英国的银行体系介绍
英国是世界上金融业最发达的国家之一。伦敦是英国的金融中心,也是世界上主要的国 际金融中心之一。接下来小编为大家整理英国的银行体系介绍,希望对你有帮助哦!
In the United Kingdom, financial institutions are categorized into two ma]or groups: the Recognized Banks and the Licensed Deposit Institutions. The criteria for each category are determined by the Bank of England~——the Central Bank. The Bank of England will consider the size of the institution, its management and also the number of participants who effectively direct the business, before decisions are made on the status of the financial institutions who apply for bank licenses in the United Kingdom.
Let us look at the Recognized Banks.
These banks provide a wide range of highly specialized banking services. According to the Banking Act 1979. "Recognized Banks" must satisfy the Bank of England of their high reputation and of their integrity, management and financial prudence. The wide range of services include: i. the acceptance of sight and time deposits); ii. loan and overdraft facilities; iii. foreign currency exchange and documentary credits and collections~; iv. financial advice for corporations and individuals; v. investment management and arrangements for the purchase and sale of securities.
As for Licensed Deposits institutions, they only provide a limited range of services. The prime services are still based on the acceptance of deposits from the public although they are not required to satisfy the rules laid down for Recognized Banks. To obtain a license, the institution must satisfy the Bank of England's requirement that all directors, controllers or managers of the institution must be an appropriate and proper person to hold that position and to conduce banking business in a proper manner.
Let us now look at the major types of financial intermediaries~ in the United Kingdom.
To begin with, we shall examine the role of the Clearing Banks. These are the dominating financial intermediaries in retail banking business~ in the United Kingdom. They handle the clearing functions of banks, and are responsible for most of the country' s cash distribution and money transfer functions, which include cheque payment services and also electronic fund transfers, etc.; The retail branch network of these banks is extensive with over 10,000 branches all over the country.
Another type of financial intermediaries in the United Kingdom are discount houses. Discount houses provide a primary channel through which the Bank of England operates in the discount market to implement its monetary policy. Because of their easy access to the money market, discount houses act as market-maker in bills since they are the major underwriters of the weekly issuers of the Treasury bills of the Bank of England. Therefore, discount houses not only provide short-term funds for the government, they provide a channel for banks to adjust their portfolio holdings, i.e., their liquidity positions.
The third type of financial intermediaries in the UK are the merchant banks~ and acceptance houses. Originally developed to handle businesses connection with trade, these merchant banks later expanded into foreign trade, foreign exchange and also bullion dealers. Many of the merchant banks are also acceptance houses. Indeed, their functions have now expanded considerably into major overseas operations, specializing in company financial advice, takeovers and mergers, underwritings which include the provision of additional capital through share floatation.
Finally, we should look at foreign banks in England. As a major international financial centre, London has acted as a magnet to over 450 foreign banks, which have set up representative offices, branches, or subsidiary companies. Business focus on these foreign banks cover foreign currency dealings, international finance deals to foreign companies and governments, trade finance services to business.
英国是世界上金融业最发达的国家之一。伦敦是英国的金融中心,也是世界上主要的国 际金融中心之一。伦敦的金融地位形成于英镑作为主要的国际储备货币的年代,而在二战后 随着英国经济地位的下降受到了削弱,但从本世纪七十年代以来随着美元危机和欧洲货币市 场的兴起,伦敦的金融中心地位又重新得到了恢复。
伦敦的优势在于具有相对稳定的.金融体系和政治环境,对国际银行业控制的相对自由,大批拥有丰富的专业知识和技能的银行家及不同层次的各种专业人材,优良的基础设施和通讯网络,在语言、时区及地理位置上的优越性等等。
除上述优势外,英国的银行体系也具有其自身的特点,下面我们分别加以介绍。
一、中央银行——英格兰银行
英格兰银行是英国的中央银行。1694年根据国王特准法成立,它是英国第一家注册的有限公司性质的股份银行。此时的英格兰银行并不是专门的中央银行,它同其它的私人银行一样,也办理一般的存放款业务。直到1833年,英国国会规定只有英格兰银行发行的钞票才具有无限法偿,从而奠定了英格兰银行作为英国中央银行的基础。1946年2月,英国政府颁布新的《英格兰银行法》,将英格兰银行的全部股本收归国有,从此,英格兰银行成为国有化的中央银行。
英格兰银行受政府财政部控制,为政府机构。英格兰银行在发表自身的观点上有一定的 独立性,是金融界中具有权威的代言人。英格兰银行除了依照银行法执行对银行业的监管之 外,还承担·了对金融市场的管理职能。英格兰银行在鼓励行业自律,尤其是在保险和证券业务中发挥了重要的作用。此外,英格兰银行还承担了管理英国的债务和外汇储备职能、管理和发行纸币及铸币的职能及政府的银行的职能,同时对政府的经济和货币政策提供顾问。
80年代以来调整后的英格兰银行的管理机构分为三大部分:(1)金融结构和监管,有银行监督处、金融结构和制度处。(2)政策和市场,有工业金融处、统计处、经济处、金边债券处、货币市场处、外汇处、地区处和国际处。(3)经营和服务,有营业部、注册处、印刷厂和工商服务部。
二、英国的银行机构
英国的所有的银行机构必须有英格兰银行的批准才可以吸收存款,一些特定的活动需要特殊的业务执照,但对不同的机构的活动没有很明确的限制。英国的银行机构主要可分为以下几种:
1.零售银行(Retail Banks)。在英国,清算银行是零售银行业务和货币传送活动的主要机构。这些银行属于英国最大的银行之列,同时也是英国最主要的国际性银行。
英国的清算银行主要分布于英格兰和威尔士,这些银行主要包括巴克莱银行(Barclays Bank)、国民西敏寺银行(National Westminster Bank)、米德兰银行(Midland Bank)、劳埃德银行(Lloyds Bank)、苏格兰皇家银行集团(Royal Bank of Scotland Group)、TSB集团等。另外,Girobank是由邮政局建立的提供一般性活期存款及货币运送服务的银行,也属于零售银行。
2.承兑行(Accepting Houses)。这些机构是属于承兑业协会的具有悠久历史的商人银行。其传统的业务是进行贸易融资,提供较大比例的承兑工具。现阶段虽然受到了银行业的激烈竞争,但其发行的票据仍可以在英格兰银行进行贴现。现在承兑行的业务已经扩大到企业融资、投资管理、贷款及银团业务领域。
3.商人银行(Merchant Banks)。商人银行的业务起源于十八世纪的欧洲商业活动。最初的业务是为商人的票据进行承兑,而后逐渐从原来的贸易融资服务发展到为政府和企业提供长期的资金以及其它专业性的服务和咨询。在英国,从事这类业务的金融机构称为商人银行,它具有向企业和政府提供专业性的服务和咨询的职能,而很少运用自身资本,类似于美国的投资银行。但是英国的商人银行具有一定的吸收存款的职能,可以归类为存款机构。
商人银行业务的发展与贸易和资本市场的发展有苞密切的联系。商人银行的业务大体包括短期和中期资金融通、长期融资、投资管理、经纪服务及其它新兴服务。与传统的商业银行相比,商人银行对市场的依赖性更强。
商人银行发展至今,主要有以下几种存在形式:一是商业银行通过兼并、购买、参股或建立附属公司拥有商人银行,这类方式现在较为普遍;二是独立的商人银行;三是全能性银行直接经营商人银行业务。
4.贴现行(Discount Houses)。贴现行构成了伦敦贴现市场协会。它由一些指定的银行的货币交易部门组成,从事高度专业化的银行业务,其主要业务包括:承销英格兰银行每周财政部票据的出售;进行英镑短期金融工具的交易,如政府票据、银行票据、商业票据、英镑存款证以及短期政府债券等;向英格兰银行进行追索(因英格兰银行为弥补短期资金的不足可以从贴现行购买票据或进行直接贷款)。
5.外国银行。从上一世纪开始,大量的欧美国家银行便在伦敦金融城里建立了自己的业务机构,使伦敦成为了国际性的金融中心。目前,在伦敦的外国银行大约有540家,包括外国银行和国际性合作银行的分行及其附属机构。
6.其他金融机构。其他金融机构包括建筑业协会(接收存款、为住房建设和购买提供融资)、融资公司(提供消费信贷)以及国民储蓄银行等等。