为您找到与翻译中的文化意识相关的共200个结果:
【论文关键词】翻译;文化意识
【论文摘要】作为跨文化交际的桥梁,语际间的翻译正起着不可替代的作用.每一种语言都从文化中获得生命和营养,所以我们不能只注意如何将一种语言译成另一种语言,而要力求表达两种文化思维方式与表达情感方面的习惯。因此,翻译不仅仅是语言文字转换形式,更是不同文化的移植活动,翻译所涉及的不仅是两种语言,更是两种文化。译者不仅要掌握两种语言,还必须熟悉两种文化,以期作出更好译文.
一、翻译过程中出现的问题
(一)词汇空缺
我们在此所说的空缺是指原词语所载的文化信息在译语中没有其“对等语”。如产生于美国上个世纪60年代的“hippie(或hippy)",由于它是美国文化的赌徒产物,在汉语中也无相对应的词语,曾音译为“希比士”或“希比派”,现被译为“嬉皮士”,此译名虽比前两个译名要好些,但仍无法确切表达“hippie”一词的内涵,且有可能造成误解。虽然他们对当时的社会现实不满,生活方式与众不同,头蓄披肩长发,身着奇装异服,沉迷于酗酒吸毒,但他们并非是“嬉皮笑脸”的人,其中不少人对社会问题持有严肃的态度。还有些民族文化内涵特别丰富的词语,在翻译中必须详加注释,说明该词的语用意义,才能使译语读者了解原语独特的文化渊源。如:“我属鸡,我从不吃鸡,鸡年是我的本命年。”这句话的翻译应如下:"I wasborn in the Year of the Rooster. I never eatchicken. The Year of the Rooster will bring megood luck or bad luck.”(Chinese people tradi-tionally use 12 animals, representing the 12Earthly Branches, to symbolize the year inwhich a person is born. Spring Festival 1993,for example, is the first day of the Year of theRooster, people born in this year have the roost-er as their life symbol. All other years of therooster, according to an old Chinese saying,be-come either good or bad luck years for them.)西方文化中没有以动物配属人的出生年份的习俗,因此对于上句中出现的“属鸡”和“鸡年”所蕴含的文化内容是很难理解的,译者译出这些词语的指称意义,同时又详加注释,说明其内涵的意义,才能让英美读者比较完整地理解句意。比如”after-life"一词,英汉词典注明“来世”,但汉语的“来世”与英语的“afterlife”有巨大的差异。根据英语词典的释义," afterlife”为“an e.ristence a fterdeath",指的是人死后的灵魂生活。如电影Ghost(《人鬼情未了》)中,女主人与其情人的鬼魂相伴的感人故事。还有英国小说《呼啸山庄》中,男主人希斯克利夫死后其鬼魂与其情人的鬼魂相伴,出没在山谷中。但是在佛教中,不相信“永恒不变的灵魂”,其“来世”指的是人死后重新投胎而得来的“转世之世”,如梁山伯与祝英台死后化为蝴蝶,所“afterlife”译为“后世”或“来生”更好些。在中外文化中,英美人信奉基督教,中国人信奉儒教、道教和佛教。二者的差异是显而易见的,比如基督教和中国佛教中都有魔鬼,但前者指魔鬼为“撒旦”,而后者则称为“阎王”;虽然也有地狱,但前者有“地狱的最底层”,而后者则有“十八层地狱”一说。
(二)词义冲突
这里的冲突指词语所载的文化信息与译语的对应语所载的文化信息是相互矛盾的,也就是说,词语的表层指称意义相同,但词义深层所承载的文化涵义却不尽相同或者是相反。这类词语虽然不多,但在翻译中却不容忽视,稍有疏忽,便有失之毫厘.谬之千里的可能。如:""individualism"一词,其汉语对等语是“个人主义”,韦氏第九版《大英词典》中释义为“主张个人人格与经济上的独立,强调个人主动性、行为与兴趣的理论,以及由这种理论知道的实践活动”。在欧洲历史上,个人主义与中世纪的神权中心相对立,它在近代资本主义发展的历史进程中曾起过积极的作用。在美国,个人主义典型形象是殖民初期身扛长枪与斧头,敢于与饥饿、严寒及病痛作斗争的拓荒者(pioneer),这种个人奋斗精神作为整个民族的文化精髓被传承下来。因此,在西方人们重视个性的发展,普遍把个人主义视为实现自我价值的积极表现,“个人主义”被视为“拼搏进取”的同义语,明显具有积极的意义。但在汉民族文化中,《现代汉语词典》对个人主义定义为“一切从个人出发,把个人利益置于集体利益之上,只顾自己,不顾别人。”的错误思想。在中国文化的传统观念中,人们崇尚“大公无私”、“克己奉公”、“一心为公”,提倡“毫不为己,专门为人”,处于这样的文化氛围中的“个人主义”具有明显的贬义。
(三)语义联想
借喻寓意,触景生情,这是日常生活和文学作品中常见的语言现象。但由于不同的民族文化氛围和自然生态环境的影响,对于同一种景象,不同的民族会有不同的情感反应或不同的予以联想。所以,翻译时应考虑汉英词语感情色彩差异。如:“金鸡鞋油:颜色有黑、棕、白、红、黄、蓝。”其英文译文为:"Golden Rooster Shoe Polish comes inblack, brown, white, red, yellow and blue.”“金”字在汉语中有四种涵义:(1)金属的总称;(2)钱;<3)古代金属制的打击乐器;<4)黄而发亮的色彩。而作为十二生肖之一的“鸡”,在中国人心中可产生不同的联想。"rooster”一词为“雄鸡”,很容易让人联想到“雄鸡报晓”的说法。而“cock”一词除了表“公鸡”,也是男性性器官的婉称。”chicken”一词意义模糊,有懦弱、胆怯之意,英语中也有“as timid as chicken”一说,再说,“chick-en”所具备的语用意义与原文不符。在此,译文使用“rooster"一则避免了歧义的产生,二则在感情上也容易为英语读者接受。因此,"goldenrooster"具有可读性和可接受性,同时又保留了原文的语用意义和指称意义,体现了原文的信息功能、表情功能和祈使功能,达到了意义相符、功能相似的要求。针对以上的问题,译者在翻译过程中对有不少文化特色浓郁的词语,应该本着一个总的原则:一方面要尽可能传达原语的文化特色;另一方面又要逾越译语文化和译语读者可接受的限度。具体来说,对于有文化特色的词语,可以采用文化意识冲突的转换策略。
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二、文化意识冲突的转换方法
(一)移植法
一般来说,带有异域文化特色的表达方式往往都是些形象化语言。英汉之间文化的差异,往往就体现在使用不同的形象,或相同的形象具有不同的联想意义。保留住原文的形象化语言,就等于为中国读者保留下了了解英美语言文化的机会。同时,新鲜形象的不断引人,也有助于提高汉文化对异域文化的解释或消化能力。因此,对于英语中文化内涵丰富的词语,若有可能,应当尽量采取保留形象的译语,使之成为汉语中的“新鲜血液”。如:"In the country of the blind, the one一eyed man is the king.”这句的中文意思近似汉语中的“蜀中无大将,廖化冲先锋”,虽意义上很对应,但这种译法多少还是有点文化失真,因为在西方人写的作品中,硬插进去一个中国的典故,但很难会被英美读者所接受。若把它译成“盲人国里,独眼人称王”就会更形象些,因为这样就能把其文化特色忠实地传译出来。有时,这种移植法也可称为直译法。不过,由于英汉在语音文化上的差异,有时仅仅采取直译法还不能完全达意,而必须进行一定的增补。如:在美国中篇小说《街头女郎玛吉》中,有一句母亲对女儿的话:"All after allher bringing一up all, what I tol her an talkedwid her, she goes tech’d bad, like a duck thewater.”(S Crane:Maggie: A Girl of theStreets)其译文为:“我生她养她,叮泞来嘱咐去,她还是去做那伤风败俗的事,跟鸭子下水一样有瘾头。”在上海译文《英汉大辞典》中,"like a duckto water"是个英语成语,意思是:“像鸭子人水般的;很自然地;轻而易举地”。若采用“坏事一学就会”的译法,意思是能表达出来,但毕竟表达得不够味。一是不符合一个没教养的粗俗人的说话口吻,二是丢掉了“鸭子下水”这个形象的比喻,而上面所引译文在直译成“跟鸭子下水一样”之外,又补上了“有瘾头”三个字,既生动形象,又切合说话人的口吻,起到了形神皆似的效果。
(二)借用法
所谓借用法就是用汉语现成的俗语来传移英语的俗语。此种译法主要有两种情况:一是英语中有不少表达方式在意思和形象上同汉语的表达方式非常相似,或非常相近,我们完全可以采取“拿来主义”的用法,用这些相似或相近的汉语现成表达方式来传译。例如“Like father, like son(尤其父必有其子)", "Castle in the air(空中楼阁)", "Walls have ears隔墙有耳)", "Habit issecond nature(习惯成自然)”。这些表达方式可谓意同形同,可以完全借用。另外一种便是英语中有许多表达方式虽然在汉语中找不到“形同意同”的对等表达方式,但却可以找到“形异而意同”的表达方式,这时也可以借用这些现成的表达方式来传译。如:1. " have an axe to grind"(别有用心);2."leave no stone unturned"(千方百计、想方设法);3. "Great minds think alike"(英雄所见略同);4. "The spirit is willing, but the flesh isweak(心有余而力不足)”。以上四例中,前两句的形象表达无法移植,第三句若译成“有才智的人想法一致”,就会失去原文的精炼之美,第四句若译成“精神上是愿意的,肉体上是虚伪的”,不仅形式有失精炼,意义也会不明确。
(三)意译法
意译法是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求译文与原文的内容相符合。例如:“在农村,特别是比较偏僻落后的农村,还残存着少数包办买卖婚姻的陋习。”其译文为:"In China’s more remote andbackward rural areas, corrupt practices exists inthe form of forced marriages.”中国是一个有着几千年封建社会历史的国家,其语言带有历史的烙印。过去,儿女的婚姻皆听从父母之命、媒约之言,这里所说的“包办买卖婚姻”是封建社会的产物,现代西方人不曾经历过,也不太熟悉。若译成"arranged or bought and sold marriages",既冗长又难懂,没有表达出这种婚姻的强迫性,会造成原文信息功能和表情功能的损失,影响文化交流。碰到这种情况,译者可以只传达原文的主要精神,这里,“包办买卖婚姻”被意译成“forced marria-ges","forced"一词道出了这种婚姻的种种无奈和作者对此种作法所持的否定态度,也容易在西方人心中引起共鸣。至于如何包办、如何买卖并不是原文所要突出的主要信息,而且因其是一种已经消亡的社会文化残余,也没必要强调语言的地方色彩,所以,译者通过意译,较好地传达了原文的主要功能—信息功能和表情功能。再如《走下神坛的毛泽东))(权延赤),其译名为__——Man, Not God。毛泽东是中国人民的伟大领袖,为新中国的创立和建设做出了不可磨灭的贡献,曾受到人们神圣般的爱戴和敬仰。该书从生活而不是政治的角度展现了毛泽东作为一个普通人的性格和经历。如果将译名直译为Mao Zedong Who Walked Down the Shrin。有以下不妥:<1)从信息功能看,译文未全面忠实地传达原文信息,“走下神坛”只是作者采用的修辞手段来强调这位伟大政治家的另一面—人情味,与一般时期中国人民将毛泽东过于神圣化形成对比。然而直译的译文不存在这个意义,因为西方人并没有将毛泽东当神看待,而且由于宗教信仰不同,中国的神也不是外国的神,因此,直译容易引起误解;(2)从美感功能上看,原文文字简练、生动形象,能产生美感效应,若直译的话,译文会太长,语言也会太平淡,失去了美感功能;现在的译文不仅文字简练,对比强烈,也迎合了西方人注重人性和人情味的心里,起到了功能相似的作用。我们都知道,语言与文化密不可分。语言是文化的载体,文化又是语言的土壤。语言是文化的有机组成的部分,而且是极其重要的一部分,它记录着人类文伟的发展,反映社会文明进步成果,是交流、传播、延续好发展文化的工具;但语言也不能脱离文化而存在,总是生产在一定的文化背景中。在语言活动过程中,处处都有文化所谓烙印,时时可见文化的踪迹。当今世界中,正是经济全球化的进程中,信息传播日新月异,人员交流日益频繁,跨文化交际日趋广泛。翻译作为跨文化交际的桥梁正起着不可替代的作用。因为每一种语言都从文化中获得生命和营养,所以我们不能只注意如何将一种语言译成另一种语言,还必须力求表达两种文化思维方式与表达情感方面的习惯。因此,翻译不仅仅是语言文字转换形式,更是不同文化的移植活动,翻译所涉及不仅是两种语言,更涉及两种文化。
总之,语言是传达文化信息的,因而往往含有本民族的文化信息。不过,值得注意的是,语言的文化内涵并非总是一成不变的,而是有浓厚淡薄之别。在不同的语言中,有些言语的“共性”大一些,民族“特性”少一些,有些言语的民族“特性”大一些,“共性”少一些。认识到这一点,我们就可以把握一些原则,使得译语更加地道、贴切,更易于让读者接受。
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论文关键词:文化意识 翻译 文化差异
论文摘要:本文用述了文化、语言、翻译三者之间的关系,论证了文化翻译的理论基藕。本文认为:翻译者应有文化意识,应对文化以及语言的“表层”与“深层”结构进行研究,探索文化与翻译的内在联系和客观规律。
1、引言
文化翻译是指在文化研究的大语境下来考察翻译,即对各民族间的文化以及语言的“表层”与“深层”结构的共性和个性进行研究,探讨文化与翻译的内在联系和客观规律。它要求译语要从文化的角度准确地再现原语所要传达的意义、方式及风格,译者不但要有双语能力,而且还有双文化乃至多文化的知识,特别是要对两种语言的民族心理意识、文化形成过程、历史习俗传统、宗教文化以及地域风貌特性等一系列互变因素均有一定的了解。
2、语言是文化的载体,翻译时必须具备文化意识
语言是文化的载体,同时又是文化的重要组成部分,语言和文化是一个互为依存、密不可分的整体。德国语言学家洪堡特(Wilhelm von Humboldt)早就指出:语言是自我的表达,也是文化的反映。
世界上没有哪一种语言能离开特定的文化,任何语言都充满了人类文化活动的痕迹,不仅体现了本民族的自然环境、历史渊源、风土人情、传统习惯,而且也透视着该民族的宗教信仰、文化心态、思维方式、价值观念。语言和文化相互作用,相互影响,理解语言必须了解文化,理解文化又必须了解语言。有时即便对某个成语典故的文化含义有所了解,但是如果在翻译中不能根据语境灵活处理,也有可能达不到“传真”的效果。比如“a dog in the manger"常被直译为“狗占马槽”,但用在下面的两例中似乎就不合适了。
例一:Let me have the skates。You don’ t know how to skate。Don’ t be a dog in the manger。
译文:把冰鞋给我,你不会滑冰,不要狗占马槽。
(此句中Don’ t be a dog in the man-ger‘译成“不要占着茅坑不拉屎”为妥。)
例二:There you are the dog in the manger! You won’ t let him discuss your affairs,and you are annoyed when he talks about his own。
译文:你狗占马槽于你不让他谈你的事,可他讲他自己的事你又恼了。
(此句中There you are the dog in the manger译为“你不干还不让别人干!”才达意。)
语言中的文化差异还表现在宗教信仰上。英汉两个民族的宗教信仰不同,英美人信奉__,中国人信奉儒教、道教和佛教,这是众所周知的,自然也会体现在语言方面。英语中出现的文化主要是__文化《圣经》在整个西方文明的形成和发展中起了不可估量的作用。与之相应的是在我国影响极为深远的佛教文化。两种文化在思维习惯上、语言表达形式上,词汇意象和含义上,都有着自己的特色,故翻译时特别要引起注意。例如Hawkes把《红楼梦》中的“阿弥陀佛”竟然译成”Godbless my soul0,把上帝拿来代替佛教的无量寿佛,这很可能让西方人以为中国人也信奉上帝。这样的译文大大地削减了中国文化内涵。又如“天诛地灭”这一成语运用“天”、“地”作为最高权力的象征,但它只能适用于深受天道观影响的中国,故不能用反映__信仰的”God”取代。再比如说,__和中国的教虽然都有魔王,但前者的魔王是“撒旦”,后者的魔王则是“阎(罗)王”;虽然都有地狱,但前者有“地狱的最底层”,而后者则有“十八(层)地狱”·一这些都是混淆不得的。然而,在我国的翻译文字中,我们又不时可以见到这种宗教概念“错位”的现象。例如:
The two gigantic Negroes that now laid hold of Tom,with fiendish exultation in their faces,might have formed no unapt personification of powers of darkness。
译文:这时,那两个高大的黑人把汤姆一把抓住,脸上流露出魔鬼般的喜悦神色(那模样活像是阎罗王再世)。
把__的魔鬼撒旦,改换成佛教、也是中国冥界的主管阎罗王,这种“张冠李戴”的结果,势必使不明真相的读者陷人迷误,使明白真相的读者感到困惑。
语言中的文化差异,不仅表现在宗教信仰上,而且渗透在文化的各个领域,包括千差万别的历史背景传统观念、风俗习惯,以及迥异的语言表达方式。以扎克斯的短篇小说《父亲失约》为例。故事中的笠父亲”是个美国人,年轻时去丹麦旅游爱上了一个丹麦姑娘。由于双方的家人坚决反对这起亲事,美国人只得回国筹措资金。资金筹足后,他给情人写了个约会日期:"12/11/1973"。等他1973年12月11日去赴约时,不仅没见到自己的恋人,而且获悉她两周前嫁给了别人。故事中的儿子了这个谜:父亲写的那个日期在美国是“12月11日”,在丹麦等欧洲国家却是"11月12日”!于是,父亲恍然大悟:原来他的情人去赴约了,因为没见到他才决定嫁给别人的!显然,这位父亲当初给情人写日期时,全然没有想到美国和丹麦的日期会有两种写法,也就是说,他是吃了没有文化意识的亏。
这个故事给翻译带来的启示是:译者必须具有文化意识。所谓的文化意识,就是译者要认识到翻译既是跨语言、又是跨文化的信息交流,而文化的差异跟语言的差异一样,可能成为交流的障碍。缺乏文化意识的译者,可能只顾到字面上的转换,而忽视了语言背后的文化问题,一心只想到汉语中寻找“地道”的对应词,终而导致了不应有的误译。
从以上的译例可以看出,译者仅仅具有语言对比意识是不够的,还必须具有敏锐的文化对比意识。要做到这一点,译者一方面要熟谙原文语言信息中所包含的文化内涵,另一方面又要非常了解本民族的文化,以便能敏锐地体察到两国文化的异同。
3、翻译不仅是语际转换,也是跨文化转换
翻译是文化交流的工具,承担着帮助人类沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明的神圣使命。现在,人们普遍认识到,翻译不仅是语际转换,更是一种跨文化转换。在某种意义上,语言的转换只是翻译的表层,而文化信息的传递才是翻译的实质。因此,要更深刻、更贴切地传递原文的内在信息,译者必须探明英汉双语的文化特征及其差异,并将双语的文化内涵恰当地“对接”起来,真实地再现原文的面貌。
鲁迅早在1935年就说过:翻译的“首先的目的,就在博览外国的作品,不但移情,也要益智,至少是知道何地何时,有这等事,和旅行外国,是很相像的:它必须有异国情调,就是所谓洋气。”这就是说,译者做翻译的首要目的,是尽量真实地向译语读者介绍异域文化、异国情调,让他们如实地认识世界,了解世界。所以,译者应把尽量保存原文的异国情调、进而忠实地传达原文的内容,视为翻译的“首先的目的”。例如:
Like a hair shirt or a bed of nails,the more one hates it,the more virtuous it makes one feel。
译文:就像穿刚毛衬衣、睡钉子床一样,你越是不喜欢,就越觉得自己品行高尚。(注:刚毛衬衣、钉子床,系苦行者或忏悔者用来磨难自己的两种工具。)
译者采取移植手法来传译hair shirt和bed of nails,并在后面加T注释,中国读者读后就会知道,西方人将刚毛衬衣和钉子庆用作磨难自己的工具。无疑,这样的译法会对目的语读者产生“益智”的作用。
翻译作为文化交流的工具,是无法做到“语言传真”的,但却可以要求“文化传真”。“文化传真”可以说是在“更大语境”下做翻译。有时候,一句话,从语言对等的角度考虑,可以得出一个译法,而从文化传真的角度考虑,可能得出另一个译法,而且可能是更高一筹的译法。例如:
Wine was thicker than blood to the Mondavi brothers,who feuded bitterly over control of the family business, Charles Krug Winery.
译文:查尔斯·库勒格酿酒厂使蒙特维兄弟忘了手足情谊,他们为争夺这份家业而结怨成仇。
英语中有一个谚语,叫“血浓于水”(Blood is thicker than water),意思是说“亲人总比外人亲”。显然,上句话中的wine is thicker than blood是对该谚语的模拟变体,意思是说,那兄弟俩把“酒”(酒厂)看得比“血"(手足之情)还重,结果反目成仇。所引译文用一简单的“忘了手足情谊”来传译这一形象语言,读者自然体会不到原文精妙的文化内涵。其实,这句话可以翻译为:对于蒙特维兄弟来说,酒浓于血,他们为了争夺查尔斯·库勒格酿酒厂这份家业,而斗得不可开交。
翻译的任务“不但在输入新的内容,也在输人新的表现法”。翻译不仅要考虑语言的差异,而且要密切注视文化的差异,文化差异处理的好坏,往往是翻译成败的关键。语言可以转换,甚至可以归化,但文化特色却不宜改变,特别不宜归化,一定要尽量真实地传达出来。
例如,神话传说与经典著作的差异。不同民族的神话传说与经典作品中产生了许许多多的习语与典故,反映了民族风味、社会世态,使各民族的语言充满了情趣与活力,具有独特的表现力。如英语中:"Think with the wise,but talk with the vulgar."(与智者同思,与俗子同语)出自古希腊格言:"swan song”是根据西方传说swan(天鹅)临死时发出美妙的歌声,用来比喻“诗人、音乐家等的最后的作品”。又如"Sour grapes"(酸葡萄)出自《伊索寓言》,比喻“可要可不及的东西”,汉语中有“万事俱行,只欠东风”、“逼上梁山”、“叶公好龙”等,以上例子说明在民族各自丰富的文化遗产中产生的语词包含着丰富的民族文化意味,构成了各民族语言表达方式的鲜明独特性,是其他语言文化所不能替代的。在翻译过程中应尊重各民族文化词语的特点与个性,保留语言存在和表现的形式。
此外,价值观与审美意识的差异。由于文化的差异导致人们的价值观及审美意识的不同,导致人们对同一事物有着不同的甚至截然相反的观点和看法。在价值观念方面体现在个体与集体的观念不同,个人价值至上是西方文化的特点,英语中有不少表现语词的个人进取、个人力量、个人意志,如:"Where there is a will,there is a way。”(有志者,事竞成);"Everyman is the architects of his own fortune."(自己的幸福靠自己);"You have to blow your own horn.(应吹自己的号角)。与西方“海洋民族”相对的中国“农耕民族”崇尚社团价值至上,无我精神。如:“单丝不成线,独木不成林”、“大公无私”。群体取向使中国人性格内向、含蓄,不愿引人注目,因而产生了“树大招风,人大惹议”、“人怕出名猪怕壮”等。在审美取向方面,中国传统喜庆偏向红色装饰,而西方则多为白色,汉语中的红茶,英译为“black tea"。以上例子表明,英汉文化在价值观和审美观方面的差异影响语词的翻译。
4、结语
总之,英汉民族存在的文化差异决定了语词表达形式及词义的选择,在翻译过程中,译者应充分考虑原语词所包含的民族文化与语言个性,充分理解语词所蕴含的独特的文化意味,尽可能结合原文的文化背景,保持原文的语言风格、语言形式及艺术特色。
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在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义;数字"九"涉及面在我国所有数字中最广。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译相关论文。仅供大家参考!
东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译全文如下:
"数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998)
东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。
在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。
根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。传说古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。
中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。
此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从冬至起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的成语。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。
在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出
钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有:
1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。
其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:
a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation)
____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often)
be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion)
____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty.
in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times.
从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九";高尔夫球球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。
总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性:
1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。
2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。
3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。
数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。
罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。
可采取的翻译方法主要有:
(一)保留原数字
e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives.
我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。
(二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字
e.g.nine out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。
(三)增舍数字
比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。
应遵循的原则主要有:
(一)民族性原则
比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。
(二)习语性原则
比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。
(三)形象性原则
数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与其它的词结合后所产生的形象意义。
比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"
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传统的英语阅读教学注重语言知识的学习,以词、句、语法为主的教学占主要地位,将语言和文化割裂开来,从而导致学生对阅读材料的接收往往因为英语文化知识的欠缺而不够准确。基于此,高中英语阅读教学不能成为脱离文化语境的单纯的语言技能的训练,而应重视语言和文化的关系。这就要求英语教师在教学中要加强对学生文化意识的培养。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:英语阅读教学中文化意识培养的调查与研究相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:在传统的英语阅读教学中,偏重语言知识,即词、句、语法的学习,将语言和文化分开教学,从而使学生缺乏目的语文化意识的培养。随着外语教学的不断发展与深入,文化教学越来越被学术界所重视。所以,英语教师在教学中一定要加强对学生文化意识的培养,把文化意识的培养逐步渗透到英语阅读教学中,能够使学生拓展视野,增强文化底蕴,通过文化背景知识和具体语言环境来正确理解文章,进而提高他们在真实的语言环境下,语言运用和交际的能力。
现如今,英语阅读教学存在着一个非常明显的问题:虽然学生投入了大量的时间与精力,但是普遍表现为阅读速度慢,阅读理解能力弱。但是,很多研究表明:如果教师在阅读教学中进行文化意识的培养,学生就会掌握一定的文化背景知识和具备一定的文化鉴赏能力,从而能够具有合乎逻辑的推理和判断,减小阅读的难度,提高阅读的速度和阅读理解的能力,使知识能够更加有效的输入,并能逐步培养学生学习英语的兴趣和运用知识的能力。
现在英语阅读教材中更加注重题材的多样性,同时逐渐重视对英语文化知识的渗透,注重综合及全面的考查学生分析和整合信息的能力。我们都知道,学生阅读理解能力的好坏直接决定了英语学习的水平,然而文化教学又是培养阅读能力的一个重要环节,所以本文的目的就是要通过在英语阅读教学中加强对学生文化意识的培养所进行的实验研究来进一步说明:在高中英语阅读教学中要重视实施文化教学,通过在教学中对英语国家的文化背景知识的渗透,有效地培养学生的文化意识和跨文化交际意识,来提高英语的综合运用能力。
1.文化的内涵
文化是人类生存的最基本需求,也能给每个个体带来归属感和安全感,可以指导人类的思维方式和行为活动,文化对人类的影响是潜移默化地,人们在潜意识里受文化的支配,并慢慢形成习惯。我们每个人都生活都与我们周围的文化息息相关,我们不仅有自己民族的传统历史文化,也有关系到我们日常生活的饮食起居文化等等。文化在我们人类生活中无处不在,比如说,我们大学生就有社团文化,校园文化等大文化背景下的子文化。随着科技的发展,我们现在又在接受着网络文化,手机文化的影响。正因为各种文化的存在,我们的生活才有了意义与价值,也正因为不同文化之间的交融与沟通,才使我们的生活更加丰富多彩。
对于文化,各个领域不同的学者下过很多种定义。有的人认为文化就是文明,或者文化就是交际。语言学家Hall(霍尔)说:“文化存在于我们生活的方方面面,甚至你本身就是文化的一部分。”Hofstede(霍弗斯特)认为,文化对人类来说就像性格对个人一样的关系。Nolan(诺兰)认为,文化是一种世界观,是组织这个已存在的世界的一种方式。人类学家Havilland(哈维兰德)说,人类利用文化去处理他们所遇到的难题。而Triandis(泰安迪斯)认为文化的功能是帮助该文化中的成员去适应社会环境的变化。
2.文化与语言
语言不仅仅是人类拥有的一项生存技能,可以帮助人们表达自我,分析现实,传承历史,而且还是文化的载体,是文化表达和传播的工具。美国著名的人类学家Sapir在《语言论》中曾有一段名言:“语言不能脱离文化而存在,这就是说,语言不能脱离流传下来的、决定我们生活面貌的风俗和信仰的总和。”一个民族的语言往往能体现出该民族社会文化生活的方方面面。正如马林诺夫斯基所说:“语言基本上植根于该民族的文化、社会生活和习俗。”
不同的文化产生不同的语言形式,文化背景的不同,人们的语言习惯和表达也不同。同样,任何一种语言形式背后必然也存在着一种文化,比如说,十八世纪的英国小说家简?奥斯丁的语言,其中必然有其十八世纪的英国文化的烙印,这种文化的反映肯定不同于二十世纪的英国女性小说家。文化的发展必然能促进语言的丰富和发展,反之,语言的发展也会带来文化的繁荣。比如说,中国近代“五四时期”给文化的发展提供了新鲜的土壤,随之而来的是语言呈现形式发生了多样化,一些语言文化大家的出现,带来语言发展的新局面,像鲁迅的白话文,杂文,郭沫若的新诗体等等。所以,在外语教学中,不仅仅要重视学生的语言的学习,同时也要重视对它文化的输入。让学习者不仅会正确使用语言,同时也能深刻理解语言中的文化内涵。因此,语言的学习不可能离开文化,外语教学从某种程度上来讲就是文化教学。
3.文化意识
早在二十世纪初,一些西方教育学家就发现了语言与文化的密切关系,并展开了一系列的调查与研究。到二十世纪七十年代,语言学家达成了一个共识:即在语言学习的同时,要注重文化意识的培养,语言学习者不仅仅要学习语言与文化,而且应当意识到语言和文化之间相辅相成的关系:语言中有文化,文化中有语言。
在第三次工业革命之后,欧美国家经济,社会,文化都取得了明显的进步,所以很多国家实行了教育改革,希望所培养的人才可以适应这个发展和变化着得社会。所以,美国,法国和苏联等国家相继提出了新的教育发展纲要,在纲要中明确规定了外语的学习要注重文化意识的培养,提高学生的跨文化交际能力。我国现在实行的《英语新课程标准》对我国的外语教学也对文化教学提出了新的要求。
4.阅读的本质
阅读从本质上说,以目的观论,是为了获取知识,获取信息。阅读是现代社会中人们生存和发展所必备的一项社会文化技能,是人类积累下来的文化得以传承的重要手段。威廉斯(Eddie Williams)曾给阅读下过一个非常简单的定义“阅读就是一个人看着并理解所写文字的过程。”在这个定义中最关键的词语是“理解”,“阅读的过程就是理解的过程。”“阅读的速度就是理解的速度。”这些提法在阅读研究界已成共识。只有弄清楚理解过程,才能揭示阅读的过程。阅读的实质就是理解。
阅读是读者与作者的思维沟通与交流的过程,包含着隐形的互动。有的语言学家认为,阅读是一个心理过程,读者通过接触一系列的心理符号开始,而这些心理符号是作者想要表达的思想,如果读者理解了作者所想表达的思想,那么阅读的目的也就达到了。还有些语言学家认为,阅读是一个复杂的综合的认知过程,在这个过程中读者和文章相互作用,创造或再创造了富有意义的表达。在20世纪纪70年代以前,语言学家将阅读看成是字、词、句中构造意义的过程,随着认知语言学的研究与发展,人们发现非语言因素对阅读理解同样起着非常重要的作用,所以,就有人提出阅读是:understand(理解),respond(反应),meaning(意义)这样一个积极的过程,即在阅读教学中,不应该强调学生明白每一个单词的意义或者每一个句子的成分结构,而是鼓励他们加强语篇的理解,即对文章宏观性的把握,并能捕捉到文章所蕴含的隐性意义。
1.实验方法
在本实验的过程中,主要采用的教育科学研究方法包括调查法、比较法,分析法,行动研究法等等。实验班在英语阅读教学中采用文化体验式教学方式,即:在实验班级里,将课文中涉及的中西方传统节日、社交礼仪、生活习惯、民族风俗、价值观念等方面的文化背景知识通过附加法,融合法,互动法,实践法,体验法等多角度、全方位地实施文化教学,调动起学生的学习兴趣和学习积极性,同时搭配阅读训练。与此同时,对照班在英语阅读教学中采用相对传统的教学模式,以讲授阅读材料中的语法、词汇、句型为主。在相同的教学时间和相同的教材内容条件下,实验过程中要及时测评两个班级的学习效果,进行对比分析。
2.结果呈现与分析
班级和对照班级实验前测英语成绩统计分析:
班级 人数 平均成绩 及格率 90分以上 110分以上
实验班级 55 85 61? 15 3
对照班级 55 86 63? 13 4
实验班级和对照班级实验后测英语成绩统计分析:
班级 人数 平均成绩 及格率 90分以上 110分以上
实验班级 55 98 73? 22 7
对照班级 55 89 66? 16 5
从以上实验数据综合分析可以看出阅读中侧重文化融入能够提高学生的阅读理解水平,实验结果基本达到了实验目的:学生更深刻体会到文本的文化内涵和背景,英语考试中实验班比对照班成绩明显提高;实验班学生的学习面貌、内在学习动机、自主学习能力等都比对照班有很大的进步;与对照班比较,实验班整体的阅读能力有显著的提高。大多数学生可以感受到学习英语的乐趣,同时英语成绩也有了一定的提高。教师更是增加了在课堂教学中尝试新的教学方法的信心。
通过本次关于阅读教学中文化意识培养的调查与研究,使教师和学生们开始意识到阅读应关注的不但是文本的字面含义,更要注意其背后的知识。如作者的写作目的、英语文章结构特点及描述情感、性格和经历所使用的修辞手段,尽可能利用上下文理解句意并解释有关词语;利用已有背景知识努力正确把握作者观点和态度;能就文章语境进行推理判断、猜测作者意图、推测故事发展趋向和结果。
其次,阅读能力的提高及文化背景知识的融入,提高了学生学习英语的兴趣。学生学习英语的积极性、主动性通过亲身思维活动的参与得以有效发挥,反过来又培养了学生的英语思维能力、综合文化素质,特别是对概括能力与逻辑思维能力的发展具有明显的促进作用。阅读训练和文化融入的过程中还培养了学生的自学能力及分析问题、解决问题的能力。阅读教学中文化意识的培养,有效地提高了英语教学质量,对英语阅读以及整个英语教学亦具有影响文化价值观及文化碰撞的辐射效应。
本研究还表明:教师教学理念及教师教学态度、行为方式也是影响实验成败的重要因素。因此,英语老师应树立正确的语言文化观。如果英语教师能在英语教学中加强对学生文化意识的培养,那么不仅能丰富学生的文化知识,而且还能激发他们学习英语的兴趣,吸引他们的注意力,使其对英语的文化习俗等感兴趣,大大激发他们的内在阅读动机,达到学生主动阅读的目的。
另一方面,文化意识培养也对教师素质提出了更高的要求。英语老师不仅仅要掌握必要的英语语言知识、教育学、心理学、教学法之外,还应具备英语国家文化的基本知识。因此,在这个瞬息万变的时代,英语教师应时刻具备再学习意识,既能够潜心从事本专业领域的研究;又要同时关注着与英语相关的和相交叉的学科领域、人文社会科学知识及自然科学知识。做一名真正适合于新时代发展的合格英语教师。
英语阅读教学中文化意识培养的调查与研究相关
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旅游资源的开发与营销有赖于其在国内外知名度的提升,而旅游资料作为一种宣传工具在吸引游客方面有着举足轻重的作用。随着当今越来越多的外国游客来中国观光旅游,优质的旅游资料翻译迫在眉睫。研究者会发现旅游文本的翻译中存在着诸多包括语言学、语用学和文化等各个层面的问题。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:旅游文本是外国游客了解、选择景点的重要参考资料。旅游文本的翻译是一种跨文化交流活动,其翻译过程不是单纯的语言转换过程,而是文化间的交流活动。旅游文本英译中文化缺省现象的存在,更加凸显了翻译补偿策略研究的重要性。通过对江西省几个著名景点的宣传文本进行探讨,分析文化缺省现象,并提出翻译补偿策略,以实现旅游文本的宣传效果。
从广义上讲,旅游文本包括一切与旅游相关的文本资料,它主要具有两项功能:一是传递信息,二是施加影响、诱导行动(朱灿灿,2013:12)。换言之,旅游文本作为宣传类文本,不论是中文还是英文,都需要让潜在的游客了解旅游目的地的基本情况、相关服务和特色文化,以达到信息传递和吸引游客的目的。对于游客来说,他们希望通过阅读文本获得游览目的地的信息。但不同文化背景的游客对所提供的信息有不同的需求,这就决定了英汉旅游文本的差异性。主要表现在以下两个方面。
(一)语言风格的差异
东西方在社会历史、文化传统、思维方式和审美情趣等方面截然不同,旅游文本在语言风格上自然要考虑双方读者的感受,采取恰当的表述方式。
汉语旅游材料在表述上注重辞藻、韵律,结合景点的文化历史背景,多采用四字成语以及排比、对偶句式,读起来琅琅上口。其中,对自然景观的介绍,重视优美的写意,或者采用丰富的想象力给景观增添神秘色彩,读起来或诗意盎然或浮想联翩。英文旅游材料重视“人情味儿”,常常会出现诸如“您现在所处的位置……”“最佳观赏时间是……”此类贴心的提示,用词和句法偏口语,简洁朴素,避免??嗦重复;其在介绍景点具体情况时,通常采用简单叙述法,三言两语道清楚,对景点介绍追求客观、中肯,达到信息传递的目的即可。
除此之外,中西方人民对待宣传材料的态度也是决定其内容的因素之一。不难发现,英语旅游文本突出信息的客观性,汉语旅游文本在撰写时加入主观色彩,呼吁性极强。
(二)信息容量的差异
中国经典故事层出不穷,许多历史人物、历史事件对中国人来说耳熟能详,但是外国游客并不一定了解。我国的旅游景点,不论是自然景观还是人文景观,大多与神话传说、历史故事和社会风俗有关,借用古文,引经据典,中国游客固然能轻而易举地理解其中奥妙,但是外国游客可能会因为错综复杂的人名、地名、朝代等因素而感觉晦涩难懂,降低他们旅游的积极性。
所以,英汉旅游文本并不一定包含相同的信息内容。旅游材料在英译的过程中,译者有必要在尊重原文的基础上,适当修改,对其中特殊的内容进行特殊的翻译。
中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,数不胜数的自然景观和人文景观承载了深厚的历史文化气息。旅游文本和文化紧密相关,在翻译过程中,文化信息的转换往往会因为中国人自身的文化背景而忽略了外国游客的认知。这就是文化缺省现象。它是指同一文化背景的人在交流中对双方共有的文化背景知识的忽略,这种现象是跨语言交际的一大障碍。在翻译旅游文本时,由于源语读者和目标语读者生活在不同的社会文化环境中,具有不相同的文化背景知识,因此,对原文读者来说是显而易见的文化背景知识,对于目标语读者就构成了文化缺省成分(王大来,2004:69)。汉英文本之间可能会存在大量的文化缺省因素,可归类为:历史景点和历史人物、传统概念和信仰、社会风俗和文学作品。这些缺省内容可能导致翻译文本缺失民族特点,损害旅游景点的形象,切断文化的关联意义,影响汉语旅游资料信息的传递和潜在游客的兴趣(张富庄,2013:6)。
鉴于目标语读者文化背景知识的差异性,以及英汉旅游文本本身的差异性,如果译者不针对文化缺省现象进行翻译补偿,游客就不能完全理解原意,将无法达到旅游文本预期的目标。所以,译者在对旅游文本进行翻译时,要充分挖掘文本内文化缺省现象的深层含义,以采取相应的翻译补偿策略。
针对英汉旅游文本的差异性以及东西方文化背景下读者的理解差异,翻译补偿策略是解决文化缺省现象的理想方法。Newmark认为,补偿是翻译的一种手法,补偿主要是用来弥补译文在语义、声音效果、修辞及语用效果等方面的缺省,而且译文可以在不同于原文的语句中再现这种效果。在英译旅游文本时,译者通过运用多种补偿策略将缺省的背景知识恰当地传递给译语读者,同时又可以保持原文的真实性。通过分析江西省的几处景点和文化人物简介的英译文本,得出具体策略如下:
(一)归化法
文化在输入时,应该倾向于归化,以保护本族文化的纯洁性;但文化的输出应该倾向于异化,以促使本族文化的外介,扩大本族文化的影响(李建军,2012:107)。英译旅游文本,属于文化的输出,在翻译具有中国特色的词汇和社会风俗上,应该在简单易懂的基础上积极采取归化法。例如:
(1)江西历史悠久,有着深厚的文化积淀,加上地处南方,处处山清水秀,是一个典型的“鱼米之乡”。
译文:Jiangxi,the province with a long history and profound culture;it is located in the south of China with picturesque scenery.Thus it has been aptly termed:“the land of rice and fish”.
该例句中的“鱼米之乡”直接将“鱼米”等文化意象移植到了目的语文本中。实际上,在英语表达中,“a land of honey and milk”同样具有“鱼米之乡”的意思。但为了更好地传播源语文化,“the land of rice and fish”更能真实地反映中国文化,更有利于外国游客体会到中国文化的奇特之处。随着跨文化交流的进一步发展,越来越多的外国游客会理解并接受中国文化。 (2)龙虎山,位于江西鹰潭,道教发源地,中国道教四大名山之一。
译文:Longhu Mountain,which is located in Yingtan of Jiangxi Province.It is known as one of Four Taoism Mountains because of its position――the birthplace of Chinese Taoism.
龙虎山,东汉中叶,正一道创始人张道陵曾在此炼丹,传说“丹成而龙虎现”,此山因此得名。有人建议将“龙虎山”翻译成“Mt.Dragon-Tiger”才能对外展示其深刻含义。作为世界自然遗产之一的龙虎山,以道教发源地著名,如此具有代表性的中国文化遗址在翻译时,采用归化翻译方法能更真实地反映中国文化。如:“龙虎山 Longhu Mountain”“道教 Taoism”。
(二)释义法
汉语旅游材料中,文言文出现频率高,在英译过程中,译者要充分考虑外国游客的理解能力和文化背景,进而考虑原文信息翻译之后,读者能否明白并喜闻乐见。释义法针对此类情况,在翻译过程中,对原文的历史知识、社会风俗、地理位置等因素采用加注法、同位语解释等方式进行说明,以方便外国读者理解。例如:
(3)南昌地处长江中下游,濒临鄱阳湖西南岸,自古就有“粤户闽庭,吴头楚尾”之称。
译文:Nanchang,bordering the Poyang Lake in the northeast,lies south of the lower middle reaches of the Yangtze River.It has been enjoying obvious advantages geographically. Since the ancient times, it has been known as the favorable place bordering Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north.
“粤”和“闽”分别是广东省和福建省的简称,“吴”和“楚”则是春秋战国时期江浙一带的诸侯国。对于外国游客,这些都不是熟悉的“中国常识”。在英译旅游文本时,应该将它们具体到现在的省份“Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north”,外国游客才能真正明白南昌所处的地理位置,从而理解它的重要地位。
(4)素有“江南三大名楼之首”美誉的滕王阁,雄踞南昌抚河北大道,坐落于赣江与抚河故道交汇处。依城临江,瑰伟绝特,因“初唐四杰”之首的王勃一篇雄文――《滕王阁序》,脍炙人口,传诵千秋。
译文:Tengwang Pavilion has long been ranked first among the three famous pavilions in the south of Yangtze River. Standing by the North Fuhe Avenue in Nanchang,the magnificent pavilion is located at the convergent point of Ganjiang River and the Old Fu River,taking the city as its background and the river as its mirror.Its splendor and majesty was lauded by Wang Bo,the leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty,in one of his masterpieces,Preface to Tengwang Pavilion,and thus has been famous throughout the world as well as maintained the glory with the years going.
“江南三大名楼”是中国有名的历史文化遗迹,但是外国游客不一定都清楚,正如王佐良所说:“在一种文化里有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”(郭建中,2000:20)。同时,对于“初唐四杰”的概念,译者将王勃的身份加以解释:“The leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty”。通过释义法,译者详细而自然地介绍了滕王阁的背景知识和王勃的诗人地位,有利于外国游客更好地了解滕王阁的历史价值。
(三)省略法
省略法是指译者在翻译过程中,根据源语所承载的文化内容,结合目标语的语言特色,并以传递基本信息为目的,对源语做出适当的缩略、删减的一种翻译方法。译者通过对原文中的文化信息进行甄别,分出主要信息和次要信息,在翻泽过程中抓住主要信息,对无关紧要的、目的语读者又很难理解的次要信息进行删减。这样做有助于保持目的语读者理解的连贯性,同时也让他们获得了主要信息(吴秀群,2012:162)。例如:
(5)陶渊明(约365年~427年),名潜,号“五柳先生”,东晋时期诗人,浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。世人敬重他,他“不为五斗米折腰”的故事流传至今。公元405年秋,他为了养家糊口,来到彭泽当县令……陶渊明再也忍受不下去了。他长叹一声,道:“我不能为五斗米向乡里小人折腰!” 说罢,辞官离去。
译文:Tao Yuanming(365~427),a poet in Dongjin Dynasty,also called Mr.Wuliu and Tao Qian,was a native people of Jiujiang City.We all respected has spirit that he wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time. 对中国古代称谓稍微了解的人都知道,在古代,同一个人除他的姓名之外,往往又有字、号,有时还不止一个号,且不同的场合,有不同称呼。陶渊明号“五柳先生”,这对于外国游客来说,并非重要的讯息,没有必要赘述“号”这个概念。另外,“不为五斗米折腰”的故事为中国大众所熟知,但是为了略去复杂的因果关系,避免外国游客坠入五里雾中,英译文本时删除了具体故事,用简单的句子“He wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time”向游客阐述世人敬重陶渊明的原因,达到了信息传递的目的。
(6)白鹿洞书院始建于公元940年,唐贞元年间,江州刺史李渤隐居这里读书,养一白鹿自娱,人称“白鹿先生”,后书院几经衰败。到南宋朱熹重建书院,并亲自在此讲学,当时名人正士均乐于在此求学,其成为了“中国四大书院之一”(其他三所为湖南长沙岳麓书院、湖南衡阳石鼓书院、河南商丘应天书院)。
译文:Bailudong Academy was built in 940 AD. Zhuxi,the great educator of the South Song Dynasty,turned the place into Bailudong Academy, which rivaled the other three famous academies in China.It was a school for some famous people reading there.
如上所述,白鹿洞书院的前身和其他三大书院的名称在英译时被译者删除略去,直接提及南宋伟大的思想家、教育家朱熹,为避免信息量过于庞大,有选择性地将重要信息保留、提取,帮助外国游客理解书院的历史。此时,省略法能够给外国游客留下深刻印象,并且有利于景点的宣传。
(四)增译法
增译法和省略法殊途同归,都是指译者在翻译过程中,根据实际情况对源语做出适当的调整。翻译过程中,若能将省略法和增译法处理得当,互为依据,交错使用,就能够使得译文顺畅明了、通俗易懂。例如:
(7)世界自然遗产地、世界地质公园、国家AAAAA级旅游区、国家级风景名胜区――三清山,位于江西省上饶市东北部。
译文:Mt.Sanqingshan,located in northeast of Shangrao city,is a World Natural Heritage, National Scenic Area,World Geo-park and State AAAAA Tour Zone,which is the highest level of Chinese tourist attractions issued by China’s National Tourism Administration.
中华人民共和国旅游景区质量等级划分为五级,最高级别为AAAAA。但是,外国游客对中国5A级旅游景区的定义不一定都了解,所以在英译本中增加了对“AAAAA”的解释,加深了外国游客对三清山旅游景区的印象,使外国游客意识到该景区的游览价值,达到了旅游文本的宣传目的。
针对文化缺省这一现象,译者需合理运用不同的补偿策略,对源语中的文化背景知识做出补偿,弥补缺省,最大限度地传递原文所蕴含的文化信息。旅游文本的跨文化翻译促进了不同民族文化之间的交流,因此既要尊重源语文化,又要顾及目的语文化。
旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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新闻中文化负载词的翻译关系到新闻能否完整准确地传达作者意思,吸引读者注意。因此,译者必须充分考虑译入语读者的接受情况,努力在完整传达信息的同时,使译文更能被译入语读者所接受,达到成功交际的目的。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:本文阐述了文化负载词在汉语新闻中的表现,提出了直译、音译加解释、意译等汉语新闻中文化负载词的翻译策略。
关键词:新闻;文化负载词;翻译
进入新世纪以来,随着经济全球化以及科技文明的不断发展,人类的信息传播主要是借助于新闻媒体来实现的。而在不同的文化之中,受到民族特色、地域因素的影响,使得不同文章其对于文化负载词的运用差异导致了文章自身的趣味性与可读性受到了影响,这也就给从事于新闻翻译工作的我们带来了巨大的挑战。如何做到准确合理地将这些文化负载词进行翻译的同时,保留其自身的趣味性、文化特性,这已然成为了翻译工作开展的一大难题。在我国,从事新闻翻译工作的人员在对新闻文稿进行翻译的时候,一般是通过对翻译观念、词义表达以及文化差异等多方面进行思考后来实现的。在本文中,笔者将着重于对翻译活动开展的功能与目的的重视,做到翻译活动的完整性与简洁性,能够在不同的语境中,做到灵活地翻译。
语言作为文化传播的基础,是实现文化记录、反映、传播的重要形式,同时,也是文化自身的载体。词汇作为语言的基本组成部分,是实现文化传播活动得以顺利进行的基础,也是出现差异化的影响因素。在所有的语言中都存在着大量的文化负载词,它们是文化自身在历史发展的过程中不断演变而产生的,其内容主要包括了:特定的文化词、词组以及习语,这是民族文化的重要体现。
在对翻译原则进行制定的时候,译者需要根据翻译的策略与标准来实现对其的准确翻译,进而将文化负载词更好地进行表现。虽然,要找到完全相对应的文化负载词的难度较大,所以,作为新闻翻译工作者需要对翻译的方式进行灵活的运用,实现对翻译材料的准确生动表达,进而更好地完成翻译工作。根据笔者自身的工作实践经历来说,想要对新闻翻译活动中出现的负载词进行有效地处理,可以采用以下几种翻译方式。
(一)直译
在汉语言的新闻稿中,当其出现大量的政治、经济专有名词的时候,译者往往是通过直译的方式来实现对其字面意思的表达,进而实现对中国文化的展示。例如:2a.当前,全党全国各族人民正紧密团结在以胡锦涛同志为的党中央周围,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗巾只,全面贯彻党的十七大和十七届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观。在例文当中,出现了大量带有中国特色的政治专属名词,这些名词有许多已被外国读者所了解,因此,面对这类词组的时候,可以直接通过直译的方式来实现对原文内容的还原与形式的统一,做到对翻译信息准确性的保证。
(二)音译加解释
音译即是指的通过对原文语音的表现,在另一种语言中将其发音相同或者相近的部分进行表现,其表达的内容大多数是中国文化中所特有的元素。这部分元素,在一般情况下作为中国独特的文化表现形式是很难在译语中进行体现的。为了做到对中国特色的最大化保留,将这些词进行“音译”是十分可行的方式,可是,由于外国读者自身的文化背景与认知存在不足,如若仅仅是采用单纯地音译将会使得读者不知所以然,进而无法实现对信息的有效接受,向外国读者展示中国的特色文化也就更加无从谈起。因此,对新闻文稿进行音译的时候需要添加合适的解释性内容。比如“Yuanxiao”――“元宵”这一食品为中国所特有,在
(三)意译
在汉语中有许多的熟语、习语以及习惯用语,这类语言词汇作为语言系统中的特殊存在。由于读者的文化差异存在,使得这类的文化负载词会产生不同的意思显现。在这个时候,如若简单地采用直译进行表达,很有可能会带来对意思理解的误读。在这个时候,就需要通过意译来进行翻译工作活动了。例如:提倡红白事理性消费,实现移风易俗的时候。其基本原则在于,当村里办白事的时候,不能请吹拉弹唱的戏班子,做到凡事从简的原则。就如同“就坡下驴”这一说法一样,当骑在驴子身上的时候由于驴子比较高,所以容易摔倒,因此,最好先找个路坡,让驴子停在此处,人从这个地方上驴、下驴就不容易摔跤了。这个比喻形象地说明了需要找个合适的借口才能下台不至于工作的难堪与难办。这样的文化负载词,在其进行翻译的时候,如果仅仅是对翻译内容进行整体翻译将会使得整个翻译活动的内容冗长,翻译语言??嗦,导致读者难以做到对翻译内容的有效理解。
(四)直接加解释
解。歌曲《青春之歌》、《我和我的祖国》、《七子之歌》、《幸福在哪里》,舞蹈《孔雀》、《火红的日子》,昆曲《牡丹亭》选段,京剧《三家店》,歌舞《丝绸霓裳》,钢琴合奏《金色狂舞》、杂技《五光十色》等。各类节目,形式多样,内容丰富,表达了中华各族儿女对伟大祖国的深切情感与对美好生活的无比向往。“京剧“作为中国的四大国粹之一而得到了广大外国友人的认可与认知。但是,就”昆曲“而言,其作为中国传统古典曲目之一,在对其进行翻译的时候,需要有意识地增加一些和“昆曲”有关的背景知识。如,“Kunqu Opera”――通过适当的解释性词语,译者有效地将我国的文化精粹传播给外国读者。由以上例证可见,汉语新闻中一些文化负载词蕴含着一定的文化背景,单纯的直译并不能充分传达出其中的文化内涵。
再比如,笔者曾经看到一则新闻,说是:英译的京剧剧本,其中一些唱词的翻译不够准确,说到底还是对京剧所蕴含的中国文化理解不深,甚至是一种误读。以《四郎探母》为例:杨四郎的唱词里有“失落番邦十五年,雁过衡阳各一天,高堂老母难相见,怎不叫人泪涟涟……”等等。其中“雁过衡阳各一天”一句,被译作:Awildgoose flied over the border.(英文意思是:一只野雁飞过边界。)这显然是理解有误。“雁过衡阳各一天”是说南北相隔,杳无音讯。杨四郎沦落北番,隐姓埋名,十几年来与亲人失去联系,可谓天涯各一方。身为人子,让老母日日悬望,苦苦思念,怎不黯然神伤?所以深入理解唱词,准确把握人物内心活动,是做好京剧翻译工作的前提。因此,要保证信息的完整性,充分实现新闻翻译的价值,译者应在直译的基础上增译一些解释性文字,补充其中的文化背景知识,促进民族间的文化交流。
具有着中国特色的文化负载词,对其的翻译将会影响到世界对中国文化的认识,也会影响到中国文化自身与世界文化之间的交流与融合。由于,它代表着中国的民族文化与地域文化,是中华民族文化的重要表现形式之一,也是文化传播的重要形式。当中外文化存在较大差异,这些蕴含着中华文化特色的词汇也就给汉语新闻翻译带来了一定的障碍,但文化负载词的准确传译又是保证新闻翻译准确性的重要一步。因此,新闻翻译工作者应该引起高度重视。在功能目的论中,对于翻译活动的目的进行设定的时候需要对其采用的翻译方式进行明确。
即做到,一方面实现原文作者翻译目的的真实表达,另一方面,也要与译文读者的需求期盼相适应,促使新闻报道活动中出现的新闻负载词可以显得准确新颖又充满乐趣,借助于对音译、直译、意译等各种方法的运用,吸引译入语读者的目光,从而最大限度提高传播效果。为了实现文化负载词的准确传译,译者需要在一定的翻译标准之下,通过对实际情况进行具体的分析,以此来使得外国友人能够更好地理解翻译内容,使得汉语新闻的翻译质量得到显著提升,进一步地减少由负载词所带来的文化交流障碍,实现中外文化的更好交流。
略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
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随着网络的普及,网络正在成为一个承载人类文化、反映人类文化并对人类文化进行不断创新的平台,对于社会经济、文化、政治的发展发挥着重要的推动作用。对大学生而言,网络给他们的思想、心理和生活等方面带来了诸多影响,从学习方式到思维模式,再到大学生群体的世界观、人生观、价值观,均不同程度地受到网络的冲击,道德意识也被网络不断进行着格式化和重塑化。
(一)网络文化的界定。近年来,有关网络文化的研究也日益盛行,但是,如何科学、准确的界定网络文化,学界和理论界还没有形成统一的观点,仍然是件十分困难的事。综观有关网络文化的研究,网络文化应有广义与狭义之分,而无论是广义还是狭义,网络文化都是在互联网形成之后,在网络技术的支撑下,基于社会、政治、经济、生活等领域信息传递的过程中所形成的全部文化活动内涵、形式及其价值观念的综合体。从广义的界定来看,网络文化主要指的是在借助于计算机、计算机网络或是通讯网络等所传播的各种信息产品对人类传统文化、传统道德的进一步延伸和多样化的展现,其内容囊括在网络中传播的信息之间的传递、沟通等活动而形成和产生的社会、政治、经济现象。而狭义上的网络文化主要指的是建立在通讯网络、互联网及其衍生出来的各种手段和工具基础上,与社会、政治、经济活动密切相关的文化精神、产业、活动、现象、行为等方面的精神创造活动及其成果,包含人的思维方式、知识结构、价值观念、道德修养、审美情趣、心理状态及行为方式等方面。
(二)网络文化的价值观意识架构功能。网络文化的发展过程中,价值观念的多元化、意识形态的复杂化逐渐加强,人们在接触和阅读网络信息中,不断受到腐朽思想、道德危机事件,特别是西方价值观、西方意识形态的冲击和影响,不断影响和改变人们对现实事物、现实生活等的认识和理解系统,致使其价值意识形成、道德观念的塑造建构强度、维度、内容、形式及方式也呈现多元化、复杂化。就网络文化的功能而言,其具有一定的独特性,且网络文化功能的拓展和产生都离不开人们实际的行为方式以及互联网络中的各种社会、政治、经济活动。无论是在艺术的创作、信息的传递,还是在服务、娱乐、商务的发展等方面,网络文化的产生和发展都对人们的行为、思维方式以及价值观造成了极大的影响,激励着人们去勇于探索未知世界,使人们的视野范围得到拓宽。
网络文化的发展能够推动价值观意识的深入发展,网络文化的发展为大学生价值观意识架构提供了新的平台、新的工具以及新的教育手段,这些内容对于强化大学生价值观的互动性以及引导性具有重要的意义。在网络交互过程中,网络文化所传递的有关人类社会、政治生活、经济建设、文化发展、科技等出现的优秀成果对人们的价值意识观念、价值行为方式的形成与发展能够形成较强的正确引导和塑造的正能量.而那些消极事件、重大危机又对人们具有一定的误导和侵蚀,甚至形成反人类、反社会的恶瘤。同时,网络文化环境中更多的时候是强调自主选择与自我教育,是通过网络环境以及网络活动的所载的价值观念、道德观念等潜移默化的影响,不断地、反复地格式化网络文化受众的价值观念、意识形态、道德标准及其人格特征。特别是对世界观、价值观及其人生观还具有较强可塑性的大学生来说,通过净化互联网环境、构建促进社会和谐、健康发展的网络文化引导和培育大学生价值观就显得尤为重要。
由于大学生群体长期处于校园,与现实社会接触不足,其社会阅历、人生经验等具有明显的局限性和有限性,其理性辨别是非能力、判断善恶能力、抵制外部影响能力和自我选择能力较弱,加之大学生价值观意识具有较强的不稳定性,可塑性较强,网络文化的多样性、交互性深刻影响和重塑着大学生的价值观意识、伦理道德观选择与取舍。
(一)西方文化导致大学生的价值观意识标准偏移。随着网络的发展,网络文化对大学生道德思想以及行为的影响已经十分广泛和深刻,而这种影响所带来的各种问题也已经得到大学生群体自身的普遍重视和社会各界的广泛关注。当前,我国网民要通过网络获得所需要的信息服务必须依靠西方发达国家提供的数据库,在这种背景下,西方国家的价值观、生活方式、意识形态都可以随着信息的传输而向我国网民大量输入。而西方国家的价值观、生活方式、意识形态对于大学生来说,充斥在新奇和诱惑,对于好奇心较高的大学生群体,及易模仿、追捧,进而对其自身长期所形成的、尚处于不稳定的道德观念、价值观和文化观造成破坏和侵蚀,让思想政治工作者千辛万苦培养出来的价值观念、道德原则与道德观念毁于一旦。同时,导致大学生产生政治冷漠,甚至可能走上反动道路。
(二)网络文化的异质性致使大学生的价值观错位。网络所表现出的文化的开放性和自由性使得大学生既能够接触到积极的有益的信息,也不可避免地可以接触到无益甚至有害的信息。正是网络文化的这种开放性和异质性,使得大学生的意识形态受到影响和冲击。比如,西方资本主义国家的一些拜金主义、唯物质思想都让大学生在潜移默化中受到一定冲击,从而使得近些年各种追求物质、以丰厚的物质生活为终板目的的错误思想层出不穷。甚至出现了为了买iphone而卖肾的新闻。究其原因,不外乎大学生正处于价值观不断发展并趋于成熟的阶段,在这个阶段虽然大学生的身体已经趋于成熟,但思想还不太稳定和成熟,容易受到外界各种信息的影响,让其在多元化的社会环境中难以认同传统的道德观和价值观,从而使得部分同学的思想动态走向了迷茫和紊乱。
(一)网络文化为大学生全面发展提供良好环境。网络文化建立在现代科技的基础之上,而作为一种科技形态,它在提高社会生产力、增加社会物质财富、精神财富方面发挥着重要作用;另外,网络文化作为一种文化形态,具有丰富性、自由行、平等性、民主性、开放性、国际化、多元性的特点,对于推动世界文化的贯通、交汇、融合与集成发挥着重要作用,从而带动社会精神文明的创造者。由此可见,网络文化在推动社会两个文明进步方面具有重要意义,而大学生作为两个文明的创造主体和受益主体,能够在两个文明进步的同时具有更好的发展环境。社会经济的发展为大学生的全面发展提供了物质基础,网络文化的应用让大学生的生活、学习得到了进一步的丰富,对于大学生理解、认识、掌握知识,推动大学生身心发展具有重要意义。在享受网络文化所带来的文明成果的同时,大学生也是创造网络文化的重要主体,在创造过程中,大学生的创造能力能够得到启发、提高与释放,这个过程不仅是大学生实现个人价值和实现社会价值的结合过程,同时也是大学生形成社会责任感的过程,对于大学生走向成熟发挥着重要作用。
(二)网络文化能够拓展大学生德智体美发展途径。网络文化的国际性和开放性能够让人们将本国家、本民族、本地区最好、最优秀、最值得自豪的文化展现出来。虽然每个人在网络文化中都是公平、平等的,但是事实上他们又都具有血缘、民族的标签,他们都希望让自身的文化得到认同,至少希望自身的文化不要受到侮辱和诋毁,从这个层面来看,网络世界中的确没有不爱国的网民。在这种文化氛围中,血气方刚的大学生群体所具有的爱国热情和民族情结都可以得到强化,而面对有辱本土文化和国家的事件时,大学生的爱国热情和民族情结能够得到更大程度的激化和强化,网络也会成为大学生捍卫国家尊严、维护国家主权的领地和武器。另外,网络在信息传播方面的交互性和便捷性也有利于大学生对国情民意做出全面了解,政治的透明度与民主性、社会公平与正义也可以在网络中让广大社会民众获得和充分表现,引导当代大学生的思想和政治取向走向理智与成熟,引导大学生树立正确的价值观、人生观、世界观。如在我国2008年汶川地震与2012年钓鱼岛事件中,政府可以通过网络对相关信息进行快捷、及时、客观、全面的披露,这在很大程度上调动了国人的凝聚力,并展现出了国人的人性光辉,而曾经备受争议的80后、90后也在这些事件中具有可圈可点的表现,他们用自身的行为表明了自身的思想、观点和立场,在证明自身走向成熟的基础上消除了社会对大学生以及特定年龄群体的偏见。
(三)网络文化能够推动大学生身心健康发展。在现实世界,现实生活中的每个成员都必须遵循一定的制度、规规范,承担一定的社会角色,并且肩负和履行与自身角色相对应的对社会、家庭、个人等的义务和责任,而网络文化所具有的虚拟性、自主性、多元性、开放性等特征能够让大学生暂时处于虚拟世界,摆脱现实社会的束缚,满足大学生在身心发展中的尊重需求、交流需求、情感需求、求知需求、求新需求、求异需求、独立需求、自主需求以及安全需求等。同时,网络为大学生提供了一个认识自我、张扬个性的空间与平台,这些内容往往会在现实社会生活中受到压力。而在网络生活中,大学生可以将自身的行为方式以及真实身份进行隐匿并用另外的身份和方式来与人交往,甚至可以用多重方式和多重身份与人交往。在此过程中,大学生群体也可以更好地认识自己,评价自身,并对自身所具有的能量和自我个性进行展示和释放,消除心理压力,从而推动大学生身心健康的发展。
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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英汉两种语言的表达方式、语言习惯的不同,决定了它们所表达的相同事物之间存在着明显的差异性。然而,由于语言之间的相通性、相融性,也决定了不同语言的相同事物之间又在某些方面存在着必然的共同性。英、汉姓名的异同就是其差异性与共同性的具体体现之一,而在其中所蕴涵的深远的文化底蕴是值得我们回味与咀嚼的。本文就英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法进行粗浅探讨。
姓名的翻译要遵循两个原则:“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”。“名从主人原则”是指在翻译姓名时,要以该姓名所在国语言的发音为准,而不管该姓名是直接从原文译出的,还是从其他文字转译的。换言之,就是译哪个国家的姓名就要以哪个国家的音为准。如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”(波兰语发音),而不译作“斯科路夫斯基”(英语发音)。“约定俗成原则”是指有些姓名在长期的翻译实践中,已经有了固定的译法,就应该继续使用下去,即使有的不够妥帖,甚至错了,但因多年来已为人们所公认和熟悉,这样的译名也该继续沿用,无须另定译名。如英国著名作家George Bernard Shaw正确的汉译名应是“乔治·伯纳·萧”,但过去该作家的名字一直被译作“萧伯纳”,变成了一个典型的汉名,我们也只有错误地沿袭下去了。
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随着全球化的进展,世界各国的文化交流也日趋频繁。胡文仲认为“文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的,是社会的遗产;价值观念是文化的核心,可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。”不同文化的人们需要了解他国的图书、音像作品,因此需要将这些文化作品从一种语言转换到另一种语言,即翻译。美国翻译理论家奈特认为,所谓翻译就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。因此翻译的本质是将一种语言以最为贴切恰当的对等方式转换成另一种语言。由于文化差异的存在,不同的语言之间的翻译往往是一件非常困难的事情。在一种文化中被人所熟知的事物可能在另一种文化中成为鲜为人知的事情,因此要做到对等翻译需要翻译者对目标语文化具有足够的了解,能够恰当地找到两种文化之间的对等语言。总的来说,中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响主要有以下几点:
宗教文化作为西方国家重要的社会文化和人们日常生活的重要组成部分,已经渗透到西方人们的日常行为习惯和民族风俗等各个方面中去了。宗教是西方人们的精神支柱,宗教文化对英语词汇的影响也是非常大的,英语中的很多词汇和典故都出自宗教中记录的一些民间故事和传闻,例如很多派生词、格言、习语都出自《圣经》。相对应的,在中国汉语文化中也有很多语言文化出自佛教。由于中西文化的差异,具体是宗教文化的差异,商务英语翻译者需要准确了解中西文化的背景,保证翻译的准确性,提高商业活动的效益。
谚语的流传都带有一定的小典故,其中蕴含着浓厚的民族气息,也可能是历史文化或者人物传记演变而来,所以在商务英语的翻译过程中,关于谚语的翻译一定要注意文化差异。关于谚语的翻译有三种方法,下面来一一介绍:to be on thin ice 和burnone’s boats 这一类的谚语可以采用套译法,翻译为:如履薄冰和破釜沉舟;to turn a blind eye to 可以采用直译法,翻译为熟视无睹;to ride one’s high horse 可以采用意译法,翻译为趾高气扬;对于有一定典故的谚语,需要熟悉典故的出处,例如Achilles’s heel 这个谚语,直译过来就是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,然而这样的翻译没有太大的意义,首先我们要了解阿基里斯的出处。在希腊神话里面阿基里斯是一位勇士,从没有被打败过,但是敌人找到了他的弱点,就是他的脚踵,然后通过攻击他的脚踵打败了阿基里斯。所以Achilles’s heel 在中国文化里面,翻译为“致命弱点”。
思维方式即人们思考和认识外界事物的方式,它是人类在漫长的历史发展中所形成的。由于欧美和中国所处地区环境不同,因此而形成的风俗习惯、生活条件各不相同,由此而形成了该语言所特有的思维方式。一般说来,西方人比较重视抽象思维。英语在表达思想时,逻辑严谨,由主到次。如英语句子通常先给出主要信息,然后再介绍辅助信息,如时间、地点等等。而汉语言则是散点思维,表达按照多种关系排列,如时间顺序,因果关系等等。同样,英语重视形式逻辑,即形和,在表达时使用各种形式连接词以表示其连接关系;而汉语恰好相反,“汉语句法结构重意合,句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的的贯通、语境的映衬,而少用连接词语”。②例如,“早知今日,何必当初?”翻译过来为“If I had known itwould come to this, I would have acted differently.”。上面的汉语句子是由两个分句构成的而没有连接词,但是从逻辑上是从属关系,因此表达意思简洁明了。而翻译成英语时则使用连接词来表达条件和结果的逻辑关系,这符合英语的形和的特点。
翻译中,人们不仅需要注意词的准确性,而且要了解词的内涵意思,而词的内涵意思又是其所承载的文化所决定的。因此如果不了解目标语言的文化,就有可能在翻译中造成理解错误或者语用失误。例如在美国的大街上可以偶尔看到一辆红色或者黑色的小汽车上面喷涂着“I am yellow”的句子。如果直译过来就是“我是黄色的”。而这样的翻译通常让中国人很困惑,在中国人眼里,说一个人是黄色的代表其低俗与下流。其实美国文化中出租车通常是黄色的,因此yellow通常有出租车的意思。因此正确的翻译应该是“这是出租车”。又如美国文化中涉及到狗的成语很多,狗在美国文化中被视为是人的忠实的朋友,因此涉及到狗的成语一般是褒义的,如a lucky dog(幸运儿),Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌),Give a dog a bad name and hang him. (欲加之罪,何患无辞)等等,而狗在中国人眼里一般含有贬义,如走狗、狗仗人势、狂犬吠日等等。又如中国人常说“惧内”为“气管炎”(谐音“妻管严”),因此中国开玩笑中的“他有气管炎”如果翻译成“He suffers from trachEitis”在外国人眼里一点也不好笑,外国人会疑惑的问:“So what? Why are you laughing so hard when heis suffering from tracheitis?”这显然是一种翻译的语用失误。如果翻译成“He is an obedient husband.”虽然可以基本表达意思,但是丢失了原话的幽默。因此如果翻译成“He is a henpecked man.”则会在效果上更加惟妙惟肖。
总而言之,语言是人类交流的桥梁,英语和汉语虽然拥有近似的表达方式,但其表达方式的个性特征却不尽相同。正是这些因素,导致了中西方文化差异,让人们在英语翻译过程中产生了许多错误和困惑。因此我们在翻译过程中必须对与中西方文化差异所导致的风俗与礼仪、思维模式以及文化差异引起的词汇歧义加以考虑,多了解西方的风土民俗、文学艺术、宗教信仰及历史背景,透过语句的表面看本质,以达到更加良好、还原度更高的翻译效果。
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