为您找到与论述古希腊神话对后世欧美文化产生的影响相关的共200个结果:
古希腊神话是古希腊人民智慧的结晶,它的想象力丰富多彩,激发了人们探求古希腊文明的欲望和热情。马克思曾经指出:“希腊的神话和史诗是发展的最完美的人类童年的产物,具有永久的魅力”。希腊神话是西方文化宝库里的璀璨明珠,对西方国家社会生活和人们的思维方式等各个方面均产生了极其深远的影响。它不但是西方文化的源泉,而且深深地根植于西方各国的语言文化之中。因此,对希腊神话的深入研究是了解和研究英语语言文化的关键。
英语语言文化有两个主要源头——古希腊罗马神话和圣经。英语的词汇从神话故事中吸取精髓,将神话故事中的词汇、神名、传说故事演化,由此大大地丰富了英语语言。希腊神话以其丰富的想象力、丰富的故事情节流传于世。
希腊神话对英语词汇的影响主要体现在词汇和习语方面,主要形式有直接引用、转义借用、派生新词和词根化。这方面的例子有:Flora是古希腊神话中的花神。她嫁给了西风之神Zephyr,婚后她的丈夫送给她一座满是奇花异草的花园。Flora和Zephyr生活幸福,感情甜蜜,每当他们一起在花园散步时,沿途的百花都会竟相开放。Flora 在现代英语里指代“植物”,衍生词有flower,flour,flourish,floral,florist等;神话中人间的王子那喀索斯(narcissus)是个长相英俊的美少年,经常喜欢独自一人在森林中漫步,他脱俗的外表和气质吸引了森林女神艾蔻(echo)的注意,渐渐的她爱上了这个王子,每天都跟随在王子的身后,但是却无法表白,因为她遭到了天后赫拉的诅咒终生只能重复别人话语的后三个字。艾蔻本是天后赫拉的侍女,活泼爱动且多嘴多舌,在赫拉和天神宙斯的婚礼上,因为艾蔻的原因导致宙斯在结婚誓言中没有说愿意一生一世只爱赫拉一人而遭到了赫拉的恨意,婚后的宙斯没有收敛拈花惹草的天性令赫拉头痛不已。传说赫拉在天宫中正为此郁闷,拨开云雾看到了人间森林中艾蔻跟踪那喀索斯的一幕,遂心生一计,惩罚艾蔻永远得不到所爱人的心。后来那喀索斯忍不住问艾蔻“你是谁呀?”,艾蔻只能不断的重复“是谁呀,是谁呀……”而遭到那喀索斯的讨厌,最后艾蔻抑郁而终,死后变成了山谷中的“回声”,而那喀索斯也被赫拉施以诅咒,爱上了自己水中的倒影,而变成了一株“水仙花”,后来的他的名字还引申为“自恋,自我陶醉”的意思;著名运动品牌耐克的商标也来源于希腊神话故事,耐克(Nike)是神话中的胜利女神,这一品牌正是源于女神名字的引申含义。
源自于希腊神话中的习语更是不胜枚举,如Pandora’s box(潘多拉的宝盒),天神普罗米修斯心地善良同情人间疾苦,不顾众神的反对,偷偷教给人类许多生存技巧和知识,后来甚至把圣火火种带到了人间造福千千万万的平民百姓。这让一直持反对意见的主神宙斯知道了,宙斯勃然大怒而对普罗米修斯和人类都施加惩罚。宙斯先是把普罗米修斯捆绑到了高加索山峰上,日夜折磨他的身心,每天白天都让鹰啄食他的内脏,然后又施加法术,让其夜晚再长出来,日以继夜。宙斯为了报复人类,亲自创造了只有美丽的外表但是却没有头脑思想又充满了好奇心的美女潘多拉,然后他又制造了装满邪恶、苦难、疾病、战争等的盒子让潘多拉带到人间,但是希望女神在盒底偷偷放入了希望的种子。宙斯让普罗米修斯的弟弟爱上了潘多拉而结婚,但是却在新婚之夜诱惑潘多拉打开了盒子,潘多拉惊慌失措连忙把盒子合上,却把希望留在了盒中,后来这个习语意为“灾难的根源”;Achilles’ heel(阿喀琉斯之踵),阿喀琉斯是神话中海洋女神忒提斯和人类的孩子,是半人半神的英雄,故事源于荷马史诗《伊利亚特》。因为是人和神的孩子,所以他不能像神那样可以永生,所以她的母亲忒提斯在他刚出生即把他浸入冥河河水中让儿子成为刀枪不入之身,但是由于脚后跟被母亲双手捏着而没有浸到河水,成为了他唯一的弱点,此事在特洛伊之战中被对手知道而丧命,后来这个习语意为“致命的弱点”;Apple of discord(不和的根源),故事源于不和女神艾瑞斯的一只金苹果,看不惯人们友好幸福的不和女神制作了一只写有“送给最美的女神”的金苹果,引起了天后赫拉,智慧女神雅典娜和爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒的争夺。由于各执一词,她们找到了特洛伊王子帕里斯裁决,为了能获得这“最美女神”的虚荣,她们各自向王子承诺地位、财富、智慧与美女,后来阿芙洛狄忒许诺的美女让王子最为动心。这就是希腊斯巴达王后海伦的被抢夺说导致的特洛伊之战,也是由“一只苹果”而引发的战争,因此apple of discord意思就是“不和的根源,发生纠纷的事端”。而故事中的美女海伦因为是这场战争的导火索也衍生出了“Helen of Troy”这一习语,意为“祸端,红颜祸水,倾城美人”;随着东西方文化的交融,在我国每年过西方“情人节”的人不在少数,人们都对那个胖嘟嘟精灵可爱的身后背着箭篓的小爱神丘比特印象深刻,可是要是问道这个节日的背后的故事恐怕了解的人就会寥寥无几了。丘比特是希腊神话中的私生子,他的身世也暗示了但是社会现状丑陋的一面。他的母亲是希腊神话中的爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒,她在罗马神话中的名字更为著名:维纳斯,他的父亲是战神马尔斯。阿芙洛狄忒与马尔斯都是宙斯的孩子,是兄妹关系,这一乱伦爱情也体现了希腊神话母体之一:乱伦。宙斯风流成性竟然爱上了自己的女儿——爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒,但却遭到了女儿的强烈反抗,激怒了宙斯,宙斯遂把她嫁给了天神中相貌最丑陋的神匠赫菲斯托斯。由于对生活的不满,产生了兄妹之间的不伦之恋而生下了盲孩丘比特,因为先天的缺陷,天神怜悯赋予其掌管爱情和婚姻的能力,天神赐予他一只铅箭一只金箭,当他把铅箭射向人们的时候相爱的人就会分开,当他把金箭射向人们的时候人们则会相爱。丘比特爱玩闹是个永远长不大的孩子,经常胡乱射箭,因此产生了习语Love is blind意思就是“爱情是盲目的”。
希腊神话不仅是希腊文学的摇篮,而且对欧美文学有着深远的影响。现代社会被广为流传的希腊神话或传说大多来源于希腊文学作品。古希腊大诗人荷马的两部伟大的史诗巨著:一部是《伊利亚特》,一部是《奥德赛》包括了绝大部分的希腊神话。分别描述了古希腊人和特洛伊人交战攻打伊利亚特城的经过和希腊军队在返回的途中所遇到的许多不可思议的见闻;闻名遐尔的古希腊三大悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯流传下来的 34 部悲剧中有 33 部都以神话为题材。这其中著名的作品有《被缚的普罗米修斯》、《俄狄浦斯王》和《美狄亚》;后世的诗人文学家用神话故事作为创作素材的更是恒河沙数,从乔叟到莎士比亚、弥尔顿、济慈、丁尼生、雪莱、拜伦、朗费罗、艾略特、庞德等人,无一不从神话中获得灵感,撷取思想和题材,创作出了许多不朽的名篇。譬如莎士比亚的《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》和长诗《维那斯与阿多尼斯》,弥尔顿的《失乐园》,雪莱的《解放了的普罗米修斯》,济慈的《阿波罗颂》、《希腊古瓮》,艾略特的《荒原》,庞德的《诗章》等等。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《老人与海》、《基督山伯爵》等现代作品以及极具有影响力的电影《泰坦尼克号》、《特洛伊》、《诸神之战》、《诸神之怒》、《爱丽丝梦游仙境》等也是以神话故事的母题为创作栏板。神话故事曲折丰富的故事在给读者美德享受的同时也激发了艺术家们丰富的想象力。《基督山伯爵》是发货著名作家大仲马的一部脍炙人口的作品,作者用艺术手法表现了希腊神话中报恩与复仇的主题。在故事中男主角埃德蒙·唐代斯是一名聪明善良的年轻大副,有理想有抱负,但同时也遭到了众多嫉妒他的爱情、事业的小人的算计,这些人有社会底层也有所谓的三层社会,他们互相勾结,暗算了少年得志的唐代斯使他无辜入狱,但在入狱后唐代斯机缘巧合结石了神父法里亚,法里亚博学多闻因为政治原因入狱,但是同时他又掌握着一个关于宝藏的惊天秘密。在神父的帮助下唐代斯分析出了自己被迫害的真相。神父在狱中把毕生所学都传授给了唐代斯,使他从外表到气质都发生了彻底的转变。后来在意外中,唐代斯得以离开暗无天日的牢狱并且得到了宝藏开始了他的报仇与报恩,在弘扬人性善良的同时揭露了所谓上层社会虚伪的嘴脸。最后他与爱人一起杨帆远航开拓新生活;《爱丽丝梦游仙境》是由英国作家查尔斯·路德维希·道奇森(Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)以笔名路易斯·卡罗(Lewis Carroll)出版的儿童文学作品。作品体现了希腊神话中的探险和冒险的主题。故事后来被改编成了广受欢迎的3D影片。在故事中主角爱丽丝偶然掉到了兔子洞中,开始一段奇妙的旅行,故事中的动物都能讲话都在做着不可思议的事情,爱丽丝同动物朋友们一起经历了奇妙的探险旅程,故事想象力丰富,成为了一代又一代孩子们在人生中最先接触的文学作品之一。后来故事还衍生出了医学词汇Alice Syndrome,意为爱丽丝综合症,其症状为病患通过自己的观察感觉事物忽大忽小,甚至产生时空扭曲等特殊视觉效果,多发于儿童时期。要充分了解英美文学,熟读希腊罗马神话是很有必要的。希腊神话以丰富的哲理和想象力在文学史上划下了绚烂的符号。
作为一名英语教师,本人在多年的教学中发现,在词汇的学习中,学生往往感觉枯燥乏味,而且易于遗忘,最后会对词汇的记忆产生烦躁情绪和抵触心理。如若在讲授过程中添加语言文化知识,不仅提升学习趣味性而且也加深了词汇学习的记忆,让学习者在知其所以然的情况下接受语言知识,促进跨文化交际。希腊神话的故事性、哲理性对英语语言文化,甚至西方语言文化都产生并将继续产生深远影响,对西方生活的方方面面的影响也是非常值得研究及深入探讨的,她深深的植根于西方文化的血液中,是每一名语言学习者不可逾越的文化源头。
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体育伴随着人类的生产、生活、劳动的不断进步日渐成熟,这在世界各民族的发展进程中都可以看到。世界上所有的古代文明创造了五彩缤纷、风格迥异的民族体育。但是其中惟有古希腊的体育真正完成了由实用体育向竞技体育的转化,亦即形成了有独立体系的体育,它最先把体育从娱乐、敬神、游戏、健身、巫术等活动中剥离出来,形成了一种以锦标为目的、以身体参赛为形式、有一系列完整的竞赛章程和规则作保证的竞技体育形式。
古希腊文化是一种开放的民族文化,古希腊人在生存中形成的冒险和张扬的性格,形成了一种激烈竞争与对抗的传统体育,他们的每一个项目都充满着强烈的竞争与对抗,甚至带有血腥的色彩,比如摔跤、角斗、自由搏击等。也正是因为如此,在古希腊传统文化底蕴的孕育下,竞技场上肌肉健壮的运动选手将自己的技能充分发挥,成为酣畅淋漓的宣泄感情,张扬个性的竞技者。古希腊的特殊生存环境和历史氛围,造成了他们从小培养青少年精湛的体育技术和技能的需求。让他们从小就接受体育教育,发达的经济和较高的文化要求体育与德育、智育、美育完美结合。不仅要求有纯洁美好的心灵,还要培养人们健壮的体魄,而培养人们完美的身材就成了古希腊人一生的主要目的。在古希腊教育体系中,完人教育目标就成为了国家教育体系的基本原则的发点。身体运动之学与智慧之学在学校严格贯彻完人教育的基本理念和基本原则中得到了充分地发展。
雅典城外的阿波罗神墙上铭刻着古希腊哲学家的一句名言:人啊,认识你自己。这句话清楚的体现出一种意识形态的出现,那就是人类认识自我的一种方式——体育。它的目的是让人意识到,体育和竞技中体会到的力量与欢愉源于人自身,古希腊的哲学家就是这样来认识体育的。
苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德是古希腊最著名的思想家。他的身世非常贫寒,在他的一生中参加过多次战争,从而感悟到身体健康的重要性。他深感雅典的人民只注重表面的虚无,但对体育锻炼和军事训练并不重视。针对这种社会弊端,他反复提醒雅典人要重视体育锻炼,要不懈的提高身体素质。在苏格拉底眼中,没有健全的体魄,就不可能学好文化,也就更谈不到捍卫国家了。他对社会反复强调,在人的一生中做任何事都“离不开强健的身体和精神”,并极力主张努力去锻炼身体。在柏拉图的《理想国》里,记录了苏格拉底有关终身体育的思想:“体育教育与音乐教育一样,应该让他们从小就开始接受。而且,体育训练应该十分小心,并且要终其一生。”
在体育运动的实践上,柏拉图超过了自己的老师。他是一名体育健将,曾经做过角力手,在伊斯特摩运动会上取得过优异成绩。柏拉图说“音乐和体育联合的潜移默化,可以使两者(指理性与情感)和谐,因为他们以高贵的文字、榜样来强化、支持理性,并且用和谐与节奏来节制、抚慰和文明化感情的放荡不羁。”柏拉图提倡进行身体锻炼,并且身体锻炼要适度,运动形式简单明了,而不应该像职业运动员那样进行超出人们正常负荷的运动。他认为,适度的有规律的锻炼才可以起到教育的功能,像职业运动员似的生活方式,其实是有害于身体与心理健康的。
亚里士多德是古希腊最著名的哲学家之一。从苏格拉底到亚里士多德,“节制”、“勇敢”和“公正”这三种最重要的品质贯穿于他们的思想中。希腊哲学家亚里士多德认为,欲获得幸福,人们就必须具备这三种最基本的品质。他明确指出,体育有助于“培养人的勇敢”,“勇敢”是诸多品质教育中最重要的内容。“勇敢”必须依靠体育,而依靠体育就离不开人们对人体及其力量的观察与思考。亚里士多德说:“如若(身体)状况良好是指肌肉的结实,那么,状况不佳必定是指肌肉的衰弱。要造成良好的身体,就在于肌肉结实。”可见亚里士多德对体育促进肌肉发达的原理很了解。根据他的认识和理解,亚里士多德对体育作了如下总结:“习惯上教育大致可以分为四种,即读写、体育、音乐和有些人加上的绘画。读写和绘画知识在生活中有许多用途,体育锻炼有助于培养人的勇敢。”他认为健康是基础,勇敢是品德,所以应该优先开展体育。
古希腊哲学家的体育思想在不同方面体现了古希腊体育的发展方向,阐述了体育的目的和意义,他们为古希腊体育的产生、发展和传播起到了积极的作用。
古希腊竞技体育的产生有其历史的必然性,其中城邦制度、宗教信仰、神话传说和哲学思想等是其产生的重要基础。这些因素在共同的作用下把古希腊人的认识引领到一个自由、开放、平等和法治的现实世界中。人本身成为古希腊思想的核心所在,而竞技体育只有在这一背景下才能得到充分发展。
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古希腊神话有着很强的文化内涵和文化价值,古希腊神话对英美文化形成有着不可估量的影响,古希腊神话是西方神话体系中最重要的组成部分。英美文化中爱神的原型就是古希腊神话中的厄洛斯。古希腊神话就是一个庞大的文化素材库,丰富了英美绘画、雕塑题材,丰富了英美文化,尤其是对文化复兴时期人们的思想及作品都产生了不可磨灭的影响。古希腊神话不仅影响了英美文化,更影响着英美社会生活等方方面面。
神话是古人对无法解释的自然想象及文化现象的想象和理解,是古人原始信仰的产物,反映了古人的思想和生活,神话产生时人们并没有刻意赋予其艺术色彩,但现在来看神话有着很强的艺术气息。神话是人类最早的幻想文学,神话的产生是因为古人知识水平有限,探索自然中结合自身想象力的创造,是民间文学的先河与源头。往往神话人物都具有强大力量,神话的本质就是古人借助想象力以征服自然、支配自然的表现,人古人对生存的渴望。神话多产生于远古时期,神话对每一个民族的文化形成都有着深远影响,每一个民族都有着自己的神话,例如中国神话女娲补天、大禹治水、女娲造人、盘古开天地等等。又如西方的诺亚方舟、上帝造人、伊甸园等等。
古希腊是世界五大文化发源地之一,也是西方历史的开源,古希腊人对后世的建筑、文学、历史、哲学都产生着巨大影响。古希腊神话是古希腊人智慧的结晶,是希腊精神的源泉。希腊神话是早期西方文化的百科全书,是很多西方国家的母体神话。古希腊神话中包括了:人类起源、天地形成、神祗、日月星辰、风雨雷电等等都有涉及。文化复兴时期,古希腊神话的文化价值重新被挖掘,引起了很多文学大师的研究和兴趣。西方文化正是文学艺术与神话融合发展的结果,希腊神话是世界神话传中最丰富、最完整的神话。
古希腊神话是英美文化的摇篮,很多英美文学作品中都大量融入了古希腊神话色彩。一直以来古希腊神话都在英美文化中占有重要地位,古希腊神话之所有如此大的影响力和它的特点密不可分。古希腊神话中人与神同形同性,神和人一样也有着不同的社会关系,有着七情六欲,懂得喜怒哀乐,两者之间的区别在于神没有生老病死,生活安逸,而人弱小、会死、生产坚苦。希腊神话不同于其他神话宣扬伟大的精神和高尚的品格,希腊神话中神依然会为了自己的利益做坏事,依然会为情所困。希腊神话赞颂美人和勇敢的精神,批评傲慢、残忍、贪婪,讽刺骄傲、虚荣、暴力。古希腊神话中认为往往悲剧的产生是因为人性弱点所导致。古希腊神话中没有赋予神崇高的人格,也没有把神明作为道德衡量的标准。神是人类的折射,神的行为就是在揭示人性弱点。希腊神话利用深邃的思想内涵影响着英美文化。古希腊神话在文化复兴后,时常出现在英美文化中,很多大师都受到了希腊神话的影响,在作品中不是直接引用就是曲引寓意。莎士比亚、雪莱、拜伦、庞德等诗人,都曾在希腊神话中获得灵感,获取素材,甚至一些名家因希腊神话才创造了不朽的名篇。《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》、《特洛伊罗期与克瑞西达》都是莎士比亚用古希腊神话作为题材创造出的经典之作。雪莱的《潘之歌》及《阿波罗颂》也是取自古希腊神话,并且这些作品脍炙人口,成为了世界名篇。普罗米修斯为人类盗取天火的故事被西方民众所熟知,并得到了广泛的认同和赞颂,曾有很多英美大诗人赞颂普罗米修斯。普罗米修斯作为被迫害的英雄在人们心目中的形象根深蒂固。雪莱就写了诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》,在这部作品中雪莱把普罗米修斯写成了未来解放了的人类的象征,充分表达了人们想要通过革命推翻暴政的信心和想法。这部作品是典型的结合希腊神话的革命思潮作品。古希腊神话深深影响着英美文化,希腊神话的故事寓意至今都依然适用,希腊神话在英美文化中的重要性显而易见。
英美文化与古希腊神话间有着很深的渊源,是西方文化产生的源头,是英美文学的母体。实际上希腊神话不仅影响着英美文化,甚至无意识中也影响着英美艺术家的创造思维和思维模式。
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近年来,中日文化交流日益频繁,书法家互访也很活跃。今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是:简论中华书法及其对世界文化艺术之影响相关论文。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
摘要:书法艺术是中华民族独有的艺术瑰宝,具有鲜明的民族特色。其吸收了江河山川草木、飞禽走兽的形象美,借鉴音乐、舞蹈、戏曲的节奏美、旋律美,使文字的形象与人的艺术表现力化为一体,抽象化为一种“神态”和“意向”,并极大的丰富了世界文化艺术的宝库。
关键词:书法艺术、历代书法之流变,及其对世界文化艺术之影响;职称论文
论文正文:
简论中华书法及其对世界文化艺术之影响
中国的书法艺术历史悠久,源远流长。数千年来,产生了灿若群星的书法家和浩若烟海的书法作品,为后人留下了无数精湛的艺术珍品,为祖国的艺术宝殿增添了光彩,为人类的艺术宝库增加了财富。
我国的书法,自先秦时期就形成了百花争妍的局面,秦代李斯为全国书写了不同于原六国大篆的小篆范本,程邈整理了隶书,他们都是古代杰出的书法家。到了两汉、魏晋南北朝时期,书法艺术又向前迈进了一大步。北方的魏碑体日臻成熟,而南方东晋时期的王羲之经过刻苦努力,终于登上了当时书法艺术的最高峰,创立并完善了楷书和行书,被人尊称为“书圣”。而陈隋间大书法家“智永”和尚是王羲之第七代孙,继承祖法,精勤书艺,成为一代草书大家。
到了唐代,更是书艺发展,书法家辈出的黄金时代。著名杰出书法家有欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权、虞世南、褚遂良、薛稷等,史称“唐代六大家”。而唐代张旭、怀素的草书更是风格独特,潇洒飞动,达到了炉火纯青的地步。由于这些书法巨匠们的努力,将我国书法艺术推向了历史的顶峰。欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权的楷书端庄浑厚,各臻妙境,成为后世之宗,他们的作品,成为历代青年学子们临摹学书的范本,直到现当代,还对我国的书法艺术产生着广泛而深远的影响。
到了宋代,是我国书法艺术在写意方面的又一发展时期。著名“宋代四大家”,苏轼、黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄的成就极为辉煌。元代是以复古而开新的文人书风发展时期,其代表人物是赵孟頫。他真、草、隶、篆皆精,独创一种柔和流畅潇洒的艺术风格,对后世影响很大。明代是个性化文人书风时代,文征明、董其昌的书法较为著名,其“淡墨书”在日本书道界颇有影响。清代的邓石如,郑燮、何绍基等人的书法较有影响。现当代书法也是百花齐放群星闪烁。如沈尹默、张大千、启功等人的书法就很著名。
我国书法艺术是中华民族独创的一种艺术形式,具有极其鲜明的民族特色,随着历史时代的变迁而不断变化着自己的精神风貌。书法作品的创作,书法形象的塑造,更是一种造型活动。先是以文字的点画、线条为主,而后融合进各种江河山川草木,飞禽走兽的形象美,借鉴音乐、戏曲、舞蹈的旋律美、节奏美,在吸取这些美的因素的同时,糅合进人的主观意念,从而使文字的形象与人的表现能力化为一体。自然美在这里被加以改造、变形,抽象化而成为一种“神态”和“意象”。所以,中国书法就是一种似画非画,而又充满哲理性的、动态活泼的“意味”形象。长久以来使世界各国、各民族对它产生了仰慕、神奇的感觉。中国书法对日本、韩国、朝鲜、越南、新加坡等东亚、东南亚、东北亚国家的影响最大。尽管各国语言各有不同,但却共同以汉字为基础,开拓出世界东方的书法园地。直至今日,书法在日本、新加坡、韩、朝等国,依然是艺术门类中具有高尚情趣的艺术。
在日本,人们以中国汉字的偏旁部首为基础,创造了日本的片假名,以中国汉字的草书为基础,创造了日本的平假名,加上直接使用中国的汉字,这就创造形成了独具特色的日文。日本学者伊东参州就指出:“一部日本的书法史,就是中国书法不断影响日本的历史……我国书法不断发展变迁到今天,是在中国书法的不断影响下造成的。”日本汉字学家、书法史学家中田勇次郎说“中国书法的流变,随着王朝的更替,不断如同一股波浪似的向日本蜂涌而来。”他并按历史的前后,把日本书法史分为八个时期,即“大和时代的百济书法;飞鸟时代的隋唐书法;奈良时代的晋唐书法;平安时代前期的唐朝书法;镰仓时代前半期的宋朝书法;镰仓时代后半期至南北朝时代的元朝书法;室町时代的明朝书法;江户时代的北碑派书法等。
从历史的记载来看,几乎每个时代的日本书道的代表人物多数得到中国书法的直接熏陶,受到中国书法家的影响。不是如此,很难想象日本书道能有今天的巨大发展。例如:我国唐代高僧鉴真和尚东渡日本时,就随船带去了许多王羲之及其他书法家的墨宝真迹。而同时代的日本遣唐僧海空和尚就将中国孙过庭的《书谱》这一有高度美学价值的书法专著传入日本。在停止派出遣唐使以后,宋、元、明时期的中国书法继续因中日僧人的相互来访而传入日本。如日本荣西和尚在南宋孝宗时两次来华,而他的书法则宗风黄庭坚。中国的名僧隐元和尚应邀去日本定居,在京都宇治建了万福寺,把明代文人书风带到了日本。
江户时代,在日本翻刻过大量字帖,其中的赵子昂、祝允明、文征明、董其昌等的墨迹为最多。这一时期给予日本书法的影响十分巨大,以致日本的书法家将之称为“江户时代唐朝体”,或称“中国样式书体”。清朝时期,中国书法界由于碑学派的产生,而导致与“馆阁体”——帖学派的对峙。这一时期在书法上的复古趋向,注重金石气味,也深深地浸染了日本书道界。公元一八八O年,杨守敬作为外交人员和金石家东渡日本,经他带去的书法作品竟达一万三千多件。日本书道界的下部鸣鹤等直接受到他的传授指点。而中林悟竹,北方心泉等人则更进一步到中国拜师,游访了金石名家吴大徵、俞樾、张裕钊、徐三庚等人。如此,就为日本书道界弥补了汉魏书风,丰富了日本书道的表现色彩.
近年来,中日文化交流日益频繁,书法家互访也很活跃。象日本方面的饭岛春敬,柳田泰云,渡边寒鸥等代表团体和个人都曾到中国访问。中国书法家和日本书法家还相互举行集体和个人书法交流展,轮流在中国或日本巡回展出。笔者的书法作品就曾在日本展出过。其中一九八五年十月在日本举行中日政治家书法展览,中曾根首相和许多大臣以及众参两院议长等负责人出席参观,盛况空前。
中国书法对朝鲜、韩国的影响也很大。我国唐代一些最有影响的书法家的字迹就很受到朝韩人民的热爱。据史书记载,新罗国来长安的使节就曾专门收集欧阳询的书法名迹,欧书作为楷书的范本在朝韩被学习,吸收和流传。如江原道原州郡就有安民厚书作碑刻,碑文端庄,刚劲险劲,法度森严,完全得力于欧书,其本人也是一位杰出的书法家。朝鲜李朝时代的李齐贤曾出使中国,他喜爱金石文字,曾造了一座“万卷楼”。在中国时,经常与赵孟頫交往,书风饶有晋唐风味。朝、韩书法艺术在发展过程中,在研习晋唐书风的传统下,又及时吸取中国书法的最新成果。如元代赵孟頫,明代文征明、祝允明等都成为对朝韩古典书风最有影响的书法家,使朝韩书法形成了气象清新,规矩严谨,重在气韵,擅长行草的书风。
中国书法对越南,新加坡等东南亚国家也有巨大影响。如越南最高领导人胡志明、黄文欢等就十分喜爱中国书法。胡志明对中国书法造诣很深,经常研究和挥毫中国书法。在中国安徽黄山人字瀑前,就留有胡志明亲笔所题“观瀑亭”几个古朴苍劲有力的毛笔大字。而在新加坡,中文是法定文字,中国书法更被视为高雅艺术,中新两国书法界人士(包括笔者本人)经常互访和举办书法展,交流书法技艺。
中国书法对欧美的影响也是很大的。从十九世纪后期到二十世纪初,到过中国的一些欧美考古学者、汉学家,将书法作品当作考古文物携运回去。一九一三年,美国的艺术史学者费内洛沙就撰写了《东方艺术史》一书,介绍中国书法并注意到东方书法艺术的独特性。而西班牙著名艺术家毕加索就曾经向我国著名书法家张大千讨教过用笔技巧。而后,他成功地运用中国书法的提、按、顿、挫、转、及笔断意连的运笔技巧做艺术创作。
笔者的书作就曾在国外展出,所接触的许多欧美、大洋洲人士和朋友对中国书法的欣赏兴趣就很浓,踊跃参观在所在国举办的中国书画展览,他们希望不断增加书画展出,并要求举办讲座或演讲,介绍中国书法艺术。今天,许多不远万里来中国考察的学者、留学生中,亦有来研讨书法的。象法国的柯乃柏写了《卫桓四体书势之研究》。这些都表明中国书法不但在艺术实践上,在艺术理论上近年来也取得了新的长足发展。随着近年来我国综合国力的增强,我国政府在世界上越来越多的国家中相继开办了传播中华文化的孔子学院,中华文化及中国书法在世界文化艺术界的影响也将越来越广泛。
通过不断相互学习,相互交流,共同创新发展,我坚信,中华书法艺术将极大地丰富世界文化艺术的宝库。
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建国初期,中国与苏联签订了《中苏友好同盟互助条约》,双方建立了战略同盟关系。以此为契机,在1956年双方又签订了《苏中文化合作协定》,目的是推动两国间广泛的文化交流。这一时期在文化艺术领域中,苏联音乐文化对中国音乐教育产生了积极的影响。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:苏联音乐文化在中国建国初期时的传播与影响相关论文,内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】本文立足于新中国成立至50年代末60年代初这一时期中国的音乐文化,从音乐文化思想和传播在中国的苏联歌曲两个方面研究这一时期苏联音乐文化对中国的影响。
【关键词】苏联音乐文化;中国音乐文化;1950-1960
(一)社会主义在音乐上的创作:1933年的一篇题为《关于社会主义现实主义》的文章,对“社会主义现实主义”一词进行了分析,认为该称谓具有文学色彩。斯大林认为社会主义现实主义是民族主义形式方面的文化。诞生于文学领域中的“社会主义现实主义”将丰富多样的文学创作手法变成了迎合时代的单一创作。强调以社会主义现实主义为原则来创作音乐是有一定哲学理论思想基础的,可以保证音乐为无产阶级服务。
(二)批判资产阶级音乐:1950年,苏联代表社会主义国家与资本主义国家进行全球争霸,形成了两极对垒的世界格局。苏联和资本主义国家,不仅在军事上、在经济上,甚至在文化上都视彼此为宿敌。苏联对20世纪出现的音乐――以勋伯格为代表的表现主义音乐、序列音乐、印象派音乐以及偶然音乐等现代音乐门类都进行批判。苏联音乐的创作目的决定了苏联音乐代表了资产阶级形式主义音乐的对立面。
(三)对传统音乐风格的继承:苏联音乐要想发展,必须紧紧依靠传统民族文化,但只是在形式上的继承,而在内容上则是要以人民群众和苏联的社会主义建设等政治问题为主。对音乐创作的要求是要承认古典音乐文化遗产,尤其是俄罗斯音乐文化进步的作用,以这些宝贵的文化资源继续推广苏联音乐。
随着1949年新中国的成立,中国社会也发生了巨大的变化。中苏两国的交流,尤其是音乐文化交流也随之变化。首先,20世纪上半叶最显著的变化是两国友好的外交政策为两国音乐文化交流提供了比较稳定的外部环境。中苏两国亲密的关系以及中国一边倒的外交政策使得全国上下掀起了一股“苏联热”,当时值得追捧的就是学唱苏联歌曲。其次,中国派遣了大量的专业音乐人才赴苏联进行系统化、专业化的学习。他们肩负起了文化传习的责任,更承担起了文化传播的功能,极大地促进了中国音乐文化事业的建立。
(一)中国有大量的留学生在苏联学习,留苏学生成为新中国成立时期各个领域的领头人,不仅对自己的专业领域,而且对文化交流也起到了至关重要的作用,音乐也是其中的一部分。留学生对革命的热忱以及崇高的理想使他们愿意去接受苏联歌曲,在上山下乡期间,他们将苏联歌曲带到了广大人民群众中。
(二)书刊、媒体等对音乐文化的推广也起到了很大的作用。1951年,上海万叶书店出版了由涅斯契也夫撰写的《论苏联群众歌曲》,这是我国建国后的第一本介绍苏联歌曲的译著,介绍了苏联20世纪上半叶群众歌曲的发展情况。
(三)1933年,苏联歌舞团首次到上海表演新兴革命艺术,而这种形式在50年代更为常见。1952年,来访的苏联各文艺团体大多都要演唱苏联歌曲,特别是合唱类的。
(一)中国音乐美学中的“反映论”
“反映论”的观点阐述了音乐艺术体现的内容是客观与实际现实的反映,同时也是各种音乐思想的基础,是现实的一切声音在人脑中的反映。1950年,中国在对苏联音乐的批评与译介中对“反映论”的观点已经悄然接受。斯大林在1936年1月17日的讲话中提到:苏维埃人民现实主义歌剧必须是社会主义题材、音乐语言必须是现实主义、歌剧中的角色从当代人中选取。从以上特征,我们可以发现中国50年代创作的《洪湖赤卫队》、《刘胡兰》、《小二黑结婚》等歌剧受苏联“反映论”音乐思想的影响是显而易见的。
(二)音乐的社会功能
苏联音乐非常注重其音乐的社会功能效用。其本质就是要利用音乐自身的教化功能构建一种异于资本主义音乐文化体系的思想统治工具来发展和巩固其社会主义政权。1949年新中国成立之后全国百废待兴,此时的音乐所充当的角色同文字一样,都是呼吁和倡导建设祖国。
尽管在50年达末至60年代中苏关系日益紧张,但外交关系上的急刹车并没有中断两国音乐文化思想的交流,中国依旧按着苏联音乐思想理论运行和发展着。整个20世纪50年代,是中国作为学生向苏联学习各种文化的一个时期,从苏联借鉴与融合来的音乐理想思想体系需要很长的时间在理性中批判的继承的。
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
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9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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通过对赛博文化的概念及其特点的分析与阐释,探讨了在网络社会条件下,赛博文化对青少年思想品德形成与发展的积极作用与负面影响,提出了加强赛博空间法制建设、营造网络道德环境、形成赛博空间个体道德自律,进而促进青少年思想品德在赛博文化环境下健康发展的对策。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:赛博文化对青少年思想道德的影响及对策相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】随着信息高速公路在全球的延伸,一种新的文化形式——赛博文化以其独特的虚拟性、自由开放性、和多元互动性等特点,对青少年思想道德形成产生积极影响的同时也带来了很多负面效应,出现这种状况的原因是多方面的,要想尽可能减少赛博文化对青少年思想道德形成的负面影响,离不开青少年自身、父母、学校、社会及国家的共同努力。
上世纪90年代,随着计算机技术的发展,以cyber为前缀的词汇风靡全球,“赛博”即是这一英文前缀的音译。最早见于加拿大科幻小说家威廉?吉布森《神经人》中所创造出的“赛博空间”。它是一种“‘交感的幻觉’,人们可以把自己的神经系统直接插入网络,使大脑和网络矩阵间的关系更加亲密。也即人和非人的一切,交织在一起,创造出赛博空间。”发韧于这种超越现实社会规范的赛博空间,形成了具有虚拟性、自由开放性、多元互动性为基本特征的赛博文化。
第一,虚拟性。这种虚拟是相对于现实物理空间而言的,在赛博空间中,网上邮局、网上医院、网上银行、网上公园等应有尽有,虽不真实但又确实存在,人们可以过一种与现实物理空间既相似又不同的虚拟生活,进行网上交友、网上办公、网上贸易等。
第二,自由开放性。目前世界上所有的网站,除了关系国家安全的网站修了防火墙以防御非法入侵者外,其他网站则无一例外地对每一个网民门户大开,其敞开度对谁都一样大,提供的文化产品都一样多。
第三,多元互动性。赛博空间不是静态的,而是相互作用的,它可以实现一对一,一对多,多对多的互动,“是在信息交流系统中发送、传播和接受各种信息时表现为实时交互的操作方式。”
(一)积极方面
1. 有利于青少年拓宽眼界、促进德性成长
在虚拟、自由的网络社会中,青少年一代不再遵从成人群体传统的生存规则,而是创造新的生存规则。开放的网络能以宽容的态度认可和接受青少年群体特有的道德心理、道德规范、道德价值观及道德理想,同时,异常丰富、多元的网络世界,无疑开阔了青少年的价值视野,并进一步作用于他们的道德层面,使其认识到道德生活的多元性、相对性和情境性,促进其依据自身亲历的网络社会的种种境遇,不断搭建自身的道德体系。
2. 有助于青少年道德价值观创新
在网络世界里,不同民族、国籍、宗教信仰、文化背景的人,都可以大显身手,他们可以在赛博空间里毫无顾忌地提出自己的一些“奇思妙想”。有学者认为:“这是一个标举创新的时代,更是一个富有创新的时代,网络社会将人类创新的意念和行为推行到更高的起点,专家们创造了网络技术,而以青少年为主体的一代新人则创造了网络社会。”创新是一个广义的范畴,覆盖生活的各个方面,当然也包括德性的创新。全新的网络社会需要年轻一代去开发、创建,处在创新中的年轻一代更需要适应网络生存中的道德规约,这种规约不是社会主流道德的“硬性规定”,而有赖于年轻一代的自创、自建。
(二)消极方面
1. 容易导致道德“相对主义”
较之实存社会中的真实、实在性,虚拟、开放的赛博空间使人们更容易回避对自身行为后果责任的承担,从而为道德相对主义(“想怎样就怎样”或“怎样都行”)的盛行提供了土壤。赛博文化的自由开放性使网络世界成为信息传递的“万花筒 ”,不仅会引起不同价值观的冲突,也为青少年访问一些不良、不健康网站提供了便利,很容易导致青少年道德意识弱化,甚或还可能走上犯罪的道路。
2. 容易消解青少年道德的民族性
道德具有鲜明的民族特点。不同民族往往具有不同的道德价值观、不同的道德规范要求。正如德国著名伦理学家费里德里希?包尔生所言:“同一民族的不同团体都是服从于自己的特殊的道德准则的。”全球性、开放性的赛博文化一方面有利于民族性的道德融入全球性的普世道德体系之中,同时又可能使民族性的道德遭到西方国家某些道德价值观的侵蚀而走向瓦解,如此,也可能导致青少年道德价值混乱或民族精神的丢失。
3. 容易带来青少年道德的非秩序
赛博文化的自由开放、多元性使信息在网络传递过程中不存在实存社会中的中央管理控制,网络行为表现为一种非中心的自主性行为,推崇自由、平等、无拘无束的交流方式,网络行为的自由化、个性化有利于信息的广泛传播,但容易导致青少年道德发展的非秩序、随意性及极端个人主义。在缺乏管理与监督的状态下,网络色情与暴力是网络无秩序化对青少年品德影响最广、危害最大的网络社会问题,是造成青少年品德不良问题的主要“杀手”。
(一)赛博文化本身所具有的特点
网络的传播具有速度快、信息量大、受众面广等特点,完全摆脱了地域和传统媒介的局限性,这也使不良信息的传播手段越来越隐蔽,难以控制。加上目前计算机信息网络的管理与经营还不太成熟,特别是国际互联网的管理方式比较松散,造成对网上不良信息的打击难度大,也使网络不良信息的泛滥成灾,大行其道成为了可能。
(二)青少年身心发展的特点
从总体上来看,青少年群体是非辨别能力弱、社会经验缺乏、对网上大量不良信息缺乏应有的识别能力,同时,他们的心智尚未完全发育健全、好奇心强、容易接受新鲜事物,也更容易受到不良信息的负面影响。而他们的自控力和选择力还不足以抵御这些不良影响的侵害,因而在不知不觉中成为“污染”对象。
(三)家庭和社会的监督教育力度不够
当今,网络设备正渐渐成为每家每户生活的必备品,作为家长,在给孩子购置电脑、手机等工具之后,很少再去花时间指导其该如何正确使用,有的是受限于家长本身也并不精通于正确使用网络,但更多的是出于观念上的忽视或者说家长并没有意识到这是一个问题。社会尤其是网络运营机构没能积极地对青少年的上网行为进行合理的引导,没有很好地控制不良信息传播等,致使其应承担的监督教育功能没能有效地发挥出来。 (四)学校网络道德教育的缺位
在我国的中小学信息技术课程中,学生学的是理论和技能,基本不探讨网络道德问题,即使教材中有所涉及,往往也被教师所忽视,思想品德课程所讲内容同样很少涉及网络道德这一道德研究的新领域,所以网络道德对学生而言基本上出于“道德任意”的状态。
(五)国家网络立法不到位
尽管我国政府和法律界早已清醒地认识到网络安全的重要性,建立了有中国特色的网络法律体系。然而,长期以来,我国对于网络上青少年权利的法律保护却重视不够。综合来看,以下几个原因不容忽视:一是我国网络信息技术发展相对落后,有关此项立法尚缺乏必要的技术基础;二是我国网络的社会化程度还不够高,信息产业尚属初级阶段,职能部门还缺乏必要的网络管理经验;三是我国的网络法制观念和意识还不够强,绝大多数人尚未意识到网络不良信息会给青少年带来的巨大危害,这也给此项立法活动带来了阻力。
(一)社会积极主动地承担其监督教育青少年网上行为的重任
应建立更多服务于青少年的健康网站。互联网上信息的传递被视为“争夺眼球的战争”,即谁能吸引住网民的注意力,谁就会在互联网上取得获胜的优势。因此,建立青少年网站首要考虑的就是如何吸引住青少年的“眼球”,没有点击率的网站是没有生命力的,增加吸引力就是要加强服务力度,可以通过开发学习、交友、就业、心理咨询等青少年感兴趣的栏目切实为青少年服务。此外,研发抵制不良信息的安全软件,为青少年进入网络世界筑起一道防火墙,使其能够对各种色情、暴力等不良信息具有屏蔽作用。
(二)提高青少年道德自律能力
道德认知是道德情感和道德行为的基础和内在动力,是促进道德信念形成的认知基础,是道德自律的先导。一个缺乏正确道德认知或道德认知低下的人,不可能自发地产生自律意识和行为。传统社会中以服从为主的道德范式在网络社会中已部分失效,只有上升到道德习惯和道德信念的高层次上的自律性道德,才能有效地规范个体的行为。因此,要加强青少年自我保护能力、分析辨别能力的培养,教会青少年自主保护自己的身心健康,自主辨析网络信息,面对丰富多彩的文化信息做到自控、自律、自我约束。
(三)要充分发挥家庭的教育作用
父母是保护青少年上网的第一道防线。在尊重的前提下,家长应该对青少年浏览的网上内容进行监督,引导他们理智地处理上网娱乐和上网学习的关系。家长更应营造一个好的家庭氛围,主动与孩子谈心,了解他们、帮助他们,拉近与孩子的心灵距离,增进感情,鼓励他们参与社会、学校以及亲朋好友间的各项活动,培养他们的多种兴趣和爱好。
(四)教育者要成为网络道德教育专家
网络时代的教育工作者要适应信息时代的变化,以高度的责任感和使命感努力学习信息技术,适应并开创网络时代道德教育的新模式和新方法,成为网络时代的“行家里手”;要有科学的价值观和道德观,模范地践行网络道德规范,不断探索网络德育工作的新途径、新方法;要善于发现学生网上的不良行为,善于做教育和说服引导工作:晓之以理,动之以情,与此同时,要开展大规模的有针对性的系列宣传教育,提高青少年的安全和自我保护意识、增强其防范和鉴别能力。
(五)国家要加强完善网络立法工作
为了尽量减少网络不良信息可能产生的消极影响,为广大青少年提供更优良的服务,迫切需要建立健全网络运行的法律机制:明确网络管理和经营机构的权利、义务与责任;规定行之有效的实施细则及相关法律规范,使人们有章可循、有法可依,尤其要强调经营网络业务的企业要承担相应的义务与责任,让那些通过网络传播有害青少年内容的网络管理与经营者受到应有的惩罚,不能让互联网成为传播色情和反动思想的场所,使青少年免受不良信息的伤害;另外,要加强执法力度,司法部门也要发挥应有的作用。
赛博文化是一把“双刃剑”,为青少年思想道德教育创造发展空间的同时也有其潜在危险性;国家、社会、家庭要和青少年凝聚在一起形成强有力的合力,以便更好地引导青少年形成正确的网络道德观,成为新时代合格的网络公民。
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网络文化是现代社会标志性的革命成果,是通过当下的科技手段来认识和改造世界,对于大学生的思想政治教育,网络文化不仅创造了现代化的教育方式,更创造了现代化的教育观。高校学生思想政治教育的方法与内容正伴随着网络文化的发展而创新,作为高校学生思想政治教育的新载体,网络文化凭借着丰富而又全面快速的文化信息影响着高校学生思想政治教育的快速发展。
与此同时,网络文化随着网络的快速发展,衍生并传播着一些负面的信息,对于大学生思想政治教育工作产生了一定的影响,诱导着大学生的世界观、价值观与人生观。因此,网络文化的发展对于大学生思想政治教育既带来了机遇,同时也带来了挑战。
网络文化作为新时代大学生思想政治教育的载体,不仅具有较高的影响力,也有着很高的覆盖面,让大学生在课余时间通过网络获得大量信息,了解最新的时事新闻,最前卫的文化思想,也可以对自己的思想政治教育观念进行改良变迁,从而使大学生自己的思想道德素质不断的提高,对大学生思想政治教育的影响作用转变为互补与补充的作用。
(一)网络文化为提高高校学生思想政治教育的人文素养提供了动力。新时代网络文化的快速更新与发展让思想政治教育更加具体化、形象化。其通过多媒体技术让单纯的图片、声音完美的结合,构造出一幅幅形象的画面,让高校学生有着身临其境的感觉,让思想政治教育知识精彩而完美的展现在学生眼前,让大学生群体成为真正意义上的教育主体。与此同时,网络文化凭借着多种多样的传播渠道引导着高校学生,这让传统的教育方式方法无可比拟。
(二)网络文化为高校思想政治教育工作提供了一个新的平台。网络文化对高校思想政治教育提供了一个全新的环境,它不但为高校学生带来了丰富多彩的信息,同时也为高校学生带来了沟通上的方便,由此出发,介于网络文化的交互性、隐蔽性和开放性,使得高校思想政治教育工作者可以更加全面的了解学生的思想状况,有利于高校师生之间进行双向交流。网络文化的隐蔽性和开放性往往可以促进高校学生坦率的去吐露真心,将自己的见解、情感以及诉求真实而有力的吐槽出来。高校思想政治教育工作者可以通过观察及了解学生的这些诉求,借助网络工具进行交流引导,在沟通中鼓励积极向上的思想意识,有针对性的对那些消极而悲观的思想状况进行疏导,及时了解与解决学生提出的问题和关心的问题,从而实现高校思想政治教育工作者与学生之间联系的实时性和高效性。
(一)网络文化的发展是对高校主流文化的一种挑战。网络文化的发展丰富了高校学生与外界联系沟通的路径,是校园文化变得更加有趣充实,而网络世界的绚烂多彩极大地诱惑着高校学子的好奇心,这种无拘无束的网络文化满足着高校学子的各种兴趣和爱好。从而导致传统校园主流文化的内容和传承的载体受到极大地冲击,加之西方文化思想的大量掺合,使得东西方文化进一步融合,高校校园主流文化的繁荣和发展受到从未有过的威胁。因此,高校学子对网络文化的支持与参与同网络文化对高校学子思想政治状况形成冲突,深化了高校思想政治教育的矛盾性与复杂性。
(二)网络文化的发展是对高校思想政治观念、行为价值取向的一种挑战。网络文化的发展打破了原有的时空概念,让传统意义中空间和时间所涵盖的文化、经济、政治概念发生转变与偏移。西方意识形态与西方社会价值观对我国的社会主义核心价值观产生极大地冲击,同时也对我国高校社会主义德育观念产生极大地影响。导致高校学子在思想观念上有所懈怠,以及在道德观念上和行为规范上产生懈怠。同时,网络文化的虚拟性与现实生活形成鲜明的差别,让高校学子沉溺于网络文化,而网络文化中不健康思想的趁机而入,让缺乏自律性的学子对自己的世界观、价值观、人生观形成冲击,从而导致高校学子的社会意识、集体意识下滑,对高校思想政治教育形成极大的挑战。
(一)从思想上疏导大学生对网络文化的认识。当代大学生群体是一个思想活跃,有着较强接受力的群体,对社会新事物、新思想充满着好奇心。随着新时代网络文化的发展带动了新时代的大学生思想政治教育的发展,凭借着各种媒介的传播,对大学生思想政治教育产生了极大的影响。要从根源上认识到新时代网络文化已经成为信息化与现代化背景下思想政治教育工作的新领域,高校思想政治教育工作者要让高校学子从思想上去认识区分网络文化中的精华与糟粕,学会如何汲取网络文化中积极向上的思想来武装自己,也要学会在新时代的大环境中探索和学习。
(二)借助网络文开展大学生思想政治教育工作。当今社会是一个信息化的时代,网络文化的发展日新月异。高校思想政治教育工作者应将传统思想政治教育方式同网络文化有效的结合起来,探索发现适合现代教育模式的授课方式方法,让高校学子在不排斥传统思想政治教育的同时也可以很好的汲取现代网络文化,增进师生之间的互动。把新时代世界观、人生观、价值观教育结合网络文化推广到高校学生群体中去,从而有效的减少传统高校思想政治教育阵地被网络文化阵地侵占或者取代的危险。
新时代网络文化的快速发展是社会经济快速发展的必然产物,而网络文化的丰富性与实时性对于目前我国高校思想政治教育工作有着非常重要的引导作用。网络文化日新月异的发展,对于加强对大学生正面思想的引导与构建新时代的世界观、价值观、人生观,既有着良好的机遇,也带来了许多的挑战。高校思想政治教育工作者在引导的同时也要加强学习,主动的掌握学生思想动态,构建和谐的校园文化,开展富有成效的高校思想政治教育工作。
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摘要:目前随着我国经济的发展,我国已经成了世界经济贸易的大国。但是部分地方政府和企业忽视了环境的保障,只片面的追求对外贸易的发展速度,从而引发了一系列的环境污染问题。本文针对国际经济和贸易对环境的影响进行了分析,并提出了一些解决措施。
关键词:国际贸易 经济 环境 影响 对策
随着国际贸易和经济不断地发展,生产和消费活动威胁到了人类的生存和发展,超出了自然环境的承受能力。环境污染已经成了制约经济发展的瓶颈。
快速增长的国际贸易和经济,为生态环境带来了非常严峻的考验。如:过渡出口造成的掠夺性资源开采、污染性技术和危险废物转移等等。
由于越来越频繁的国际贸易往来,在全球的范围内,造成了生物灾害和生物安全问题日渐严峻和突出。如由于国际贸易带来的入侵物种,我国达到了 400多种。而世界自然保护联盟目前公布了100多种外来物种最具有威胁性。我国就有50余种。这些外来物种每年都会给我国的农林牧渔业生产造成很大的经 济损失,如:紫茎泽兰、烟粉虱等等外来物种,每年造成的经济损失高达574亿多元。近些年来,随着我国不断加大的木材需求量,由进口原木携带的有害生物危 害已经非常严重。
随着经济全球一体化的发展,在我国的经济市场在加强国际合作的同时,一些外商企业通过各种途径向环境标准低的发展中国家转移一些有害废物。而 目前由于一些中小企业的生产粗放,导致环境受到了很大的污染,资源浪费的现象严重。同时农业资源和环境的污染也在日渐加重,一些乱采滥挖和盲目开发矿产资 源的现象也不断的加深了生态环境的污染,从而进一步的加剧了发展中国家的环境问题。
通过运输的形式,国际贸易和经济对环境资源产生了严重的影响,即流通性污染。矿物燃料是运输工具的动力能源。近些年来,在消耗能源的过程中, 产生了运输工具的污染,在矿物燃料不断地开采中,造成了水和空气的污染。而在运输的过程中,运输工具对环境资源造成了噪声污染,消耗不可再生资源的污染, 以及向大气和水体排放污染物的污染等等,在一定的程度上,破坏了生态环境。并且公路、铁路的建设还影响到了深层土壤结构,影响到了土地资源。
经济的增长提高了人们的消费水平。人们在提高生活质量的同时,消费性的污染也给环境带来了污染。而国际贸易有时消费者的消费呈现出多元化的选 择,因为消费而导致的包装污染和残余污染以及废弃污染等等,已经严重的影响到了环境。同时,在处理这些污染的时候,又会产生新的污染,从而造成了恶性循 环。
目前,在我国的流通外贸和环保生产部门缺乏对国外环保法律的研究,同时也缺乏对国外法规的研究。导致我国的政策在和国际贸易接轨上,出现了违 反环境的法律法规的问题,如:洋垃圾进口贸易和中国倾销现象等等。因此,为了更好的保护环境,就要加强环境保护和发展,提高环境意识,从而实现真正的经济 发展。另外,政府部门要适当的提供更有力的金融支持,增加对环境保护的财政支持,建立完善的信贷政策,重点审查重要的条件和环境因素中,并要加强借款的手 段,支持有关环境保护的项目,拒绝污染。同时,财政部门要给予优惠政策,支持高科技高价值的产品,支持低消耗、低污染的工业产品,鼓励外贸企业注重环境保 护。并且外汇储蓄要引进先进的环保技术和设备,帮助企业提高环境改造的能力。
目前,环境和贸易之间的关系,在世界贸易中已经引起了人们的普遍关注。绿色贸易已经成了国际贸易之间的热门话题。因此,为了完善人力资本的投 资,就要发展绿色经济贸易,走可持续发展的道路。积极地引进国内外的先进技术,保障企业积极地研发和革新知识产权,实现出口商品的最佳的结构,促进技术进 步,减少能源和原材料的消耗。提高产品技术含量和附加值价值,保护环境和贸易增长的协调发展。并且在贸易账户持续发展的基础上,促进双向贸易,达成环境保 护和目标的共同发展,从而使我国对外贸易可以长期的健康发展。另外,要加强全球范围内的国际环境合作的创新体系之间的关系,协调短期经济利益和长远环境之 间的关系,建立激励机制,促进经济的发展。注重环境管理制度和程序的协调,减少贸易摩擦引起的不同环境标准,加强环境标准的协调。另外,要重视环保原则, 坚持可持续发展的道路,积极地参与国际环境和贸易活动,积极地参与有关环境和贸易之间的讨论和谈判,完善环境和贸易之间的关系,从而促进国家经济的发展, 促进社会总体目标的多边环境贸易的可持续发展。
出口贸易对环境的消耗影响很大,随着我国工业化水平的提高,要摒弃过去那种追求外贸顺差的做法,适度控制工业制品进出口的规模,保持进出口规 模的平衡,从而缓解国内生产规模对资源消耗的压力,促进我国经济的可持续发展。加强环境立法,建立环境保护的自律机制,完善环境成本核算,将环境成本内部 化。同时,也要强化个人、企业、社会环境保护之间的自律机制,明晰环境资源的产权,从而实现生产、消费和环境保护的和谐发展。另外,要鼓励高新产业的发 展,优化出口结构,真正的减少生产性污染,建立从材料购进到生产出口的完整生产体系,从而有效地减少对环境的负面影响。
在经济和社会不断地发展过程中,一个良好的生态环境和自然资源是可持续利用的基础,因此,我们要保护环境和可持续发展,结合自己的具体国情,协调经济贸易和环境之间的关系,从而实现可持续发展的目标。
[1]孙畅.国际贸易对我国环境的影响与对策[J].商业文化(上半月). 2011(07)
[2]李麟.浅析国际贸易绿色壁垒对我国经济的影响[J].现代经济信息. 2011(04)
[3]再娜甫,依米提.浅析低碳经济对发展中国家对外贸易的影响及对策[J].现代商业. 2010(21)
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随着网络的普及,网络正在成为一个承载人类文化、反映人类文化并对人类文化进行不断创新的平台,对于社会经济、文化、政治的发展发挥着重要的推动作用。对大学生而言,网络给他们的思想、心理和生活等方面带来了诸多影响,从学习方式到思维模式,再到大学生群体的世界观、人生观、价值观,均不同程度地受到网络的冲击,道德意识也被网络不断进行着格式化和重塑化。
(一)网络文化的界定。近年来,有关网络文化的研究也日益盛行,但是,如何科学、准确的界定网络文化,学界和理论界还没有形成统一的观点,仍然是件十分困难的事。综观有关网络文化的研究,网络文化应有广义与狭义之分,而无论是广义还是狭义,网络文化都是在互联网形成之后,在网络技术的支撑下,基于社会、政治、经济、生活等领域信息传递的过程中所形成的全部文化活动内涵、形式及其价值观念的综合体。从广义的界定来看,网络文化主要指的是在借助于计算机、计算机网络或是通讯网络等所传播的各种信息产品对人类传统文化、传统道德的进一步延伸和多样化的展现,其内容囊括在网络中传播的信息之间的传递、沟通等活动而形成和产生的社会、政治、经济现象。而狭义上的网络文化主要指的是建立在通讯网络、互联网及其衍生出来的各种手段和工具基础上,与社会、政治、经济活动密切相关的文化精神、产业、活动、现象、行为等方面的精神创造活动及其成果,包含人的思维方式、知识结构、价值观念、道德修养、审美情趣、心理状态及行为方式等方面。
(二)网络文化的价值观意识架构功能。网络文化的发展过程中,价值观念的多元化、意识形态的复杂化逐渐加强,人们在接触和阅读网络信息中,不断受到腐朽思想、道德危机事件,特别是西方价值观、西方意识形态的冲击和影响,不断影响和改变人们对现实事物、现实生活等的认识和理解系统,致使其价值意识形成、道德观念的塑造建构强度、维度、内容、形式及方式也呈现多元化、复杂化。就网络文化的功能而言,其具有一定的独特性,且网络文化功能的拓展和产生都离不开人们实际的行为方式以及互联网络中的各种社会、政治、经济活动。无论是在艺术的创作、信息的传递,还是在服务、娱乐、商务的发展等方面,网络文化的产生和发展都对人们的行为、思维方式以及价值观造成了极大的影响,激励着人们去勇于探索未知世界,使人们的视野范围得到拓宽。
网络文化的发展能够推动价值观意识的深入发展,网络文化的发展为大学生价值观意识架构提供了新的平台、新的工具以及新的教育手段,这些内容对于强化大学生价值观的互动性以及引导性具有重要的意义。在网络交互过程中,网络文化所传递的有关人类社会、政治生活、经济建设、文化发展、科技等出现的优秀成果对人们的价值意识观念、价值行为方式的形成与发展能够形成较强的正确引导和塑造的正能量.而那些消极事件、重大危机又对人们具有一定的误导和侵蚀,甚至形成反人类、反社会的恶瘤。同时,网络文化环境中更多的时候是强调自主选择与自我教育,是通过网络环境以及网络活动的所载的价值观念、道德观念等潜移默化的影响,不断地、反复地格式化网络文化受众的价值观念、意识形态、道德标准及其人格特征。特别是对世界观、价值观及其人生观还具有较强可塑性的大学生来说,通过净化互联网环境、构建促进社会和谐、健康发展的网络文化引导和培育大学生价值观就显得尤为重要。
由于大学生群体长期处于校园,与现实社会接触不足,其社会阅历、人生经验等具有明显的局限性和有限性,其理性辨别是非能力、判断善恶能力、抵制外部影响能力和自我选择能力较弱,加之大学生价值观意识具有较强的不稳定性,可塑性较强,网络文化的多样性、交互性深刻影响和重塑着大学生的价值观意识、伦理道德观选择与取舍。
(一)西方文化导致大学生的价值观意识标准偏移。随着网络的发展,网络文化对大学生道德思想以及行为的影响已经十分广泛和深刻,而这种影响所带来的各种问题也已经得到大学生群体自身的普遍重视和社会各界的广泛关注。当前,我国网民要通过网络获得所需要的信息服务必须依靠西方发达国家提供的数据库,在这种背景下,西方国家的价值观、生活方式、意识形态都可以随着信息的传输而向我国网民大量输入。而西方国家的价值观、生活方式、意识形态对于大学生来说,充斥在新奇和诱惑,对于好奇心较高的大学生群体,及易模仿、追捧,进而对其自身长期所形成的、尚处于不稳定的道德观念、价值观和文化观造成破坏和侵蚀,让思想政治工作者千辛万苦培养出来的价值观念、道德原则与道德观念毁于一旦。同时,导致大学生产生政治冷漠,甚至可能走上反动道路。
(二)网络文化的异质性致使大学生的价值观错位。网络所表现出的文化的开放性和自由性使得大学生既能够接触到积极的有益的信息,也不可避免地可以接触到无益甚至有害的信息。正是网络文化的这种开放性和异质性,使得大学生的意识形态受到影响和冲击。比如,西方资本主义国家的一些拜金主义、唯物质思想都让大学生在潜移默化中受到一定冲击,从而使得近些年各种追求物质、以丰厚的物质生活为终板目的的错误思想层出不穷。甚至出现了为了买iphone而卖肾的新闻。究其原因,不外乎大学生正处于价值观不断发展并趋于成熟的阶段,在这个阶段虽然大学生的身体已经趋于成熟,但思想还不太稳定和成熟,容易受到外界各种信息的影响,让其在多元化的社会环境中难以认同传统的道德观和价值观,从而使得部分同学的思想动态走向了迷茫和紊乱。
(一)网络文化为大学生全面发展提供良好环境。网络文化建立在现代科技的基础之上,而作为一种科技形态,它在提高社会生产力、增加社会物质财富、精神财富方面发挥着重要作用;另外,网络文化作为一种文化形态,具有丰富性、自由行、平等性、民主性、开放性、国际化、多元性的特点,对于推动世界文化的贯通、交汇、融合与集成发挥着重要作用,从而带动社会精神文明的创造者。由此可见,网络文化在推动社会两个文明进步方面具有重要意义,而大学生作为两个文明的创造主体和受益主体,能够在两个文明进步的同时具有更好的发展环境。社会经济的发展为大学生的全面发展提供了物质基础,网络文化的应用让大学生的生活、学习得到了进一步的丰富,对于大学生理解、认识、掌握知识,推动大学生身心发展具有重要意义。在享受网络文化所带来的文明成果的同时,大学生也是创造网络文化的重要主体,在创造过程中,大学生的创造能力能够得到启发、提高与释放,这个过程不仅是大学生实现个人价值和实现社会价值的结合过程,同时也是大学生形成社会责任感的过程,对于大学生走向成熟发挥着重要作用。
(二)网络文化能够拓展大学生德智体美发展途径。网络文化的国际性和开放性能够让人们将本国家、本民族、本地区最好、最优秀、最值得自豪的文化展现出来。虽然每个人在网络文化中都是公平、平等的,但是事实上他们又都具有血缘、民族的标签,他们都希望让自身的文化得到认同,至少希望自身的文化不要受到侮辱和诋毁,从这个层面来看,网络世界中的确没有不爱国的网民。在这种文化氛围中,血气方刚的大学生群体所具有的爱国热情和民族情结都可以得到强化,而面对有辱本土文化和国家的事件时,大学生的爱国热情和民族情结能够得到更大程度的激化和强化,网络也会成为大学生捍卫国家尊严、维护国家主权的领地和武器。另外,网络在信息传播方面的交互性和便捷性也有利于大学生对国情民意做出全面了解,政治的透明度与民主性、社会公平与正义也可以在网络中让广大社会民众获得和充分表现,引导当代大学生的思想和政治取向走向理智与成熟,引导大学生树立正确的价值观、人生观、世界观。如在我国2008年汶川地震与2012年钓鱼岛事件中,政府可以通过网络对相关信息进行快捷、及时、客观、全面的披露,这在很大程度上调动了国人的凝聚力,并展现出了国人的人性光辉,而曾经备受争议的80后、90后也在这些事件中具有可圈可点的表现,他们用自身的行为表明了自身的思想、观点和立场,在证明自身走向成熟的基础上消除了社会对大学生以及特定年龄群体的偏见。
(三)网络文化能够推动大学生身心健康发展。在现实世界,现实生活中的每个成员都必须遵循一定的制度、规规范,承担一定的社会角色,并且肩负和履行与自身角色相对应的对社会、家庭、个人等的义务和责任,而网络文化所具有的虚拟性、自主性、多元性、开放性等特征能够让大学生暂时处于虚拟世界,摆脱现实社会的束缚,满足大学生在身心发展中的尊重需求、交流需求、情感需求、求知需求、求新需求、求异需求、独立需求、自主需求以及安全需求等。同时,网络为大学生提供了一个认识自我、张扬个性的空间与平台,这些内容往往会在现实社会生活中受到压力。而在网络生活中,大学生可以将自身的行为方式以及真实身份进行隐匿并用另外的身份和方式来与人交往,甚至可以用多重方式和多重身份与人交往。在此过程中,大学生群体也可以更好地认识自己,评价自身,并对自身所具有的能量和自我个性进行展示和释放,消除心理压力,从而推动大学生身心健康的发展。
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古希腊是人类文明的发源地,古希腊文明对全人类文明特别是以欧洲为主的西方文明有着极具重要的作用。本文选部分古希腊的流传下来的正统神话进行解读,一起探讨古希腊神话中那些不仅只是一种万物有灵的观念的直接表现,深藏在神话中的,更多是古希腊对自然万物与社会制度的思考。
赫西俄德在《神谱》中对希腊人的创世观做了详细说明。在他的构想中,世界的创造首先是从三位古老的神开始的,古希腊人没有无中生有的想法,所以,作为世界创造的第一位神仍然是实体的,或者是以虚无的形态的存在的。其中塔尔塔洛斯是该亚的副产品,不作为一单独神格出现。在此时,神话世界中并没有明显的支配关系,以天地万物为形象出现的神作为前三者的子孙相继诞生出来,但其中,大地神该亚起了重要作用。由此可见,大地在古希腊人眼中的重要性是不言而喻的,同时,古希腊人的空间意识却促使希腊人将统治者的位置定在上方,因此,有着重要作用的大地只是以一母性神的形象出现在古希腊人的思想之中。在乌兰诺斯出现同期,地神该亚在诸神中是一位生育者与被统治者,但重要性并未消失,一直随着诸神统治权的更替而不断起着拨乱反正的作用。直至最后,地神该亚的自然直观渐渐与司作物丰收的德墨特尔神格相似,可见,作为政治基础的古希腊经济思想也体现于神话之中。
在古希腊人的思想中,虽然天是由大地产生的,但是,天是比地上世界高一级的空间,是奥林波斯诸神居住的地方,所以,象征着天的乌兰诺斯在古希腊人宇宙观的自然层级上占着重要地位,于是,天被人格化,并成为统治者。再者,由于天与地的结合,在谱系中,十二提坦神的神格自然是低于乌兰诺斯的,一种原始的家庭支配关系便形成了。在最初三神出现后,母性神该亚的表现便充分展现出了古希腊人的繁殖生育思想。在地神该亚的安排下,在第一次权利争斗中,乌兰诺斯便充当了牺牲者的角色,而推翻他的便是他自己的儿子—克洛诺斯。充满戏剧性的是,克洛诺斯的权力同样也是被自己儿子所褫夺的,在这一点上,克洛诺斯和宙斯都扮演着弑父者的角色。克洛诺斯登上权力宝座,同时也正因为克洛诺斯的弑父行为所得到的诅咒,才使得宙斯的权力交接得以实现。
作为原始强力和自然繁殖作权力支持的前两代神,乌兰诺斯有着明显的自然神性,而克洛诺斯却充满着过渡性。在第二位神身上,既保留着运用自然强力的成分,同时,他也是对自身对其运用的否定,正因为自然繁殖所带来的权力支配,而古希腊人却赋予了神以不死性来制造这一矛盾,即,在繁育所造成的权力承接不可能的情况下,原始的僭主性质变凸现了出来,这一矛盾继续发展,接下来得神系发展中,推动者成了宙斯,在不死性使这一矛盾成为不可解决的情况下,权力基础也随之转化。
宙斯的出场如同其父克洛诺斯一样,也是以僭主性质的夺权而获得至高权利的。与其父克洛诺斯通过运用智慧夺取权力不同,宙斯完全表现的是一种武力手段,宙斯通过率领其他诸神,加上一辈提坦诸的帮助神进行反抗,正也体现巴赛勒斯在古希腊社会中的作用。这种现象也是与古希腊的实际情况分不开的,在当时生产力极端低下的情况下,通过武力征服获得的利益是远远超过辛勤耕作与放牧。
在宙斯统治的时期中,否定权力的成分是不可缺少,提丰充当着武力反抗者的角色,其结局也并未得到到下场。在很大程度上,宙斯统治权的基础便是其强大的武力依据。
雅典娜的诞生在神话中既是命运设定的意料之中,同时却又是意料之外的事。在希腊神话中,智慧往往是属于女性的,主管知识的缪斯女神,社会生活中掌控神谕的也是女祭司,所以智慧赋予女神是符合古希腊人思想逻辑的。以强大武力形象出现的女性,雅典娜还是第一个。古希腊人将运用民主策略的方法赋予了雅典娜,可见,民主方法能够得以实现必定是要以智慧运用与强大武力支持为保障,而雅典娜具备了这两点。到了希腊全胜时期,雅典娜崇拜也到了最高水平,泛雅典娜节成为整个希腊隆重庆祝的节日。雅典的商业繁荣与雅典娜崇拜是分不开的,雅典手工业在伯利克里当政时期达到鼎盛,并极大的推动了雅典的商业的发展。
由上述可知,最早期的希腊神话思想中,充满了古希腊人对政治权力的想法,在神的谱系发展中,诸神的权力交接反映了古希腊对至高权力以及统治者统治基础的看法,从乌兰诺斯、克罗诺斯的自然强力与生育繁殖到宙斯的强大武力再到雅典娜的智慧,武力的民主统治。其中的思想路线是非常明显的,古希腊人早先设想的政治权力的历史发展,同近代政治思想所描述的一致,古希腊人早在公元前十世纪以前,便已经有了政治权力思想意识。他们认定在他们以前的历史如同神话谱系所发展的一样,是由原始强力、繁殖经过暴力夺权阶段,最后达到最完美的民主阶段,但是最后的阶段在神话中是不可能实现的,而政治现实将其延续了下来。
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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