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当前商务英语的翻译在国际贸易中发挥的作用越来越大.商务英语翻译的过程不仅仅是对语言信息的准确传递,更是语言所承载的文化信息的传递,因为词语只有运用在一定的文化中才有含义.所以要求商务英语翻译人员必须了解这种文化差异,并在两种语言文化中找到契合点,做到翻译中的文化信息等值.本文通过阐述商务英语翻译中存在的跨文化性以及这些差异的具体表现,并给出一些化解文化差异的翻译策略,希望商务英语的翻译人员能够得到一些有益的启示.
针对商务英语的特点、商务英语翻译中存在的文化差异及其产生的影响，必须采取有效的对策，保证翻译的准确和信息的有效传达，为商务活动提供良好的交流平台。
第一，要充分掌握不同的文化知识，理解不同的文化背景，培养跨文化翻译的能力。对商务英语翻译中存在文化差异的词语、句法要有深刻的掌握，尤其是存在多种含义的词语和具有特定含义的习语。了解不同的文化背景、习俗和特点，避免翻译过程中的误解，并结合实际情况化解翻译过程中可能存在的文化冲突。训练对文化差异的敏感性，准确辨别商务英语中存在文化差异的地方，提高驾驭跨文化翻译的能力。
第二，灵活运用翻译技巧，展现翻译工作的艺术性。商务英语翻译既要保证翻译时信息的完整传递，还要保证翻译能有效地促进商务活动的顺利开展。因此，在翻译过程中，要灵活运用各种技巧，结合双方的文化特点，发挥出翻译工作的艺术性，为商务活动的顺利进行打下基础。在翻译过程中，要将直译、音译和意译相结合，体现出翻译的艺术性，促进双方的深入合作。例如，将"Goldlion"翻译为“金利来”，既结合了英文名称的意义，又充分考虑到中国人图吉利的文化特点。除此之外，还要注意翻译过程中的抽象引申、文体句式转换和修辞引申等翻译技巧的灵活运用，在充分体现原文语义的同时，提高翻译的艺术性和审美性。
第三，通过规范的用语、句型和格式，再现商务英语翻译的商务特征。商务英语翻译中的套语和固定句式往往运用的比较多，格式多有固定的模式，所以在翻译过程中要尽量运用套语和常见的固定形式，避免文化差异造成的误译，同时还可以再现商务英语正式、准确、规范的特点。
综上所述，商务英语翻译中存在着诸多基于文化的差异，这些差异对我们的商务英语翻译提出了更高的要求。因此，我们必须从文化知识积累和翻译技巧和理论的运用上不断提高，培养跨文化翻译的意识和能力，为商务交流提供精准顺畅的翻译，保证经济活动的顺利发展。
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摘要：为什么米尔恩把维尼叫做“Pooh”而不直接叫“bear”呢?鉴于大多数儿童(和大人，就此而言)对于“Pooh”是个啥有着不同的观点，那这个名字又是如何定下来的呢?
Since A.A. Milne published the first official Winnie The Pooh story in 1926, the character has become beloved by children across many generations.
But why is Winnie called a Pooh rather than a bear? Given that most children (and grown-ups, for that matter) have a different idea of what a Pooh is, how has the name stuck?
自从艾伦·亚历山大·米尔恩1926年推出小熊维尼的故事以来，这一形象就深受几代儿童的喜爱。
那为什么米尔恩把维尼叫做“Pooh”而不直接叫“bear”呢?鉴于大多数儿童(和大人，就此而言)对于“Pooh”是个啥有着不同的观点，那这个名字又是如何定下来的呢?
The answer lies back in the 1920s.
答案还得追溯到20世纪20年代。
In fact, when first introduced by Milne, Winnie wasn’t even Winnie. Initially, he went by the name of Edward Bear, before changing to Winnie in time for that aforementioned official 1926 debut. The "Winnie" part of the name came from a visit to the London Zoo, where Milne saw a black bear who had been named after the city of Winnipeg, Canada.
实际上，米尔恩一开始介绍维尼的时候，维尼还并不叫做“维尼”。一开始，米尔恩把维尼取名叫“Edward Bear”(爱德华熊)，但在之前提到的1926年首次公开亮相时临了改名为维尼。“维尼”一词的灵感来源于米尔恩去伦敦动物园的一次参观，他在那里看到一只黑熊是以加拿大一座城市“Winnipeg”(温尼伯)命名的。
As for Pooh? Well, originally Pooh was a swan, a different character entirely.
至于“Pooh”?其实，“Pooh”本是一只天鹅，完完全全相距甚远的另一角色。
In the book When We Were Very Young (the same book that introduced Edward Bear), Milne wrote a poem, telling how Christopher Robin would feed the swan in the mornings.
在《当我们小的时候》一书中(米尔恩也是在这本书中介绍了爱德华熊)，米尔恩作了一首诗，介绍了克里斯托弗·罗宾在早上是怎样喂食天鹅的。
He told how Christopher Robin had given the swan the name "Pooh," explaining that “this is a very fine name for a swan, because if you call him and he doesn’t come (which is a thing swans are good at), then you can pretend that you were just saying ‘Pooh!’ to show him how little you wanted him."
他还介绍了克里斯托弗·罗宾是怎样给这只天鹅取名为“维尼”的，究其原因则是因为“这个名字再适合不过了，因为当你呼唤天鹅的时候它并不会过来(这不就是天鹅擅长做的么<高冷>)，那样的话你就可以假装只是在叫“Pooh”，自己没有那么想要它过来啦(傲娇的常惯伎俩2333)”
The names "Winnie" and "Pooh" were soon brought together, and Winnie the Pooh was born. Milne still took a little time out to explain why Winnie was a Pooh, though.
之后“Winnie”和“Pooh”两个词很快就组合到一起了。虽然米尔恩还是要花些时间来解释为什么维尼是一只“Pooh”.
As he would write in the first chapter of the first Winnie the Pooh book, “But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off. And I think—but I am not sure—that that is why he is always called Pooh."
正如米尔恩在第一本“小熊维尼”的第一章节写到“它的手臂是如此的僵硬……他们经常一熬夜就是一个多礼拜。弄得如果一只苍蝇飞到它鼻子上的时候，维尼不得不用嘴把苍蝇吹走(发出“Pu”的声音=“Pooh”)。所以我想(虽然不是很确定)这可能就是维尼叫做“Pooh”原因了。
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摘要：每个人不会公开自己的成就和失败。别人在任何领域的成绩都只是自己的成绩。这和印度相比就不一样，在那里人们都会炫耀他们的财富，会告诉每个人自己的成就。
Q: What facts about the United States do foreigners not believe until they come to America?
问：有哪些事情是外国人没去美国之前不会相信的?
获得9.2k好评的答案@ Aniruddh Chaturvedi
Everyone is highly private about their accomplishments and failures. Someone's performance in any field is their performance alone. This is different compared to India where people flaunt their riches and share their accomplishments with everybody else.
每个人不会公开自己的成就和失败。别人在任何领域的成绩都只是自己的成绩。这和印度相比就不一样，在那里人们都会炫耀他们的财富，会告诉每个人自己的成就。
哪些事不去美国不知道
Rich people are thin/ well maintained, poor people are fat. This stems from the fact that cheap food is fatty, rich people don't eat cheap food — they tend to eat either home-cooked food which is expensive or eat at expensive / healthy places. Unfortunately, it is expensive to be healthy in America.
富人很瘦/保养很好，而穷人很胖。这个道理源于现实——因为廉价食品含油脂多，而富人不吃廉价食品——他们一般吃自己家里做的食品(这些食品很贵)或者在有高价健康食品的地方吃饭。不幸的是，在美国，健康是昂贵的。
Fat people are not respected much in society. Being fat often has the sameconnotations as being irresponsible towards your body. If you're thin (and tall, but not as much), people will respect you a lot more and treat you better. You will also receive better customer service if you're well maintained. This extends my previous point which mentioned that if you're thin, you're statistically likely to be rich. Reason why I know this is that I went down from being 210lbs to 148-150lbs. The way people started treating me when I was thin was generally way better than the way I was treated when I was fat. As a small example, the Starbucks baristas were much nicer to me and made me drinks with more care.
胖子在社会上不太受尊重，因为肥胖通常就暗示你对自己的身体不负责任。如果你很瘦(而且很高，但又不是特别瘦，特别高)，人们就会更尊重你，对你更好。如果你保养得好，你就会受到更好地客户服务。这个道理就是我之前提到过的“如果你很瘦，那你一般来说就比较富裕”的延伸。我是在我从210磅减到148-150磅的时候明白这个道理的。我瘦的时候比我胖的时候受到的对待要好得多，举个简单的例子，星巴克里的咖啡员对我就比之前好得多，做饮料的时候也更用心。
Almost every single person in America has access to basic food, clothing, water and sanitation. I haven't been to states like Louisiana and cities like Detroit, but from what I can tell, nobody is scrambling for the basic necessities required for sustenance.
在美国，几乎每个人都能得到基本的食物、衣服、水和公共卫生。我还没去过路易斯安那之类的州以及底特律之类的城市，但是在我看来，没有人需要为了维持生计、为了基础的生活必需品拼死拼活。
Americans waste a lot of food. It is very easy to buy in bulk because it's so much cheaper and as a result a lot of wastage occurs.
美国人浪费了非常多的食物。因为太便宜所以大家都会大量购买，结果就是大量食物被浪费。
Obsession with coffee — Starbucks, Dunkin' etc is crowded with office-goers and students every morning. I don't understand why they can't drink or make coffee before leaving for work. Such a waste of money! ($5/day * 5days / week * 52weeks/year)!
对咖啡非常痴迷——每天早上星巴克和康恩都乐等店里都挤满了上班族和学生。我不明白他们为什么不在上班前去喝或者制作咖啡。太浪费钱了(5美元/天*5天/周*52周/年)!
Support towards the LGBT community — it's fairly normal to be part of the LGBT community; it's not considered a mortal sin if you like someone in your own gender or if you aren't comfortable being male/female/etc. Proof of this is the LGBT Pride Day held in every city.
对同性恋团体的支持——成为同性恋团体中的一员是很正常的事;如果你喜欢同性或者你觉得自己作为一个男人/女人哪里不对，都不会被认为是弥天大罪，证据就是每座城市都会举办LGBT骄傲日。
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摘要：也许你认为自己去英语国家旅游完全没问题，再仔细想想!不同的英语国家对于同一个英文单词可能有不同的理解。看看哪8个单词会令你在其他英语国家遭遇尴尬吧。
You may think it's easy to communicate when you're visiting another English-speaking country, but think again! Certain words mean something entirely different on the other side of the world. Read on to see which eight words could cause you embarrassment across the pond or down under.
也许你认为自己去英语国家旅游完全没问题，再仔细想想!不同的英语国家对于同一个英文单词可能有不同的理解。看看哪8个单词会令你在其他英语国家遭遇尴尬吧。
1PantsBe careful who you tell in the U.K. that you have to go pants shopping—across the pond, "pants" means "underwear." When you're talking about jeans and khakis, you should call them "trousers."
在英国，如果你和人家说你要去买“pants”(美式英语中意为“长裤”)，那意思是你要买“内裤”。如果你要买的是牛仔裤或卡其裤，你应该用“trousers”这个词。
出国要慎用的8个英文单词
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland
避免使用的国家：英国、爱尔兰
2FannyOwn a fanny pack? In most other English-speaking countries, they're called "bum bags" because "fanny" is slang for a part of the female anatomy (and no, we're not talking about the rear end). So don't tell someone to stop being lazy and get off their fanny, either!
你有“fanny pack”(美式英语中意为“腰包”)吗?在大多数英语国家，“腰包”更多地被称作“bum bags”，因为“fanny”是对女性私处的俚语说法(没错，我们说的不是臀部)。所以也千万不要对别人说：别懒了，抬起“fanny”干活吧!
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
避免使用的国家：英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非
3PissedIn America, we may get "pissed off" when we're angry, but the Brits and Irish who are "pissed" are extremely intoxicated. "Taking the piss," however, means "to make fun of," not "to get drunk."
在美国，我们生气时会说“get pissed off”，但是英国人和爱尔兰人如果说“pissed”，意思是烂醉如泥。不过“taking the piss”意思是“取笑”，而不是“喝醉”。
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland, Australia, New Zealand
避免使用的国家：英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰
4BangsPrepare for weird looks if you're bragging about your new "bangs" in England. A forehead-covering haircut over there is referred to as a "fringe" instead. Overseas, "bangs" is more commonly used as the somewhat vulgar slang that it is interchangeable with in America.
如果你在英国炫耀自己的新“bangs”(刘海)，恐怕不少人会向你投去怪怪的眼神。在那里“刘海”被叫做“fringe”而不是“bangs”。在美国以外的地方，“bangs”是一种粗俗的俚语说法。
Avoid Using In: Anywhere outside of North America
避免使用的国家：北美以外的任何国家
5KnobAmericans hear the word "knob" and think "doorknob" or "lever." It has a much dirtier meaning in other countries, like Australia and the U.K., where it's an insult or slang for a part of the male anatomy. Now you'll know to be offended if someone calls you a "knob head."
美国人听到“knob”这个词想到的是“门把手”。但是在澳大利亚和英国等其他国家，“knob”的意思要“黄”得多。在那里国家，“knob”指的是男子生殖器的一部分。现在你知道别人叫你“knob head” 你应该是什么反应了吧。
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
避免使用的国家：英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非
6RootAmericans may "root around" looking for a lost object, but Australians and New Zealanders use the term to refer to having sex.
美国人用“root around”来指“寻找”失物，但澳大利亚人和新西兰人用这个词组指代发生性关系。
Avoid Using In: Australia, New Zealand
避免使用的国家：澳大利亚、新西兰
7PullIf someone "pulled" last night in the U.K., they're probably not talking about pulling a muscle or drawing something apart. It's commonly used as slang for successfully picking up someone while out on the town. Likewise, "going on the pull" means that someone is going out with the express goal of getting some action.
如果在英国某人昨晚“pulled”，他们很可能不是在说肌肉拉伤或是把什么东西拉开，而是指外出时成功“钓”到某人。同样，“going on the pull” 意思是某人为了猎艳而出动。
Avoid Using In: The U.K., Ireland
避免使用的国家：英国、爱尔兰
8BuggerIf you affectionately call your child or pet "little bugger," you might want to reconsider doing so in pretty much any other English-speaking country. In most other places, from Canada to Australia, it is commonly used as an expletive similar to the f-word.
在美国，如果你亲切地叫你的孩子或宠物“little bugger”(小家伙)，到其他讲英语的国家可千万别这么说。在大多数其他英语国家，如加拿大和澳大利亚，“bugger”都是骂人的话，相当于“fuck”。
Avoid Using In: Most places outside of America
避免使用的国家：美国以外的其他国家
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摘要：BBC电台的哔哔声是格林尼治报时信号。每小时的最开始会响起此声，这样人们可以调对手表。
Spaghetti on trees BBC
1. In 1957, the BBC aired an April Fools segment showing a family harvesting spaghetti from the family spaghetti tree. When viewers asked how they could grow their own, they were told to place a sprig of spaghetti in a tin of tomato sauce and hope for the best.
1. 1957年，BBC在愚人节那天在电视上播放了一家人从意大利面树收获意大利面的画面。观众打进电话询问如何种植意大利面树，BBC告诉他们将一小根意大利面条种在番茄酱罐子里，然后祈祷。
2. On April Fool’s day in 1976, BBC convinced many listeners that a special alignment of the planets would temporarily decrease gravity on Earth. Phone lines were flooded with callers who claimed they felt the effects.
2. 1976年愚人节的时候，BBC报道称几个星球将短暂地排成一行从而改变地球上的重力，很多听众相信了。自认为感受到该效应的听众电话蜂拥而至。
3. Rage Against the Machine were told to censor the lyrics of Killing In The Name while performing live on BBC. They started out censored before launching into the full lyrics: “Fuck you, I won’t do what you tell me!”
3. 愤怒对抗体制乐队被要求在BBC现场演奏时删改Killing In The Name中不适合的歌词。他们唱的第一句就被删掉了：“操妈的，你的话我偏不做!”
4. On one day in 1930, the BBC went on the air and announced “there is no news” and played piano music.
4. 1930年一天，BBC开始播放的时候宣布“今天没有新闻”，然后播放了钢琴曲。
5. The BBC offers free online language courses.
5. BBC提供网上免费语言课程。
IMAGE SHOWS: THE TARDIS DOCTOR WHO SERIES 2 EMBARGO - THIS IMAGE CANNOT BE USED BEFORE BBC'S TRANSMISSION DATE WARNING
6. The BBC now owns the rights to the iconic police box.
6. BBC现在拥有这个极具象征意义的电话亭的产权。
7. In the 1960’s, Pirate Radio boats in international waters broadcasted pop and rock to tens of millions of British listeners. The BBC, which until then mostly catered to classical tastes, was forced to restructure and meet the demand for these genres.
7. 1960年代，停靠在国际海域的海盗电台向千万英国听众播放流行和摇滚音乐。BBC那时只播放经典音乐，不过因此被迫改版来迎合这些类别的需求。
8. The song “Deep in the Heart of Texas” was banned by BBC “during working hours “on the grounds that its infectious melody might cause wartime factory-hands to neglect their tools while they clapped in time with the song.”
8. BBC禁止在工作时间播放“Deep in the Heart of Texas”，理由是“这首歌动感的曲调可能会让战时的工人忘记手中的工具和着音乐拍起手来。”
9. BBC staff openly smoked marijuana at the corporation’s headquarters during the 1960s and 70s and Play School presenters even went on-air stoned.
9. BBC员工在60和70年代期间曾公开在公司总部抽大麻，Play School的表演者甚至在上台时还是嗨的。
注：Play School是英国一档儿童电视栏目。
10. Over 100 Doctor Who episodes were “taped over” by the BBC after airing and are likely lost forever, unless recorded on VHS, which was a rarer technology at that time.
10. 有一百多集神秘博士的录影带在播出后被BBC覆盖录制了其他东西，所以可能永久丢失了，除非有人录在了VHS上，但那时VHS还很罕见。
Monty Python
11. BBC was going to wipe the Monty Python series to re-use the tapes. Terry Jones, at the last minute, saved the tapes by buying them outright from the BBC and storing them in his attic.
11. BBC打算抹掉蒙提·派森系列的录影带录制其他东西。Terry Jones临危前一秒以向BBC买断的方式抢救到了录像带，并藏在了自己的阁楼里。
注：Terry Jones是蒙提·派森这个超现实幽默剧的成员之一。
12. In 2004, an activist from The Yes Men falsely claiming to represent Dow Chemicals was interviewed by BBC, claiming Dow had agreed to a $12 billion settlement for victims of the 1984 Bhopal, India chemical disaster (in which 3,000 people died). Dow lost $2 billion in the ensuing stock selloff.
12. 2004年， 没问题先生(The Yes Men)的一位成员谎称自己代表陶氏化学接受BBC的采访，声称陶氏同意了1984年印度博帕尔化学事件受害者的120亿抚慰金。Dow在随后的股票抛售中损失20亿美元。
注：The Yes Men是一个以恶搞政府组织和大型企业起家的团体。他们的用意是要曝光政府和大企业不负责任的行为，以恶作剧的方式引起大众的注意力。他们拍了三部电影，分别是The Yes Men, The Yes Men Fix The World, The Yes Men Are Revolting, 记录了他们的所作所为和一些成就，电影不凡幽默和讥讽。
13. The Sex Pistol’s “God Save the Queen”, released during her silver jubilee, was considered controversial by the BBC and its spot on the top hits charts was left as an empty space.
13. 性手枪的“天佑女王”一歌，在英国女王即位25周年之际发布，BBC认为争议太大而将该曲在流行音乐榜首的位置隐去不谈。
14. In order to capture footage of tigers hunting in the wild, instead of using a human camera crew, the BBC gave cameras to a team of elephants and trained them to operate the film equipment.
14. BBC为拍摄老虎在野外捕食的画面，不用人工摄像组，而是将摄像机按在了一队大象的身上，并训练他们使用摄影设备。
15. Due to widespread news coverage of the JFK assassination, the BBC figured a lot of people missed the airing of the first ever episode of Doctor Who. Consequently, they re-aired it one week later.
15. 因为美国肯尼迪总统被刺一事铺天盖地的报道，BBC认为很多人肯定错过了神秘博士有史以来的第一集。因此，BBC在一周后重播了一次。
16. In 2006, the BBC mistakenly interviewed a guy live on TV thinking he was an IT magazine editor, but really he was just there to apply for a job.
16. 2006年，BBC错误地采访了一位他们以为是IT杂志编辑的人，而实际上那人只是到那儿求职的。
17. Despite working for the BBC as a broadcaster and dying in 1950, there are no known recordings of George Orwell’s voice.
17. 虽然乔治·奥威尔曾为BBC做过新闻主播，在1950年去世，但是并没有留下他的任何录音。
注：乔治·奥威尔是英国著名作家，著有《动物庄园》《1984》等讽刺现实的小说，因小说中的语言在后50年不断被印证而在西方国家具有广泛的影响。
18. In the 1980s, BBC televised a live demonstration of email. Prior to transmission, a studio guest overheard a crew member saying the email account password and phoned a friendly hacker. Once on air, the presenter logged in and was met with a poem about hacking and insecure passwords.
18. 1980年代，BBC曾在电视上现场展示电邮的使用方法。在播出之前，录音棚的嘉宾偷听到工作人员说邮箱密码，他便打电话给一位不坏恶意的黑客。节目播出后，主播登录邮箱，结果看到一首关于黑客技术和密码不安全的打油诗。
19. Britons have to pay $230 for a “television license” every year as a tax to support the BBC.
19. 英国人每年必须为“电视许可”支付$230的税费以此支持BBC。
20. The BBC News channel has a show dedicated to viewers criticizing how well they have reported the week’s events.
20. BBC新闻频道专门有一档节目，为观众提供批评指正BBC报道的机会。
21. The Dalek voice in Doctor Who (2005) is recorded through a custom analog ring modulator. BBC was unable to reproduce the original effect digitally.
21. 神秘博士的外星人Dalex的声音是由一个特制的环形调控器才录制成功的，因为BBC当时还无法用数字技术做出该效果。
22. British nuclear submarines have orders to launch nuclear missiles if they cannot tune into BBC Radio 4’s ‘Today’ program for a number of consecutive days.
22. 英国核潜艇在连续几天无法收听到BBC广播四台的《今日》节目后可被允许发射核导弹。
23. Much of the BBC’s output between the 1930’s and 1980’s has been lost due to a lack of archival policy.
23. BBC在三十年代到八十年代之间的作品已大多流失，因为当时缺乏归档制度。
24. From the 30s to the end of the Cold War, MI5 had an officer working at the BBC to ensure they wouldn’t hire communists.
24. 从三十年代到冷战结束，MI5都派一个人到BBC工作以便监管他们不聘任任何共产党。
注：MI5是英国的情报机构。(这个地球人都知道吧)
25. The beeps you hear on BBC radio is the Greenwich Time Signal. It beeps at the top of the hour so you could sync your watch.
25. BBC电台的哔哔声是格林尼治报时信号。每小时的最开始会响起此声，这样人们可以调对手表。
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雅思写作的提高不仅需要自己勤加练习，还要多读多看，下面是读文网网小编为您整理的雅思大作文范文二篇，希望考生能从中受到启发，提高雅思写作成绩!
Different people might choose to visit different places due to their different places of birth,family conditions, relevant experiences, and even different levels of education. People who wereborn in New York are less likely to be interested in New York any more for the simple reasonthat everything is just too familiar already. Children from less well-off families might find itdifficult to afford a visit to a faraway place. Those who have been working in Tokyo for years aresurely looking forward to touring around places out of town. Places with numerous sites ofhistorical interest may not be so appealing to people with only a primary school education.Things are just like this in our real life. With all aspects considered, the most desirable placethat I can think of going to at present is Xi'an in China for the simple reason that I have neverbeen yet.
Firstly, I would like to visit places where I have never been to. Xi'an, as a famous city withprofound historical and cultural significance in China, enjoys a history that can be dated backto several thousand years ago. From the first dynasty when China became a unified country,namely the Qin Dynasty, this place was the capital of successive dynasties, thus it has many asite of historical and cultural heritage. As the saying goes: If you want to acquire a sense ofhistory about China, visit Xi'an. A visit to these heritages, I am sure, will let me learn aboutwhat China was like in the past and how people lived at ancient times. I've long heard of thefamous Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses of the First Emperor—Qin Shihuang, and have seenrelevant pictures of it: really grand and exquisite, next to none in the world. However, I havenever seen it on site with my own eyes, which could be a kind of regret. Therefore, I want tohave this dream of mine realized at the earliest possible time.
Secondly, I would like to try the local delicacies of Xi'an. I was long told about the uniqueflavor of the local cuisine there, which is so different from the food cooked in my hometown.Moreover, many people who were back from Xi'an are commenting so much favorably on thefood there and are actually making no effort to hide their liking of certain dishes, giving me theimpression that it would be a regret-whole-life thing if one does not try them in person. So onand so forth, this makes another reason which urges me to go to Xi'an for a visit.
Of course, there are countless places that I have never been to, both at home and abroad:Sichuan, Chongqing, Xijiang, Tibet, Paris, Berlin, to name just a few. I know to the best of myknowledge that they all have their distinct features which hold so much attraction to me and Iwill definitely visit all of them when conditions allow. However, for the time being, I just want togo to Xi'an.
Above are two main reasons for me to have decided to visit Xi'an. Whatever others may think,for me alone, they do make sense.
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下面是读文网小编整理的雅思考试大作文范文三篇， 希望对大家有帮助。
Different people might choose to visit different places due to their different places of birth,family conditions, relevant experiences, and even different levels of education. People who wereborn in New York are less likely to be interested in New York any more for the simple reasonthat everything is just too familiar already. Children from less well-off families might find itdifficult to afford a visit to a faraway place. Those who have been working in Tokyo for years aresurely looking forward to touring around places out of town. Places with numerous sites ofhistorical interest may not be so appealing to people with only a primary school education.Things are just like this in our real life. With all aspects considered, the most desirable placethat I can think of going to at present is Xi'an in China for the simple reason that I have neverbeen yet.
Firstly, I would like to visit places where I have never been to. Xi'an, as a famous city withprofound historical and cultural significance in China, enjoys a history that can be dated backto several thousand years ago. From the first dynasty when China became a unified country,namely the Qin Dynasty, this place was the capital of successive dynasties, thus it has many asite of historical and cultural heritage. As the saying goes: If you want to acquire a sense ofhistory about China, visit Xi'an. A visit to these heritages, I am sure, will let me learn aboutwhat China was like in the past and how people lived at ancient times. I've long heard of thefamous Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses of the First Emperor—Qin Shihuang, and have seenrelevant pictures of it: really grand and exquisite, next to none in the world. However, I havenever seen it on site with my own eyes, which could be a kind of regret. Therefore, I want tohave this dream of mine realized at the earliest possible time.
Secondly, I would like to try the local delicacies of Xi'an. I was long told about the uniqueflavor of the local cuisine there, which is so different from the food cooked in my hometown.Moreover, many people who were back from Xi'an are commenting so much favorably on thefood there and are actually making no effort to hide their liking of certain dishes, giving me theimpression that it would be a regret-whole-life thing if one does not try them in person. So onand so forth, this makes another reason which urges me to go to Xi'an for a visit.
Of course, there are countless places that I have never been to, both at home and abroad:Sichuan, Chongqing, Xijiang, Tibet, Paris, Berlin, to name just a few. I know to the best of myknowledge that they all have their distinct features which hold so much attraction to me and Iwill definitely visit all of them when conditions allow. However, for the time being, I just want togo to Xi'an.
Above are two main reasons for me to have decided to visit Xi'an. Whatever others may think,for me alone, they do make sense.
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下面是读文网小编整理的一些文化类的雅思考试作文范文，以供大家学习参考，希望大家能取得好成绩。
Tourism can create jobs and other opportunitiesfor almost all communities. Therefore, Governmentsworldwide have worked out many incentives aimed atdeveloping overseas market. Personally I believe,tension is always accompanied with influxes of foreign visitors, which has alreadyovershadowed understanding achieved via travel.
Let me start by talking about the tension brought by international tourism. LastIndependence Day Festival , I , followed by a couple of friends, traveled to a small countylocated in Bolivia. Surprisingly we happened to see thousands of people singing and dancing onthe street. Three guys dressing in local costume swayed badly towards us, bringing drinkingbeer for us. Owing to our arrival in a totally new place, we declined to take any alcohol in caseof being entrapped. Unexpectedly quarrels occurred as a consequence of language barrier.What’s worse, one of them spitted on us, whose behavior turned our journey to be a trip ofhumiliation and resentment. As a matter of fact, the local residents were celebrating yearlyBeer Festival. Our refusal was regarded as a bad manner to look down upon them. For thisreason, I would infer that international tourists usually spend only one or two days staying inthe same place. It is impossible for them to thoroughly have a good knowledge of the localculture. Consequently misconception and disputes happen frequently between peoplesembodied with varied culture backgrounds.
Now let me turn to the discussion of understanding gained on the tour. Generally a westerntourist is fond of visiting different places with exploring different customs, particularly thoseprimitive cultures in remote mountainous areas. Such an exploration can expose himselfwith more opportunities of communicating with local people, which might be considered as agood way to better understand the local culture. However, different interpretation andreligion eventually would probably lead him to conclude that those odd traditions handeddown generation by generation in the destined region are no more than a superstitious belief.Such understanding does little good to maintain sound relationship between nations.
All in all, global travel should be discouraged until understanding amid peoplesoverwhelmingly outweighs negative effects like tension.
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为了帮助考生们更好地复习雅思考试,读文网网为各位考生整理了文化类雅思考试大作文范文,供考生们参考使用。
These days, different ways are being taken toprotect cultural identity. Obviously, not only ismuch contribution made to maintain old houses butalso rules of laws associated with cultural protectionare changed for the better. Some people even saythat new buildings are right to be set up in theconventionalway. I seem to be one of opponentswho believe that the action can be unsuitable in ourworld.
One of the main reasons is that most of traditional buildings, in my nation, that offerprovide few rooms can hardly hard to meet the demands for housing as increasing numbers ofpeople pour into the city. Compared to before, today's population has doubled and eventrebled, which puts seriouspressure on housing supply. As a result, new buildings must besubstituted for old ones that have more efficient utility, even for some old buildings that havebeen damaged seriously.
No doubts that building or maintaining traditional buildings is very essential to raise artsense and increase choices of people's housing. Plus, these old houses are believed as veryimportant resources to attract international visitors. However, the proportionof traditionalhouses has to be under control, and otherwise the housing of citizens is badly affected.
Overall, my view is that cultural identity is so preciousthat more efforts and measuresshould be taken but carefully. The excellent tradition helps with deep understanding of history,and educates youths. Nevertheless a simple and recklessbehavior. that new buildings are built ina typical way does more harm than good in the improvement of people's being.
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文化是一种社会现象，是人们长期创造形成的产物，同时又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。确切地说，文化是凝结在物质之中又游离于物质之外的，能够被传承的国家或民族的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范、思维方式、价值观念等，是人类之间进行交流的普遍认可的一种能够传承的意识形态。那么你知道文化用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
civilization
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美国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家，因其较为健全的法律制度、健康的生活环境、顶尖的教育资源等，吸引着世界各地的人来这里追逐美国梦。那么你想多了解一下有关美国的文化吗?下面是读文网小编为大家带来有关美国文化经典美文双语，欢迎大家阅读欣赏!
An American friend has invited you to visit his family. You've never been to an American's home before, and you're not sure what to do.Should you take a gift? How should you dress? What time should you arrive? What should you do when you get there? Glad you asked. When you're the guest, you should just make yourself at home. That's what hospitality is all about: making people feel at home when they're not.
一位美国朋友邀请你去他家。你以前从未去过美国人的家，你不确定该怎么做。该带一个礼物吗?该怎么穿?该几点到?到了那里该做什么?很高兴你发问。你若是客人，只要使自己感到自在就好了.待客之道就是这样：虽然不是在家里，却使客人有宾至如归之感。
The question of whether or not to bring a gift often makes guests squirm. Giving your host a gift is not just a social nicety in some cultures-it's expected. But in American culture , a guest is not obligated to bring a present, Of course, some people do bring a small token of appreciation to their host. Appropriate gifts for general occasions might be flowers, candy or-if the family has small children'toys. If you choose not to bring a gift, don't worry. No one will even notice.
是否带礼物的问题常使客人不安。在某些文化中，送主人礼物不只是社交礼节——还是必要的。但是在美国文化中，客人并不一定要带礼物。当然，有些人的确会带个表示感谢的小礼物给他们的主人.一般情况下，可以带花或是糖果.如果这家人有小孩，玩具应当是恰当的礼物。如果你选择不带礼物，不要担心，没有人会注意到的。
American hospitality begins at home-especially when it involves food. Most Americans agree that good home cooking beats restaurant food any day. When invited for a meal, you might ask, "Can I bring anything?"Unless it's. a potluck, where everyone brings a_dish, the host will probably respond, "No,just yourself." For most informal dinners, you should wear comfortable, casual clothes. Plan to arrive on time, or else call to inform your hosts of the delay. During the dinner conversation:it's customary to compliment the hostess on the wonderful meal. Of course, the biggest compliment is to eat lots of food!
美国人的待客之道从家里开始——尤其是和食物有关。大多数美国人都同意，无论如何，好的家常菜胜过餐馆的菜。受邀吃饭时，你或许问："我可以带些什么吗?" 除非是每人带道菜的聚餐，否则主人很可能会回答： 不用，你来就可以了. 大多数非正式的聚餐，你应该穿舒适、轻便的衣服。设法准时到，否则打电话告诉主人你会晚点到。用餐时，习惯上，人们会称赞女主人烹调的美食。当然，最大的赞美是多吃!
When you've had plenty, you might offer to clear the table or wash the dishes. But since you're the guest, your hosts may not let you. Instead, they may invite everyone to move to the living room for dessert with tea or coffee. After an hour or so of general chitchat, it's probably time to head for the door. You don't want to wear out your welcome. And above all,don't go snooping around the house. It's more polite to wait for the host to offer you a guided tour. But except for housewarmings, guests often don't get past the living room.
当你吃得差不多时，或许可以主动表示要帮忙清理桌子或洗碗盘，但你既是客人，你的主人可能不会让你这样做。他们或许会邀请大家到客厅吃点心、喝茶或咖啡。聊个大约一小时或许就该离去了，你可不希望变得不受欢迎吧。还有最重要的是不要在屋子里四处窥探，等主人邀请你参观才较有礼貌。可是除了乔迁喜宴之外，客人通常都只待在客厅里。
Americans usually like to have advance notice when people come to see them. Only very close friends drop by unannounced. This is especially true if the guests want to stay for a few days. Here's a good ruleof thumb for house guests: Short stays are best. As one 19th century French writer put it, "The first day a man is a guest, the second a burden, the third a pest." Even relatives don't usually stay for several weeks at a time.While you're staying with an Amencan family, try to keep your living area neat and tidy. Your host family will appreciate your consideration.And they may even invite you back!
美国人通常喜欢访客事先通知他们，只有非常亲密的朋友才可能不请自来，尤其在客人要待好几天时更是如此。最好不要久留——这是给访客的经验之谈。就像19世纪一位法国作家所写的那样：“第一天是客人，第二天是负担，第三天就是讨厌鬼了."既使是亲戚通常不会一次待上几个星期. 当你住在美国人家里时，设法使你住的地方保持整齐清洁。你的主人_家都会感谢你这么体贴，他们甚至会再邀请你!
Most Americans consider themselves hospitable people. Folks in the southem United States, m particular, take pride in entertaining guests.In fact,southern hospitality" has become legendary. But in all parts of America, people welcome their guests with open arms. So don't be surprised to find the welcome mat out for you. Just don't forget to wipe your feet.
大多数美国人都认为他们是好客之人。尤其是美国的南方人更以款待客人自豪，事实上，"南方的款待"是人们所津津乐道、口口相传的。不过在美国各地，人们都张开双臂欢迎他们的客人，所以当你发现有WELCOME字样的鞋垫时，不要惊讶，只是别忘了把你的脚擦干净就是了.
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每个国家的文化背景都会有所不同，接下来小编为大家整理了西方商业文化的介绍，希望对你有帮助哦!
n the West, most companies have well-established and identifiable lines of organization. Larger companies have a clear division of corporate and field roles. Responsibility for all activities is well-established according to function.
在西方, 大多数公司都已形成自己的明确的组织体系。较大的公司对于公司总部和总部以外的业务活动也有清晰的划分。根据不同的职能明确各项职责。
Basically all employees at medium to large-sized Western companies have an official, documented job description. Titles are usually indicative of rank and status. Titles are normally used to describe various positions, but are not used when addressing the person.
在西方的大中型公司，基本上所有的雇员都有一个正式的工作描述档案。头衔通常表示级别和身份。头衔通常用于描述各种职位，但不用来称呼人。
Basically, all Western employees are covered by an employee contract, from a hamburger flipper to the CEO of a major corporation. All employee contracts are enforceable by law, and both employees and employers can be held liable for any unauthorized violation of a contract. The terms and conditions can vary widely from one company to another, from one profession to another, and from one position to another.
在西方，基本上所有的雇员都受劳动合同的保护，从卖汉堡的到大公司的首席执行官。所有劳动合同都受法律保护，雇员和雇主都要为违反劳动合同的行为负责。合同的条款和规定可以因公司的不同、职业的不同、 职位高低的不同而有所差别。
In the West, clear delineation and classification of job responsibilities are instrumental in creating a strong company culture. Everybody is accountable, from the head of the company down to the lowest-level employee. This approach creates a sense of direction, generates staff cohesion, and enhances morale.
在西方，明确工作性质和工作职责是营造浓厚的、良好的企业文化的基础。从最高层的领导到最低层的员工，人人树立责任感。这利于全体员工明确方向，增强员工凝聚力，并鼓舞士气。Yes的感觉。
When meeting someone in a Western business setting, conversation usually remains focused on business matters and business topics. Family and/or personal matters are not brought up, especially the first time you meet. Conversations stick to the business purpose at hand and remain objective and professional.
当在西方的商务场合中会见某人时，对话通常围绕着一些商业问题或商业话题，而不会涉及家庭和个人问题，特别是第一次见面时。对话会紧扣眼前的商业目标， 从而保持它的客观性和专业性。
Western clients and customers are not expecting an overly friendly conversation when they make a business call. They expect some degree of professionalism. If the person answering the call is too lackadaisical, unenthusiastic or indifferent, they may hang up and take their business someplace else!
西方的客户或顾客在打商务电话时不希望对方过度友好。他们希望职业化些。如果接电话的人很庸懒，缺乏热情或是漠然，他们会挂掉而去找别的客户。
In Western business culture, making an appointment is commonplace for most business dealings. Most company personnel are on a tight schedule, and it saves your time and theirs by planning ahead and scheduling appointments.
在西方的商业文化中，进行预约在商业活动中是常见的。绝大多数商务人员都有一个排得紧紧的时间表。提前计划和预约有助于节省你和他人的时间。
Project management is a key methodology that Western businesses use on a regular basis to solve problems, to launch new products and services, and to maximize the use of personnel. Project management teams are usually comprised of members who have the highly specialized skills appropriate for the project and who can perform at maximum efficiency for the company.
项目管理是一门科学理论，西方企业运用这一理论来解决问题，指导新产品或服务投放市场，也用来指导人员的最佳化配置。项目管理小组通常由以下人员组成：具有合乎项目需要的专业技术人员和能为公司带来最大效率的员工。
or many Western employees, praise and criticism are also tied to a regular review process (often an annual review), where they can be rewarded if their work quality has achieved or exceeded company standards. Most Western companies avoid negative criticism because it can be demoralizing and counter-productive.
对于很多西方雇员来说，赞赏和批评都在定期的审查程序里(通常是每年一次的审查)。在审查中，如果他们的工作质量达到或超过公司标准的话，他们就能得到奖励。大部分西方国家的公司一般都避免负面消极的批评，否则就会挫伤士气，达到适得其反的效果。
Most Western companies are fairly strict about employees wearing the proper business attire and presenting themselves in a professional way. This applies to all white-collar employees, and sometimes to blue-collar workers as well. In some cases, employees may be required to wear some kind of company uniform. Any employee who refuses to adhere to company policy can be disciplined.
许多西方公司对于自己雇员的得体着装及言行举止都有着严格的限定。这些规定不仅适用于白领阶层，而且有时也适用于蓝领阶层。在有些情况下，公司要求雇员们只能穿公司的制服。任何不遵守公司规定的人要受到处罚。
Gossiping is human nature. Lots of people do it. Mild gossip is usually harmless, but excessive gossip should be avoided, especially in a business environment. Although Western companies tolerate gossip, they do not encourage it, and they are definitely against rumors and rumor-mongering.
闲谈是人类的天性。很多人都参与闲谈。适当的闲谈通常没有坏处，但过分的闲谈是应该避免的，特别是在工作环境里。虽然西方国家的公司接受闲谈，但他们不鼓励，而且他们坚决反对谣言及散布谣言。
In most Western businesses, employee expenses are the single largest cost of doing business. Western salaries and benefits usually constitute at least 50% of a company’s expenses. For each employee, the company pays base salary, makes contributions for pension plans, medical plans, etc., and pays for office space, furniture, supplies, etc. In addition, they cover the cost of other benefits (paid vacations, sick days, etc.) with no productivity gained.
在绝大多数西方公司中，员工费用是企业经营中的最大项支出。西方的工资和福利通常至少要占公司支出的50%。公司为每位员工支付基本工资、养老基金、医疗保险等，还要支付办公场地、家具、办公用品的费用等。另外还要保障其他福利(带薪假期、病假等)
It’s quite common practice for Western businesses to lay off employees during times of economic upheaval, company reorganization / restructuring, and downsizing. There is no great stigma associated with being laid off. When employees are laid off, they are usually given a package to ease the pain of being severed from the company.
在西方商界，每逢经济动荡、公司重组或缩减规模时，就会裁员。所以下岗并不是件可耻的事情。员工下岗时通常会得到一笔补偿金以安抚他们被迫离开公司的痛苦心情。
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中国传统文化多种多样，继承和保护这些传统文化是我们每个人的责任。下面读文网小编为大家带来有关保护传统文化英语作文，供大家参考学习!
It is widely noted that lots of traditional culture is disappearing along with the development of technology. Many ancient architectures and traditional ways of living have been deserted. It seems that the traditional culture and craftsmanship will be replaced in this modern era.
The following reasons can account for the above phenomenon. Firstly, traditional technologies are always considered ineffective while the new sciences are always highly efficient, because modern science and technology facilitate both our daily and academic life a lot, with which we can save much money and time. Secondly, it is costly to protect the traditional culture, especially the maintenance and repair of the historical buildings.
In my opinion, although traditional culture is an ancient heritage, it couldn't keep pace with the development of society. It is the tide of history that the traditional culture and technology will no doubt be eliminated in the end.
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企业文化是在一定的条件下，企业生产经营和管理活动中所创造的具有该企业特色的精神财富和物质形态。其中价值观是企业文化的核心。企业文化是企业的灵魂，是推动企业发展的不竭动力。那么你知道企业文化用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
business culture
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中国饮食文化可以从时代与技法、地域与经济、民族与宗教、食品与食具、消费与层次、民俗与功能等多种角度进行分类，展示出不同的文化品味。那么你知道饮食文化用英语怎么说吗?下面读文网小编为大家带来饮食文化的英语说法，供大家学习。
1. Peng lai xian Hotel Survey Fresh classical North - South . Whose food culture trend.
蓬莱仙大酒店汇集 南北 经典名食, 引领饮食文化潮流.
2. To banana leaves, eat, see, feel, is a natural food culture!
去蕉叶, 吃的, 看到的, 感受到的, 是一种自然流露的饮食文化!
3. Quite. China is a country with a splendid catering culture.
没错, 中国是个饮食文化非常丰富的国家.
4. Today, Romeo is going to find out the best of tasting crab.
今天, 罗密欧将带我们深入认识有关于蟹的饮食文化.
5. In cooking culture, the local snack has representativeness most.
在饮食文化中, 地方小吃最具有代表性.
6. Many changes are taking place in China's diet style.
中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史.
7. As a form of material culture, catering culture is all - embracing field.
饮食文化属于物质文化, 是最为基础的文化类型,广泛地渗透于人类生活的方方面面.
8. A long history, deep inside the long unique food culture in Handan.
悠久的历史, 深厚的底蕴早就了邯郸独特的饮食文化.
9. Here are some differences between American and Chinese dining cultures.
以下是中美饮食文化之间的一些差异.
10. Chinese cooking culture aa remote source with its content accumulated in various ancient classics.
中国的饮食文化源远流长,其内容积淀在各类典籍之中.
11. The diet culture also praises of cultural relations Central Africa language culture important components.
饮食文化也是夸文化交际中非语言文化重要组成部分之一.
12. As a carrier of culture, jiao zi is typical of traditional Chinese cuisine culture.
作为一个文化的载体, 饺子是中国传统饮食文化的象征.
13. Cross - cultural communication under the globalized situation make various constant complementation and compatibility of cooking culture.
全球化态势下的 跨 文化交际使得多样的饮食文化不断的互补与兼容.
14. Chaoshan food culture develop own school, the name loud time nation - wide of tide vegetable.
汕头的饮食文化独树一帜, 潮菜的名字响遍全国.
15. This paper first gives an introduction about the Chinese and Western food culture.
本文首先给出了一个关于中国和西方饮食文化的介绍.
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传统文化就是文明演化而汇集成的一种反映民族特质和风貌的民族文化，是民族历史上各种思想文化、观念形态的总体表征。下面读文网小编为大家带来传统文化的英语说法，希望对大家的学习有所帮助!
中国传统文化 The Traditional Culture of China
传统文化资源 traditional cultural resources
新加坡传统文化协会 Singapore Heritage Society
地方传统文化产业 Local Traditional Vulture Industry
中华传统文化精髓 traditional Chinese cultural quintessence
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文化是，或者说应该是，对完美的研究和追求;而文化所追求的完美以美与智为主要品质。今天读文网小编在这里为大家分享关于文化的英语句子，欢迎大家阅读!
从城市保护的角度看，文物与文化不是一个概念。
From the perspective of city protection, cultural relics and cultural is not a concept.
智慧是知识凝结的宝石，文化是智慧放出的异彩。
Wisdom is the gem of condensed knowledge, culture is the extraordinary splendour of wisdom.
文化不会因为一个国家的贫穷，而失掉它的价值。
Culture won't because of the poverty of a country, and lost its value.
舞蹈跳的就是文化，跳的就是一个人的文化底蕴。
Dance dance is culture, is a person's cultural background.
人生来本是一个蛮物，惟有文化才使他高出于禽兽。
To this is a pretty things in life, but the culture makes him above a beast.
我们一起创建的是团队的文化，而不是抱怨的文化。
We are creating a team culture together, instead of complaining about culture.
知识是珍贵宝石的结晶，文化是宝石放出来的光泽。
Knowledge is the crystallization of the precious gems, culture is the luster of the gem released.
只有整个社会具有文化良心，我们的文化才有希望。
Only the whole social cultural conscience, our culture is hope.
他是有理想，没道德，有文化，没纪律的复合型人才。
He didn't has the ideal, morality, culture, discipline is the inter-disciplinary talent.
既不是职业作家，也不是业余写手，见了文化绕着走。
Is not a professional writer, or is not amateur, see culture around the way.
只有读者有精神粮食可以消费，那文学才能一直活下去!
Only the reader can have spiritual food consumption, the literature can survive all the time!
文化不能从上向下压，因为它应该是从下面高涨起来的。
Culture cannot be from top to down, because it should be rising from the bottom up.
劳动永远是人类生活的基础，是创造人类文化幸福的基础。
Labor is the foundation of human life, forever is the basis of the creates happiness in the human culture.
书不仅是生活，而且是现在、过去和未来文化生活的源泉。
Book is not only the life, and it is now, in the past, and the source of cultural life in the future.
真正的文化以同情和赞美为生，而不是以憎厌和轻蔑为生。
The real cultural sympathy and praise for a living, instead of living with hate and contempt.
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