为您找到与英汉动物词的文化内涵及翻译相关的共200个结果:
英汉两种语言的表达方式、语言习惯的不同,决定了它们所表达的相同事物之间存在着明显的差异性。然而,由于语言之间的相通性、相融性,也决定了不同语言的相同事物之间又在某些方面存在着必然的共同性。英、汉姓名的异同就是其差异性与共同性的具体体现之一,而在其中所蕴涵的深远的文化底蕴是值得我们回味与咀嚼的。本文就英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法进行粗浅探讨。
姓名的翻译要遵循两个原则:“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”。“名从主人原则”是指在翻译姓名时,要以该姓名所在国语言的发音为准,而不管该姓名是直接从原文译出的,还是从其他文字转译的。换言之,就是译哪个国家的姓名就要以哪个国家的音为准。如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”(波兰语发音),而不译作“斯科路夫斯基”(英语发音)。“约定俗成原则”是指有些姓名在长期的翻译实践中,已经有了固定的译法,就应该继续使用下去,即使有的不够妥帖,甚至错了,但因多年来已为人们所公认和熟悉,这样的译名也该继续沿用,无须另定译名。如英国著名作家George Bernard Shaw正确的汉译名应是“乔治·伯纳·萧”,但过去该作家的名字一直被译作“萧伯纳”,变成了一个典型的汉名,我们也只有错误地沿袭下去了。
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摘要:颜色词在英汉两种语言中有着丰富的内涵,在文化心理和民族习俗中扮演着十分重要的角色。从黑色、白色的中文和英文含义可以看出中西文化的差异。了解并掌握这些颜色词汇的差异,对克服中西文化冲突,推动中西文化交流有一定的实际意义。
关键词:颜色词;中西文化;差异
自然界是五颜六色的。颜色在人们心目中会产生特定的含义,引起特定的联想,激发特殊的反应,这就是颜色的社会内涵。汉语和英语中有不少颜色词反映出不同的文化心态和感情色彩。特别是汉语,自古以来就有丰富多彩的颜色词。同样,在英语中,也有不少能够折射出西方文化的颜色词。但由于英汉民族自然环境、社会制度、风土人情、文化背景不同,其内涵意义既有相似点,也有不同点。下面就中西方文化中黑色和白色颜色词的象征意义进行一些对比和探讨,以期对英语学习者带来些许兴致,提高英语学习者学习英语的热情,以及加深中国人对西方文化的了解。
一、黑色(black)
黑色(black)在英语和汉语两种语言文化中的联系意义大致相同。例如,黑色是悲哀的颜色,英美人在葬礼上穿黑色服装,中国人在葬礼上戴黑纱。英语中的Black Friday指耶稣在复活节前受难的星期五,是悲哀的日子。同时,黑色都代表黑暗、阴险、邪恶。比如汉语有黑社会、黑帮、黑幕,而英语中也有类似表达。如: black money(黑钱,指来源不正当而且没有向政府报税的钱); black market(黑市交易或黑市意为暗中进行政府禁止买卖的商品或外汇的交易,或指进行违法的投机市场); black market price(黑市价格); black day(凶日); black future(暗淡的前途); blackmail(勒索); black list(黑名单)。
但是,黑色在英语和汉语中也有不同的含义。黑色在中国古代象征尊贵、刚毅、严正、铁面无私、憨直、神秘等褒义。在戏剧脸谱中,往往用黑色脸谱象征人物的刚直不阿、严正无私或憨直的性格。另外,它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感觉。它象征邪恶和反动,如指阴险狠毒的人是“黑心肠”,不可告人的丑恶内情是“黑幕”,反动集团的成员是“黑帮”、“黑手”,把统治者为进行政治迫害而开出的持不同政见者的名单叫“黑名单”,它又表示犯罪、违法,干盗匪行径叫“走黑道”,称杀人越货、干不法勾当的客栈叫“黑店”,把违禁货物叫“黑货”,违禁货物交易的场所称为“黑市”,利用非法手段得来的钱叫“黑钱”,把有组织犯罪并以实施某些犯罪为目的而形成的结伙、帮派、集团或组织称为“黑社会”等。
在英语中黑色也有其自己的文化内涵。众所周知,__文化对英美人影响深远。在《圣经》里,黑色象征魔鬼、邪恶、痛苦与不幸。所以,黑色(black)是西方文化的基本禁忌色,它象征死亡、凶兆和灾难,如black death黑死病, to wear black for her father为她父亲戴孝, black words不吉利的话, a black letter day凶日; 它又象征邪恶和犯罪,如Black Man邪恶的恶魔, a black deed极其恶劣的行为, black guard恶棍、流氓, blackmail敲诈、勒索;它也象征耻辱和不光彩,如a black mark污点,black sheep败家子, a black eye丢脸、坏名声;它还象征沮丧和前途暗淡,如black dog沮丧,意气消沉,The future looks black前途暗淡。在英语中black还象征气愤和恼怒。如: black in the face(脸色铁青); to look black at someone(怒目而视);He gave me a black look.他怒气冲冲地看着我。在文学及表演艺术上,黑色代表虚伪(falsehood),错误(error),因而,black humor(黑色幽默)指的就是一种荒诞、病态、过分夸张的幽默。
有趣的是,商业英语的be in the black却有好的意思,表示“有盈余”, 再比如:black figure / in the black(盈利、赚钱、顺差); black figure nation(国际收支顺差国)。
由此可见,黑色的英汉文化内涵还是有不少差异的。正是由于这些文化差异,在翻译过程中,有时候英语的“black”和汉语的“黑”是 不能等同的,比如:black sheep“败类”;black eye“丢脸”;black tea“红茶”;black swan“稀有罕见的东西”;black leg“工贼”;in one’s black books“被某人嫌恶”;black coffee(不加牛奶的咖啡); 而汉语中一些有“黑”的词不也能用black表示,如:黑心evil mind ; 黑手evil back stage manipulator; 黑幕inside story; 黑线a sinister line ; 黑话 (argot)、黑暗 (dark),黑面包 (brown bread). 这些都是我们在英语学习过程中应该注意,以免陷入颜色误区。
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二、白色(White)
“白”在汉语里常有不吉祥之意。如“白事”指“丧事”。丧事人家贴白纸,穿白衣、戴白帽,以表示哀悼。旧时,迷信的人把给人带来灾祸的人称为“白虎星”。称智力低下的人为“白痴”;把出力而得不到好处或没有效果的叫做“白忙”,“白费力”或“白干”。它还象征知识浅薄,没有功名。如称平民百姓为“白丁”、“白衣”;把缺乏锻炼,阅历不深的文人称为“白面书生”。“白”也象征反动、腐朽、落后,如“白色恐怖”、“白区”。这些都含贬义。当然在汉语中,白色也有用于褒义的一面。白色给人以洁净、明亮的感觉,因此我们可以说“洁白如玉”、“白雪阳春”。白色还象征着“正义、光明、善良”,如“白衣天使”。正义的东西总是敢于公开的,是光明磊落的,因而,它又象征“正当、合法”。如“白色收入”、“白道”、“白市”。
西方文化中的white除了表示“白”以外,还象征高雅纯洁、高尚、公正、幸运、吉利等,因此它是西方文化中的崇尚色。据__《圣经》记载,以色列人祭祀上帝的供品都是白色的。因此白色被当做节日的颜色,总是与好兆头联系在一起。对英民族而言,象征纯洁、幸福、希望、和平、光明、权力、美丽、善良是英语“white”词义中的主导方向。如英民族举行婚礼时,新娘总是身着白色衣裙,戴白色面纱,称white wedding(穿白纱的婚礼),取其纯洁之义。西方格林童话故事中“Snow White”,白雪公主是聪明、善良、美丽的化身,深得世界各国儿童广泛同情和喜爱。在The Bible《圣经》故事中,天使总是长着一对洁白的翅膀,头顶上悬浮着银白色的光环。在《圣经》中,白色的绵羊white sheep指代的是美好而善良的东西,而“black sheep”指的是败家子、害群之马。在弥尔顿(John Milton)的《失乐园))中,撒旦和其他天使都是白色的,但当撒旦被逐出天堂打人地狱后,他被烧成了一个黑色的魔鬼。又如英语中:white day是“吉日”;white soul为“纯洁的心灵”;white man指“高尚的人”;white hat指代“好人”; white lie为“善意的谎言”。This is very white of you (你真诚实), white-handed(正直的), a white witch (做善事的女巫), white hope(被寄予厚望的人或事)。汉语中的“清白无辜”、“洁白无瑕”与英语中的white意义相近。这些都是white的褒义用法,当然在一定场合中white也可用作贬义,比如white用于形容心理情感的变化时;white-hot(愤怒的);white feather 不是白色的羽毛,而是懦弱的意思;white -faced不是皮肤白的,而是由于生病脸色苍白的。
英语中许多含white的词组汉译时常不能直译为“白”。例如:a white night(不眠之夜),white elephant(累赘无用的东西),white alert(空袭解除警报),white coffee(加牛奶或奶油的咖啡), white war(不流血的战争), white crow(罕见之物),white alloy (假银),white area (闲置地区),white chip (微不足道的东西), white sepulcher(伪君子,伪善者),white feather(胆小鬼,懦夫),white-haired boy (得宠的人,宠儿),white market(合法交易),white shoe(女子气的;未成熟的)和white room(无尘室)。反过来,汉语中的“白皮肤”也不能译成she has a white skin,而应译为she has a fair skin。在涉及到人的皮肤时英语的fair与汉语的“白”相对应。
三、结束语
通过对汉英“黑”、“白”两种颜色象征意义的分析,我们可以看到汉英民族对颜色自然本色的认识和感受大体趋同,但颜色词的象征意义在不同的民族文化里有很大的差异。虽然“黑”、“白”两种颜色并不能代表所有的颜色词,也不能揭示出所有颜色词的象征意义,但是,它们所代表的象征意义对我们理解汉英文化有重要的参考价值。颜色词象征意义的差异折射出中西方文化的不同,所以研究颜色词的象征意义对于跨文化交际而言是非常必要的,应该引起语言学习者的足够重视。
参考文献:
[1]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2003.
[2]马贞如.英汉语中“色彩词”的理解与翻译[J].广州师范学院学报:社科版,2000,(7).
[3]邵志洪.汉英颜色词使用的比较[J].四川外语学院学报,1994,(1):87-92.
[4]邓克凤.谈颜色词的英汉文化内涵[J].湖北广播电视大学学报,2008,(9):105-106.
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语言基本上是一种文化和社会产品,要理解它就应该从文化和社会的角度出发。英汉两种语言之间的文化差异给其在语义层面上的转换带来了巨大的障碍,其差异首先表现为价值观念的不同。汉文化是一元文化,强调“社团价值论”;英文化是多元文化,崇尚“个人价值至上论”。除了价值观念差异之外,英汉文化差异还与两个民族所处的地理环境与社会环境、气候条件和风俗习惯等息息相关。
英汉民族由习俗引起的文化差异在一些与动物有关的词汇短语上体现得非常明显。英国人喜欢马,养马、骑马、赛马成为其风俗,英国文化就属于典型的的“马文化”,所以英语中有关马的说法极其丰富,诸如talk horse(吹牛)、 get on one’s high horse(趾高气扬)、horse and horse(并驾齐驱)等等。然而中国是传统的农业国,世代的牛耕生活使汉语囤积了大量的“牛文化”。牛是“吃苦耐劳,勤奋踏实”的象征,“俯首甘为孺子牛”就是体现的这种情结。相反在英语中却用马来代替,汉语中的“老黄牛”翻译成英语也就成了“a willing horse”。
不光如此,英汉语言中的一些表示颜色的词汇也沉淀了不同民情的文化。“红色”在汉语中含有极强的褒义色彩,“大红大紫”显示的是成功和富贵、喜庆和吉祥。与此相反, “red”却常常让西方人想起流血、战争、恐怖、愤怒和危险,含有较强的贬义。
伴随着二十世纪六十年代以来西方翻译的科学理论化进程,我国自八十年代后期,翻译研究呈现出突飞猛进的发展势头。与此同时,随着经济与文化等各方面全球化的影响,无论是翻译理论研究还是翻译实践都展现出一派蓬勃发展的面貌。
在我国,翻译的对象领域被人为的划分为“非文学”的和“文学”的。“非文学”的主要是指一般的实用性文体,如政治、经济、科技、金融、商贸、旅游、体育等,其中最主要的要数“科技翻译”;“文学翻译”则是与科技翻译并行的翻译的门类和方法论。随之也便产生了“非文学”研究和“文学”研究。“非文学”翻译被认为是一种技术性的活动,在翻译活动中长期处于优势地位,与此同时,我们不能否认,文学翻译研究在翻译研究这一领域中占了主导地位,一直是人们关注的焦点。
20世纪80年代以来,受文化研究大潮的影响,翻译的历史文化研究日益受到重视,中西翻译的语言和文化思维的差异表现得极为突出,基于对语境、语气、含蓄等的敏感度及广泛运用各种修辞手法等方面的关注,翻译的文化因素被更多地加以考虑。
语言不仅是人类思想感情表达与交流的工具,而且是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体。语言能真切地反映一个国家、一个民族的生态地域、政治经济、物质文化、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等。不同的语言决定了不同民族不同的思维方式、行为方式以及语言表达方式。然而语言的个性与共性是共存和并重的,洪堡特曾经说过:“比较语言研究是对语言差异的准确探索。”可以说,寻找差异的目的是达到统一,其中必须特别关注的,则是语言的音形、词句、文体等形式中所内涵的精神文化实质。
翻译的实质是将一种语言转换成另一种语言,其目的在于把原语的全部信息输入译语,同时取得最大限度的等值效果。英汉两种语言分属于印欧语系和汉藏语系,不同的语系特点,决定了各自的构词法和词义表达差异很大,要想确切地表达原作内容,在翻译过程中就要应用各种技巧。
有时为了使译文更加符合汉语的表达习惯和规律,在忠实于原文的前提下,必须选词、增词、省略、把词类适当地加以转换,才能使译文通顺自然。当然翻译并不是纯语言本体的转换,它与社会文化等有着各种关系。每一个民族都有自己的社会文化特色,文化是使人们凝聚为一个共同整体的一系列共享的意义、信仰和价值,有其特定的时空范围,因此,一些话语的正说与反说、句型和习语等在翻译时也要考虑到它们各自的特点。
在中国文化和历史中,有许多辉煌成就令外国学者向往,他们认为中华文化博大精深、多姿多彩,其历史源远流长,因此形成了构思方式和语言组织上的重视意合和悟性,区别于西方思维差异上的重形合和理性。汉语的意合无须借助词汇语法的衔接手段,仅靠词语与句子内涵意义的逻辑关系或借助语境、语义、语用的因素,便能构成连贯的语篇,这一特点集中体现在古汉语文学作品中;而英语在语言形式上把词语句子结合成语篇整体时则少不了词汇语法的显性衔接。
德国思想领袖哈贝马斯倡导的“交往行动理论”以理解与沟通为现代社会最高目标,认为翻译研究应该成为人类交往实践的一项基本训练,从他人的角度出发,建立起主客体间的有效联系。这对不同文化背景下的交往甚至是相同背景下的交往都是必要的,这样可以改变现实生活中单向的思维模式,建立一种新的主客体认识模式。
中国人的传统思维讲究天人合一、人法自然、万物皆备于我,所以主体参与意识很强,在语言表达上表现为多以“人”作主语。西方人由于理性的分析而偏重于主客分离和区别,所以有时以“人”这个主体为主语,有时以客体为主语,视情况需要而定,但更多的是抱着客观审视的态度,以事物为主语并进行客观、冷静的剖析和描述,这就导致了英汉语篇主语、主位或是重心上的差异。
从根本上讲,这是中西方各自重综合与重分析思维习惯的表现。中国人喜欢螺旋式的展开方式,先宣称主题之重要,继而进行反复的论述和强调,最后回归到主题;西方人喜欢直线形逻辑思维,就是先表达出中心意思,由此展开,或层层推演或逐项分列,后面的语句由前面的语句自然引出。在一句含有时间、地点、事件的通知性的话语中,中国人的习惯表达是“我们将在什么时间什么地点做什么事情”,西方人的表达是“要进行的事件+地点+时间”。
例如,中国人习惯上说:我们明天早上去看姑妈,7∶00在院子门口集合。西方人的表达是:We will meet at the courtyard gate at 7 O’clock tomorrow morning in order to visit our aunt.
翻译是传译两种相异的语言与文字,总需要将译者与被译者两方面的语言文字做一番深刻的研究,看中文与外文究竟有哪些相异之处。这些相异之处有文法上的、修辞上的、习惯上的和表现手法上的。
如:由于英语重句子的建构,英语句型多,尤其长句多,西方人习惯于使用“叠床架屋”式结构的长句子,在进行翻译时,都要关照到。
在某种意义上说,翻译活动中准确和流利的表达就是在理解原文的基础上,通过深入的逻辑分析和推理,不断冲破原文词义或句法结构的强制范畴,把原文精髓用规范、通顺的译文语言全息再现出来。由于这样的译文不是原文的机械复制品,它往往需要创造性劳动,亦即语言艺术。而表达的艺术主要体现在理解翻译法以及对于原文用词、句法结构、叙述顺序等问题的恰到好处的处理上。由“直译”与“意译”引发出“异化”和“归化”,在翻译实践中都不能不采用。没有哪一种译文是完全异化或完全归化的,在翻译过程中若能使二者相得益彰,那么就会收到意想不到的效果。
西方美学有着悠久的历史和许多优良的学术传统,尤其是近几十年来它的飞跃发展,对译学影响越来越大。在进行文学翻译时,不能忽略作品的比较美学价值,不拘泥于表层结构和形态,不注重译作语言质量的高下。现代翻译需要我们对译品所蕴含的代表不同文化系统的审美特征,乃至于对不同国家和民族所持有的不同的审美理论和思维方式,做出美学价值上的判断,以探索其审美本质和规律。
比较文学的翻译研究不能局限于某些语言现象的理解与表达,也不参与评论其优劣,而是把翻译文学作品作为既成事实加以接受,不仅要对其进行一般意义上的价值判断,还要在此基础上展开对文学交流、影响、接受、传播等问题的考察与分析。
研究文学翻译,研究翻译理论,可以拓展新的角度、新的方法,不再单纯评价译品的优劣高下,而是将各类译品作为审美对象,从美学角度进行鉴赏、品味、对比、分析,使文学作品及其译品所蕴含的美学因素及其价值得到淋漓尽致的揭示,使读者在研读文学翻译作品的同时,充分领略原作与译作的审美价值。
英汉互译实践与技巧翻译是一门实践性极强的学问,需要长期下苦功夫才能真正学到手。译者的翻译能力的形成不能单靠学习理论知识、强化技巧训练,而是需要扎扎实实的双语功底及大量的翻译实践。
无论什么翻译,都不可避免地带有交流的目的。在国际文化交流日益繁荣,在中国与国际各领域接轨日益加速的时代,为使翻译学得以更好的发展,在注意到中西语言文化思维差异性的同时,必须打破翻译研究的地域、学科、流派的限制,形成跨学科综合、多元互补的研究格局,在译学领域加强交流,跨越不同的传统与体系,进行中西译论体系间的双向互补、借鉴和相互渗透,以达到中西译学的交融与共生。
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摘要:无论在书籍里,还是在人们口头的语言表达里,委婉语总
委婉语是一种用曲折委婉的方式表达说话者思想的特殊语言表达方式。其“最重要的特征就在于运用比较抽象、模棱两可的概念或比喻的、褒义的手法,使谈话的双方能够采用一种比较间接的方式来谈论不宜直说的事,而且不必为谈论这些事感到内疚”。
一、委婉语的民族文化性
语言是文化的载体,是反映民族文提供化的一面镜子。英、汉委婉语自然也会折射出两个民族不同的社会生活和文化价值观念。在英、汉语中最为常见的委婉语总是和人的生、老、病、死等相关,下面就此类委婉语的文化性进行分析探讨。
人会变老是自然规律,但在不同的文化背景下,人们对 “老”这个词会有不同的心理反应。在中国 “老”是智慧和经验的象征,如 “老骥伏枥”、“老马识途”等。对年长者,我们称呼时也往往冠以“老”字,如:“老寿星”、“老先生” 等。这类称呼中的 “老” 字,其语用功能主要是体现对长者的尊重,“年老”之意被淡化。但在英美人中“老”意味着“不能再为社会做贡献”、“不中用了” ,所以 “old” 是忌用词,要用elderly或senior来代替。
“死” 字几乎在所有语言中都是避讳语,英汉语中死的委婉语,各有特色,反映了不同民族的不同宗教信仰与文化。例如中国佛教把“死”婉称为“入寂”、“圆寂” ;道家却称之为“仙去”、“仙逝”等。老者死亡称为 “寿终”、“谢世”;少年死亡称为 “夭折”;中年死亡称为“早逝”等等。由此可以看出,从死者的社会地位到年龄、性别,生者与死者的关系,生者对死者的态度等无一不体现在所使用的委婉词语中。
英语中的to go west ,to be taken to paradise , to be asleep in theArms of God等习语均出自圣经。__认为,在最后的审判日人人都要把记载自己在世上所作所为的账本交给上帝加以审判。上述关于“死”的英语习语,充分体现了西方人的信仰观念。
二、委婉语的翻译对策
由于汉、英委婉语从属于不同文化背景下的民族语言,在翻译过程中如何处理二者之间的文化差异成为译者的棘手问题。作者认为,译者应在 “和而不同” 的原则下,不拘一法,灵活处理。人们常用的翻译方法有以下几种。
(一)直译法
直译就是指在译文条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式,特别是保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。汉、英虽属两个不同的语言系统,但二者之间仍有某些共同属性。汉英委婉语互译时,在能够确切表达原义和不违反译文规范的前提下,直译应是我们首选的翻译方法。请看以下例句:
1.The old man lay taking his rest after a life of biter hardship.译文:这位老人含辛茹苦了一辈子,现在安息了。英语“take one’s rest” 是“die”的委婉语,译文用 “安息”表达“死亡”恰好对应。
2.瘦死的骆驼比马大。译文:As tarving camel is bigger than a horse.翻译委婉语,采用直译法既能比较完整地保持原文的比喻和语言特色,又能保持形式的统一。
(二)意译法
对译语读者来说,如果直译模糊或难以理解,我们可以采纳意译的方法。意译法是指译者在受到译语文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求译文与原语的内容相符和主要语言功能相似的方法。由于汉英语言文化背景不同,一些委婉语如果直译可能会造成读者的费解或误解,这时,我们可以忽略委婉语的表面意思而直接翻译其隐含意义。例如:An old white pimp named Tony Roland who was known tohandle the best looking working girls in NewYork.该句中的 “working girls”的本义是“工作妇女或劳动女性”。后来,那些靠卖笑的烟花女子将自己美称为“工作一族” ,言下之意是她们也是靠劳动来生活的。如果这里将其直译为 “工作妇女或劳动女性” 就会使人产生误解。有鉴于此 ,这里采用意译法将其翻译为“窑姐”,既忠实原文 ,又明白晓畅。
(三)变通超越法
以上三种翻译方法都是以委婉语译委婉语,而变通超越法是对于那些没有对应词语的委婉语,而采取的一种变通方法。不一定是以委婉语译委婉语。这种翻译方法往往舍弃了委婉语的文化特性,用普通概念词表达真实意义。例如:The boy’s laziness all summer go to his father’s goat .那男孩整个夏天都很懒,这使他父亲很生气。(《圣经?旧约》说上帝命撒旦去烧Job的羊群以激怒他,考验他对上帝的忠诚与忍耐。Got one’sgoat 意为“使某人生气”。)
三、结语
由于中西方社会习俗、历史发展、文化传统、价值观念等诸多方面存有明显差异,不同语言中的委婉语其语用功能不尽相同。 在英汉委婉语翻译中,译者应始终坚持从文化角度去思维,准确把握委婉语的语用功能意义,结合语境“对症下药”,将委婉语所蕴含的文化内涵忠实无误地传达给读者,从而使跨文化交际得以顺利进行。
参考文献:
[1]彭增安.语用? 修辞? 文化[M].上海:学林出版社,1998.
[2]姜风华.从委婉语看中西文化差异[J ].聊城大学学报(社会科学版)2006
[3]胡文仲.文化与交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1994
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英汉翻译过程包括理解和表达两个重要的阶段。只有在正确理解原文词义的基础上,才能正确地表达原文。下面是读文网小编为大家整理的有关英汉翻译论文,供大家参考。
一、引言:英汉翻译研究生态学视域的成立
生态学是研究物质与周围环境关系的一门科学,其发轫之初很长时间里被用于自然科学研究。而随着生态学的发展和交叉、跨学科研究日趋成熟,社会科学的研究者们发现了生态学与人文社会科学的相容性,认为人文社会领域和自然一样,事物与事物、事物与环境间都发生着联系,没有独立于环境之外的事物和现象,故而认为生态学研究的理论、方法同样适用于社会科学研究。生态学研究与社会科学研究遂真正结合起来。20世纪50年代以来,人们对文本的认识由仅仅关注认识文本内部自足性问题发展到研究文本内外部关联问题,研究的视野也随之由微观文字向宏观文化转向,人们对文本的认识,已无法将文本语言与该语言所蕴含或显现的某国或某民族的文化相割断。对于成功的翻译者来说,他不仅要作为两种语言的专家,还要是两种语言各自代表的文化的熟知者。对于英汉翻译的研究者来说,他们需要不断探寻着解释原文本与译文本之间形成文化差异的依据———这些依据就是社会各层面因素影响文本文字的关系。生态学强调事物与其环境协调、互动、互相促进。在英汉翻译领域,一个成功或优秀的译作应当是不仅内部自足和谐发展,而且内部与外部互惠互利、共生共栖的文本。其动态性体现在这种交互作用是永无止息、不断旋螺式发展的,而非一成不变或者无意义的重复。用生态学视角看待英汉翻译,为的是建立一种整体性思维。有学者为“整体性”的意义进行了阐释:“整体性是生命的基本属性,整体性不是部分的简单累加,也不是由外力推动而形成的原子集合体,它有着超越部分之和的更为丰富的内涵和属性。”对翻译及其研究工作来说,把握“整体性”是关键。翻译活动涵盖原文本和译文本,涉及原文作者、译者、译文读者3方,包括语言和文化2个层面,同时受到政治环境、经济环境、主流意识形态等的影响。梳理和廓清这些形成翻译活动的要素的动态平衡发展,有助于建构英汉翻译研究的生态学视域。
二、原文本与译文本的交互解读
原文本一经生成,不是一成不变,而是在各种读者解读下成为“一百个读者有一百个哈姆雷特”的消费品。如果没有读者的阅读,则文本只是完成了生产过程,惟有读者的阅读才能使文本的意义得以生成,使文本价值得以实现。译文本的产生就是原文本蕴涵得到复活的一个过程,译文本的产生同时是对原文本的“消费”,促成原文本价值的重新生成和意义再现。译文本对原文本的意义即在于此:扩大或者新生成原文本意义。译者与原文作者的生活背景、个人知识、经验、思维方式等都有很大差异,译者对原文本的意义进行解读的过程中有译者的前结构参与,这种前结构大大影响了原文本意义的重现:原文作者将生活的客观信息内化于文本,译者在翻译之前先作为原文本的读者,在阅读过程中以自己的前结构对原文本进行内化,但这次内化的主体是译者而非原文作者,由此不同主体所作的“内化”经由不同文本载体产生出不同的文本接受。原文本意义和译者根据前结构而解读出来的意义不同,所以可以说,译者通过内化能扩大原文本的意义,使原文本意义更加多样。接受美学和读者反应批评两种理论都强调读者阅读对文本的意义,认为读者也是促成文本意义产生的主体之一。译者作为原文本的一种特殊的读者,他的阅读并不是被动地阅读,他是原文本意义产生的主体之一。生态学视域下的译者已经不是“戴着镣铐跳舞”的对原文本亦步亦趋的“传声筒”,而是担任协调者、统筹者的角色。多样化的意义被译者融注于笔端,形成了译文本,多样化的意义由此再传递给译文读者。由上文所述可见,译文本不是对原文本文字表达简单地“复述”,而是积极地参与了原文本的意义生成。但原文本对译文本的决定意义又不言而喻,因为译者对原文本无论如何创新解读,都须坚持一个原则———不能颠覆原文本的根本主旨。“生态观认为,生物圈作为一个完整的系统,各种要素之间进行着有序的能量、信息和物质交换。”在翻译这项工作中,原文本和译文本成为两个和谐共生、交互解读的文本圈。尤其经典的作品是如此,原文本、译文本共同服务于这部作品的题旨、指向,使经典作品传世;原文本、译文本形成作品的两个共生共存的表现载体,相互间发挥最佳协调效果,共同服务于作品价值的生成和阅读消费。
三、译者与译文本环境的互动
生态学认为,自然界具有适者生存的原理。只有符合该法则而存活下来的事物才称得上有较强的生命力,在遇到各种生存困境时才能够延续生命,这个原理在人类的进化和发展史上已成无可辩驳的规律。英汉翻译受到各种社会环境因素的影响,其中包括政治因素、经济因素、科技因素、人文因素等,适应这些因素的翻译活动才能较好适应译文本文化环境,成为广为接受的文本,进而吸引更多的大众读者,亦即拥有广大的受众。受众对译文本的消费是译文本价值的体现。如果一个译文本无法赢得受众青睐,则译文本的价值就是有限的。如今,进行英汉翻译前,译者选择要译的作品的思想内容必须符合本国政治环境的要求,否则译文本无法通过相关部门的审查,也就无法顺利出版。在我国,随着改革开放和市场经济的发展,译者选择的作品可以更加多样化。比如,我国改革开放前,译者翻译的多数是苏联的作品,而且多数是关于社会主义思想教育的作品,这符合当时“将一切政治化”的社会环境,也是当时的主流意识形态所需;到了改革开放后,特别是随着全球化社会来临以及价值观多元化,翻译所选择的作品样式、作品主题呈多样化,翻译不再仅限于从社会主义国家引进作品,而是面向世界上大多数国家的优秀作品。因为,随着市场经济的发展、体制改革的深入,出版行业也由政府部门主管、财政支持发展到自主经营、自负盈亏,所以文化市场上读者的需求是译文本得以产生和畅销的一个因素———如果不是因为读者喜爱,作品很难找到出版商。除此之外,经济社会的发展促成了各学科门类及生活实用的大量文本的翻译,翻译人才的数量大大超过过去以文学作品翻译为主的翻译人才数量。“现代生态学已不仅仅是一门研究生物与环境相互关系的学科,而是已成为指导人类行为准则的综合性学科,是研究生物存在条件、生物及其群体与环境相互作用的过程及其规律的科学。”可见,政治、经济、文化、主流价值观等因素共同组成译文本“生态环境”,这环境中的各种因子共同作用,促成翻译的顺利进行和历史发展。只有适应这些因子,译文本才能最终实现价值。
四、名家译作对原文本和译文本环境适应举隅
译者在翻译之前,对原文本进行解读,进而通过译文本再现原文本风采,体现了对原文本的适应及对译文本所在的由政治、经济、主流价值观等组成的生态环境的适应。然而,这两种适应很多时候是互相矛盾的。生态学视域下的翻译能够很好解决这个问题。在生态学视角运用于翻译之前,人们普遍对翻译的归化和异化各执一词,莫衷一是,无法达成公论。生态学视域下翻译观可以很大程度地扩展翻译的视野,使得翻译不再拘泥于归化异化之争,而是以适应性为基础,赋予译者以协调者、操纵者的角色,译者在原文本和译文本两个文本圈间取得平衡,认为只要能达成平衡,则归化异化皆可行。这种主张是合理的,因为根据心理学上的格式塔理论,读者阅读的时候虽然会欣赏作品的字词句,但又不是拘泥于字词句,而是以整体感觉来欣赏作品,即不是从文字形式的叠加得出印象,而是在各个部分间协调、纵横、兼顾、整体认知。整体,不等于部分之和,而是要优于各个部分的简单相加。翻译过程中必须持有整体观念,而不能局限在字词句方面对原文本死译、硬译。死译、硬译后的作品,虽然字词句之间适应原文本,然整体效果要么无法适应译文本语言环境,要么无法适应译文本文化环境。如,对英语长句硬译,其结果是汉语译文不堪卒读。这是翻译没有适应译文本语言环境的不协调翻译行为。如,英语文学对《圣经》典故的使用相当普遍,而且经常不需要加以注释,因为原文本的读者对西方宗教文化相当熟悉,毋需作者赘述,而在对《圣经》文化普遍陌生的中国读者看来,这些典故犹如天外来客,中国读者不明就里。这就是翻译没有适应译文本文化环境的不协调的翻译行为。从格式塔心理效应来看,译文本的读者需要的是对译文本整体价值观、信息等宏观了解,译者只要在这些宏观方面能够保持与原文本一致,则不必拘泥于该如何忠实于原文本的遣词造句。即是说,译者更大的责任在于将不熟悉原文本语言环境和文化环境的译文本读者所需要的所指信息显化,使之前景化,而不是仍将其作为隐含信息而让译文本读者解读困难。所以,刘士聪先生说:“将译文作为一个独立文本加以审视,审视其整体的审美效果,看其内容是否与原文相符,看其叙事语气与行文风格是否与原文一致,这一点很重要。”译者必须权衡利弊,了解两种文化的特点和两个民族文化心理特点,了解原文本哪些语言、文化信息是译文本读者可以无障碍地接受并且不会误读的,保留这些信息的风貌,而原文本当中对译文本读者产生障碍的信息,则需要进行明晰化处理,恰当采用释义、套用、注释等手法,这样从整体去达到忠实原文本的效果。只有这样的整体协调,才是对两种语言的“生态系统”的最佳适应,与原文本取得真正的平衡。严复在翻译赫胥黎的《天演论》时,采用了变译的策略,许多人并不认同。然而,如果借生态学的视角来加以解释,则可发现,严复的翻译策略选择是相当理性的,其译文本体现出生态学意义的平衡观和协调观。严复的翻译是为了适应当时中国特殊的社会环境,开启民智,号召人民群众反抗不公平的社会制度,于是遵循原文本“物竞天择,适者生存”的基本思路,在原文本基础上添加了大量的信息,这些信息主要是关于中国国情及号召人民起来斗争的信息,使得译文本语篇更加恢弘、气势磅礴。严复的翻译,将原文本的信息型文本转化为译文本的呼吁型文本,将原文本内涵的对自然的生态选择转化为译文本内涵的对社会的生态选择。可见,严复对《天演论》的翻译,没有违背原文本的基本思想与内涵,甚至提升了原文本的内涵与意义,而且又适应译文本所在的政治环境,达到开启民智的目的。因为,当时在译文本所在的环境———中国土地上,人民群众迫切希望国家独立、政局稳定,在时局动荡、民族存亡之际,普及原文本的科学知识实在意义不大,而经过严复的翻译及译文本传播,原文本的价值得到超越性实现。严复的译文本不仅适应了原文本,而且适应了译语的环境的各种因子,译文本即是在英汉两种语言及其承载的文化之间取得最佳协调关系的成果。有学者因此评论,“虽然严译《天演论》在有的方面没有很好地忠实于原作,对内容和语气都作了修改,但我们不应该脱离当时的翻译生态环境孤立地对其做出评价,这样的评价是有失公允的。严译《天演论》很好地适应了当时的翻译生态环境,对中国社会产生了深远的影响,后人对其不应过于苛求,应有更公正的评价。”傅东华在翻译玛格丽特的小说GoneWiththeWind(傅译的书名《飘》)时,将语言大量作了中国本土化,包括在对原文本人名的翻译上,也去掉英语人名汉译经常采用的音译法,而是用典型的汉语人名二字格式或者三字格式给人物重新命名。这使得译文本读来给人恍如在读汉语原著之感,似乎不带英语著作的痕迹。当然,该译文本在翻译界引起的争议丝毫不亚于严复翻译《天演论》所引起的争议。但是不可否认,傅东华译作一直是最广为接受、广为流传的GoneWiththeWind汉译本。探究起来,不难发现,傅东华译作广受欢迎的原因正在于其适应了译语读者的阅读需求,适应了译语的生态环境,而对原文本的风采却毫无影响———因为翻译上局部的归化异化无损于原文本的思想,同时又能为译语环境所接受。王佐良翻译培根的《论读书》,影响极大。译文本无论在文采还是在思想上,都不逊色于原文本。而在具体的细节上,又可以看出译者并非惟原文本马首是瞻。例如,培根《论读书》原文本中,“Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.”王佐良将其译为:“读书足以怡情,足以傅彩,足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时;其傅彩也,最见于高谈阔论之中;其长才也,最见于处世判事之际。”原文用简单的词汇和句型,以及大量省略句,而译文则文采斐然,句式整饬,超乎原文。如果仅遵从原文省略句式和平实的措辞特点,则译文会如白开水,很难在一向推崇文采的汉语文化环境下产生大的影响。王佐良在尊重保留原文本思想的基础上,适应汉语文化环境里论说散文重文采和汉语句式喜好排比和四字格的特点,使译文形式整饬,朗朗上口,广为传诵,成为经典。可以说,培根的这篇论说文《论读书》之所以能在中国产生很大影响,一定程度要归功于王佐良的翻译。这样对译语环境和原文本风姿的双重适应和选择,即是适合了生态学的平衡、和谐理念和整体、关联思维。中国四大古典名著之一的《红楼梦》充满的中国各种传统文化信息,是汉译英上的难点。《红楼梦》英译本以杨宪益译作和霍克斯译作两个译文本最广为流传。前者以直译为主,将各种文化信息直接按照字面意思翻译过去。这种直译法会令熟悉汉语文化的人们读来如同读原文本,较为轻松,而对于英语国家中更多的普通读者来说,则会障碍重重,因为他们的文化背景中缺少汉语文化,故而无法理解文本当中蕴涵的中国传统文化信息。后者以意译为主,将对英语民族来说很生疏或者会造成误解的信息以英语文化中可与之构成联想、意义相似的形象代替,使得鸿篇巨著的《红楼梦》不会因为太多陌生的异域文化信息的出现而阻碍英语读者对名著的理解。从生态学角度看,霍克斯很好地适应了译语主要的阅读环境,使得译语与读者之间产生了较为和谐的互动,其译作属上佳;而杨宪益的译文会使得汉语文化空缺的外国读者云里雾里,译文和译语读者之间难以形成和谐流畅的传播接受关系,也就难以产生平衡、和谐的生态学的关系。
五、结束语
赵小兵提出,“各种关系集于译者一身,各种平衡的工作需由译者来完成,译者选择的和谐意识,实际上是一种高度的创造性意识。译者正确地把握文学翻译中的各种主体间的关系,把握语篇内外之间的关系,充分地考虑跨语境问题,是保证文学译本与文学文本之间的意义关联和和谐一致的重要途径。译者须具有和谐的整体意识,使文学译本达到和谐的境界。”生态学的整体和谐观已经引入到人文社会科学领域,对英汉翻译工作来说,意义在于构建了生态翻译学,译者及研究者可以以更加开阔的眼光,上升到另外一个层面高屋建瓴,宏观把握翻译。对于翻译策略的选择,译者只需要以生态学的眼光看待,在原文本风采保留的基础上,以适应译语生态环境中的政治、经济、文化、主流价值观等各种因子为准则,灵活运用和搭配各种译法,则译无定译。只要能协调、平衡、拓展原文本价值又吸引译语受众,甚至促进译语环境的社会变革,引导译语环境社会正面价值观念的提升,则译文本即属佳作。
一、英美文学作品中的西方文化以及英汉翻译
(一)《圣经》故事方面
英美国家人们的日常生活以及文化在很大程度上都会受到宗教的影响,特别是基督教思想影响非常深远、广泛。通常西方人会把《圣经》作为他们的生活道德准则,《圣经》的内容深深地融入到西方文化中。在西方人的文学艺术以及日常语言中也会广泛应用到《圣经》故事。比如,“Godforbid”“Oh,heavens”“forGod?ssake”等已经成为西方人的口头常用语。实际上,《圣经》不单单是基督教的一部正式经典,而且也是一部内容、思想的经典文学作品。英美文学家常常为了丰富写作题材,进而巧妙地引用《圣经》中的词句、人物或者典故。比如,“Absalom?shair”,本意是指押沙龙的头发,潜台词是“美丽反而是一种致命伤”;“Manna”在《圣经》中赐给以色列以及摩西人的食物,潜台词是代表意外收获。圣经的典故以及故事也被常常应用于英美文学作品中,其中英国诗人就是一个很好的代表,他的《力士参孙》《复乐园》及《失乐园》中都采用了《圣经》里的典故。
(二)词汇代表的不同文化内涵
文化和词汇密切相关,每个民族的语言词汇中都可以看出这个民族的风俗民情、政治制度、经济、历史、地理及文化艺术等,但是如果文化背景不同的话,相同的词汇代表的涵义也会有所差异。就日常生活称呼语而言就有很大的文化差异,比如,我们中国一直以来都有“尊老爱幼”的优良传统,在汉语中主要用“老”来表示对对方的尊重和尊敬,常常也会使用“老王”“李老”或者“老先生”。对于中国文化而言,年长通常代表着智慧、经验、身份,但是西方文化中,将“Old”这个词汇表示过时、落后于潮流等意思。并且在西方,年龄是个人的重要隐私信息,尤其是西方的女性非常忌讳他人询问其年龄。因此,西方人一般不会叫对方“oldpeople”“grandma”等,通常会直呼其名。其次,中西文化的差异同样体现在颜色词汇方面,从而影响颜色词汇含义大大不同。如,汉语常常会用“眼红”体现嫉妒的情感,用“走红”表示非常受欢迎,但是英语会用“begreenwithenvy”表达嫉妒,“red”这个单词仅代表“负债”“赤字”的含义,而不带有感情色彩,采用“blacktea”表示红茶。
二、有效处理文化因素对于英美文学作品翻译的影响
在西方文学中,西方文化被良好地体现出来,而翻译则可以为中国读者提供一个更方便、准确了解西方文化的途径和方法,正确合理地翻译西方文学作品,使中国的读者可以快捷地掌握和学习西方文化知识,掌握西方文化精髓。但是文化差异是英美文学作品翻译的一个重大阻碍。如果从译法的层面分析,可以将翻译分成意译、直译两种方式,翻译家的风格也可以概括为“异化”“归化”两种。异化翻译和归化翻译并不是对立的,在英美文学作品翻译的过程中,无论应用“异化”策略还是“归化”策略都会有一定的覆盖、交叉情况,因此在实际翻译的过程中应该采用异化、归化相互融合的方式。如果因为语言文化的不同差异导致词句语义空缺,可以采用“并行法”进行翻译。比如,在影视片名翻译中,WaterlooBridge是一部非常著名的电影,翻译者并没有仅仅采用“异化”翻译方法直接翻译成“滑铁卢桥”,而是翻译成《魂断蓝桥》。这样可以更好地表达影片中的一些悲伤情节,也可避免受众误以为是拿破仑失败的滑铁卢战场。其实,片名“WaterlooBridge”也就是英国伦敦的滑铁卢桥,为了以防观众误解,因此借用了我国《太平广记》中描述的“蓝桥相会”传说,把“滑铁卢桥”翻译成“蓝桥”,这样不仅点明了爱情主题,也将原名中的“桥”保留了下来,同时也通过“断桥”暗示了影片的悲剧色彩。由此可见,有机结合“异化”和“归化”的翻译方法不仅可以将原名的基本形式保留下来,也可以将影片的主要内容真实地传达出来,更加合理。反而如果单独采用异化或者归化的翻译方法,都不能完全地传达出原文的信息,不利于双方的文化交流。
三、结语
综上所述,英美文学作品的英汉翻译者不仅应该拥有扎实、深厚的双语语言知识,掌握基本的翻译技巧,同时更应该全面地掌握西方文化。英美文学作品中的各个方面都渗透着西方文化,翻译者平时应该多注意学习、积累西方文化知识,选择一种符合中国文化背景的翻译形式,使广大中国读者能够真正地品味英美文学作品的魅力。
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在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义;数字"九"涉及面在我国所有数字中最广。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译相关论文。仅供大家参考!
东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译全文如下:
"数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998)
东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。
在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。
根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。传说古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。
中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。
此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从冬至起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的成语。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。
在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出
钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有:
1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。
其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:
a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation)
____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often)
be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion)
____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty.
in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times.
从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九";高尔夫球球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。
总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性:
1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。
2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。
3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。
数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。
罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。
可采取的翻译方法主要有:
(一)保留原数字
e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives.
我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。
(二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字
e.g.nine out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。
(三)增舍数字
比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。
应遵循的原则主要有:
(一)民族性原则
比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。
(二)习语性原则
比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。
(三)形象性原则
数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与其它的词结合后所产生的形象意义。
比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"
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旅游资源的开发与营销有赖于其在国内外知名度的提升,而旅游资料作为一种宣传工具在吸引游客方面有着举足轻重的作用。随着当今越来越多的外国游客来中国观光旅游,优质的旅游资料翻译迫在眉睫。研究者会发现旅游文本的翻译中存在着诸多包括语言学、语用学和文化等各个层面的问题。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:旅游文本是外国游客了解、选择景点的重要参考资料。旅游文本的翻译是一种跨文化交流活动,其翻译过程不是单纯的语言转换过程,而是文化间的交流活动。旅游文本英译中文化缺省现象的存在,更加凸显了翻译补偿策略研究的重要性。通过对江西省几个著名景点的宣传文本进行探讨,分析文化缺省现象,并提出翻译补偿策略,以实现旅游文本的宣传效果。
从广义上讲,旅游文本包括一切与旅游相关的文本资料,它主要具有两项功能:一是传递信息,二是施加影响、诱导行动(朱灿灿,2013:12)。换言之,旅游文本作为宣传类文本,不论是中文还是英文,都需要让潜在的游客了解旅游目的地的基本情况、相关服务和特色文化,以达到信息传递和吸引游客的目的。对于游客来说,他们希望通过阅读文本获得游览目的地的信息。但不同文化背景的游客对所提供的信息有不同的需求,这就决定了英汉旅游文本的差异性。主要表现在以下两个方面。
(一)语言风格的差异
东西方在社会历史、文化传统、思维方式和审美情趣等方面截然不同,旅游文本在语言风格上自然要考虑双方读者的感受,采取恰当的表述方式。
汉语旅游材料在表述上注重辞藻、韵律,结合景点的文化历史背景,多采用四字成语以及排比、对偶句式,读起来琅琅上口。其中,对自然景观的介绍,重视优美的写意,或者采用丰富的想象力给景观增添神秘色彩,读起来或诗意盎然或浮想联翩。英文旅游材料重视“人情味儿”,常常会出现诸如“您现在所处的位置……”“最佳观赏时间是……”此类贴心的提示,用词和句法偏口语,简洁朴素,避免??嗦重复;其在介绍景点具体情况时,通常采用简单叙述法,三言两语道清楚,对景点介绍追求客观、中肯,达到信息传递的目的即可。
除此之外,中西方人民对待宣传材料的态度也是决定其内容的因素之一。不难发现,英语旅游文本突出信息的客观性,汉语旅游文本在撰写时加入主观色彩,呼吁性极强。
(二)信息容量的差异
中国经典故事层出不穷,许多历史人物、历史事件对中国人来说耳熟能详,但是外国游客并不一定了解。我国的旅游景点,不论是自然景观还是人文景观,大多与神话传说、历史故事和社会风俗有关,借用古文,引经据典,中国游客固然能轻而易举地理解其中奥妙,但是外国游客可能会因为错综复杂的人名、地名、朝代等因素而感觉晦涩难懂,降低他们旅游的积极性。
所以,英汉旅游文本并不一定包含相同的信息内容。旅游材料在英译的过程中,译者有必要在尊重原文的基础上,适当修改,对其中特殊的内容进行特殊的翻译。
中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,数不胜数的自然景观和人文景观承载了深厚的历史文化气息。旅游文本和文化紧密相关,在翻译过程中,文化信息的转换往往会因为中国人自身的文化背景而忽略了外国游客的认知。这就是文化缺省现象。它是指同一文化背景的人在交流中对双方共有的文化背景知识的忽略,这种现象是跨语言交际的一大障碍。在翻译旅游文本时,由于源语读者和目标语读者生活在不同的社会文化环境中,具有不相同的文化背景知识,因此,对原文读者来说是显而易见的文化背景知识,对于目标语读者就构成了文化缺省成分(王大来,2004:69)。汉英文本之间可能会存在大量的文化缺省因素,可归类为:历史景点和历史人物、传统概念和信仰、社会风俗和文学作品。这些缺省内容可能导致翻译文本缺失民族特点,损害旅游景点的形象,切断文化的关联意义,影响汉语旅游资料信息的传递和潜在游客的兴趣(张富庄,2013:6)。
鉴于目标语读者文化背景知识的差异性,以及英汉旅游文本本身的差异性,如果译者不针对文化缺省现象进行翻译补偿,游客就不能完全理解原意,将无法达到旅游文本预期的目标。所以,译者在对旅游文本进行翻译时,要充分挖掘文本内文化缺省现象的深层含义,以采取相应的翻译补偿策略。
针对英汉旅游文本的差异性以及东西方文化背景下读者的理解差异,翻译补偿策略是解决文化缺省现象的理想方法。Newmark认为,补偿是翻译的一种手法,补偿主要是用来弥补译文在语义、声音效果、修辞及语用效果等方面的缺省,而且译文可以在不同于原文的语句中再现这种效果。在英译旅游文本时,译者通过运用多种补偿策略将缺省的背景知识恰当地传递给译语读者,同时又可以保持原文的真实性。通过分析江西省的几处景点和文化人物简介的英译文本,得出具体策略如下:
(一)归化法
文化在输入时,应该倾向于归化,以保护本族文化的纯洁性;但文化的输出应该倾向于异化,以促使本族文化的外介,扩大本族文化的影响(李建军,2012:107)。英译旅游文本,属于文化的输出,在翻译具有中国特色的词汇和社会风俗上,应该在简单易懂的基础上积极采取归化法。例如:
(1)江西历史悠久,有着深厚的文化积淀,加上地处南方,处处山清水秀,是一个典型的“鱼米之乡”。
译文:Jiangxi,the province with a long history and profound culture;it is located in the south of China with picturesque scenery.Thus it has been aptly termed:“the land of rice and fish”.
该例句中的“鱼米之乡”直接将“鱼米”等文化意象移植到了目的语文本中。实际上,在英语表达中,“a land of honey and milk”同样具有“鱼米之乡”的意思。但为了更好地传播源语文化,“the land of rice and fish”更能真实地反映中国文化,更有利于外国游客体会到中国文化的奇特之处。随着跨文化交流的进一步发展,越来越多的外国游客会理解并接受中国文化。 (2)龙虎山,位于江西鹰潭,道教发源地,中国道教四大名山之一。
译文:Longhu Mountain,which is located in Yingtan of Jiangxi Province.It is known as one of Four Taoism Mountains because of its position――the birthplace of Chinese Taoism.
龙虎山,东汉中叶,正一道创始人张道陵曾在此炼丹,传说“丹成而龙虎现”,此山因此得名。有人建议将“龙虎山”翻译成“Mt.Dragon-Tiger”才能对外展示其深刻含义。作为世界自然遗产之一的龙虎山,以道教发源地著名,如此具有代表性的中国文化遗址在翻译时,采用归化翻译方法能更真实地反映中国文化。如:“龙虎山 Longhu Mountain”“道教 Taoism”。
(二)释义法
汉语旅游材料中,文言文出现频率高,在英译过程中,译者要充分考虑外国游客的理解能力和文化背景,进而考虑原文信息翻译之后,读者能否明白并喜闻乐见。释义法针对此类情况,在翻译过程中,对原文的历史知识、社会风俗、地理位置等因素采用加注法、同位语解释等方式进行说明,以方便外国读者理解。例如:
(3)南昌地处长江中下游,濒临鄱阳湖西南岸,自古就有“粤户闽庭,吴头楚尾”之称。
译文:Nanchang,bordering the Poyang Lake in the northeast,lies south of the lower middle reaches of the Yangtze River.It has been enjoying obvious advantages geographically. Since the ancient times, it has been known as the favorable place bordering Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north.
“粤”和“闽”分别是广东省和福建省的简称,“吴”和“楚”则是春秋战国时期江浙一带的诸侯国。对于外国游客,这些都不是熟悉的“中国常识”。在英译旅游文本时,应该将它们具体到现在的省份“Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north”,外国游客才能真正明白南昌所处的地理位置,从而理解它的重要地位。
(4)素有“江南三大名楼之首”美誉的滕王阁,雄踞南昌抚河北大道,坐落于赣江与抚河故道交汇处。依城临江,瑰伟绝特,因“初唐四杰”之首的王勃一篇雄文――《滕王阁序》,脍炙人口,传诵千秋。
译文:Tengwang Pavilion has long been ranked first among the three famous pavilions in the south of Yangtze River. Standing by the North Fuhe Avenue in Nanchang,the magnificent pavilion is located at the convergent point of Ganjiang River and the Old Fu River,taking the city as its background and the river as its mirror.Its splendor and majesty was lauded by Wang Bo,the leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty,in one of his masterpieces,Preface to Tengwang Pavilion,and thus has been famous throughout the world as well as maintained the glory with the years going.
“江南三大名楼”是中国有名的历史文化遗迹,但是外国游客不一定都清楚,正如王佐良所说:“在一种文化里有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”(郭建中,2000:20)。同时,对于“初唐四杰”的概念,译者将王勃的身份加以解释:“The leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty”。通过释义法,译者详细而自然地介绍了滕王阁的背景知识和王勃的诗人地位,有利于外国游客更好地了解滕王阁的历史价值。
(三)省略法
省略法是指译者在翻译过程中,根据源语所承载的文化内容,结合目标语的语言特色,并以传递基本信息为目的,对源语做出适当的缩略、删减的一种翻译方法。译者通过对原文中的文化信息进行甄别,分出主要信息和次要信息,在翻泽过程中抓住主要信息,对无关紧要的、目的语读者又很难理解的次要信息进行删减。这样做有助于保持目的语读者理解的连贯性,同时也让他们获得了主要信息(吴秀群,2012:162)。例如:
(5)陶渊明(约365年~427年),名潜,号“五柳先生”,东晋时期诗人,浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。世人敬重他,他“不为五斗米折腰”的故事流传至今。公元405年秋,他为了养家糊口,来到彭泽当县令……陶渊明再也忍受不下去了。他长叹一声,道:“我不能为五斗米向乡里小人折腰!” 说罢,辞官离去。
译文:Tao Yuanming(365~427),a poet in Dongjin Dynasty,also called Mr.Wuliu and Tao Qian,was a native people of Jiujiang City.We all respected has spirit that he wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time. 对中国古代称谓稍微了解的人都知道,在古代,同一个人除他的姓名之外,往往又有字、号,有时还不止一个号,且不同的场合,有不同称呼。陶渊明号“五柳先生”,这对于外国游客来说,并非重要的讯息,没有必要赘述“号”这个概念。另外,“不为五斗米折腰”的故事为中国大众所熟知,但是为了略去复杂的因果关系,避免外国游客坠入五里雾中,英译文本时删除了具体故事,用简单的句子“He wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time”向游客阐述世人敬重陶渊明的原因,达到了信息传递的目的。
(6)白鹿洞书院始建于公元940年,唐贞元年间,江州刺史李渤隐居这里读书,养一白鹿自娱,人称“白鹿先生”,后书院几经衰败。到南宋朱熹重建书院,并亲自在此讲学,当时名人正士均乐于在此求学,其成为了“中国四大书院之一”(其他三所为湖南长沙岳麓书院、湖南衡阳石鼓书院、河南商丘应天书院)。
译文:Bailudong Academy was built in 940 AD. Zhuxi,the great educator of the South Song Dynasty,turned the place into Bailudong Academy, which rivaled the other three famous academies in China.It was a school for some famous people reading there.
如上所述,白鹿洞书院的前身和其他三大书院的名称在英译时被译者删除略去,直接提及南宋伟大的思想家、教育家朱熹,为避免信息量过于庞大,有选择性地将重要信息保留、提取,帮助外国游客理解书院的历史。此时,省略法能够给外国游客留下深刻印象,并且有利于景点的宣传。
(四)增译法
增译法和省略法殊途同归,都是指译者在翻译过程中,根据实际情况对源语做出适当的调整。翻译过程中,若能将省略法和增译法处理得当,互为依据,交错使用,就能够使得译文顺畅明了、通俗易懂。例如:
(7)世界自然遗产地、世界地质公园、国家AAAAA级旅游区、国家级风景名胜区――三清山,位于江西省上饶市东北部。
译文:Mt.Sanqingshan,located in northeast of Shangrao city,is a World Natural Heritage, National Scenic Area,World Geo-park and State AAAAA Tour Zone,which is the highest level of Chinese tourist attractions issued by China’s National Tourism Administration.
中华人民共和国旅游景区质量等级划分为五级,最高级别为AAAAA。但是,外国游客对中国5A级旅游景区的定义不一定都了解,所以在英译本中增加了对“AAAAA”的解释,加深了外国游客对三清山旅游景区的印象,使外国游客意识到该景区的游览价值,达到了旅游文本的宣传目的。
针对文化缺省这一现象,译者需合理运用不同的补偿策略,对源语中的文化背景知识做出补偿,弥补缺省,最大限度地传递原文所蕴含的文化信息。旅游文本的跨文化翻译促进了不同民族文化之间的交流,因此既要尊重源语文化,又要顾及目的语文化。
旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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新闻中文化负载词的翻译关系到新闻能否完整准确地传达作者意思,吸引读者注意。因此,译者必须充分考虑译入语读者的接受情况,努力在完整传达信息的同时,使译文更能被译入语读者所接受,达到成功交际的目的。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:本文阐述了文化负载词在汉语新闻中的表现,提出了直译、音译加解释、意译等汉语新闻中文化负载词的翻译策略。
关键词:新闻;文化负载词;翻译
进入新世纪以来,随着经济全球化以及科技文明的不断发展,人类的信息传播主要是借助于新闻媒体来实现的。而在不同的文化之中,受到民族特色、地域因素的影响,使得不同文章其对于文化负载词的运用差异导致了文章自身的趣味性与可读性受到了影响,这也就给从事于新闻翻译工作的我们带来了巨大的挑战。如何做到准确合理地将这些文化负载词进行翻译的同时,保留其自身的趣味性、文化特性,这已然成为了翻译工作开展的一大难题。在我国,从事新闻翻译工作的人员在对新闻文稿进行翻译的时候,一般是通过对翻译观念、词义表达以及文化差异等多方面进行思考后来实现的。在本文中,笔者将着重于对翻译活动开展的功能与目的的重视,做到翻译活动的完整性与简洁性,能够在不同的语境中,做到灵活地翻译。
语言作为文化传播的基础,是实现文化记录、反映、传播的重要形式,同时,也是文化自身的载体。词汇作为语言的基本组成部分,是实现文化传播活动得以顺利进行的基础,也是出现差异化的影响因素。在所有的语言中都存在着大量的文化负载词,它们是文化自身在历史发展的过程中不断演变而产生的,其内容主要包括了:特定的文化词、词组以及习语,这是民族文化的重要体现。
在对翻译原则进行制定的时候,译者需要根据翻译的策略与标准来实现对其的准确翻译,进而将文化负载词更好地进行表现。虽然,要找到完全相对应的文化负载词的难度较大,所以,作为新闻翻译工作者需要对翻译的方式进行灵活的运用,实现对翻译材料的准确生动表达,进而更好地完成翻译工作。根据笔者自身的工作实践经历来说,想要对新闻翻译活动中出现的负载词进行有效地处理,可以采用以下几种翻译方式。
(一)直译
在汉语言的新闻稿中,当其出现大量的政治、经济专有名词的时候,译者往往是通过直译的方式来实现对其字面意思的表达,进而实现对中国文化的展示。例如:2a.当前,全党全国各族人民正紧密团结在以胡锦涛同志为的党中央周围,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗巾只,全面贯彻党的十七大和十七届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观。在例文当中,出现了大量带有中国特色的政治专属名词,这些名词有许多已被外国读者所了解,因此,面对这类词组的时候,可以直接通过直译的方式来实现对原文内容的还原与形式的统一,做到对翻译信息准确性的保证。
(二)音译加解释
音译即是指的通过对原文语音的表现,在另一种语言中将其发音相同或者相近的部分进行表现,其表达的内容大多数是中国文化中所特有的元素。这部分元素,在一般情况下作为中国独特的文化表现形式是很难在译语中进行体现的。为了做到对中国特色的最大化保留,将这些词进行“音译”是十分可行的方式,可是,由于外国读者自身的文化背景与认知存在不足,如若仅仅是采用单纯地音译将会使得读者不知所以然,进而无法实现对信息的有效接受,向外国读者展示中国的特色文化也就更加无从谈起。因此,对新闻文稿进行音译的时候需要添加合适的解释性内容。比如“Yuanxiao”――“元宵”这一食品为中国所特有,在
(三)意译
在汉语中有许多的熟语、习语以及习惯用语,这类语言词汇作为语言系统中的特殊存在。由于读者的文化差异存在,使得这类的文化负载词会产生不同的意思显现。在这个时候,如若简单地采用直译进行表达,很有可能会带来对意思理解的误读。在这个时候,就需要通过意译来进行翻译工作活动了。例如:提倡红白事理性消费,实现移风易俗的时候。其基本原则在于,当村里办白事的时候,不能请吹拉弹唱的戏班子,做到凡事从简的原则。就如同“就坡下驴”这一说法一样,当骑在驴子身上的时候由于驴子比较高,所以容易摔倒,因此,最好先找个路坡,让驴子停在此处,人从这个地方上驴、下驴就不容易摔跤了。这个比喻形象地说明了需要找个合适的借口才能下台不至于工作的难堪与难办。这样的文化负载词,在其进行翻译的时候,如果仅仅是对翻译内容进行整体翻译将会使得整个翻译活动的内容冗长,翻译语言??嗦,导致读者难以做到对翻译内容的有效理解。
(四)直接加解释
解。歌曲《青春之歌》、《我和我的祖国》、《七子之歌》、《幸福在哪里》,舞蹈《孔雀》、《火红的日子》,昆曲《牡丹亭》选段,京剧《三家店》,歌舞《丝绸霓裳》,钢琴合奏《金色狂舞》、杂技《五光十色》等。各类节目,形式多样,内容丰富,表达了中华各族儿女对伟大祖国的深切情感与对美好生活的无比向往。“京剧“作为中国的四大国粹之一而得到了广大外国友人的认可与认知。但是,就”昆曲“而言,其作为中国传统古典曲目之一,在对其进行翻译的时候,需要有意识地增加一些和“昆曲”有关的背景知识。如,“Kunqu Opera”――通过适当的解释性词语,译者有效地将我国的文化精粹传播给外国读者。由以上例证可见,汉语新闻中一些文化负载词蕴含着一定的文化背景,单纯的直译并不能充分传达出其中的文化内涵。
再比如,笔者曾经看到一则新闻,说是:英译的京剧剧本,其中一些唱词的翻译不够准确,说到底还是对京剧所蕴含的中国文化理解不深,甚至是一种误读。以《四郎探母》为例:杨四郎的唱词里有“失落番邦十五年,雁过衡阳各一天,高堂老母难相见,怎不叫人泪涟涟……”等等。其中“雁过衡阳各一天”一句,被译作:Awildgoose flied over the border.(英文意思是:一只野雁飞过边界。)这显然是理解有误。“雁过衡阳各一天”是说南北相隔,杳无音讯。杨四郎沦落北番,隐姓埋名,十几年来与亲人失去联系,可谓天涯各一方。身为人子,让老母日日悬望,苦苦思念,怎不黯然神伤?所以深入理解唱词,准确把握人物内心活动,是做好京剧翻译工作的前提。因此,要保证信息的完整性,充分实现新闻翻译的价值,译者应在直译的基础上增译一些解释性文字,补充其中的文化背景知识,促进民族间的文化交流。
具有着中国特色的文化负载词,对其的翻译将会影响到世界对中国文化的认识,也会影响到中国文化自身与世界文化之间的交流与融合。由于,它代表着中国的民族文化与地域文化,是中华民族文化的重要表现形式之一,也是文化传播的重要形式。当中外文化存在较大差异,这些蕴含着中华文化特色的词汇也就给汉语新闻翻译带来了一定的障碍,但文化负载词的准确传译又是保证新闻翻译准确性的重要一步。因此,新闻翻译工作者应该引起高度重视。在功能目的论中,对于翻译活动的目的进行设定的时候需要对其采用的翻译方式进行明确。
即做到,一方面实现原文作者翻译目的的真实表达,另一方面,也要与译文读者的需求期盼相适应,促使新闻报道活动中出现的新闻负载词可以显得准确新颖又充满乐趣,借助于对音译、直译、意译等各种方法的运用,吸引译入语读者的目光,从而最大限度提高传播效果。为了实现文化负载词的准确传译,译者需要在一定的翻译标准之下,通过对实际情况进行具体的分析,以此来使得外国友人能够更好地理解翻译内容,使得汉语新闻的翻译质量得到显著提升,进一步地减少由负载词所带来的文化交流障碍,实现中外文化的更好交流。
略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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儒学思想对中华民族有着巨大的影响,在相当长时间里构成了民族共同心理和主要的思维方式。今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是 :中国传统文化内涵及其发展过程的论文,具体内容如下,希望能帮助到大家!
中国传统文化内涵及其发展过程
改革开放三十多年来,在党的领导下社会主义精神文明建设呈现出积极、健康、向上的良好态势,中华民族的传统美德与体现现代精神的道德观念相融合,成为我国公民道德的主流。但由于商品经济和外来文化的冲击,在一定范围和一定程度上存在社会道德滑坡和对传统文化忽视的现象。是非、美丑界限混淆,不讲信用、欺骗欺诈以及渐渐失去自己传统的文化底蕴成为一个棘手的问题,如果不能及时解决这些问题,必然会对正在成长中的我们大学生思想造成极大的负面影响。作为一名入党积极分子,对这样的问题我感到非常痛心并为此着急!迫切想为传统文化尽一份力,但首先,我们应该了解中国传统文化的精神和内涵及其发展过程。
中国传统文化是中华民族从古至今发展起来的文化形态,是中华民族智慧的结晶,是中华民族的历史遗产在现实生活中的展现。这个思想体系蕴涵着丰富的文化科学精神,是内部凝聚力的文化,把个人与他人、个人与群体、人与自然有机地联系起来,形成一种和谐,一种天人合一的境界。但是中国传统文化并不是一个封闭的系统,尽管在中国古代对外交往受到限制的条件下,还是以开放的姿态实现了对外来文化的兼容。中国传统文化突出理学知行合一的学风,它以研究天人之际为出发点,落脚于修身、齐家、治国、平天下的豪迈情感,所谓,达则兼济天下,穷则独善其身,这影响了几千年饱学之士的价值观,成为一双无形的手牵动着文明的进步!
中国传统文化包含着自强不息的奋斗精神,中国文化历来关注现实人生,孔子曰:“未知生,焉知死”,《经》有云:“天行健,君子以自强不息”。正是这种人世的人生哲学,培育了中华民族敢于向一切自然与社会的危害和不平进行顽强抗争。中国人自古以来就有不信邪、不怕“鬼”的精神,强调人生幸福靠自己去创造。要实现现代化,这种自信自尊的精神是决不可少的;传统文化体现了知行合一的观念,中国儒家文化所讲的“力行近于仁”,在一定程度上体现了“行重知轻”的认识论思想,实践是认识的源泉。实现现代化,当然要努力学习外国的先进的东西,但更重要的是自己的社会主义实践,这又与马克思唯物主义完美契合在一起了;中国传统文化也非常重视人的内在修养与精神世界,鄙视那种贪婪与粗俗的欲望,孟子认为“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈”,这是对人格的根本要求,这种传统美德,对现代人格的塑造,是非常可贵的。但我觉得最可贵的就是爱国主义精神。爱国主义,就是千百年来筑起来的对自己祖国的一种最深厚的感情,古人云:天下兴亡,匹夫有责。在今天,一个国家只有走上现代化,国家才会繁荣富强。而实现现代化,靠全国人民团结一致,共同奋斗。团结互助则反应了尊老爱幼的伦理规范,孟子曰:“老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼。”一个社会只有严于律已,宽以待人,形成团结互助,尊老爱幼的社会风气,社会才能充满温馨与和谐,才能给人带来希望与力量。上述种种仅是中华传统文化精华的一部分,仅此就足以体现中国传统文化的博大精深。
但是,时光切换到近现代。鸦片战争失败使国人对自己的器物产生怀疑;甲午中日战争惨败使国人对自己的制度产生怀疑;巴黎和谈的屈辱让国人对自己的思想也开始怀疑!对中国屹然存在两千多年的传统文化采取了全盘否定的态度,国魂此时经历第一次浩劫。中国传统文化第二个衰落时期是在新中国成立后,“”十年浩劫和改革开放更上加速了传统文化的衰落。改革开放后,西方文化大量涌入中国,传统文化由于没有做到“趋时更新”,饱受冲击;在1992年经济体制改革后,我国引入了竞争机制,传统文化没有适应市场经济,竞争力下降,受到了更大冲击,衰败的速度加快。
文化,尤其是对一个民族的特点和历史走向产生过明显影响的有形文化是一种有机的活体,有她或她们的历史生命和灵魂。看一个文化是不是活着的,就要看她的基本精神是否还能打动现实的人群,与实际生活和历史进程有呼应。
不少人有这样一个幻觉,以为只要中国还在,中国人还在,普通话还在,关于中国的学问和文化遗产还在,中国的传统文化就还安安稳稳地存在着。但现在的问题在于,中国传统文化活生生地存在着,但是就要被我们遗忘了,中国传统文化的主流正面临断子绝孙、无以为继的重大危机。 自新文化运动、“文化革命”和改革开放以来,中国的传统文化遭遇了什么异变呢?其实传统文化已经在很大程度上被横行而来的西方文化顶替掉了,而且其残存的部分也正在被全球化过程进一点一点扫荡干净。现在已经基本上没有以团体的方式、以自己自觉地继承儒家的道统或文化精髓的传人了,像儒家这样,影响曾经那么根深蒂固,却在不足一个世纪的时间中其传承团体荡然无存的情况可谓绝无仅有。
但是儒家乃至传统文化中的独特是否还活在人们心中呢?情况似乎是:尽管还有残存,但已岌岌可危。经过白话文运动和以拼音文字为目标的简化字异变,再加上民国后禁止在学校中读经,以及语文教学中的西式“科学化”的影响,当今的年轻人极少能够直接进入传统文化的语言世界,即能够直接阅读传统经典并能用古文写作散文和诗词。传统语言目前只能以“成语”、“引语”一类形式残存于人们的话语。呜呼哀哉!
看看他国的做法吧,印度人在建国后,花大气力复活梵文这个早已死去的古代文字,法国政府为了维护纯洁法语、对抗英语的话语霸权也是不惜工本,而中国人何以对维系祖宗文化的语言龙脉就如此绝情,非认定它是落后的根源而务必铲绝?在成年累月地阅读和体会通俗文和英文之后,偶一读到古文,那种领会的透亮、亲切和理解的丰富入微让人如饮仙酿。中文的悠久、丰厚和灵性在世界文字中是无与伦比的,摧残它真比砍伐原始森林、变草原为沙漠还充满罪过。
最近例如韩国申遗,法国拍卖圆明园文物等事件开始撼动国人的文化大厦。有些人认为端午节本来就是中国自己的文化记号,韩国的申遗滑稽又可笑,但是这些看起来荒谬的做法却是一声警钟,说明中国传统文化已经四面楚歌了。看来,弘扬传统文化迫在眉睫!
但是,在高喊抢救和弘扬传统文化的今天,我们依然有必要回答一下“什么样的传统文化才有弘扬的必要”这个老问题,也就是传统文化的扬弃。只有对旧事物进行阐释、辨认、甄别、取舍、改造和推进,才能完成对历史垃圾的清除和对文化精髓的弘扬。著名学者朱大可说:“传统文化应当接受普世价值的检验。所谓普世价值,就是被全人类所共同认可的核心价值,像爱、民主、自由、平等、公正、正义和教养等。凡是符合这些普世价值的传统文化,就可以被继承和弘扬,相反,凡是违背这些价值的,当然要予以抛弃。”中国传统文化无疑是博大精深的,想要一下就通晓或者无论是谁都通晓,肯定是不切实际和苛刻的。所以,像近期“京剧进小学”和某专家呼吁的的“论语100遍”之类,才会招来那么大的骂声。
所以传统文化的保护与复兴是一个长期而且艰苦的过程,需要广大大学生的积极配合,因为他们才是弘扬和扬弃传统文化的骨干力量。
儒学思想对中华民族有着巨大的影响,在相当长时间里构成了民族共同心理和主要的思维方式。单就儒学思想中的“修”、“仁爱”、“礼仪”、“信”、“义”、“廉耻”、“忠”、“孝”、“自省”、“慎独”、“勿以恶小而为之,勿以善小而不为”等类似相关内容而言,如果剔除其阶级的功利色彩,对培养当今大学生基本生活准则、遵守日常社会规范的态度以及自我控制的教育,无疑是正面而有益的。孔子教育思想的核心是“有道”。所谓“有道”有两个特点:其一、所有的人都按照礼制规定,上下有序、各出其位、各称其事。其二、不要使礼之“分”走向破裂和对立,社会道德规范基本一致在对学生进行思想教育时,就可以用“有道”的思想强化学生对于遵守基本社会生活规范、养成的良好行为及礼节、礼貌习惯等,帮助学生树立良好的社会公德意识。
大学生除了养成正确的社会公德意识外,还可以丰富完整的校园文化氛围,将传统文化寓于形式多样的校园活动中,如可开展如经典诵读、礼仪践行、乐音怡情、丹青妙笔等活动。学生既喜闻乐见又能广泛参与,既耳濡目染又潜移默化,通过深深体味浓郁的文化气息,最终使文化活动所蕴含的传统文化精髓,在每个人的身上得到内化和升华。
中华民族优秀传统文化与时代精神的结合,它包括了自强不息、奋发有为、乐观向上的人生追求;社会与历史责任感以及爱国主义情操;把握现实,面向未来的胸怀和眼光;义利兼顾以义为上的价值取向;尊重、理解和关心他人、宽容合作及互助奉献的精神。大学生正是要树立这样的富有鲜明时代感的文化精神!有了坚实的人文底蕴就会牢固地构筑起精神支柱,而正确的精神支柱的构筑对崇高的思想品质的形成和发展具有重要作用。
罗素曾说过:“中国文化的长处在于合理的人生观”。这是对中国文化的一种深刻认识和概括。传统文化是中国古圣先贤几千年经验、智慧的结晶,其核心就是道德教育。在整个中国传统文化中,伦理思想贯穿始终。褒善贬恶、追求崇高的思想品德,向往理想的道德人格,涵养美好的精神情操,是中国传统文化的一个主导思想,是大多数思想家所一贯追求的。在人和人的相处中,一个人既要有自强不息、奋发有为的创造精神,又要有设身处地为他人着想、爱人如己的博大胸怀。只有“与天地合其德”,才算是一个道德高尚的人。这才是一个21世纪高素质人才应该具有的境界。
弹一弹《渔舟唱晚》吧,听听古筝和二胡的完美演绎;品一品《牡丹亭》吧,感受古老爱情的唯美;来一笔瘦金字体吧,体会丹青妙笔的大气磅礴;看一看《本草纲目》吧,了解了解中医的智慧;我们可以折风筝、泥人面、对弈围棋;我们可以品龙井、吃饺子、操练太极。在历史的风尘里,在岁月的长河中在我看到了伟大的中华民族手握镰刀收割自己的灵魂,周而复始的命运,一轮又一轮的涅盘,使得炎黄的智慧以及繁衍得以生生不息……有生命力的民族,一个强大或追求强大的国家,无论经受怎样的磨难总是可以从坎坷中奋起.。正在这不断的涅槃中,形成发展并传承着中华民族的浩然正气!
新中国成立后,在共产党建设有中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心带领下,领导并长期推动传统文化的保护与复兴,坚持并完善科学执政方式,健全民主集中制,推动党在推进传统文化的保护与复兴上的决策的科学化和民主化。作为一名入党积极分子,我恳请党组织听听我的想法:
我想政府要积极引导传统文化与市场经济制度相适应,培养能够传承传统文化的人和民间团体。要制定传统文化的保护、开发与复兴战略路线。要加强宣传扫清制约传统文化保护与复兴的观念瓶颈。打击假借传统文化之名宣传封建、西方落后意识和价值观的行为,大学生应该在传统文化上保持清醒的头脑,抵制西方浮华思想的诱惑,扬弃传统文化。要形成以中国传统文化为荣的观念,坚持了解传统文化,自觉抵制西方落后思想和意识的侵蚀。要积极宣传传统文化,提升传统文化认可率。自觉学习并推广、传播传统文化,坚持用传统文化约束自己的行为,切实做到“立德立功立言”。
国门逐渐向世界打开,使得大学生的心胸与眼界也逐渐开阔,中国发生了的日新月异的变化也让成长中的大学生看到民族复兴的希望,但是我们更应该清醒地认识到,中国传统文化正逐渐被西方同化。要知道国家灭亡了不可怕,可怕的是民族失去国魂,失去几千年来相互传承的核心价值体系。拾起国人的精神食粮比基础设施建设更重要;重塑国人的核心价值观比GDP增长的高能消耗更有意义;扬弃传统精神文化,树立中国特色的新文化精神,学习老祖宗的优秀品质和天人合一精神比盲目照搬摄取西方文化更有意义!
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