为您找到与英汉思维差异对其翻译的影响相关的共200个结果:
语言基本上是一种文化和社会产品,要理解它就应该从文化和社会的角度出发。英汉两种语言之间的文化差异给其在语义层面上的转换带来了巨大的障碍,其差异首先表现为价值观念的不同。汉文化是一元文化,强调“社团价值论”;英文化是多元文化,崇尚“个人价值至上论”。除了价值观念差异之外,英汉文化差异还与两个民族所处的地理环境与社会环境、气候条件和风俗习惯等息息相关。
英汉民族由习俗引起的文化差异在一些与动物有关的词汇短语上体现得非常明显。英国人喜欢马,养马、骑马、赛马成为其风俗,英国文化就属于典型的的“马文化”,所以英语中有关马的说法极其丰富,诸如talk horse(吹牛)、 get on one’s high horse(趾高气扬)、horse and horse(并驾齐驱)等等。然而中国是传统的农业国,世代的牛耕生活使汉语囤积了大量的“牛文化”。牛是“吃苦耐劳,勤奋踏实”的象征,“俯首甘为孺子牛”就是体现的这种情结。相反在英语中却用马来代替,汉语中的“老黄牛”翻译成英语也就成了“a willing horse”。
不光如此,英汉语言中的一些表示颜色的词汇也沉淀了不同民情的文化。“红色”在汉语中含有极强的褒义色彩,“大红大紫”显示的是成功和富贵、喜庆和吉祥。与此相反, “red”却常常让西方人想起流血、战争、恐怖、愤怒和危险,含有较强的贬义。
伴随着二十世纪六十年代以来西方翻译的科学理论化进程,我国自八十年代后期,翻译研究呈现出突飞猛进的发展势头。与此同时,随着经济与文化等各方面全球化的影响,无论是翻译理论研究还是翻译实践都展现出一派蓬勃发展的面貌。
在我国,翻译的对象领域被人为的划分为“非文学”的和“文学”的。“非文学”的主要是指一般的实用性文体,如政治、经济、科技、金融、商贸、旅游、体育等,其中最主要的要数“科技翻译”;“文学翻译”则是与科技翻译并行的翻译的门类和方法论。随之也便产生了“非文学”研究和“文学”研究。“非文学”翻译被认为是一种技术性的活动,在翻译活动中长期处于优势地位,与此同时,我们不能否认,文学翻译研究在翻译研究这一领域中占了主导地位,一直是人们关注的焦点。
20世纪80年代以来,受文化研究大潮的影响,翻译的历史文化研究日益受到重视,中西翻译的语言和文化思维的差异表现得极为突出,基于对语境、语气、含蓄等的敏感度及广泛运用各种修辞手法等方面的关注,翻译的文化因素被更多地加以考虑。
语言不仅是人类思想感情表达与交流的工具,而且是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体。语言能真切地反映一个国家、一个民族的生态地域、政治经济、物质文化、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等。不同的语言决定了不同民族不同的思维方式、行为方式以及语言表达方式。然而语言的个性与共性是共存和并重的,洪堡特曾经说过:“比较语言研究是对语言差异的准确探索。”可以说,寻找差异的目的是达到统一,其中必须特别关注的,则是语言的音形、词句、文体等形式中所内涵的精神文化实质。
翻译的实质是将一种语言转换成另一种语言,其目的在于把原语的全部信息输入译语,同时取得最大限度的等值效果。英汉两种语言分属于印欧语系和汉藏语系,不同的语系特点,决定了各自的构词法和词义表达差异很大,要想确切地表达原作内容,在翻译过程中就要应用各种技巧。
有时为了使译文更加符合汉语的表达习惯和规律,在忠实于原文的前提下,必须选词、增词、省略、把词类适当地加以转换,才能使译文通顺自然。当然翻译并不是纯语言本体的转换,它与社会文化等有着各种关系。每一个民族都有自己的社会文化特色,文化是使人们凝聚为一个共同整体的一系列共享的意义、信仰和价值,有其特定的时空范围,因此,一些话语的正说与反说、句型和习语等在翻译时也要考虑到它们各自的特点。
在中国文化和历史中,有许多辉煌成就令外国学者向往,他们认为中华文化博大精深、多姿多彩,其历史源远流长,因此形成了构思方式和语言组织上的重视意合和悟性,区别于西方思维差异上的重形合和理性。汉语的意合无须借助词汇语法的衔接手段,仅靠词语与句子内涵意义的逻辑关系或借助语境、语义、语用的因素,便能构成连贯的语篇,这一特点集中体现在古汉语文学作品中;而英语在语言形式上把词语句子结合成语篇整体时则少不了词汇语法的显性衔接。
德国思想领袖哈贝马斯倡导的“交往行动理论”以理解与沟通为现代社会最高目标,认为翻译研究应该成为人类交往实践的一项基本训练,从他人的角度出发,建立起主客体间的有效联系。这对不同文化背景下的交往甚至是相同背景下的交往都是必要的,这样可以改变现实生活中单向的思维模式,建立一种新的主客体认识模式。
中国人的传统思维讲究天人合一、人法自然、万物皆备于我,所以主体参与意识很强,在语言表达上表现为多以“人”作主语。西方人由于理性的分析而偏重于主客分离和区别,所以有时以“人”这个主体为主语,有时以客体为主语,视情况需要而定,但更多的是抱着客观审视的态度,以事物为主语并进行客观、冷静的剖析和描述,这就导致了英汉语篇主语、主位或是重心上的差异。
从根本上讲,这是中西方各自重综合与重分析思维习惯的表现。中国人喜欢螺旋式的展开方式,先宣称主题之重要,继而进行反复的论述和强调,最后回归到主题;西方人喜欢直线形逻辑思维,就是先表达出中心意思,由此展开,或层层推演或逐项分列,后面的语句由前面的语句自然引出。在一句含有时间、地点、事件的通知性的话语中,中国人的习惯表达是“我们将在什么时间什么地点做什么事情”,西方人的表达是“要进行的事件+地点+时间”。
例如,中国人习惯上说:我们明天早上去看姑妈,7∶00在院子门口集合。西方人的表达是:We will meet at the courtyard gate at 7 O’clock tomorrow morning in order to visit our aunt.
翻译是传译两种相异的语言与文字,总需要将译者与被译者两方面的语言文字做一番深刻的研究,看中文与外文究竟有哪些相异之处。这些相异之处有文法上的、修辞上的、习惯上的和表现手法上的。
如:由于英语重句子的建构,英语句型多,尤其长句多,西方人习惯于使用“叠床架屋”式结构的长句子,在进行翻译时,都要关照到。
在某种意义上说,翻译活动中准确和流利的表达就是在理解原文的基础上,通过深入的逻辑分析和推理,不断冲破原文词义或句法结构的强制范畴,把原文精髓用规范、通顺的译文语言全息再现出来。由于这样的译文不是原文的机械复制品,它往往需要创造性劳动,亦即语言艺术。而表达的艺术主要体现在理解翻译法以及对于原文用词、句法结构、叙述顺序等问题的恰到好处的处理上。由“直译”与“意译”引发出“异化”和“归化”,在翻译实践中都不能不采用。没有哪一种译文是完全异化或完全归化的,在翻译过程中若能使二者相得益彰,那么就会收到意想不到的效果。
西方美学有着悠久的历史和许多优良的学术传统,尤其是近几十年来它的飞跃发展,对译学影响越来越大。在进行文学翻译时,不能忽略作品的比较美学价值,不拘泥于表层结构和形态,不注重译作语言质量的高下。现代翻译需要我们对译品所蕴含的代表不同文化系统的审美特征,乃至于对不同国家和民族所持有的不同的审美理论和思维方式,做出美学价值上的判断,以探索其审美本质和规律。
比较文学的翻译研究不能局限于某些语言现象的理解与表达,也不参与评论其优劣,而是把翻译文学作品作为既成事实加以接受,不仅要对其进行一般意义上的价值判断,还要在此基础上展开对文学交流、影响、接受、传播等问题的考察与分析。
研究文学翻译,研究翻译理论,可以拓展新的角度、新的方法,不再单纯评价译品的优劣高下,而是将各类译品作为审美对象,从美学角度进行鉴赏、品味、对比、分析,使文学作品及其译品所蕴含的美学因素及其价值得到淋漓尽致的揭示,使读者在研读文学翻译作品的同时,充分领略原作与译作的审美价值。
英汉互译实践与技巧翻译是一门实践性极强的学问,需要长期下苦功夫才能真正学到手。译者的翻译能力的形成不能单靠学习理论知识、强化技巧训练,而是需要扎扎实实的双语功底及大量的翻译实践。
无论什么翻译,都不可避免地带有交流的目的。在国际文化交流日益繁荣,在中国与国际各领域接轨日益加速的时代,为使翻译学得以更好的发展,在注意到中西语言文化思维差异性的同时,必须打破翻译研究的地域、学科、流派的限制,形成跨学科综合、多元互补的研究格局,在译学领域加强交流,跨越不同的传统与体系,进行中西译论体系间的双向互补、借鉴和相互渗透,以达到中西译学的交融与共生。
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随着全球化的进展,世界各国的文化交流也日趋频繁。胡文仲认为“文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的,是社会的遗产;价值观念是文化的核心,可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。”不同文化的人们需要了解他国的图书、音像作品,因此需要将这些文化作品从一种语言转换到另一种语言,即翻译。美国翻译理论家奈特认为,所谓翻译就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。因此翻译的本质是将一种语言以最为贴切恰当的对等方式转换成另一种语言。由于文化差异的存在,不同的语言之间的翻译往往是一件非常困难的事情。在一种文化中被人所熟知的事物可能在另一种文化中成为鲜为人知的事情,因此要做到对等翻译需要翻译者对目标语文化具有足够的了解,能够恰当地找到两种文化之间的对等语言。总的来说,中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响主要有以下几点:
宗教文化作为西方国家重要的社会文化和人们日常生活的重要组成部分,已经渗透到西方人们的日常行为习惯和民族风俗等各个方面中去了。宗教是西方人们的精神支柱,宗教文化对英语词汇的影响也是非常大的,英语中的很多词汇和典故都出自宗教中记录的一些民间故事和传闻,例如很多派生词、格言、习语都出自《圣经》。相对应的,在中国汉语文化中也有很多语言文化出自佛教。由于中西文化的差异,具体是宗教文化的差异,商务英语翻译者需要准确了解中西文化的背景,保证翻译的准确性,提高商业活动的效益。
谚语的流传都带有一定的小典故,其中蕴含着浓厚的民族气息,也可能是历史文化或者人物传记演变而来,所以在商务英语的翻译过程中,关于谚语的翻译一定要注意文化差异。关于谚语的翻译有三种方法,下面来一一介绍:to be on thin ice 和burnone’s boats 这一类的谚语可以采用套译法,翻译为:如履薄冰和破釜沉舟;to turn a blind eye to 可以采用直译法,翻译为熟视无睹;to ride one’s high horse 可以采用意译法,翻译为趾高气扬;对于有一定典故的谚语,需要熟悉典故的出处,例如Achilles’s heel 这个谚语,直译过来就是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,然而这样的翻译没有太大的意义,首先我们要了解阿基里斯的出处。在希腊神话里面阿基里斯是一位勇士,从没有被打败过,但是敌人找到了他的弱点,就是他的脚踵,然后通过攻击他的脚踵打败了阿基里斯。所以Achilles’s heel 在中国文化里面,翻译为“致命弱点”。
思维方式即人们思考和认识外界事物的方式,它是人类在漫长的历史发展中所形成的。由于欧美和中国所处地区环境不同,因此而形成的风俗习惯、生活条件各不相同,由此而形成了该语言所特有的思维方式。一般说来,西方人比较重视抽象思维。英语在表达思想时,逻辑严谨,由主到次。如英语句子通常先给出主要信息,然后再介绍辅助信息,如时间、地点等等。而汉语言则是散点思维,表达按照多种关系排列,如时间顺序,因果关系等等。同样,英语重视形式逻辑,即形和,在表达时使用各种形式连接词以表示其连接关系;而汉语恰好相反,“汉语句法结构重意合,句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的的贯通、语境的映衬,而少用连接词语”。②例如,“早知今日,何必当初?”翻译过来为“If I had known itwould come to this, I would have acted differently.”。上面的汉语句子是由两个分句构成的而没有连接词,但是从逻辑上是从属关系,因此表达意思简洁明了。而翻译成英语时则使用连接词来表达条件和结果的逻辑关系,这符合英语的形和的特点。
翻译中,人们不仅需要注意词的准确性,而且要了解词的内涵意思,而词的内涵意思又是其所承载的文化所决定的。因此如果不了解目标语言的文化,就有可能在翻译中造成理解错误或者语用失误。例如在美国的大街上可以偶尔看到一辆红色或者黑色的小汽车上面喷涂着“I am yellow”的句子。如果直译过来就是“我是黄色的”。而这样的翻译通常让中国人很困惑,在中国人眼里,说一个人是黄色的代表其低俗与下流。其实美国文化中出租车通常是黄色的,因此yellow通常有出租车的意思。因此正确的翻译应该是“这是出租车”。又如美国文化中涉及到狗的成语很多,狗在美国文化中被视为是人的忠实的朋友,因此涉及到狗的成语一般是褒义的,如a lucky dog(幸运儿),Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌),Give a dog a bad name and hang him. (欲加之罪,何患无辞)等等,而狗在中国人眼里一般含有贬义,如走狗、狗仗人势、狂犬吠日等等。又如中国人常说“惧内”为“气管炎”(谐音“妻管严”),因此中国开玩笑中的“他有气管炎”如果翻译成“He suffers from trachEitis”在外国人眼里一点也不好笑,外国人会疑惑的问:“So what? Why are you laughing so hard when heis suffering from tracheitis?”这显然是一种翻译的语用失误。如果翻译成“He is an obedient husband.”虽然可以基本表达意思,但是丢失了原话的幽默。因此如果翻译成“He is a henpecked man.”则会在效果上更加惟妙惟肖。
总而言之,语言是人类交流的桥梁,英语和汉语虽然拥有近似的表达方式,但其表达方式的个性特征却不尽相同。正是这些因素,导致了中西方文化差异,让人们在英语翻译过程中产生了许多错误和困惑。因此我们在翻译过程中必须对与中西方文化差异所导致的风俗与礼仪、思维模式以及文化差异引起的词汇歧义加以考虑,多了解西方的风土民俗、文学艺术、宗教信仰及历史背景,透过语句的表面看本质,以达到更加良好、还原度更高的翻译效果。
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英汉思维模式存在差异,这种差异影响了语言的表达,据一些专家预测,在不久的将来,中国英语学习者的人数将会超过以英语为母语国家的总人口数。然而,尽管经过不懈的努力,中国英语学习者的英语水平和学习效率得到了提高,并取得了相当大的进展,但事实依旧是:即使在高等教育阶段,大多数中国英语学习者的英语写作输出能力,不足以清楚地道地向他人传递思想和情感。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:思维模式差异对英语学术论文写作的影响及对策探讨相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘要:英语已经成为全球学者参与相关领域进行学术探讨的重要工具。英语学术论文写作和发表是实现国际学术交流的主要途径。然而,对于大多数中国学者来说,完成一篇高水平的英语学术论文并达到国际权威期刊的语言表达水平并非易事,其中,英汉思维模式差异的决定性影响不容忽视。本文首先讨论英汉思维模式存在的主要差异,并举例分析这些差异对英语学术论文写作造成的影响,最后提出相关建议,以期对国内各领域学者英语学术论文写作有所启迪和帮助。
关键词:思维模式;英语学术论文写作;英文摘要;参考文献;校对
当前,英语已经成为世界各国学者参与国际相关领域进行学术探讨的重要语言载体。国内很多高校甚至在博士人才培养方案中明确要求博士候选人在读期间发表国际期刊学术论文。虽然发表论文的篇数和期刊标准不尽相同,但很大一部分高校要求博士生必须有至少一篇以上英文撰写并发表的学术论文。作为科研大军的另一主体的高校教师队伍每年更有大量的英语学术论文投稿给国际上各个领域的期刊。对大部分非母语学者来说,英语学术论文写作是一件令人十分头痛的事。国内很多学者在向国外期刊投稿的过程中有过因为英语表达不符合要求而被拒稿的经历。下面是某国外期刊对我国学者的一篇英语学术论文稿件语言表述方面的反馈意见:
The reviewer recommends publication after improvements in English. We have examined the manuscript and find that some of the writing is not up to the level where it can be published. We recommend that you obtain outside assistance with the writing in order to avoid having a second revised manuscript declined for problems in writing(论文评阅人建议完善语言后发表。经认真审定,我们发现论文写作在有些地方没有达到可以发表的水平。建议另请他人帮助完善论文的语言表达,以免论文因语言问题被拒)。
这种现象并不少见。不少国内相关领域相当著名的专家学者,由于英语写作水平的限制,其研究成果无缘被国外同行认可。英语学术论文写作水平不高成为中国学者在国外期刊上发表学术论文的一大障碍。我们在平时修改和校对英语学术论文稿件过程中,发现其主要原因是英汉思维模式存在的差异所致。中国学者在进行英文学术论文写作时,往往受汉语思维模式的影响,写出来的论文即便完全符合英语语法,也会令国际英文期刊审稿人难以完全理解论文内容,从而影响论文发表。
不同的历史、文化背景、生存环境和生活习俗,使得英、汉两个民族形成了不同的思维模式。而一个民族的思维模式又常常通过语言表现出来。语言受思维模式的支配,同时又反作用于思维模式。英汉思维模式差异通过两种语言表现出来,集中体现在写作当中。
(一) 逻辑性与直觉性
英汉思维模式差异主要体现在,西方传统思维重逻辑分析,中国传统思维重直觉体悟。“西方思维传统注重科学、理性,重视分析,实证,因而必然借助逻辑,在论证、推演中认识事物的本质和规律。”[1](44)可见,逻辑性是西方思维方式的一大特征。在中国传统文化中,占主导地位的儒、道、佛三家都注重直觉思维的方式。这种差异表现在英、汉两种语言上。英语强调形态的外露及形式上的完整。英语写作的最大特点是采用形合法,重形式结构的协调,遣词造句有严格意义的形态变化,用词强调“人称”“数” “格”等的一致。句子中常用关联词语,注重形式接应。汉语的哲学背景是儒、道、佛的悟性,遣词造句没有严格意义的形态变化,用词注重功能、意义。句子不受严谨的主谓结构的约束,较少使用关联词语,摆脱形式的束缚,其最大特点是“采用意合法,重意义组合而轻形式结构”[2](37)。汉语的语法意义和逻辑联系常隐含在字里行间,句子之间的联系相对松散。
(二) 客体性与主体性
西方哲学思想强调的是人与自然,主体与客体的对立,物我分明。注重事物对人的作用和影响,力求语言客观、公正、严谨。英语中常以事物做主语, 对之进行客观、冷静的剖析和描述, 即具有“客体意识”。例如,英语常使用无生命名词充当主语,如:It is said…, It is recorded…,It is known to us all…, It is quite clear…, 等等。中国传统哲学思想讲究天人合一, 人法自然, 万物皆备于我。故凡事凡物都有很强的主体参与意识。在这种思维方式的影响下,语言表现多以“人”做主语,多用主动语态,这就是汉语言的“主体意识”。受此影响,中国学者使用英语进行学术写作时习惯于从说话者本身出发,喜欢用 We think…, We find…, I estimate…, I hope…等句型结构。此外,英语句子在一般情况下必须有主语,汉语句无主语却是正常的。王力先生说:“西洋的语法通则是要求每一个句子有一个主语,没有主语就是例外,是省略。中国的语法通则是,凡主语显然可知时,以不用为常,故没有主语则是常例,是隐去,不是省略。”[3](53)
(三) 演绎型与归纳型
演绎型思维强调由一般到个别,由抽象到具体。自古希腊哲学家亚里士多德开创形式逻辑之后,演绎法成为西方人比较习惯的一种思维方法。中国传统思维方式注重直观经验,习惯于直觉体悟,从主观意向出发对实践经验和内心体悟加以总结、归纳。因此,“有的学者认为,西方人善于将一句话演绎成一本书,而中国人却善于将一本书归纳成一句话。这在一定程度上反映了中西思维方式的差异。”[1](封二) Quirk, R等指出“作者在某一个段落中集中表示一个主要思想是英语写作的主要特征。”[4]也有西方语言学家“从理论上认为,中国人在陈述主题时常用归纳推理模式,即话题推迟出现;而西方人常用演绎推理模式,即话题首先出现”[5],彰显写作目的。 (四) 直线式与螺旋式
西方人的思维方式通常呈直线形展开。因而写文章也习惯于开门见山,先表达中心意思,把话题放在最前面。注重分析推理,有顺序、有层次地围绕主题展开,层层推进,后面的意思由前面的语句自然引出。汉民族的思维传统是“把天、地、人和自然、社会、人生放在关系网中,从整体上综合考察其有机联 系”[1](42)汉民族的思维活动大多是螺旋式向前发展。这种思维逻辑在语言表达上表现为,喜欢对所叙述的事情进行铺垫和渲染,先叙述事情的背景,或罗列客观上的条件,或说明问题的原因,或摆出事实的证据,最后做出结论,说明自己的观点或看法。将次要的部分放在前面,将重要的和核心的部分放在后面,突出其重要性。
思维方式体现于文化的各个层面, 思维方式的差异会造成文化差异, 而文化的不同又会导致思维方式的不同。语言是思维方式的一种表现形式, 也是思维方式的主要载体。因此,思维方式的差异正是造成语言差异的一个重要原因。下面我们从遣词造句和篇章段落的角度来分析由于受英汉思维模式差异的影响,国内学者在英语学术论文写作过程中经常出现的问题。
(一) 词汇层面
1. 冠词使用不当
对于中国英语学习者而言,冠词用法的掌握是一项比较艰巨的任务,这是因为汉语中没有冠词,也没有与冠词具有同等功能的词。所以中国学者往往不能准确地使用冠词,经常在学术论文写作中出现一些错误。例如:(1)该加冠词的地方没有加冠词,把The unit of force is the newton. (力的单位是牛顿。)写成The unit of force is newton. (2)不该加冠词的地方加了冠词,例如,把专有名词Central South University 写成The Central South University,把China写成The China。(3)冠词使用不当,误将an F写成a F。殊不知不定冠词用a还是用an完全取决于所修饰名词的读音的第一个音素是否是原音,而不是该名词的第一个字母。
2. 搭配失误
搭配是语言学习中常见的语言现象。恰当的搭配是成功语言习得的重要标志之一,也是外语教学的一个重要目标。正确的搭配不仅可以提高语言使用的准确性,还可以提高语言使用的流利程度。在英语学术论文写作过程中,中国学者受母语思维的干扰,常常产生不自然、不地道、甚至错误的搭配。母语与英语语义相一致的搭配比较容易把握,二者不相一致的搭配则容易出现问题。例如:Apparently when sampling testing points are closer to the limit state equation curve with greater probability density values, the importance is greater, and at the same time the possibility that they become the "new training points" is bigger.(显然当抽样测试点越接近极限状态方程曲线并具有越大的概率密度值时,其重要性就越大,成为“新训练点”的可能性也就越大。)原文中的“其重要性就越大”和“……的可能性也就越大”分别用“the importance is greater” 和“the possibility … is bigger”来表达,明显是受了汉语的影响,这难免会让以英语为母语的读者产生理解上的障碍。建议做如下修改:When sampling testing points are closer to the limit state equation curve with greater probability density values, they become more important, and are more likely to become the "new training points".
3. 修饰语繁复
西方人属于理性思维,中国人属于感性思维。西方人写文章措辞严谨,强调以理服人,对修饰词的使用持谨慎态度,求简求真,注重言简意赅。东方人喜欢用修饰词来加强语气,讲究遣词造句,追求华丽辞藻,希望以情动人。西方人倾向于站在客观立场用事实说话,东方人习惯表达丰富的情感,带有强烈的主观色彩。西方人进行学术写作时强调每个词都要用得有价值,而东方人写成的英语论文常给人一种画蛇添足,不合逻辑的印象。例如:In recent years, seismic problems of structures have aroused wide concern after frequent happenings of earthquake disasters. So far, insufficient study was carried out on the seismic dynamic reliability problems of cable-stayed bridges, due to the complexity of the earthquake problems and the cable-stayed bridge structures. (近年来,由于地震灾害频发,结构抗震问题受到广泛关注。由于地震问题本身的复杂性和斜拉桥结构的复杂性,目前关于斜拉桥抗震动力可靠度问题的研究尚不充分。)在这段文字里,中文原文要表达的关键词有:地震灾害频发(frequent happenings of earthquake disasters),结构抗震问题(seismic problems of structures),地震问题本身的复杂性(the complexity of the earthquake problems),斜拉桥结构的复杂性(the complexity of the cable-stayed bridge structures),斜拉桥抗震动力可靠度问题(the seismic dynamic reliability problems),等。原文用词累赘繁琐,冗长的英语表达让人难以接受。可做如下修改:Structural seismic has recently aroused wide concern after frequent earthquake disasters. Due to the complexity of earthquakes and cable-stayed bridges, studies on seismic dynamic reliability of cable-stayed bridges were yet insufficient. 将多余的修饰词精简之后,不仅句子的意思更加明确,而且语言也更加简练,易于理解。 (二) 句式层面
1. 时态混乱
汉语重意合, 英语重形合。这使得汉语语法具有隐含性, 句子结构相对松散,单从形式上看不出词句的语法功能和语法关系。而英语语法具有外显性,有明确的词尾变化和特定的助词来表达不同的语法。汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的,如“着”“了”“过”等,而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。在这方面,中国学者最容易犯的错误是通篇论文时态混乱,甚至同一个句子主从句或两个并列句的时态都不一致。如:Test results showed that under design load, the joints are at elastic stage all along.(试验结果表明:在设计荷载作用下,节点始终处于弹性阶段。)表面看来,这是一个比较低级的错误,are应改成were。此类错误在实际英语学术论文写作当中十分常见。
2. 语态误用
汉语民族注重主体思维, 往往从自我出发来叙述客观事物, 倾向于描述人及其行为或状态, 常用主动式和人称主语表达法。而英语民族注重客体思维, 往往以客观、冷静的表达方式叙述客观事物, 常用被动式和非人称表达法, 多用抽象名词或it 作主语, 让事物以客观的口气呈现出来。在学术上, 表述个人观点时为避免过于直接,一般要求从客观的角度分析问题, 不能加入过多的主观成分, 论文中要避免使用“I”“we”或者“you”等主观性用词。例如:I think that this report has major flaws as it only looked at hospitals in one area of the country. You can see that this is a problem as the report was supposed to consider the cleanliness of hospitals throughout the country. 下面将这一段文字进行修改,也可以表达出相同的观点:The report by Smith et al cannot be used to draw conclusions about the cleanliness of hospitals throughout the country as it only focuses on investigating hospitals in one region. 而且读起来更加客观,有说服力。
3. 滥用长句
在英语学术论文中,经常可以读到结构复杂的长句,这是为了表达科学技术上复杂的概念,使用结构复杂的复合句能更加清楚地表达各种主从关系、逻辑关系以及意义上的不同层次和不同程度。但是,在不能准确把握好长句的逻辑关系之前,我们尽量不要使用过长的句子。一般说来,一个句子不要超过20个单词,科技写作时,一个句子不宜超过30个单词。例如:Steel-concrete composite truss is characterized by such advantages as low structure height, high stiffness, low construction costs, etc., and enjoys very promising application prospects. (钢-混凝土组合桁架具有建筑高度低、刚度大、工程造价少等优点,在铁路桥梁方面有良好的应用前景。)审稿人阅读之后提出的意见是将此长句精简或分成两个短句。按照审稿人的要求,上句被分为两个短句:Steel-concrete composite truss is characterized by such advantages: high stiffness, low height and construction costs. Moreover, it has promising application prospects. 修改之后的句子读起来更有层次感,更容易让读者接受。
(三) 篇章层面
1. 主题隐晦
英语语篇呈直线形发展, 文章一般开门见山, 以主题句开始,再一层层地展开主题,进行论述。而汉语语篇是螺旋状的, 往往先从主题的外围下手, 然后慢慢转入主题。中国学者在英语学术论文写作中常受到母语思维的这种影响, 出现各种问题。这也是外国审稿人觉得中国学者写的论文很难理解的一个重要原因。英文段落中大都有主题句, 且在段落开头。主题句表明该段的中心意思, 该段的其他部分都是论证此主题句的支撑材料。这样的段落安排能使审稿人在最短的时间内抓住段落的中心意思,也能轻松地掌握整段的论证过程。但汉语的写作不太重视主题句。作者总是围绕主题从不同的侧面展开论述, 呈现螺旋上升的段落安排。中国学者进行英语学术论文写作时, 习惯用汉语的思维进行段落构思, 因而写出的段落让外国审稿人觉得很难抓住中心意思。
2. 连贯性缺损
就英语和汉语而言,在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和意合的对立, 这也体现在篇章的连贯性上。英语篇章里多用连接词等来实现段落内部的衔接, 而汉语篇章里倾向于通过语义实现段落内部的连贯性。有的中国学者在进行英语学术写作的过程中,由于受到汉语思维的影响,很少用及连接词,出现篇章内衔接不自然、思维跳跃性强等问题。为此,我们必须在句子的长短和衔接方面下功夫,做到书写流畅,学会使用连接词合理衔接句子。比如:however,furthermore,moreover,in addition to,also,similarly,as a result,for example,excluding,that is,incidentally,等等。同时,还要学会使用承上启下的句子合理衔接段落,整体提升学术论文篇章的连贯性。 3. “中国式”英语痕迹重
中国人学英语往往落入汉语思维的窠臼。在进行英语学术论文写作时,也有很多人先在脑海里把想要表达的意思用汉语构思好,然后将汉语翻译成英语。这样写出来的文字常常留有汉语的痕迹。例如:China has the largest population in the world. According to the statistics, the population in mainland China has been larger than 1.3billion. Thus, in a country with such a large population, it is of great necessity to set up a lifelong education system with concerted efforts to realize the goal of “the educational attainment of the whole nation will rise to a much higher level, and the training of innovative personnel will be improved markedly”.(中国是世界上人口最多的国家。据统计,中国内地的人口已经超过了13亿。因此,在13亿人口的国家,通过大力倡导终身教育,使终身教育体系基本形成,对于实现“全民受教育程度和创新人才培养水平明显提高”的目标,是十分必要的。)这段英文在表达上虽然没有明显的语法和语用错误,但是读起来让人觉得不够地道,如果做出如下修改,则会让母语是英语的人更容易理解所表达的内容:China has the largest population in the world ― over 1.3 billion people. This large population drives the government’s need to achieve the goal of “raising the educational attainment level and nurturing innovatively-minded personnel” through actively promoting lifelong education, followed by the establishment of a lifelong education system. 中国学者要学会英语思维,避免由于汉、英语言的完全对应关系而出现的中国式英语。
英语学术论文写作涉及英语语法、时态、语态、句型,以及标点符号的使用等方面。同时,“利用不同词汇及词汇搭配具体而贴切地进行描写和表达,按拼写规则、大小写规则、书写格式,设计清晰明了的图表,合理运用学术文献以及标注方式、编写参考文献等”[6](53)。 此外,在英语学术论文写作中,使用正式语体也十分重要,论文会因此显得更加权威。为此,应避免使用:缩写式、俚语词、缩略语、陈腔滥调、口头用语以及非正式语言等。
(一) 正确使用标点符号
大家都知道,英汉语的标点符号有相似之处,但也存在差异。正确使用标点符号是成功写作的关键因素之一。无论是中英文共有但形式不同的句号(。或.)和省略号(……或…),还是英文中有而中文中没有的撇号(’)和斜线(/),以及中文中有而英文中没有的书名号(《》)、顿号(、)、着重号(·)和分隔号(;),我们都要熟知它们的差别和用法。 在英语学术论文中使用了中文特有的标点符号或错误的使用了某个标点符号,虽然不易造成理解上的障碍,但是会影响外国评阅人对论文的整体印象,严重时甚至会影响论文的录用和发表。
(二) 写好英文摘要
写英文摘要时,要尽量利用文章中的最具体的语言来阐述研究的方法、过程、结果和结论。由于东、西方文化传统存在明显差别,我国的教育传统长期以来都有些过分强调知识分子要“谦虚谨慎、戒骄戒躁”,因此中国学者在写作论文时,一般不注重或不敢突出表现自己所做的贡献。这一点与西方的传统恰恰相反。西方的学者在写论文时总是很明确地突出自己的贡献,突出自己的创新、独到之处。西方的读者在阅读论文时也总是特别关注论文有什么创新独到之处,否则就认为论文不值得读。
因此,国内学者写英语摘要时应该用简洁、明确的语言将论文的“目的”,主要的研究“过程”及所采用的“方法”,由此得到的主要“结果”和得出的重要“结论”表达清楚。如有可能,还应尽量提到论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。撰写时不用第一人称,要用过去时态叙述作者工作,用现在时态叙述作者结论。为了提高摘要的文字效能,应尽量删去所有多余的字、句。
(三) 正确引用参考文献
正确地引用参考文献也是一个不容忽视的问题。中国学者在引用参考文献时经常出现的错误有:①正文中的引用信息和文章后面的参考文献不对应;②文献格式不统一或不符合期刊的要求;③明显的引用信息却没有标出是引用,容易造成剽窃的嫌疑。我们在引用参考文献时应该认真严谨,避免发生此类错误。因为,对于作者或编者的姓名、题目、版本、出版者和出版年份等,如果漏了某一项,都会给自己或读者日后查找这些文献造成困难。同时,参考文献也是评估学术论文的学术质量和科研水平的指标,以及衡量作者吸收、利用资源能力的指标。因此论文在引用参考文献时需恰当选择和引用各种文献。
(四) 有效制作图表
一篇优秀的学术论文,除文字叙述外,图和表的运用不容忽视。表格是科技信息的一种特定的表现形式,是文字语言有益的补充和延伸。还具有表达力强,易于领会,便于分析等优点。期刊插图能帮助读者理解、领会文字难以说明清楚的内容;同时它还能起到紧缩篇幅、活跃和美化版面的作用。只有文字、图、表三者的有机结合,互相补充,才能使论文达到结构严谨,逻辑性和可读性强的目的。但是在制作图表时,我们不仅要保证表格设计恰当和合理,插图清晰美观,同时还要确保图表中的文字说明简洁、清楚,说服力强。而国内学者在书写图表标题或做文字说明时,受汉语思维的影响,事无巨细,繁琐冗长,重点不突出。因此,在英语学术论文写作中,图表中的内容要言简意赅、意思明确。图表标题应尽可能避免使用完整的句子。此外,还应注意表格内各项内容的大小写。 (五) 遵守约定俗成
在英语学术论文写作中,我们常常会使用一些人名、地名、书刊杂志名称、公司名称、机构名称等等。受全球化影响,这些专名基本上都有对应的英文名称,大家要尽最大努力沿用已有的英文名称,不要尝试自己重新去创造。比方说,中南大学的英文名Central South University,有人曾对这个译法提出异议,建议译成South Central University。且不论第二个翻译准确与否,第一个翻译已经众所周知并广为流传,我们便不能随意改动。
另外,我国各项基金资助项目客观上存在不同层次。低层次基金资助项目中英文标注表述形式资料十分混乱,随意性很大,残缺不全,而基金资助项目表述形式是一个约定俗成规范。例如:国家自然科学基金(批准号:)资助的课题:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. );国家博士后科学基金(批准号:)资助的课题:Project supported by the Science Foundation for Post Doctorate of China (Grant No. );国家自然科学杰出青年科学基金(批准号:)资助的课题:Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Outstanding Young Scientists of China (Grant No. ),等。在使用这些表述形式时,我们最好参照已有的英文表达,不要自己重新去翻译,造成混乱。
(六) 做好校对工作
很多国内学者在写英语学术论文时,受汉语思维的影响,写出的论文不符合英文表达习惯或出现明显的语法、搭配、用词等各类错误。还有学者习惯先用汉语成文,然后请人或自己翻译成英文,论文的翻译痕迹非常重。为此,在论文写成之后,务必做好校对工作。首先要检查内容是否完整,及时补充遗漏或改正明显错误。然后从词汇、句子以及篇章段落层面找出不符合英语表达习惯的地方,认真修改。此外还要看论文格式是否符合目标期刊杂志的要求。最后请英语水平较高的专业人士或母语为英语的人帮忙校对。
此外,广泛阅读十分重要。读是写的基础,要写好英语学术论文,首先要进行大量阅读。Nuttall指出,“增进外语知识的最佳途径是生活在说母语的人们中间,而仅次于这种途径的就是大量阅读”[7]。在阅读过程中,要有意识地输入反映英语思维习惯特点的材料,加强自身对英汉两种思维差异影响语言表达的认识,培养自己对西方文化的高度敏感性。在英语学术论文写作中“排除母语思维的干扰,提高运用英语思维和写作的能力”[8](102)。首先应定期阅读与自己专业相关的国际性英语学术期刊,并分析、归纳每篇论文的结构、写作方法、文献引用、时态语态,用词特点、论文格式等。然后扩大自己的阅读面,尤其关注自己感兴趣的研究方向和潜在投稿目标。在此基础之上,可以着手把自己的研究成果形成文字,准备发表。
研究英汉思维方式的差异对英语表达能力的提高非常重要, 我们在努力了解这些差异的同时, 要自觉排除这些思维方式的干扰, 这样才能更好的学习和使用英语, 写出来的句子才不是汉语式的英语句子。吕叔湘先生在《中国人学英语》(修订本序)中说:“我相信,对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别,在每一个具体问题――词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上,都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较,让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会” [9](3)。
受母语思维的影响,中国学者在英语学术论文写作过程中,经常使用中国式英语,表达不地道。这不仅对论文的写作水平产生影响,而且会给国外论文审稿人和读者的理解造成障碍。学术论文写作的一个最重要的方面就是“可读性”。我们不奢求用写作技巧打动人,但要让外国读者很好地理解我们所要表达的信息。只有这样,才能成功发表英语论文,达到学术交流的目的。
[1] 连淑能. 论中西思维方式[J] .外语与外语教学, 2002(2): 44?46, 封三, 封二.
[2] 连淑能. 中西思维方式: 悟性与理性—兼论汉英语言常用的表达方式[J]. 外语与外语教学, 2006(7): 35?38.
[3] 王力. 王力文集(第一卷)[M]. 济南: 山东教育出版社, 1984: 52?53.
[4] Quirk, R, et al. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language [M]. London & New York: Longman Group Limited, 1985.
[5] Scollon, R. & Scollon, S. Intercultural Communication: A Discourse Approach [M]. Blackwell, Oxford UK & Cambridge USA, 1995.
[6] 郭强. 论非英语专业博士生英语学术写作能力的培养[J]. 学位与研究生教育, 2006(2): 52?55.
[7] Nuttall, C. Teaching Reading Skills in a Foreign Language [M]. London: Heinemann, 1982.
[8] 甄晓婕, 贾留全. 英语写作教学中英汉思维差异敏感性的培养[J]. 安徽工业大学学报(社会科学版), 2010(2): 101?103.
[9] 吕叔湘. 吕叔湘全集(第十四卷)中国人学英语[M]. 沈阳: 辽宁教育出版社, 2002: .
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英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段。只有在正确理解原文词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原文。下面是读文网小编为大家整理的有关英汉翻译论文,供大家参考。
一、引言:英汉翻译研究生态学视域的成立
生态学是研究物质与周围环境关系的一门科学,其发轫之初很长时间里被用于自然科学研究。而随着生态学的发展和交叉、跨学科研究日趋成熟,社会科学的研究者们发现了生态学与人文社会科学的相容性,认为人文社会领域和自然一样,事物与事物、事物与环境间都发生着联系,没有独立于环境之外的事物和现象,故而认为生态学研究的理论、方法同样适用于社会科学研究。生态学研究与社会科学研究遂真正结合起来。20世纪50年代以来,人们对文本的认识由仅仅关注认识文本内部自足性问题发展到研究文本内外部关联问题,研究的视野也随之由微观文字向宏观文化转向,人们对文本的认识,已无法将文本语言与该语言所蕴含或显现的某国或某民族的文化相割断。对于成功的翻译者来说,他不仅要作为两种语言的专家,还要是两种语言各自代表的文化的熟知者。对于英汉翻译的研究者来说,他们需要不断探寻着解释原文本与译文本之间形成文化差异的依据———这些依据就是社会各层面因素影响文本文字的关系。生态学强调事物与其环境协调、互动、互相促进。在英汉翻译领域,一个成功或优秀的译作应当是不仅内部自足和谐发展,而且内部与外部互惠互利、共生共栖的文本。其动态性体现在这种交互作用是永无止息、不断旋螺式发展的,而非一成不变或者无意义的重复。用生态学视角看待英汉翻译,为的是建立一种整体性思维。有学者为“整体性”的意义进行了阐释:“整体性是生命的基本属性,整体性不是部分的简单累加,也不是由外力推动而形成的原子集合体,它有着超越部分之和的更为丰富的内涵和属性。”对翻译及其研究工作来说,把握“整体性”是关键。翻译活动涵盖原文本和译文本,涉及原文作者、译者、译文读者3方,包括语言和文化2个层面,同时受到政治环境、经济环境、主流意识形态等的影响。梳理和廓清这些形成翻译活动的要素的动态平衡发展,有助于建构英汉翻译研究的生态学视域。
二、原文本与译文本的交互解读
原文本一经生成,不是一成不变,而是在各种读者解读下成为“一百个读者有一百个哈姆雷特”的消费品。如果没有读者的阅读,则文本只是完成了生产过程,惟有读者的阅读才能使文本的意义得以生成,使文本价值得以实现。译文本的产生就是原文本蕴涵得到复活的一个过程,译文本的产生同时是对原文本的“消费”,促成原文本价值的重新生成和意义再现。译文本对原文本的意义即在于此:扩大或者新生成原文本意义。译者与原文作者的生活背景、个人知识、经验、思维方式等都有很大差异,译者对原文本的意义进行解读的过程中有译者的前结构参与,这种前结构大大影响了原文本意义的重现:原文作者将生活的客观信息内化于文本,译者在翻译之前先作为原文本的读者,在阅读过程中以自己的前结构对原文本进行内化,但这次内化的主体是译者而非原文作者,由此不同主体所作的“内化”经由不同文本载体产生出不同的文本接受。原文本意义和译者根据前结构而解读出来的意义不同,所以可以说,译者通过内化能扩大原文本的意义,使原文本意义更加多样。接受美学和读者反应批评两种理论都强调读者阅读对文本的意义,认为读者也是促成文本意义产生的主体之一。译者作为原文本的一种特殊的读者,他的阅读并不是被动地阅读,他是原文本意义产生的主体之一。生态学视域下的译者已经不是“戴着镣铐跳舞”的对原文本亦步亦趋的“传声筒”,而是担任协调者、统筹者的角色。多样化的意义被译者融注于笔端,形成了译文本,多样化的意义由此再传递给译文读者。由上文所述可见,译文本不是对原文本文字表达简单地“复述”,而是积极地参与了原文本的意义生成。但原文本对译文本的决定意义又不言而喻,因为译者对原文本无论如何创新解读,都须坚持一个原则———不能颠覆原文本的根本主旨。“生态观认为,生物圈作为一个完整的系统,各种要素之间进行着有序的能量、信息和物质交换。”在翻译这项工作中,原文本和译文本成为两个和谐共生、交互解读的文本圈。尤其经典的作品是如此,原文本、译文本共同服务于这部作品的题旨、指向,使经典作品传世;原文本、译文本形成作品的两个共生共存的表现载体,相互间发挥最佳协调效果,共同服务于作品价值的生成和阅读消费。
三、译者与译文本环境的互动
生态学认为,自然界具有适者生存的原理。只有符合该法则而存活下来的事物才称得上有较强的生命力,在遇到各种生存困境时才能够延续生命,这个原理在人类的进化和发展史上已成无可辩驳的规律。英汉翻译受到各种社会环境因素的影响,其中包括政治因素、经济因素、科技因素、人文因素等,适应这些因素的翻译活动才能较好适应译文本文化环境,成为广为接受的文本,进而吸引更多的大众读者,亦即拥有广大的受众。受众对译文本的消费是译文本价值的体现。如果一个译文本无法赢得受众青睐,则译文本的价值就是有限的。如今,进行英汉翻译前,译者选择要译的作品的思想内容必须符合本国政治环境的要求,否则译文本无法通过相关部门的审查,也就无法顺利出版。在我国,随着改革开放和市场经济的发展,译者选择的作品可以更加多样化。比如,我国改革开放前,译者翻译的多数是苏联的作品,而且多数是关于社会主义思想教育的作品,这符合当时“将一切政治化”的社会环境,也是当时的主流意识形态所需;到了改革开放后,特别是随着全球化社会来临以及价值观多元化,翻译所选择的作品样式、作品主题呈多样化,翻译不再仅限于从社会主义国家引进作品,而是面向世界上大多数国家的优秀作品。因为,随着市场经济的发展、体制改革的深入,出版行业也由政府部门主管、财政支持发展到自主经营、自负盈亏,所以文化市场上读者的需求是译文本得以产生和畅销的一个因素———如果不是因为读者喜爱,作品很难找到出版商。除此之外,经济社会的发展促成了各学科门类及生活实用的大量文本的翻译,翻译人才的数量大大超过过去以文学作品翻译为主的翻译人才数量。“现代生态学已不仅仅是一门研究生物与环境相互关系的学科,而是已成为指导人类行为准则的综合性学科,是研究生物存在条件、生物及其群体与环境相互作用的过程及其规律的科学。”可见,政治、经济、文化、主流价值观等因素共同组成译文本“生态环境”,这环境中的各种因子共同作用,促成翻译的顺利进行和历史发展。只有适应这些因子,译文本才能最终实现价值。
四、名家译作对原文本和译文本环境适应举隅
译者在翻译之前,对原文本进行解读,进而通过译文本再现原文本风采,体现了对原文本的适应及对译文本所在的由政治、经济、主流价值观等组成的生态环境的适应。然而,这两种适应很多时候是互相矛盾的。生态学视域下的翻译能够很好解决这个问题。在生态学视角运用于翻译之前,人们普遍对翻译的归化和异化各执一词,莫衷一是,无法达成公论。生态学视域下翻译观可以很大程度地扩展翻译的视野,使得翻译不再拘泥于归化异化之争,而是以适应性为基础,赋予译者以协调者、操纵者的角色,译者在原文本和译文本两个文本圈间取得平衡,认为只要能达成平衡,则归化异化皆可行。这种主张是合理的,因为根据心理学上的格式塔理论,读者阅读的时候虽然会欣赏作品的字词句,但又不是拘泥于字词句,而是以整体感觉来欣赏作品,即不是从文字形式的叠加得出印象,而是在各个部分间协调、纵横、兼顾、整体认知。整体,不等于部分之和,而是要优于各个部分的简单相加。翻译过程中必须持有整体观念,而不能局限在字词句方面对原文本死译、硬译。死译、硬译后的作品,虽然字词句之间适应原文本,然整体效果要么无法适应译文本语言环境,要么无法适应译文本文化环境。如,对英语长句硬译,其结果是汉语译文不堪卒读。这是翻译没有适应译文本语言环境的不协调翻译行为。如,英语文学对《圣经》典故的使用相当普遍,而且经常不需要加以注释,因为原文本的读者对西方宗教文化相当熟悉,毋需作者赘述,而在对《圣经》文化普遍陌生的中国读者看来,这些典故犹如天外来客,中国读者不明就里。这就是翻译没有适应译文本文化环境的不协调的翻译行为。从格式塔心理效应来看,译文本的读者需要的是对译文本整体价值观、信息等宏观了解,译者只要在这些宏观方面能够保持与原文本一致,则不必拘泥于该如何忠实于原文本的遣词造句。即是说,译者更大的责任在于将不熟悉原文本语言环境和文化环境的译文本读者所需要的所指信息显化,使之前景化,而不是仍将其作为隐含信息而让译文本读者解读困难。所以,刘士聪先生说:“将译文作为一个独立文本加以审视,审视其整体的审美效果,看其内容是否与原文相符,看其叙事语气与行文风格是否与原文一致,这一点很重要。”译者必须权衡利弊,了解两种文化的特点和两个民族文化心理特点,了解原文本哪些语言、文化信息是译文本读者可以无障碍地接受并且不会误读的,保留这些信息的风貌,而原文本当中对译文本读者产生障碍的信息,则需要进行明晰化处理,恰当采用释义、套用、注释等手法,这样从整体去达到忠实原文本的效果。只有这样的整体协调,才是对两种语言的“生态系统”的最佳适应,与原文本取得真正的平衡。严复在翻译赫胥黎的《天演论》时,采用了变译的策略,许多人并不认同。然而,如果借生态学的视角来加以解释,则可发现,严复的翻译策略选择是相当理性的,其译文本体现出生态学意义的平衡观和协调观。严复的翻译是为了适应当时中国特殊的社会环境,开启民智,号召人民群众反抗不公平的社会制度,于是遵循原文本“物竞天择,适者生存”的基本思路,在原文本基础上添加了大量的信息,这些信息主要是关于中国国情及号召人民起来斗争的信息,使得译文本语篇更加恢弘、气势磅礴。严复的翻译,将原文本的信息型文本转化为译文本的呼吁型文本,将原文本内涵的对自然的生态选择转化为译文本内涵的对社会的生态选择。可见,严复对《天演论》的翻译,没有违背原文本的基本思想与内涵,甚至提升了原文本的内涵与意义,而且又适应译文本所在的政治环境,达到开启民智的目的。因为,当时在译文本所在的环境———中国土地上,人民群众迫切希望国家独立、政局稳定,在时局动荡、民族存亡之际,普及原文本的科学知识实在意义不大,而经过严复的翻译及译文本传播,原文本的价值得到超越性实现。严复的译文本不仅适应了原文本,而且适应了译语的环境的各种因子,译文本即是在英汉两种语言及其承载的文化之间取得最佳协调关系的成果。有学者因此评论,“虽然严译《天演论》在有的方面没有很好地忠实于原作,对内容和语气都作了修改,但我们不应该脱离当时的翻译生态环境孤立地对其做出评价,这样的评价是有失公允的。严译《天演论》很好地适应了当时的翻译生态环境,对中国社会产生了深远的影响,后人对其不应过于苛求,应有更公正的评价。”傅东华在翻译玛格丽特的小说GoneWiththeWind(傅译的书名《飘》)时,将语言大量作了中国本土化,包括在对原文本人名的翻译上,也去掉英语人名汉译经常采用的音译法,而是用典型的汉语人名二字格式或者三字格式给人物重新命名。这使得译文本读来给人恍如在读汉语原著之感,似乎不带英语著作的痕迹。当然,该译文本在翻译界引起的争议丝毫不亚于严复翻译《天演论》所引起的争议。但是不可否认,傅东华译作一直是最广为接受、广为流传的GoneWiththeWind汉译本。探究起来,不难发现,傅东华译作广受欢迎的原因正在于其适应了译语读者的阅读需求,适应了译语的生态环境,而对原文本的风采却毫无影响———因为翻译上局部的归化异化无损于原文本的思想,同时又能为译语环境所接受。王佐良翻译培根的《论读书》,影响极大。译文本无论在文采还是在思想上,都不逊色于原文本。而在具体的细节上,又可以看出译者并非惟原文本马首是瞻。例如,培根《论读书》原文本中,“Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.”王佐良将其译为:“读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。”原文用简单的词汇和句型,以及大量省略句,而译文则文采斐然,句式整饬,超乎原文。如果仅遵从原文省略句式和平实的措辞特点,则译文会如白开水,很难在一向推崇文采的汉语文化环境下产生大的影响。王佐良在尊重保留原文本思想的基础上,适应汉语文化环境里论说散文重文采和汉语句式喜好排比和四字格的特点,使译文形式整饬,朗朗上口,广为传诵,成为经典。可以说,培根的这篇论说文《论读书》之所以能在中国产生很大影响,一定程度要归功于王佐良的翻译。这样对译语环境和原文本风姿的双重适应和选择,即是适合了生态学的平衡、和谐理念和整体、关联思维。中国四大古典名著之一的《红楼梦》充满的中国各种传统文化信息,是汉译英上的难点。《红楼梦》英译本以杨宪益译作和霍克斯译作两个译文本最广为流传。前者以直译为主,将各种文化信息直接按照字面意思翻译过去。这种直译法会令熟悉汉语文化的人们读来如同读原文本,较为轻松,而对于英语国家中更多的普通读者来说,则会障碍重重,因为他们的文化背景中缺少汉语文化,故而无法理解文本当中蕴涵的中国传统文化信息。后者以意译为主,将对英语民族来说很生疏或者会造成误解的信息以英语文化中可与之构成联想、意义相似的形象代替,使得鸿篇巨著的《红楼梦》不会因为太多陌生的异域文化信息的出现而阻碍英语读者对名著的理解。从生态学角度看,霍克斯很好地适应了译语主要的阅读环境,使得译语与读者之间产生了较为和谐的互动,其译作属上佳;而杨宪益的译文会使得汉语文化空缺的外国读者云里雾里,译文和译语读者之间难以形成和谐流畅的传播接受关系,也就难以产生平衡、和谐的生态学的关系。
五、结束语
赵小兵提出,“各种关系集于译者一身,各种平衡的工作需由译者来完成,译者选择的和谐意识,实际上是一种高度的创造性意识。译者正确地把握文学翻译中的各种主体间的关系,把握语篇内外之间的关系,充分地考虑跨语境问题,是保证文学译本与文学文本之间的意义关联和和谐一致的重要途径。译者须具有和谐的整体意识,使文学译本达到和谐的境界。”生态学的整体和谐观已经引入到人文社会科学领域,对英汉翻译工作来说,意义在于构建了生态翻译学,译者及研究者可以以更加开阔的眼光,上升到另外一个层面高屋建瓴,宏观把握翻译。对于翻译策略的选择,译者只需要以生态学的眼光看待,在原文本风采保留的基础上,以适应译语生态环境中的政治、经济、文化、主流价值观等各种因子为准则,灵活运用和搭配各种译法,则译无定译。只要能协调、平衡、拓展原文本价值又吸引译语受众,甚至促进译语环境的社会变革,引导译语环境社会正面价值观念的提升,则译文本即属佳作。
一、英美文学作品中的西方文化以及英汉翻译
(一)《圣经》故事方面
英美国家人们的日常生活以及文化在很大程度上都会受到宗教的影响,特别是基督教思想影响非常深远、广泛。通常西方人会把《圣经》作为他们的生活道德准则,《圣经》的内容深深地融入到西方文化中。在西方人的文学艺术以及日常语言中也会广泛应用到《圣经》故事。比如,“Godforbid”“Oh,heavens”“forGod?ssake”等已经成为西方人的口头常用语。实际上,《圣经》不单单是基督教的一部正式经典,而且也是一部内容、思想的经典文学作品。英美文学家常常为了丰富写作题材,进而巧妙地引用《圣经》中的词句、人物或者典故。比如,“Absalom?shair”,本意是指押沙龙的头发,潜台词是“美丽反而是一种致命伤”;“Manna”在《圣经》中赐给以色列以及摩西人的食物,潜台词是代表意外收获。圣经的典故以及故事也被常常应用于英美文学作品中,其中英国诗人就是一个很好的代表,他的《力士参孙》《复乐园》及《失乐园》中都采用了《圣经》里的典故。
(二)词汇代表的不同文化内涵
文化和词汇密切相关,每个民族的语言词汇中都可以看出这个民族的风俗民情、政治制度、经济、历史、地理及文化艺术等,但是如果文化背景不同的话,相同的词汇代表的涵义也会有所差异。就日常生活称呼语而言就有很大的文化差异,比如,我们中国一直以来都有“尊老爱幼”的优良传统,在汉语中主要用“老”来表示对对方的尊重和尊敬,常常也会使用“老王”“李老”或者“老先生”。对于中国文化而言,年长通常代表着智慧、经验、身份,但是西方文化中,将“Old”这个词汇表示过时、落后于潮流等意思。并且在西方,年龄是个人的重要隐私信息,尤其是西方的女性非常忌讳他人询问其年龄。因此,西方人一般不会叫对方“oldpeople”“grandma”等,通常会直呼其名。其次,中西文化的差异同样体现在颜色词汇方面,从而影响颜色词汇含义大大不同。如,汉语常常会用“眼红”体现嫉妒的情感,用“走红”表示非常受欢迎,但是英语会用“begreenwithenvy”表达嫉妒,“red”这个单词仅代表“负债”“赤字”的含义,而不带有感情色彩,采用“blacktea”表示红茶。
二、有效处理文化因素对于英美文学作品翻译的影响
在西方文学中,西方文化被良好地体现出来,而翻译则可以为中国读者提供一个更方便、准确了解西方文化的途径和方法,正确合理地翻译西方文学作品,使中国的读者可以快捷地掌握和学习西方文化知识,掌握西方文化精髓。但是文化差异是英美文学作品翻译的一个重大阻碍。如果从译法的层面分析,可以将翻译分成意译、直译两种方式,翻译家的风格也可以概括为“异化”“归化”两种。异化翻译和归化翻译并不是对立的,在英美文学作品翻译的过程中,无论应用“异化”策略还是“归化”策略都会有一定的覆盖、交叉情况,因此在实际翻译的过程中应该采用异化、归化相互融合的方式。如果因为语言文化的不同差异导致词句语义空缺,可以采用“并行法”进行翻译。比如,在影视片名翻译中,WaterlooBridge是一部非常著名的电影,翻译者并没有仅仅采用“异化”翻译方法直接翻译成“滑铁卢桥”,而是翻译成《魂断蓝桥》。这样可以更好地表达影片中的一些悲伤情节,也可避免受众误以为是拿破仑失败的滑铁卢战场。其实,片名“WaterlooBridge”也就是英国伦敦的滑铁卢桥,为了以防观众误解,因此借用了我国《太平广记》中描述的“蓝桥相会”传说,把“滑铁卢桥”翻译成“蓝桥”,这样不仅点明了爱情主题,也将原名中的“桥”保留了下来,同时也通过“断桥”暗示了影片的悲剧色彩。由此可见,有机结合“异化”和“归化”的翻译方法不仅可以将原名的基本形式保留下来,也可以将影片的主要内容真实地传达出来,更加合理。反而如果单独采用异化或者归化的翻译方法,都不能完全地传达出原文的信息,不利于双方的文化交流。
三、结语
综上所述,英美文学作品的英汉翻译者不仅应该拥有扎实、深厚的双语语言知识,掌握基本的翻译技巧,同时更应该全面地掌握西方文化。英美文学作品中的各个方面都渗透着西方文化,翻译者平时应该多注意学习、积累西方文化知识,选择一种符合中国文化背景的翻译形式,使广大中国读者能够真正地品味英美文学作品的魅力。
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
“Translation and Culture”, Translation Journal C. Thriveni, Volume 6, No. 1 January 2002
Translation Journal Gabe Bokor, Volume 5, No. 4 October 2001, “Translation and International Politics”,
Translation Journal Mathieu Guidere, Volume 5, No. 1 January 2001, “Translation Practices in International Advertising”,
Translation Journal Nida, E. A. “language, Culture, and Translation”
EDWIN GENTZLER 当代翻译理论. 上海外语教育出版社.
冯庆华. 汉英翻译基础教程. 高等教育出版社, 2008: 3--5.
冯庆华. 英汉翻译基础教程. 高等教育出版社. 2008: 350--360.
胡庚申. 翻译与跨文化交流. 嬗变与解读上海外语出版社. 25-26.
李青新. 英汉汉英翻译教程. 翻译技巧与误区评析. 北京出版社. 45-47
来安方. 英美概况. 河南人民出版社 2004: 5--9
孙迎春. 汉英双向翻译学译林. 济南山东大学出版社. 2001: 74-76.
王逢鑫. 英汉文化. 北京大学出版社. 2004: 48--69.
杨慧中. 怎样写论文 上海译文出版社. 32-37.
张爱琳. 跨文化交际. 重庆大学出版社. 2003: 25-30.
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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刮痧是中医治疗的方法之一,具有很丰富的临床实践性。神农尝百草的故事生动地说明中医理论重体验,轻理论;重经验总结,轻演绎推理;重解决实际问题的技术方法,轻指导实践的科学理论。而西方的哲学思想是实践论,西方的医学建立在科学哲学的思想基础之上。西方的医学注重生理学、病理学、解剖学的研究,倾向于运用化验、透视、切片等先进的科学验证手段。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是:从电影《刮痧》看中西方思维方式差异相关论文。具体内容如下,欢迎参考:
从电影《刮痧》看中西方思维方式差异
“伦理型”是指中国的传统文化侧重反映人伦―政治的社会关系。中国传统文化最重要的社会根基是以血缘关系为纽带的宗法制度,其中“孝”是最基本的原则。这种道德信念延伸到社会组织中,衍生出“君为臣纲”,孝道转化为治国之道。所以,判断人的标准往往比较注重身份、地位、伦理、道德。
“认知型”是指西方人所提倡的人文主义,主张个性解放,认为个体是自由的,注重以自我为中心。判断人的标准为注重个人的行为、表现,注重个人奋斗,注重个人成就。
东方思维具有“伦理型”特点,因为中国半封闭的大陆型地理环境、小农经济和春秋战国的社会现实哺育了儒家思想。儒家学说建立在血缘宗法关系基础之上,其思维的中心在于伦常治道,在于确立和论证父子之亲、夫妇之别、长幼有序。古代君主为了唯护君臣关系向来是推崇儒家学说,古代先哲以政治、伦理为视觉焦点,以维护封建宗法制的伦理道德为评判标准,重伦理纲常,重道德修养。
西方思维具有“认知型”特点,因为西方哲学家把人看作是大自然的一部分,人应与大自然和睦相处。西方智者们分析自然构造,寻求物质元素,重视本体论、认识论和方法论,把自然科学看作是战胜自然的一种工具。随着自然科学的发展,西方人从物质的内在结构说明其种种属性,从而产生以实验为基础的逐层深入的逻辑分析方法和种种推断、证明、解释的思维形式,造就了无数的科学理论和体系,形成了西方科学认知型的思维。
在电影《刮痧》中大同替父承认刮痧一事反映了中美不同的思维方式。电影中大同为了不影响父亲办绿卡而说是自己给儿子刮痧,并且没有因为刮痧事件而责备父亲,反而设法隐瞒。这种行为体现了中国的儒家文化,儒家文化重视伦理纲常,父亲在子女心中有绝对的权威,子女孝顺父母,在中国人看来是天经地义的事情。当爷爷得知自己给孙子刮痧引起了麻烦时,独自一人找到大同的老板昆兰,用手语和图画向其说明是自己给丹尼斯刮痧的,而不是大同。昆兰无法理解大同为什么要说谎,大同的妻子简宁一语道破:“因为我们是中国人”。由此我们可以看到中国人深受群体取向价值观的影响,思维上整体优先,以群体的和谐、利益为重,注重亲情和人情,父慈子孝。
“整体性”是指中国人处理事情时善于运用整体性的思维方式。中国人的整体性思维注重用定性分析的方法,靠主体的主观经验和感受进行分析论证。注重宏观调控,定性把握,横向联系,群体共存,经验积累。
“分析性”是指西方人在处理事情时倾向于运用定量分析的方法,依据严密的分析和逻辑进行分析论证。注重微观分解,定量分析,理论思辨纵向深入,个体独立,科学实验。
在电影《刮痧》中对于刮痧是中医疗法还是虐待儿童的争论反映了中美不同的思维方式。代表东方思维的中国文化依赖传统经验及形象的思维方式,而西方思维模式注重推理实证,讲究理性与论证。在《刮疹》中,许大同在法庭上试图对刮疹进行解释:“这是一种传统的中医疗法,中医认为,人体的七经八脉,就像无数条小溪流向江河。人的身体是一个复杂的生命网络,气在全身流动,气沉丹田。”
大同认为刮痧是中医治病的方式,通过刮痧所造成背部的刮痕是身体有疾病的表现。而法官等其他西方人只相信头痛医头,脚痛医脚,不相信在背部进行刮痧能治疗肚子痛,而背部的刮痕正说明这是一种虐待行为。造成这种现象的原因正是源于中西方医学来源于不同的思想基础。中医学基本是建立在庄子的哲学基础之上,《庄子?齐物论》中说“天地与我并生,万物与我为一”,这是一种把人和自然看作是“天人一气”、“万物一体”的宏观宇宙观。
刮痧是中医治疗的方法之一,具有很丰富的临床实践性。神农尝百草的故事生动地说明中医理论重体验,轻理论;重经验总结,轻演绎推理;重解决实际问题的技术方法,轻指导实践的科学理论。而西方的哲学思想是实践论,西方的医学建立在科学哲学的思想基础之上。西方的医学注重生理学、病理学、解剖学的研究,倾向于运用化验、透视、切片等先进的科学验证手段。用西医的理论来解释中医的理论是解释不清的,因为其思想根源和理论基础是大相径庭的。影片中爷爷不禁自问:“刮疹在中国几千年了,到了美国怎么就说不清楚了呢?”这体现了中医的治病理念是崇尚“整体和谐”而西医则注重运用科学的、分析的、实证的方法。
“意向性”是指中国人在处理事情时,总是会把情考虑在其中,亲情、友情、爱情等等,以情作为判断事物的重要标准。理是定的而人情是活的,善于经世致用的中国人总是能在处理繁杂的事务中运用好“情”。
“对象性”是指西方人受文艺复兴时期人文主义的影响,提倡人的个性解放和自由平等,以人为中心,所以形成了西方人反对以情感作为评判事物的标准,而是以科学认知为基础,以事实作为判断事物的标准,排除主观因素而强调客观因素。
在电影《刮痧》中昆兰在法庭上没有应大同的要求做证一事反映了中美不同的思维方式。在电影中,大同请他的朋友昆兰在法庭上替他做证,即使昆兰是出版法方面的律师而非家庭法方面的律师,大同依然坚持让昆兰替自己辩护,按照中国人的观点,为朋友就得“两肋插刀”,但是当昆兰看过丹尼斯背上的瘀痕后义无反顾地站到了证人席上,昆兰选择让证据说话,并没有因为大同是自己的朋友而徇私枉法。
大同认为昆兰背叛了自己,他愤而辞职,与昆兰分道扬镳。在中国,主体意向性思维从主体的需要和实用出发,以人的伦理规范和审美情趣为标准,以主体意向统摄客体对象,以价值选择优先于真假问题,寓事实与判断于价值判断之中。正是这种价值判断型思维,而非事实判断型思维,具有明显的主观性和意向性。中国人认为法律只适用于陌生人之间,家人和朋友之间进行交往时一般只注重情理,至于法律法规可以根据情况适当遵守。而在西方处理一切事物的标准就是要符合法律法规,所以人们在交往的过程中首先要考虑的就是其行为是否符合法律和法规的要求,这也就不难理解昆兰为什么拒绝为大同做证了。
中国儒家传统以“人情”为依归,人们在人情的相互往来中实现了物质、精神和情感方面的共享。而西方人往往是理智超越情感,公事公办是他们的基本原则,即使对家人和朋友也要做到依法办事。但是这并不意味着西方人不讲人情,没有亲情和友情,在电影中昆兰亲自去唐人街的中医馆尝试了刮痧后在法庭上为大同做证,以自己身上看似像伤痕的刮痧痕迹为证据向法官证明了大同的清白,这不仅体现了昆兰与大同之间的真挚友情,亦从另一方面证明了在美国一切都以证据为依据,这种做法在中国人看来可能不近人情,但却从侧面证明了美国是一个讲求证据的法制国家。
“后馈性”是指中国人具有“唯圣”、“唯书”、“唯上”的传统思维方式。中国人崇古敬老的传统表现在学术上重经史、社会上崇祖先、心理上怀古旧和思想上好常恶变,求稳怕乱。中国人善于总结前人的经验教训,从过去了解现在并推知未来,因而偏向于注重时间而非空间。
“前瞻性”是指西方人具有崇尚民主、自由、科学和理性思维的传统。西方人不断探究事物的本质和规律,对未来的发展善于提出预测和预言,进而运用预见、理性和科学信念,面对未来,不断提出假设、理论和方法,不断探索、开拓和创新。
在电影《刮痧》中大同当着老板昆兰打儿子这件事反映了中美不同的思维方式。在大同打了儿子丹尼斯以后,大同的父亲说道“当面教子,背后教妻”。这句话出自《朱子家训》:堂前教子,枕边教妻,对症下药,量体裁衣。
后来(清)吴獬著的《一法通》也有提到:堂前教子,枕边训妻。所以爷爷对于大同打孙子这件事并没有感到有什么不妥,因为这是经历几千年从老祖宗那儿流传下来的,是权威,是圣言。这正体现了中国人“向后看,立足于过去”的后馈性思维特征。而昆兰不能接受大同所谓的因为给他面子而打了丹尼斯的说法,文艺复兴以后,西方人不再时兴以圣贤之言作为论据,较少引用前人的名言。西方人注重“唯真”、“唯实”、“唯理”、“唯法”。所以昆兰认为丹尼斯与保罗打架是孩子们自己的事情,与大人无关,所以他不能理解大同的做法。
随着全球经济化、一体化,中西方的交流愈来愈频繁。在交流的过程中由于思维方式的差异,文化冲突油然而生,文化融合也不可避免。从冲突到融合是一个过程,在这个过程中我们要用宽容的态度和真诚的心去感受文化的差异,彼此尊重信任,随着深入的交流互动,我想因文化差异而引发的冲突会越来越少,不同文化间的交流也会越来越融洽。电影的最后大同教丹尼斯讲中文正暗示着中西文化正在走向融合,文化冲突也会逐渐被吸收。
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英汉两种语言的表达方式、语言习惯的不同,决定了它们所表达的相同事物之间存在着明显的差异性。然而,由于语言之间的相通性、相融性,也决定了不同语言的相同事物之间又在某些方面存在着必然的共同性。英、汉姓名的异同就是其差异性与共同性的具体体现之一,而在其中所蕴涵的深远的文化底蕴是值得我们回味与咀嚼的。本文就英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法进行粗浅探讨。
姓名的翻译要遵循两个原则:“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”。“名从主人原则”是指在翻译姓名时,要以该姓名所在国语言的发音为准,而不管该姓名是直接从原文译出的,还是从其他文字转译的。换言之,就是译哪个国家的姓名就要以哪个国家的音为准。如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”(波兰语发音),而不译作“斯科路夫斯基”(英语发音)。“约定俗成原则”是指有些姓名在长期的翻译实践中,已经有了固定的译法,就应该继续使用下去,即使有的不够妥帖,甚至错了,但因多年来已为人们所公认和熟悉,这样的译名也该继续沿用,无须另定译名。如英国著名作家George Bernard Shaw正确的汉译名应是“乔治·伯纳·萧”,但过去该作家的名字一直被译作“萧伯纳”,变成了一个典型的汉名,我们也只有错误地沿袭下去了。
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