我们要好好学习中文,因为中国地大物搏,人口很多,是很好的商品市场和劳动力市场,你们学好了中文可以去那里图谋发展。”澳洲人也认为21世纪是中国的世纪,但仅仅是从他们的发展角度来寻找市场和劳动力的,如果我们的莘莘学子拼命学习外语,不过想求取一个外国老板的洋饭碗,那还会有什么“中国的世纪”呢?而新世纪的脚步声确实已非常急促了,因此,在外语教学中渗透民族自强意识已是十分紧迫和必要的了,我们一定要让学生懂得,他们生在一个文明古国,祖先为他们留下了深厚的文化积淀而并非只有贫穷;勤奋刻苦、改造世界本是我们民族的优秀精神,千万不要数典忘祖,只有具备了民族自强的意识,才能走到哪里都是一个大写的人。
二、在教学中增强文化素养的培育
过去,外语教学的习惯做法是:将课文当作生字、句子与语法的载体,而课文的背景、语言风格以及文章本身的内涵却很少被重视、被开掘。我们在课堂上把学生的注意力引到典型句型的分析上,像推导数学公式那样把复杂的长句一步步解开,我们乐此不疲,却也活生生地把一些很好的范文支解得零零碎碎,更何谈理解、体味、欣赏和学习了。这也是我们的学生外语语法学的很多,而外语语言修养却普遍水准不高、语汇贫乏、缺少风采的原因。如何扭转这些由应试教育带来的弊病呢?从目前学生外语学习的状况来看,只要教与学的观念改变了,我们完全有条件在教学中着意增强文化素养的培育。
条件之一,我们有很好的教材。以高中三册教材为例,涉及的文体、内容和文章的语言风格、时代背景还是相当广的,有十八、九世纪文学名著选摘、有伟人的演讲、有异国风光的描述和有趣的科普读物,还有褒扬真、善、美的诗与戏剧,其中自然包含着许多外国历史的、人文的、文学的、科学的甚至经济的知识,我们只需在课堂上匀出一定时间,有意把课文的内涵展开,那么,我们的外语教学就会变得立体而丰富,就会产生无穷的意趣,学生求知的触角便可作多方位地延伸。
条件之二,我们有好学的学生。以中国学生的勤奋、刻苦和聪明,如果能使他们意识到探求外语背景文化的重要性的话,我想他们会提出更有质量的问题。
因此,外语教学有责任也有条件努力去做这方面的引导和培养。
三、运用多种手段,提高学生外语应用能力
应试教育的一个弊病,就是培养了不少高分低能的学生。虽然考试、选拔现在是,将来也还是一种知识水准的衡量手段,但分数、学历不完全证明能力。能不能将所学知识转化为对社会的贡献,这才是最根本的目的,这一点,现在已越来越成为社会共识了。联系到外语教学的现状,最紧要的问题,当然就是如何运用各种教学手段,使学生在应用能力和交际能力上有所提高。我所在的南洋模范中学,生源好,教学硬件好,教师自身知识结构也较好,为了更好地调动学生积极性,培养他们的应用能力和交际能力,我们组织了学校英语广播和英语热线电话。我在中午电话热线开播以后,不停地接到学生的电话。有一些是询问课后作业的解答,更多的是只想与我用英语交谈交谈,话题涉及很广。有位女学生在电活中告诉我:她参加了美国“肯得基”杯口语竞赛,被选为荣誉礼仪小姐,但她担心自己相貌平平,会否见了总裁后被刷下来……接听这些电话,我感到很快慰。
学生在十分放松的情境中,积极的表达欲使他们的口语能力有超常发挥,清楚、流利,也较得体。当然,我也不时地对他们口语中的缺陷、错误加以纠正。这种教与学的方式十分和谐,学生不仅欢迎而且感到很有效。由此推想,我们是否也可以在课堂上创设一些好的情景,给学生更多动脑、动口的参与机会?
回想起来,我曾上过一堂“答记者问”式的复习课。我坐在学生中间,不时地回答他们的各类问题,有时也抛出一、二个思考题,让他们稍作思考后回答我,或者我将一个较难的问题“挑动”学生争辩。我发现这种讨论的气氛特别能加强逻辑思维。为了回答或驳倒对方,必须特别清晰地归纳思路和调整语言方式,学生的注意力异常集中。尽管他们用英语提问或口答尚感吃力,但冲出第一步总是学会走路了。
看过小学英语论文范文模板
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下面是读文网小编整理的电子商务英语论文范文,以供大家学习参考。
Recent development of information technologies has brought us new possibilities for teaching and learning classical art and humanities in several different ways. Image plays a key role here. In learning classical Japanese poetry, it is quite important to examine original books and manu******s because even the published books were printed from the wood blocks of engraved words which were written with brush by, in many cases, the authors themselves. Not only the visual art works, but also the literary materials as such pose the problem of authenticity, and this problem itself is closely linked to the interpretation of the literary works and the life history of the authors. Yosa Buson (1716-84), a poet-painter, and his followers best represent this type of artists and must be studied with both texts and images they created.
Buson was a leading haiku poet of the 18th century and, with Basho and Issa, one of the great names in haiku. He was also a distinguished BUNJINGA (literati-style) painter, and perfected haiga or cursive sketch with poems as a branch of Japanese pictorial art. Buson read classics extensively and studied different styles of Chinese and Japanese paintings. Poetry and painting affected each other in his art. His poems were, diversely enough, rich in imagery, clearly depicting fine movements and sensual appearances of things, dynamic with wider landscapes, lyrical, sensitive to human affairs, romantic with hidden stories, graceful, and longingly time-conscious. Buson completed his own style of painting in his later years when he was using the name of Sha-In. Freed from the influence of China, he created genuine Japanese landscapes.
Two years after starting its creation, this site now receives more and more accesses from both Japan and abroad. In May 2000, for example, there were, in average, about 350 hits for the site per day, 45 different individual accesses to the English top page, and 17 different accesses to the Japanese top page. Some people leave notes in the guest book, and some other people prefer to send e-mails to the site author. These notes and mails are analyzed in terms of contents, interests, and gratification. Formative evaluation of the site is now conducted with college students. This site, when it is fully developed, is to be converted into a CD-ROM with upgraded still and moving images.
Abstract From the concept of the network university, we deduce its three basic infrastructures:the education center station, the high speed backbone and the user terminal network. we point out that the remote learning online at home will be the most important studying model in the future,so the HomeNet will be a necessary infrastructure platform for remote learning , in this paper we discuss the structure, the key technologies and connection media of HomeNet.
Keywords network university remote learning HomeNet
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下面是读文网小编整理的英语论文开题报告范文,希望对大家有帮助。
一、论文题目:classroom interaction and oral english teaching
二、研究现状:
对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系,国内的研究主要集中在:(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式,司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手,探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手,强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用,对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少,黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析,提倡“以学生为中心”,实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”,促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”,提高口语交际能力。(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行,它兴起于美国,在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式,从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中,他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则,对待新的理念,指导英语口语教学。(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当,会影响学生用目标语进行交流,进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”,及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类,进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”,为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。
三、研究的目的及意义:
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看:关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少,没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中,它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此,本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法:
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础,以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据,运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述,从而引出本文论题,通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
五、提纲:
introduction
chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction
1.1 definition of interaction
1.2 theoretical basis of interaction
1.3 some main interactive modes in the present classroom
chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode
2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode
2.2 the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode
2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles
chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching
3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students
3.2 two types of personal interaction
3.3 classroom climate
3.4 classroom size
chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode
4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating
4.2 the concept of evaluating
4.3 the technology of evaluating
conclusion
六、参考文献
jonssen, dh..thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational technolgy. 3 (1994): 34-35.
littlewood, william. communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press .1981.
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友情是我们最保贵的财富,无论我们走到哪,身处何方,都会有一段温馨的回忆伴随在身边。接下来读文网小编为大家整理了一些赞美友情的英文句子,希望大家会喜欢这些友情英文语录!
1.A FRIEND is a ’gift’ if of our heart treasures. Thank you forbeing the treasure in my heart. 朋友是心里的一个宝物。
2.If I should meet thee,After long years,How should I greet thee With silence and tears !多年离别后,抑或再相逢,相逢何所语 泪流默无声!
3.I’ve had a great life because I’ve got you ae a real friend.我的生活精采因為有了你这个朋友。
4.When we meet difficults,we can lean on each other.Then we will be okay!遇困难时,让我们互相扶持!
5.You are the best friend becuase you always can listen to what I don’t say! 你是那位可以听到我心裡深处的朋友!
6.You the real friend who walks in when the rest of the world walks out.谢谢你是那位全世界都遗弃我时还在我身边的朋友。
7、Judge not according to the appearance.
勿以貌取人。
8、I cannot be your friend and your flatterer too.
我不能同时是你的朋友又为你的阿谀奉承者。
9、Without confidence there is no friendship.
没有信任就没有友谊。
10、A friend in need is a friend indeed.
患难见真情。
11、A good friend is my nearest relation.
好友即至亲。
12、Without a friend, the world is a wilderness.
没有朋友,世界成了荒野。
13、The best mirror is a friend’s eye.
朋友的眼睛是最好的镜子。
14、Success has many friends.
成功者朋友多。
15、Poverty tries friends.
贫穷考验朋友。
16、Better without gold than without friends.
宁可没有金钱,不可没有朋友。
17、A friend to all is a friend to none.
滥交者无友。
18、All are not friends that speak us fair.
说我们好话的未必全是朋友。
19、A man is known by his friends.
视其友可知其人。
20、Better an open enemy than a false friend.
虚假的朋友比公开的敌人更坏。
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英语情景对话作为真实生活的交际模式,作为语言输出的源头,作为语言练习的最佳途径,作为语言教授的媒介,它对于把英语作为外语来学习的学生,扮演着非常重要的角色。下面读文网小编为大家带来日常生活英语情景对话,欢迎大家学习!
Husband:Hi, I'm home! Can you double that receipt? I ran into an old friend after work and invited him for dinner.
老婆,我回家了!你可以帮我仔细看一下收据吗?我今天遇到一位老朋友,请他吃了晚餐。
Wife:No problem. Who is it? Anyone I know?
没问题,这个人是谁?我认识他吗?
Husband:I don't think so. Do you remember Bob Gain from Tulsa?
我想你应该不认识,你认识塔尔萨市的鲍勃·盖恩吗?
Wife:That name doesn't ring a bell. But tell me more.
没听过这个名字,他是谁?
Husband:He was on the diving team with me in high school and saved my life one day.
他是我高中潜水队的同学,有一天还救了我一命。
Wife:Well, I'll have to personally thank him by making him my famous chocolate cake.
那我得做我最拿手的巧克力蛋糕送给他,亲自向他道谢。
Husband:You're glad he saved me, huh?
你很高兴他救了我一命?
Wife:Absolutely! Bob and his whole family are welcome here any time!
当然!随时欢迎鲍勃和他家人来我们家做客!
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英语情景对话作为真实生活的交际模式,作为语言输出的源头,作为语言练习的最佳途径,作为语言教授的媒介,它对于把英语作为外语来学习的学生,扮演着非常重要的角色。下面读文网小编为大家带来日常生活英语情景对话,欢迎大家学习!
Steven and Tom are talking about Hanson.
史蒂文和汤姆正在谈论汉森。
Tom: Steven, have you ever met Hanson ever since he went back to London?
汤姆:史蒂文,自从汉森回伦敦后你有没有见过他?
Steven: No, but we still stay in touch.
史蒂文:没有,但我们仍然保持联系。
Tom: What s the way you keep in contact?
汤姆:你们是通过什么方式联系的?
Steven: We contact through email.
史蒂文:通过电子邮件。
Tom: Email is not always the best form. I think QQ is the way better.
汤姆:电子邮件并不总是最佳的联系方式。我觉得QQ更好。
Steven:Your words sound a bit reasonable. But don’t forget the time difference.
史蒂文:你的话听起来有些道理,但你不要忘记了时差问题。
Tom: You're right.
汤姆:你说得对。
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和同事成为朋友,也许能够对你的工作和生活带来好处,但是一旦处理不好就会很危险了。接下来小编为大家整理了如何处理办公室友情。希望对你有帮助哦!
5.不要区别对待
Try to collaborate with and get to know other co-workers, so that they don’t feel excluded. It’s nice to have a friend in the office, but don’t play favorites. Be very clear that you will not show preference or extend special favors, nor will you cover up mistakes or dishonest behavior and that you do not expect it in return. Remember that when you’re at work, you’re working. Don’t discuss personal situations or concerns at the office even if you have a personal relationship outside of the office. It makes other co-workers uncomfortable and blurs the office/home line.
试着和同事合作了解,这样他们就不会觉得被排挤。在办公室有朋友固然好,但也不要区别对待。要确保你不会展现出各种偏爱或其他的特殊对待,也不要为别人的错误或者不良行为打掩护,还希望对方也能“投桃报李”。别在公司谈论个人情况或担忧,哪怕你们在公司之外还有个人交情。这会让其他的同事感到不舒服,破坏公司环境。
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如果说友情是一棵常青树,那么,浇灌它的必定是出自心田的清泉;如果说友谊是一朵美丽又开不败的鲜花,那么,照耀它的必定是从心中升起的太阳。下面读文网小编为大家带来有关友情英文名言,欢迎大家阅读!
1、better an open enemy than a false friend。明枪易躲,暗箭难防。
2、1a bosom friend afar brings distant land near。海内存知己,天涯若比邻。
3、a true friend is one soul in two bodies。真正的朋友好似两个身子长着一颗心。
4、better without gold than without friends。宁可没有金钱,不可没有朋友。
5、everything is good when new, but friend when old。东西新的好,朋友老的好。
6、without a friend the world is a wilderness。没有朋友,世界就等於一片荒野。
7、books, like friends, should be few and well chosen。书籍如朋友,应该少而精。
8、a true friend is known in the day of adversity。疾风知劲草,患难见真情。
9、friends may meet, but mountains never greet。朋友可相逢,高山永分离。
10、friendship multiplies joys and divides griefs。友谊可以增添欢乐,可以分担忧愁。
11、familiar paths and old friends are the best。熟路好遵循,老友最可珍。
12、good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon us。一本好书,莫逆之交。
13、a friend in court is better than a penny in purse。囊中有钱,不如朝中有友。
14、friendship cannot stand always on one side。来而不往非礼也。
15、life without a friend is death without a witness。在世无朋友,死后无证人。
16、he that has a full purse never wants a friend。只要袋里有,不愁没朋友。
17、better lose a jest than a friend。宁可不说一句俏皮话,以免得罪朋友们。
18、a friend without faults will never be found。没有缺点的朋友是永远找不到的。
19、a good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon us。一本好书,莫逆之交。
20、be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing。选择朋友要审慎,摒弃更要审又慎。
21、a friend is never known till a man has need。不到患难时,永远不能认识真正的朋友。
22、friends are like fiddle-strings, they must not be screwed too tight。朋友像琴弦,不能太拧紧。
23、a thousand friends are few,one enemy is too many。朋友千人尚觉少,仇敌一人犹嫌多。
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回忆那些在一起的时光,友情的岁月,是记忆里最美的画面。今天读文网小编在这里为大家分享一些有关友情双语美文,欢迎大家阅读!
Just like a band or gang of superheroes needs members who have different talents and powers, a circle of friends should have exactly the same thing. It's important to have diversity and to be able to look for support from a variety of sources. They also help us to keep broader perspective on life。
就像一个乐队或是一群超级英雄需要具有不同天赋和能力的成员,一个朋友圈也应这样。拥有差异性并且能够从各种来源中寻求支持很重要,他们也可以帮助我们拥有更广阔的视野。
You need different types of friends in the same way that you need food from different food groups. Different types of friends serve different purposes and nourish and enrich our lives in different ways。
你需要不同类型的朋友,就像你需要不同种类的食物一样。不同类型的朋友有不同的作用,他们以不同的方式来丰富我们的生活。
While many of us are lucky to count our real friends on one hand, there are certain types of people it’s good to have around. So, how many do you know?
虽然很多人都很幸运的拥有真正的朋友,但有几种类型的朋友确实值得拥有。那么你知道几种呢?
1. The friend who is cooler than you比你更酷的朋友
The world changes quickly and some people are just that little bit better at keeping up with what's hip than we are. Like those friends who know that NO ONE EVER says "hip" any more, for instance. We like to be around these people, because they're a beacon of cool. Cool things just flock to them.
这个世界瞬息万变,总有一些人比我们更了解什么是流行,就像有些朋友们知道现在没有人再说“hip”这个词。我们喜欢围绕着这些人,因为他们是流行的指向标。潮流朝着他们蜂拥而至。
These are the people who help you to open your eyes, have a flow-on effect for introducing you to other cool people and help to unstick yourself from the rut that's all too easy to get bogged in. These people enrich your life by exposing you to things that may have otherwise have passed you by。
这些人开阔了你的视野,让你认识到更多的潮人,使我们打破常规,突破自我。他们向你展示一些你可能已经错过的东西,从而丰富我们的生活。
2. The friend who is up for anything时刻待命的朋友
People are busy, we get it. But there's nothing more frustrating than having to reschedule your re-re-re-scheduled catch-up. Everyone needs a friend who you can call at the drop of a hat. A friend who says "hell yeah, I'm up for that". That's why it's good to have a mate who you don't need to issue a 28-day notice to just to meet for a frappuccino. It's refreshing (the friend, that is, not necessarily the frappuccino。
我们知道现在每个人都很忙,但最令人沮丧的事就是:你不得不一次次重新安排你的行程。每个人都需要一个随叫随到的朋友,他会对你说:“嗨,我就来。” 我们不需要为了一杯咖啡提前28天预约,这就是拥有这类朋友的好处,这令人感到愉快。(这种朋友不仅可以和你一起喝咖啡的,也可以和你一起经历人生。)
This friend is the flexible, no frills friend who makes your life a breeze. Nothing is ever too hard and they're open to doing new things and changing plans at short notice. Their enthusiasm is contagious and you always have more fun when they are around。
这种朋友是灵活的,不会摆架子来搅乱你的生活。对他们而言,没有什么事情是不可克服的,他们乐于去尝试做一些新鲜而又刺激的事情。他们的热情会感染你,当你待在他们身边时你总能收获更多的欢乐。
3. The friend who you aspire to be 令你渴望成为他那种人的朋友
Oprah Winfrey once said: "Surround yourself with only people who are going to lift you higher". And we all need to live life a little bit closer to Oprah. These people challenge you to be the best version of yourself. The only downside is that sometimes they can be infuriating
and inspiring in equal measure. This friend is only an important role model if they behave in ways that are authentic and genuine. They will see the best in you and give you important feedback on both your strengths and weaknesses.
"奥普拉·温弗瑞曾说:“和那些可以让你提升自己的人在一起。” 我们都需要像奥普拉那样生活。这些人可以激励你变得更优秀,唯一的不足就是,有时在他们激励你的时候又会使你恼羞成怒。如果他们的行为是真诚的,那么他们就是你很重要的行为榜样。他们会看见你最好的一面,也会指出你的优劣。
4. The friend who doesn't know any of your other friends与你其他朋友不相干的朋友
We like integration. We like killing two birds with one stone by catching up with several groups of friends at once. But there are times when you need to make an S.O.S call to a friend who is completely uninvolved and removed from a situation who can offer objective advice so it a bonus that your friendship exists without orbiting around your other ones.
我们喜欢结伴而行,我们喜欢同时交好多朋友以达到一箭多雕的目的。但是有时我们需要一个可以发出“急救信号”的朋友,他与这件事毫不相干但是可以提供客观的建议。你们的友谊在这个朋友圈之外也可以存在,这是一件令人高兴的事。
There is a level of privacy to this friendship that doesn't exist in friendship circles. It will be easier to share some of your hopes and dreams, fears and concerns knowing that they are not going to be discussed when you're not around。
这种朋友圈之外的友谊拥有一定程度的隐私。你可以很轻松的倾诉你的希望、梦想、恐惧和担忧,而不用担心你不在场时被别人议论。
5. The friend who is painfully honest犀利却诚实的朋友
An honest friend will not always tell you what you want to hear, but they'll certainly tell you what you need to know like if he/she is really that into you. When you've got a crisis on your hands or need to make a quick decision they are your go-to. They're also there to keep you away from mixing paisleys and stripes.
一个诚实的朋友不会总讲那些你想听的话,但如果他/她是真的关心你,他们会不时的讲一些你想知道的事。在紧要关头或面临进退两难的境地时,他们就是你的首选。他们会让你远离那些麻烦事。
This type of friend has the strength of feedback and is a pearl who will tell it to you straight when others won't or will sugarcoat things at the very least. This friend is someone who does it with good intentions and for your own benefit。
这种朋友有很强的反馈力,他会直言不讳的告诉你别人不愿说或掩饰的事实。这种朋友这样做是出于好意,是真心为你着想的。
6. The friend you've known than you've known yourself了解你更胜于你了解自己的朋友
History. Sometimes it works to your advantage, other times it doesn't. This is that friend who sees you out of the context of your job, your relationship, your other friends and your life as it is now. This is the friend who knew you when you had pimples and a bowl cut.
历史有时候会对我们产生有利的影响,有时候则相反。这些是能看到你的工作背景、人际关系、恋爱关系和现有生活之外的朋友。他们知道你什么时候有过粉刺,什么时候剪过西瓜头发型,他们非常了解你。
There is something special about this person because they feel like home. It's nice and comforting to be around someone who has known you forever. This is a friend you never have to put on a brave face for. They know you better than you know yourself and accept you unconditionally.
在他们身上有一些特别的东西,让你感觉像家人一样亲切。和了解你的人待在一起,会让你感觉很舒服。你不必在他们面前故作坚强,他们比你更了解你自己,而且毫无条件的接受你。
以上就是读文网小编为大家带来的有关友情双语美文,希望大家喜欢!
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友情表示“无缘之慈悲”,无缘即无条件之意。无条件之友情,即是世间超越血缘、地缘,出离家园与国家,超越骨肉血亲之爱,超越国别地域之爱,对所有人皆可平等奉献、交流无条件之友情,这即是友情的奇特之处。那么你知道友情用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
friendliness
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