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[论文关键词」汉、英习语文化信息错译文化信息欠额文化信息超额直译意译
〔论文摘要」汉、英习语语义的不对应性包括汉英习语指称意义以及联想意义的不对应性。这种不对应性导致习语翻译中出现了三种翻译错误类型:文化信息错译、文化信息欠额和文化信息超额。跨越习语翻译障碍的途径主要有:直译,意译,及直译加注。
习语是指带有浓厚的民族色彩和地方色彩的约定俗成的固定短语或短句,它是一种受文化影响而形成的语言形式,经过千锤百炼,言简意赅,意象鲜明生动,充分反映一个民族的文化特点。
一、汉、英习语语义的不对应性
由于经济体系、社会体系和观念体系差别很大,汉、英习语所包含的文化信息不同,而读者由于受到不同文化背景的影响对习语产生的联想意义的理解也不尽相同。这样就形成了汉、英习语语义上的不对应性或不完全对应性。
1.汉、英习语指称意义的不对应性
中西文化差异可以导致两种不对应或不完全对应的指称意义:译语文化中不存在原语中的指称对象;译语文化中的可比对象与原语中的指称对象有明显的不同。
例如,汉语中的“阿Q精神”和英语中的“Shylock’,分别来自鲁迅的《阿Q正传》及莎士比亚的Merchant of Ven-ice(《威尼斯商人》)。阿Q是“精神胜利法”的典型,受了屈辱,不敢正视,反而自我安慰,说自己是“胜利者”;而“Shy_lock’坝纽是个极度吝音的高利贷者。这两个人物在各自文化中家喻户晓,因此人们赋予了这两个词以指称意义,并在现实生活中加以应用。但是对于其他民族的人们来说,这种指称意义并不存在。
再如,莎士比亚将情人比作夏日:"Shall I compare theeto a summefs day"。对于中国人来说,这是不可理解的,因为与中国的夏日相连的是酷热和骄阳,怎可以用来与世上最美好的事物相比。实际上,英国的夏日不同于中国的夏日,它是温和、惬意的。这是由于中国大部分地区深处内陆,主要是温带大陆性气候;而英国是四面环海的岛国,主要是温带海洋性气候。这就形成了对夏日的不同理解。
2.汉、英习语联想意义的不对应性
中西文化的差异所导致的汉英习语联想意义的不对应性体现在三方面:具有联想意义的指称对象不为另一文化所熟悉;两文化具有相同的指称意义,但一个有联想意义,一个却没有联想意义;两文化具有相同的指称意义,但联想意义不同。
例如,汉语有体现中国传统思想的“不孝有三,无后为大”和“多子多福”等习语,这源于中国的宗族观念、家庭观念非常强烈。对于以个人为中心,家庭观念比较淡漠的西方人来说,这是很难理解的。
再如,“这里没有什么油水了”这个习语,中国人的饮食习惯导致中国人好油,中国人烹饪的大部分菜肴中离不开油,因此油就有了“值得一取的东西”的内涵意义。而对于以英语为母语的国家,人们认为油可以使人发胖,因此他们的饮食以清淡为主。对于他们来说,无论如何也无法将油与“值得一取的东西”联系起来。
在英语中有“as wise as an owl"这一习语,可见猫头鹰在英语民族中是智慧的象征。而在中国文化中,猫头鹰却被认为是不吉利的,认为猫头鹰会带来厄运。这种语义的不对应主要是由于观念体系的差异造成的。
二、习语翻译的错误类型
习语具有强烈的文化特征,是语言的核心与精华。习语翻译实际上是如何在译人语中处理由译出语的习语表现出的各种不同的文化特征的问题。中西文化的差异导致对习语理解上的障碍,以致出现三种翻译错误,产生语义非等值:文化信息错译、文化信息欠额和文化信息超额。
文化信息错译即错误地传达了习语的文化信息,是译文读者对文化内涵习语产生错误的联想意义。例如,有人将“三十六计,走为上策”译为“Of the thirty - six strate-gies, the best is to quit"。如果了解该习语的历史文化背景,就可以知道这种译文是错误的。“走为上策”是计策的名字,是三十六计的最后一计,说的是处在劣势的时候,“走”是上策,并不是说“走”是三十六计中最好的或最高明的一计。正确的译文应该是"The best thing to do now isto quit",
文化信息欠额是指译文没有揭示出原语符号所提供的文化信息。例如,“布衣蔬菜”在中国标志着生活俭朴。但在英美国家,蔬菜并非穷人专用,而是西方医生给饮食过量的百万富翁开的药方。因此,将其译为“wear cottonclothes and eat vegetable food”不能体现出原文所含的文化信息,容易使译文读者对译文产生错误的联想意义,导致理解上的偏差。因此((汉英辞典》(CED)译为“coarse clothesand simple fare"。
文化信息超额则指译文提供了原文所不具有的文化信息。例如英国翻译家David Hawkes在翻译《红楼梦》中刘姥姥说的话“谋事在人,成事在天”时,将其译为“Man pro-poses, God disposes",尽管译语流畅,符合英语行文习惯,然而超出了原语“成事在天”的“天”一词的文化内涵。刘姥姥是中国人,在Hawkes的笔下却成了__徒,显然与原文不符,应该将“God”换成“Heaven",这样,既符合刘姥姥的身份,英语国家的读者也看得懂。(朱耀先,1997:4)
三、跨越习语翻译障碍的途径
1、直译
直译是指按原来的意义和结构直接把原语的词句转换成译语的词句。(周流溪,1995;632)在古典名著《红楼梦》的不同译本中.杨宪益及其夫人所译的译文充分体现了中国的文化特质。如“真是‘天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福’……”,杨先生将其译为“Truly,`Storms gather without warning in nature. andbad luck befalls men overnight"’,充分保留了源语文化因素,保持了原文想象生动和独特的民族风格。汉语中也不乏外语直接译人的习语,如,"mld way’’(冷战),"Time is money"(时间就是金钱),"a stick and carrot policy"美国的大棒加胡萝卜政策), "All roads lead to Rome"(条条大陆通罗马)。直译可以传播源语文化,并丰富目的语的表达方式。不过需要注意的是.直译时不能生搬硬套,应该做到以不引起目的语读者误读误解为前提。
2、意译
意译即着眼于传达原文意义的翻译。(周流溪,1995)劳陇先生认为,翻译就是意译;维奈和达见尔内提倡的“间接翻译”也即意译。如,“走狗,,可译为“an evil follower"。又如,克林顿在访华的演说辞中曾巧妙地引用了中国的成语“实事求是":seeking truth from facts。翻译,无论是汉译外,还是外译汉,需要意译时,我们必须根据源语民族的文化传统、心理积淀来理解、把握,不能按照自己母语的惯性思维进行类推,否则便会造成误解,导致翻译中出现败笔。
3、直译加注
直译加注的方法在论及翻译方法的专著中很少提及,或未将其作为一种独立的方法列举出来。但是笔者认为,为使文化色彩浓厚的习语由源语进人译人语,并保持音、形、义、美的和谐统一,直译加注的方法不失为一种较佳方法。如,"O heart, lose not thy nature; let nit ever. Thesoul of Nero enter this firm bosom.”(Shakespeare: Ham-let)心啊!不要失去你的天性之情,永远不要让尼禄的灵魂潜人我这坚定的胸怀。(朱生豪译《哈姆莱特》)
“尼禄”是谁?为什么Shakspeare在此用这个词?为了使目的语读者能了解西方的文化,译者在译文中保留了原文的字面意义的同时,用脚注的形式对其加以诊释,即“尼禄,曾谋杀其母”。这一注解诊释了该典故的由来,目的语读者通过此典故的提示,便可以理解Hamlet既恨其母负情负义,却又不愿轼之的矛盾心理。
汉译英的典型例子如:
“难道这也是个痴’(头:又像擎儿来葬花不成?”因又笑道,“若真葬花,可谓‘东施效擎’了……”(《红楼梦》第30回)"Can this be another absurd maid come to bury flowerslike Taiyu?"he wondered in some amusement."If so, shesTung Shih imitating His Shih""…”His Sih was a famousbeauty in the ancient Kingdom of Yueh. Tung Shih was anugly girl who tried to imitate her way, ( A Dream of RedMansions, 1994)(杨宪益译)
四、结束语
傅雷先生在《翻译经验点滴》中说:“译者不深刻理解、体会与感受原作,决不可能叫读者理解、体会与感受—想译一部喜欢的作品要读四遍五遍,才能把情节、故事记得烂熟,分析彻底,人物历历在目,隐藏在字里行间的微言大义才能慢慢琢磨出来。”这正是对文化色彩浓厚的习语的翻译的不易与重要性的高度概括。
我们在翻译习语这一独特的语言形式时,要从语义等值这一标准出发,才能把握好文化信息的传递,解决文化差异的问题。译者必须努力提高自身的跨文化敏感性,不但要有双语能力,还要有双文化乃至多文化的知识,从而在双语交际过程中揭示文化信息,尽可能避免对汉英习语的误解或误译,以适应在不同文化环境中进行有效交际的需要,并将各民族的优秀文化传播四方。
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民族传统文化是中华民族延续和发展的精神支柱,信息技术课程的基础性、技术性和人文性特征使其成为民族传统文化教育的重要渠道。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:信息技术教学与民族传统文化的融合探究相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘要:民族文化意识是一个国家的软实力,关乎国家的前途,在新的历史时期,民族文化意识的培养对中职生的人生观、价值观都可以产生深远的影响。近年来, 随着Internet的飞速发展,全世界所有的地方都已经网络化。世界各国的文化正在汹涌地冲击我们的民族文化,在大量的外国文化的冲击下,一些学生不同程度地存在国家意志淡薄、民族自尊心和自豪感减退、诚信意识淡薄,缺乏社会责任感等问题。
民族文化包含一个民族在其历史发展过程中创造和发展起来的具有本民族特点的文化,民族文化包括物质文化(饮食、衣着、住宅、生产工具等)和精神文化(语言、文字、文学、科学、艺术、哲学、宗教、风俗、节日、传统等)。民族文化反映该一个民族历史发展的水平,中华民族传统文化是中华民族延续和发展的精神支柱。由于信息时代的到来,网络已经变为我们生活中的一部分,网络文化是一个多元化的文化模式,这些对我们传统的民族文化造成了一定的冲击,信息技术正是我们在网络文化的最前沿的阵地,如何使学生在学习信息技术知识的同时,能够获得更多的民族文化知识,培养民族精神,抵制网络不良因素的侵蚀,是我们信息技术课教师一直在探讨和实践的问题。因此,信息技术教育课程应该在原有的教学模式的基础上加以改革,在教学过程中多融入一些民族文化氛围,重视选用具有中国特色和地方特色的课程资源,以丰富教学内容,激发学生的民族精神,增强学生的学习兴趣,提高学科整体效益,真正使传统民族文化教育得以渗透和落实。
中华民族作为一个天朝大国,有着五千年悠久的历史文化遗产,在历史的积淀中形成了许多中华民族特有的智慧,因此在教学过程中涉及到的有关我们民族方面的内容,我们信息技术课教师应充分发掘教学内容中类似的民族精神、传统文化素材的内容,在教学设计中合理穿插传统文化教育实例,使学生在学到信息技术技能的同时,得到民族情感的熏陶,从而塑造积极向上的民族精神风貌,最终形成正确的人生观、价值观。比如在讲到window操作系统的时候,我们可以用我们国家的红旗操作系统作比较,告诉学生现在看到的大部分电脑都是用window的系统,window操作系统可以说是我们电脑赖以依存的系统,由于我们过度依赖于window操作系统,美国通过操作系统就能监控到我们的电脑,比如国家的军事机密文件、企业的商业秘密等。这样对我们国家的信息安全都受到了很大的威胁,我们国家为了扭转这样的局面,创造出我们自己的“红旗”操作系统,虽然我们国家的操作系统和window相比还很落后,但是我们只要加倍努力,总有一天会赶上window的操作系统。
在硬件基础的教学上,当然离不开Intel 、AMD等知名企业,同时我们也应该介绍我们国家的龙芯这几年所取得的进步,在电脑芯片上因为我们的龙芯起步晚,要赶上外国的技术,只有靠我们全中国人的智慧,相信有一天我们会超过他们的。更应该介绍我们国家的联想集团是世界上比较强大的计算机制造企业,不管是笔记本还是台式机在世界上所占的份额都是很大的,而且电脑性能稳定。在教学过也顺便建议同学们以后尽可能选用我们国家品牌的电脑。在讲到office办公软件时,教师也应该介绍我们国家的自主品牌的办公软件WPS。通过对比告诉学生它们各自的优点。对于一般的办公来说其实WPS还是很好用的,信息老师在教Office外还可以教学生如何使用WPS。 通过比较,我们可以使学生了解我们国家在各个信息领域所处在的水平,激发学生的爱国热情,让学生树立起远大理想,为赶超外国先进技术而努力学习,顽强拼搏。
信息技术课的教学目的就是要使学生能学以致用,将所学的信息技术知识运用到实际生活中去。在信息技术课教学过程中开展以民族文化为主题的教学活动,不仅可以让学生掌握信息技术的相关知识,同时还能够加深对民族文化的了解。比如在教学生学会搜索时,我们就用一些与民族文化有关的词语来搜索。如:“壮族三月三”、炮龙节、芦笙等,这样不仅给学生学会了在网页上搜索资料,又能够了解到我们民族的一些文化传统。
在讲到“制作电子板报”时,我们可以要求学生以家乡的人文风俗、风景、人物图片、文字说明来作为素材,制作出图文并茂的介绍家乡的宣传册。当老师布置这样的任务时,每个学生都充分挖掘自己家乡的素材,有些通过网上查找,有些通过家人、朋友收集,总之想尽办法收集到自己独特的素材,制作出独特的作品。
在制作PPT作品或者制作视频作品时,我们也都可以让学生以家乡的人文风俗、风景、人物的图片、文字、音乐、视频等来作为素材,通过信息技术的加工,变成介绍家乡优美的景点、风俗习惯等的宣传资料,这样就可以给学生加深对家乡文化的了解,甚至我们还可以通过微博上传到网络上,让更多的人了解我们家乡的民族文化。比如在讲到制作PPT、制作视频时,我要求学生尽量挖掘自己家乡的文化作为题材,有些在宾阳县的学生就以宾阳的“炮龙节”为主题来制作,因为每年农历正月十一宾阳县都会举行“炮龙节”,他们很多都去看过,甚至都有拍过的图片或视频,再加上其他资料的收集,制作出具有特色的作品。
武鸣的学生以三月三对歌为主题来制作,他们在民间找到一些对歌的录像资料、图片、文字资料等。还有些同学就以家乡的剪纸作为题材,把家乡的剪纸能手的作品都拍下来,制作成PPT作品或视频作品,由于横县每年都有茉莉花节,横县籍的有些学生就以茶文化为主题制作出介绍本地生产的茶叶的PPT,还插入茉莉花这首歌作为PPT的配音。每个县的学生都有几个做得很不错的,然后把好的作品在全班上甚至全校展示出来,这样同学们都能了解到其他地方的民族风俗文化。
加深学生对民族文化的认识,单靠课堂上所接触的还是不够的,俗话说:“听不如看、看不如做”,也就是听说的事情不如亲眼看到的真实,看到的又不如自己亲自参与的印象深刻。况且挖掘民族素材不是一两节课就能做到的,还需要长时间地用心去体会,由于学生都是来自不同的地方,因此我们可以利用假期学生放假回家,给学生布置一些任务。要求他们回去后用心去挖掘本民族的文化素材。比如要求学生放假回家多注意观察,发现自己身边的一些与民族文化有关的事情,并搜集自己所见所闻的能体现出本民族特点的工作、生活等图片或视频,整理后通过QQ传给老师或者开学后交给老师。由于现在很多学生都有手机,而且手机都有拍照、摄像功能,因此收集的图片、视频对学生来说是很容易的事情。这样老师就可以制作成一个素材库,这些素材库与学生共享,平时在上课的过程中需要用到的材料马上就能找出来。比如春节回家,家乡都会搞一些活动,壮族家乡的对歌比赛、斗牛比赛、篮球比赛、农村的庙会、农村的喜丧事风俗等。
为了使得每个学生都很用心地去做这事情,干脆就给学生一个主题,比如家乡风貌、家乡奇特的风俗习惯、家乡炮龙节趣事、包粽子,家乡的小吃等等,要求学生回家后注意观察,遇到有趣的事、或能代表自己民族独特的事情拍下来,通过整理制作成一篇PPT作品或用会声会影制作成视频文件。比如包粽子,学生还可以和自己的家人亲身体会一下怎么包粽子,粽子里面都用哪些原料来做馅,还有关于粽子的一些习俗。比如有些农村当年有家人去世,则家里一般都不包粽子,这一年春节所吃粽子都是由亲戚朋友送去的,这些都反映出民族的风俗文化。有条件的学生做好就能传给老师,家里没有条件的学生拍好素材开学后做好再上交。这样学生通过亲身经历感受到了民族文化的内涵。同时也提高了自己的信息素养,可以说是一举多得。
信息技术无疑是民族文化教育的最好的最快捷的载体,利用互联网的方便快捷和信息量大的特点,可以让学生接触到更多的的民族文化知识。学生自己通过利用信息技术制作出生动形象的作品,在作品的制作过程中可以让学生参与到体验民族文化的活动中来。重视信息技术在民族文化教育中的重要作用,为传承灿烂的民族文化,具有很大的教育实践意义。作为信息技术的教师,我们应该充分利用信息技术教学平台,刻不容缓地对学生进行民族文化教育。通过在信息技术课中渗透民族文化教育,使学生有民族忧患的意识,为国家的前途发奋图强、尽责尽力贡献自己的一份力量。
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在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义;数字"九"涉及面在我国所有数字中最广。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译相关论文。仅供大家参考!
东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译全文如下:
"数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998)
东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。
在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。
根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。传说古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。
中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。
此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从冬至起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的成语。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。
在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出
钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有:
1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。
其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:
a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation)
____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often)
be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion)
____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty.
in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times.
从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九";高尔夫球球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。
总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性:
1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。
2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。
3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。
数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。
罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。
可采取的翻译方法主要有:
(一)保留原数字
e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives.
我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。
(二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字
e.g.nine out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。
(三)增舍数字
比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。
应遵循的原则主要有:
(一)民族性原则
比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。
(二)习语性原则
比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。
(三)形象性原则
数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与其它的词结合后所产生的形象意义。
比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"
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旅游资源的开发与营销有赖于其在国内外知名度的提升,而旅游资料作为一种宣传工具在吸引游客方面有着举足轻重的作用。随着当今越来越多的外国游客来中国观光旅游,优质的旅游资料翻译迫在眉睫。研究者会发现旅游文本的翻译中存在着诸多包括语言学、语用学和文化等各个层面的问题。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:旅游文本是外国游客了解、选择景点的重要参考资料。旅游文本的翻译是一种跨文化交流活动,其翻译过程不是单纯的语言转换过程,而是文化间的交流活动。旅游文本英译中文化缺省现象的存在,更加凸显了翻译补偿策略研究的重要性。通过对江西省几个著名景点的宣传文本进行探讨,分析文化缺省现象,并提出翻译补偿策略,以实现旅游文本的宣传效果。
从广义上讲,旅游文本包括一切与旅游相关的文本资料,它主要具有两项功能:一是传递信息,二是施加影响、诱导行动(朱灿灿,2013:12)。换言之,旅游文本作为宣传类文本,不论是中文还是英文,都需要让潜在的游客了解旅游目的地的基本情况、相关服务和特色文化,以达到信息传递和吸引游客的目的。对于游客来说,他们希望通过阅读文本获得游览目的地的信息。但不同文化背景的游客对所提供的信息有不同的需求,这就决定了英汉旅游文本的差异性。主要表现在以下两个方面。
(一)语言风格的差异
东西方在社会历史、文化传统、思维方式和审美情趣等方面截然不同,旅游文本在语言风格上自然要考虑双方读者的感受,采取恰当的表述方式。
汉语旅游材料在表述上注重辞藻、韵律,结合景点的文化历史背景,多采用四字成语以及排比、对偶句式,读起来琅琅上口。其中,对自然景观的介绍,重视优美的写意,或者采用丰富的想象力给景观增添神秘色彩,读起来或诗意盎然或浮想联翩。英文旅游材料重视“人情味儿”,常常会出现诸如“您现在所处的位置……”“最佳观赏时间是……”此类贴心的提示,用词和句法偏口语,简洁朴素,避免??嗦重复;其在介绍景点具体情况时,通常采用简单叙述法,三言两语道清楚,对景点介绍追求客观、中肯,达到信息传递的目的即可。
除此之外,中西方人民对待宣传材料的态度也是决定其内容的因素之一。不难发现,英语旅游文本突出信息的客观性,汉语旅游文本在撰写时加入主观色彩,呼吁性极强。
(二)信息容量的差异
中国经典故事层出不穷,许多历史人物、历史事件对中国人来说耳熟能详,但是外国游客并不一定了解。我国的旅游景点,不论是自然景观还是人文景观,大多与神话传说、历史故事和社会风俗有关,借用古文,引经据典,中国游客固然能轻而易举地理解其中奥妙,但是外国游客可能会因为错综复杂的人名、地名、朝代等因素而感觉晦涩难懂,降低他们旅游的积极性。
所以,英汉旅游文本并不一定包含相同的信息内容。旅游材料在英译的过程中,译者有必要在尊重原文的基础上,适当修改,对其中特殊的内容进行特殊的翻译。
中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,数不胜数的自然景观和人文景观承载了深厚的历史文化气息。旅游文本和文化紧密相关,在翻译过程中,文化信息的转换往往会因为中国人自身的文化背景而忽略了外国游客的认知。这就是文化缺省现象。它是指同一文化背景的人在交流中对双方共有的文化背景知识的忽略,这种现象是跨语言交际的一大障碍。在翻译旅游文本时,由于源语读者和目标语读者生活在不同的社会文化环境中,具有不相同的文化背景知识,因此,对原文读者来说是显而易见的文化背景知识,对于目标语读者就构成了文化缺省成分(王大来,2004:69)。汉英文本之间可能会存在大量的文化缺省因素,可归类为:历史景点和历史人物、传统概念和信仰、社会风俗和文学作品。这些缺省内容可能导致翻译文本缺失民族特点,损害旅游景点的形象,切断文化的关联意义,影响汉语旅游资料信息的传递和潜在游客的兴趣(张富庄,2013:6)。
鉴于目标语读者文化背景知识的差异性,以及英汉旅游文本本身的差异性,如果译者不针对文化缺省现象进行翻译补偿,游客就不能完全理解原意,将无法达到旅游文本预期的目标。所以,译者在对旅游文本进行翻译时,要充分挖掘文本内文化缺省现象的深层含义,以采取相应的翻译补偿策略。
针对英汉旅游文本的差异性以及东西方文化背景下读者的理解差异,翻译补偿策略是解决文化缺省现象的理想方法。Newmark认为,补偿是翻译的一种手法,补偿主要是用来弥补译文在语义、声音效果、修辞及语用效果等方面的缺省,而且译文可以在不同于原文的语句中再现这种效果。在英译旅游文本时,译者通过运用多种补偿策略将缺省的背景知识恰当地传递给译语读者,同时又可以保持原文的真实性。通过分析江西省的几处景点和文化人物简介的英译文本,得出具体策略如下:
(一)归化法
文化在输入时,应该倾向于归化,以保护本族文化的纯洁性;但文化的输出应该倾向于异化,以促使本族文化的外介,扩大本族文化的影响(李建军,2012:107)。英译旅游文本,属于文化的输出,在翻译具有中国特色的词汇和社会风俗上,应该在简单易懂的基础上积极采取归化法。例如:
(1)江西历史悠久,有着深厚的文化积淀,加上地处南方,处处山清水秀,是一个典型的“鱼米之乡”。
译文:Jiangxi,the province with a long history and profound culture;it is located in the south of China with picturesque scenery.Thus it has been aptly termed:“the land of rice and fish”.
该例句中的“鱼米之乡”直接将“鱼米”等文化意象移植到了目的语文本中。实际上,在英语表达中,“a land of honey and milk”同样具有“鱼米之乡”的意思。但为了更好地传播源语文化,“the land of rice and fish”更能真实地反映中国文化,更有利于外国游客体会到中国文化的奇特之处。随着跨文化交流的进一步发展,越来越多的外国游客会理解并接受中国文化。 (2)龙虎山,位于江西鹰潭,道教发源地,中国道教四大名山之一。
译文:Longhu Mountain,which is located in Yingtan of Jiangxi Province.It is known as one of Four Taoism Mountains because of its position――the birthplace of Chinese Taoism.
龙虎山,东汉中叶,正一道创始人张道陵曾在此炼丹,传说“丹成而龙虎现”,此山因此得名。有人建议将“龙虎山”翻译成“Mt.Dragon-Tiger”才能对外展示其深刻含义。作为世界自然遗产之一的龙虎山,以道教发源地著名,如此具有代表性的中国文化遗址在翻译时,采用归化翻译方法能更真实地反映中国文化。如:“龙虎山 Longhu Mountain”“道教 Taoism”。
(二)释义法
汉语旅游材料中,文言文出现频率高,在英译过程中,译者要充分考虑外国游客的理解能力和文化背景,进而考虑原文信息翻译之后,读者能否明白并喜闻乐见。释义法针对此类情况,在翻译过程中,对原文的历史知识、社会风俗、地理位置等因素采用加注法、同位语解释等方式进行说明,以方便外国读者理解。例如:
(3)南昌地处长江中下游,濒临鄱阳湖西南岸,自古就有“粤户闽庭,吴头楚尾”之称。
译文:Nanchang,bordering the Poyang Lake in the northeast,lies south of the lower middle reaches of the Yangtze River.It has been enjoying obvious advantages geographically. Since the ancient times, it has been known as the favorable place bordering Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north.
“粤”和“闽”分别是广东省和福建省的简称,“吴”和“楚”则是春秋战国时期江浙一带的诸侯国。对于外国游客,这些都不是熟悉的“中国常识”。在英译旅游文本时,应该将它们具体到现在的省份“Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north”,外国游客才能真正明白南昌所处的地理位置,从而理解它的重要地位。
(4)素有“江南三大名楼之首”美誉的滕王阁,雄踞南昌抚河北大道,坐落于赣江与抚河故道交汇处。依城临江,瑰伟绝特,因“初唐四杰”之首的王勃一篇雄文――《滕王阁序》,脍炙人口,传诵千秋。
译文:Tengwang Pavilion has long been ranked first among the three famous pavilions in the south of Yangtze River. Standing by the North Fuhe Avenue in Nanchang,the magnificent pavilion is located at the convergent point of Ganjiang River and the Old Fu River,taking the city as its background and the river as its mirror.Its splendor and majesty was lauded by Wang Bo,the leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty,in one of his masterpieces,Preface to Tengwang Pavilion,and thus has been famous throughout the world as well as maintained the glory with the years going.
“江南三大名楼”是中国有名的历史文化遗迹,但是外国游客不一定都清楚,正如王佐良所说:“在一种文化里有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”(郭建中,2000:20)。同时,对于“初唐四杰”的概念,译者将王勃的身份加以解释:“The leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty”。通过释义法,译者详细而自然地介绍了滕王阁的背景知识和王勃的诗人地位,有利于外国游客更好地了解滕王阁的历史价值。
(三)省略法
省略法是指译者在翻译过程中,根据源语所承载的文化内容,结合目标语的语言特色,并以传递基本信息为目的,对源语做出适当的缩略、删减的一种翻译方法。译者通过对原文中的文化信息进行甄别,分出主要信息和次要信息,在翻泽过程中抓住主要信息,对无关紧要的、目的语读者又很难理解的次要信息进行删减。这样做有助于保持目的语读者理解的连贯性,同时也让他们获得了主要信息(吴秀群,2012:162)。例如:
(5)陶渊明(约365年~427年),名潜,号“五柳先生”,东晋时期诗人,浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。世人敬重他,他“不为五斗米折腰”的故事流传至今。公元405年秋,他为了养家糊口,来到彭泽当县令……陶渊明再也忍受不下去了。他长叹一声,道:“我不能为五斗米向乡里小人折腰!” 说罢,辞官离去。
译文:Tao Yuanming(365~427),a poet in Dongjin Dynasty,also called Mr.Wuliu and Tao Qian,was a native people of Jiujiang City.We all respected has spirit that he wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time. 对中国古代称谓稍微了解的人都知道,在古代,同一个人除他的姓名之外,往往又有字、号,有时还不止一个号,且不同的场合,有不同称呼。陶渊明号“五柳先生”,这对于外国游客来说,并非重要的讯息,没有必要赘述“号”这个概念。另外,“不为五斗米折腰”的故事为中国大众所熟知,但是为了略去复杂的因果关系,避免外国游客坠入五里雾中,英译文本时删除了具体故事,用简单的句子“He wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time”向游客阐述世人敬重陶渊明的原因,达到了信息传递的目的。
(6)白鹿洞书院始建于公元940年,唐贞元年间,江州刺史李渤隐居这里读书,养一白鹿自娱,人称“白鹿先生”,后书院几经衰败。到南宋朱熹重建书院,并亲自在此讲学,当时名人正士均乐于在此求学,其成为了“中国四大书院之一”(其他三所为湖南长沙岳麓书院、湖南衡阳石鼓书院、河南商丘应天书院)。
译文:Bailudong Academy was built in 940 AD. Zhuxi,the great educator of the South Song Dynasty,turned the place into Bailudong Academy, which rivaled the other three famous academies in China.It was a school for some famous people reading there.
如上所述,白鹿洞书院的前身和其他三大书院的名称在英译时被译者删除略去,直接提及南宋伟大的思想家、教育家朱熹,为避免信息量过于庞大,有选择性地将重要信息保留、提取,帮助外国游客理解书院的历史。此时,省略法能够给外国游客留下深刻印象,并且有利于景点的宣传。
(四)增译法
增译法和省略法殊途同归,都是指译者在翻译过程中,根据实际情况对源语做出适当的调整。翻译过程中,若能将省略法和增译法处理得当,互为依据,交错使用,就能够使得译文顺畅明了、通俗易懂。例如:
(7)世界自然遗产地、世界地质公园、国家AAAAA级旅游区、国家级风景名胜区――三清山,位于江西省上饶市东北部。
译文:Mt.Sanqingshan,located in northeast of Shangrao city,is a World Natural Heritage, National Scenic Area,World Geo-park and State AAAAA Tour Zone,which is the highest level of Chinese tourist attractions issued by China’s National Tourism Administration.
中华人民共和国旅游景区质量等级划分为五级,最高级别为AAAAA。但是,外国游客对中国5A级旅游景区的定义不一定都了解,所以在英译本中增加了对“AAAAA”的解释,加深了外国游客对三清山旅游景区的印象,使外国游客意识到该景区的游览价值,达到了旅游文本的宣传目的。
针对文化缺省这一现象,译者需合理运用不同的补偿策略,对源语中的文化背景知识做出补偿,弥补缺省,最大限度地传递原文所蕴含的文化信息。旅游文本的跨文化翻译促进了不同民族文化之间的交流,因此既要尊重源语文化,又要顾及目的语文化。
旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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新闻中文化负载词的翻译关系到新闻能否完整准确地传达作者意思,吸引读者注意。因此,译者必须充分考虑译入语读者的接受情况,努力在完整传达信息的同时,使译文更能被译入语读者所接受,达到成功交际的目的。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:本文阐述了文化负载词在汉语新闻中的表现,提出了直译、音译加解释、意译等汉语新闻中文化负载词的翻译策略。
关键词:新闻;文化负载词;翻译
进入新世纪以来,随着经济全球化以及科技文明的不断发展,人类的信息传播主要是借助于新闻媒体来实现的。而在不同的文化之中,受到民族特色、地域因素的影响,使得不同文章其对于文化负载词的运用差异导致了文章自身的趣味性与可读性受到了影响,这也就给从事于新闻翻译工作的我们带来了巨大的挑战。如何做到准确合理地将这些文化负载词进行翻译的同时,保留其自身的趣味性、文化特性,这已然成为了翻译工作开展的一大难题。在我国,从事新闻翻译工作的人员在对新闻文稿进行翻译的时候,一般是通过对翻译观念、词义表达以及文化差异等多方面进行思考后来实现的。在本文中,笔者将着重于对翻译活动开展的功能与目的的重视,做到翻译活动的完整性与简洁性,能够在不同的语境中,做到灵活地翻译。
语言作为文化传播的基础,是实现文化记录、反映、传播的重要形式,同时,也是文化自身的载体。词汇作为语言的基本组成部分,是实现文化传播活动得以顺利进行的基础,也是出现差异化的影响因素。在所有的语言中都存在着大量的文化负载词,它们是文化自身在历史发展的过程中不断演变而产生的,其内容主要包括了:特定的文化词、词组以及习语,这是民族文化的重要体现。
在对翻译原则进行制定的时候,译者需要根据翻译的策略与标准来实现对其的准确翻译,进而将文化负载词更好地进行表现。虽然,要找到完全相对应的文化负载词的难度较大,所以,作为新闻翻译工作者需要对翻译的方式进行灵活的运用,实现对翻译材料的准确生动表达,进而更好地完成翻译工作。根据笔者自身的工作实践经历来说,想要对新闻翻译活动中出现的负载词进行有效地处理,可以采用以下几种翻译方式。
(一)直译
在汉语言的新闻稿中,当其出现大量的政治、经济专有名词的时候,译者往往是通过直译的方式来实现对其字面意思的表达,进而实现对中国文化的展示。例如:2a.当前,全党全国各族人民正紧密团结在以胡锦涛同志为的党中央周围,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗巾只,全面贯彻党的十七大和十七届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观。在例文当中,出现了大量带有中国特色的政治专属名词,这些名词有许多已被外国读者所了解,因此,面对这类词组的时候,可以直接通过直译的方式来实现对原文内容的还原与形式的统一,做到对翻译信息准确性的保证。
(二)音译加解释
音译即是指的通过对原文语音的表现,在另一种语言中将其发音相同或者相近的部分进行表现,其表达的内容大多数是中国文化中所特有的元素。这部分元素,在一般情况下作为中国独特的文化表现形式是很难在译语中进行体现的。为了做到对中国特色的最大化保留,将这些词进行“音译”是十分可行的方式,可是,由于外国读者自身的文化背景与认知存在不足,如若仅仅是采用单纯地音译将会使得读者不知所以然,进而无法实现对信息的有效接受,向外国读者展示中国的特色文化也就更加无从谈起。因此,对新闻文稿进行音译的时候需要添加合适的解释性内容。比如“Yuanxiao”――“元宵”这一食品为中国所特有,在
(三)意译
在汉语中有许多的熟语、习语以及习惯用语,这类语言词汇作为语言系统中的特殊存在。由于读者的文化差异存在,使得这类的文化负载词会产生不同的意思显现。在这个时候,如若简单地采用直译进行表达,很有可能会带来对意思理解的误读。在这个时候,就需要通过意译来进行翻译工作活动了。例如:提倡红白事理性消费,实现移风易俗的时候。其基本原则在于,当村里办白事的时候,不能请吹拉弹唱的戏班子,做到凡事从简的原则。就如同“就坡下驴”这一说法一样,当骑在驴子身上的时候由于驴子比较高,所以容易摔倒,因此,最好先找个路坡,让驴子停在此处,人从这个地方上驴、下驴就不容易摔跤了。这个比喻形象地说明了需要找个合适的借口才能下台不至于工作的难堪与难办。这样的文化负载词,在其进行翻译的时候,如果仅仅是对翻译内容进行整体翻译将会使得整个翻译活动的内容冗长,翻译语言??嗦,导致读者难以做到对翻译内容的有效理解。
(四)直接加解释
解。歌曲《青春之歌》、《我和我的祖国》、《七子之歌》、《幸福在哪里》,舞蹈《孔雀》、《火红的日子》,昆曲《牡丹亭》选段,京剧《三家店》,歌舞《丝绸霓裳》,钢琴合奏《金色狂舞》、杂技《五光十色》等。各类节目,形式多样,内容丰富,表达了中华各族儿女对伟大祖国的深切情感与对美好生活的无比向往。“京剧“作为中国的四大国粹之一而得到了广大外国友人的认可与认知。但是,就”昆曲“而言,其作为中国传统古典曲目之一,在对其进行翻译的时候,需要有意识地增加一些和“昆曲”有关的背景知识。如,“Kunqu Opera”――通过适当的解释性词语,译者有效地将我国的文化精粹传播给外国读者。由以上例证可见,汉语新闻中一些文化负载词蕴含着一定的文化背景,单纯的直译并不能充分传达出其中的文化内涵。
再比如,笔者曾经看到一则新闻,说是:英译的京剧剧本,其中一些唱词的翻译不够准确,说到底还是对京剧所蕴含的中国文化理解不深,甚至是一种误读。以《四郎探母》为例:杨四郎的唱词里有“失落番邦十五年,雁过衡阳各一天,高堂老母难相见,怎不叫人泪涟涟……”等等。其中“雁过衡阳各一天”一句,被译作:Awildgoose flied over the border.(英文意思是:一只野雁飞过边界。)这显然是理解有误。“雁过衡阳各一天”是说南北相隔,杳无音讯。杨四郎沦落北番,隐姓埋名,十几年来与亲人失去联系,可谓天涯各一方。身为人子,让老母日日悬望,苦苦思念,怎不黯然神伤?所以深入理解唱词,准确把握人物内心活动,是做好京剧翻译工作的前提。因此,要保证信息的完整性,充分实现新闻翻译的价值,译者应在直译的基础上增译一些解释性文字,补充其中的文化背景知识,促进民族间的文化交流。
具有着中国特色的文化负载词,对其的翻译将会影响到世界对中国文化的认识,也会影响到中国文化自身与世界文化之间的交流与融合。由于,它代表着中国的民族文化与地域文化,是中华民族文化的重要表现形式之一,也是文化传播的重要形式。当中外文化存在较大差异,这些蕴含着中华文化特色的词汇也就给汉语新闻翻译带来了一定的障碍,但文化负载词的准确传译又是保证新闻翻译准确性的重要一步。因此,新闻翻译工作者应该引起高度重视。在功能目的论中,对于翻译活动的目的进行设定的时候需要对其采用的翻译方式进行明确。
即做到,一方面实现原文作者翻译目的的真实表达,另一方面,也要与译文读者的需求期盼相适应,促使新闻报道活动中出现的新闻负载词可以显得准确新颖又充满乐趣,借助于对音译、直译、意译等各种方法的运用,吸引译入语读者的目光,从而最大限度提高传播效果。为了实现文化负载词的准确传译,译者需要在一定的翻译标准之下,通过对实际情况进行具体的分析,以此来使得外国友人能够更好地理解翻译内容,使得汉语新闻的翻译质量得到显著提升,进一步地减少由负载词所带来的文化交流障碍,实现中外文化的更好交流。
略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
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近年来,随着我国旅游事业蒸蒸日上,越来越多的旅游资料被译成英文。而中国地大物博,自然风景与人文景观美不胜收,如何向海外游客推介旅游品牌,也就成了旅游战略中的一项重要的内容。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:读者反应论视角下旅游资料英译中的文化信息处理相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】本文从奈达的“读者反应论”的角度,探讨旅游资料英译中的文化信息处理问题,指出译者在翻译中要顾及读者的反应,如读者的认知能力,读者文化中的“取向”因素,读者的文化接受能力,同时也要注重读者在语言文化上的差异,这样才能有效地传递旅游文化。
【关键词】旅游资料;文化信息;读者反应
旅游资料的翻译属于实用性翻译,以传达信息为主。同时,旅游资料所蕴涵的信息大多涉及文化知识,翻译旅游资料就是要把含有中国文化特色的信息转换到译文中,这才是旅游资料翻译的重点所在,也是为了满足游客了解中国文化的需要,从而吸引更多的外国游客。
但是,由于中外在社会、历史,文化诸方面的差异,而旅游资源所涉及的内容、背景知识等又是独具中国特色的,有许多东西在英语语言、文化里找不到现成的对应概念,文化信息的翻译成了众所周知的翻译难题。要处理好旅游资料中大量的文化信息, 例如典故、景点名称、趣闻轶事等,并用英语有效地传达给外国游客更非易事。旅游资料的翻译,不仅涉及语言的转换,更涉及跨文化的沟通。
一直以来,翻译界对于如何处理旅游资料翻译过程中存在的大量文化信息问题有着多种不同的看法。奈达从语言交际功能入手,提出的动态对等理论为旅游资料英译中文化信息的处理提供了一个新的探索角度,尤其是在阐述翻译应达到的标准时,他所指出的“读者反应相似”的论点,它使翻译实践者们放在谋求译文对原文的忠实上的注意力有了另一个支点。“读者反应论”是以读者的反应为衡量标准,把读者的接受效果放在了一个重要的位置,它强调翻译的最终目标是读者的反应要与原语读者的反应大致相同。[1]根据“读者反应论”,译者在翻译时不仅要考虑让译文本身必须做到通顺、达意和传神,更重要的是还要兼顾读者因素,以读者为中心。特别是结合旅游资料的功能(吸引外国游客游览并向他们传播中国文化),读者的反应及读者的因素在旅游资料英译中更值得重申,并予以重视。“读者反应论”可以说是给译界带来了一种全新的思维方式,对旅游资料这类实用性翻译有很好的指导意义。
奈达的“读者反应论”把焦点明确放在接受者的反应上,没有接受者,信息的传递过程就不可能完成,因而翻译不能以译者自我为中心。[2]旅游资料英译在文化信息传递方面存在的问题可以说主要是由于忽视了这方面的原因所导致的,即忽视了译文的信息接收者――读者的因素,忽视了接受者的感受决定旅游资料翻译后的传播效果。要消除这个障碍,增强译文的可读性及读者的接受效果,就必须考虑读者的因素。这里所谓“读者”针对的是一般读者,即以英语为母语或了解英语国家文化的外国大众游客,并非学者或专家,虽然他们个体有差异,如有不同的知识层次,世界观、人生观、道德观、个人生活经历等,但他们具有这一文化中的人们的共有知识,也就是某一文化中的人们所具有的常识性的知识。下面,我们就结合陕西旅游资料英译文本中的一些现象,具体阐述如何借助“读者反应论”解决旅游资料英译在文化信息传递方面存在的问题。
1、考虑读者的认知能力
旅游资料涵盖的信息非常丰富,涉及社会、历史、文化、地理、宗教、民俗、建筑艺术, 甚至生物学、动植物学、生态学、考古学等多种学科知识, 并且这些对于外国游客来说有的具有一定的异国特色,有的需要具备一些基础科学知识, 再加上由于受时代背景、社会环境、经济条件等的限制, 读者在一定时期内所具有的知识体系是有限的, 对异族文化的认识和认可也是有限度的。因此,译者不只是要很好地把握原语与目的语的语义对比,了解语义差异,传递表层信息,更要作为第一读者,适当地进行文化补偿, 帮助一类二类读者群补充文本所要向他的意向读者传达的深层文化信息,又不能犯“以己度人”的毛病,忽略某些对读者来说重要的文化知识,要以有利于读者理解和欣赏为原则。例如,西安古城墙的资料介绍中提到“箭楼”,译文只是根据语义对比译作the arrow tower,这虽不是重要的文化信息,但对于缺乏中国历史背景知识的译文读者来说需要做进一步的解释,如可以让读者简单了解其用途,以便读者更好地理解译文和认识中国文化。
2、顾及读者文化中的“取向”因素
所谓读者文化中的“取向”因素是指这一文化中的人们共有的价值取向、心理取向、情感及审美取向,起决定作用的主要是前两者。[3]具体而言,“价值取向”涉及人们的政治、道德、伦理观念和行为规范等;“心理取向”则涉及人们的民族文化、宗教信仰、种族性别等。对于旅游资料的译文读者来说,大部分接收者都是在本国长大,具有迥异的社会、历史、文化背景,因此在接收异国文化时, 难免会从本国的文化角度出发,产生干扰性文化联想,从而导致接收障碍,引起误解。而旅游资料的译者大多忽略了这一点,只一味地“忠实”于原文的表面形式。
实践表明,如果译文表达的内容在译文读者对现实世界了解的知识范围之内, 读者就能更好地理解译文。同时,如果译文所传递的文化信息符合其价值、心理取向,他们就会乐于接译文并产生美感,原因在于读者往往用自己的文化观念来理解译文的内容。然而,各民族各自不同的文化背景,要有完全符合另一个民族的价值、心理取向的可能性是非常小的。因此,译者要顾及读者的情感、审美需要,对文化引起的心理接受冲突加以解释、疏导,使读者能够理解、认同异国文化,而不能忽视读者的感受,这样才能保证文化交流和传播的效果。例如,大雁塔景点的英文资料在介绍“法堂”部分用western paradise表示“西方极乐世界”,这是佛教用语,但是对于很多信基督教的外国游客来说就不易理解,我们应加以解释,并使他们明白这其实指的就是英语中的“heaven”,以免读者产生困惑。
3、顾及读者的文化接受能力
随着世界各民族文化交流的不断深入, 译文读者接受外来文化的承受力也在不断加强 ,文化的全球化也是一种必然趋势, 但世界各民族之间的文化差异始终存在, 人们接受新的异国文化始终需要一个或长或短的过程, 因此,旅游资料英译过程中不能错误地认为在当今开放的、信息化时代外国游客一定会对中国历史、文化、传统、风俗习惯等有相当的了解,进而忽视读者对异国文化的理解、接受能力。 遗憾的是,这类问题却大量存在,其主要表现形式为:在翻译中,译者通常在文中省略与其意向读者――多为原语读者共有的文化信息, 相反,忽视了他的服务对象主要是具有不同文化背景的外国游客。虽然,缺省信息可以被特定的文化语境激活于读者的脑海中, 使读者得到连贯的语义理解,而外国游客读者遇到此类缺省时就会出现意义真空, 难以调动语言之外的各种因素来参与话语理解并形成连贯的语义。因此,翻译时译者应根据自己的双文化知识, 有必要适当地进行文化补偿, 帮助读者把缺省的文化补充出来,准确传达深层文化内涵。译者对这个度的把握却必须始终以读者反应作为判断的标准,应考虑现时的译文读者能接受的文化能力范围,照顾他们的情绪,尽量保留异域风采。
“直译加注法”通常保留原作的词语层次和句子结构,在呈现出原文信息的字面意思后, 通过注释对缺省信息进行填补或解释, 使译文读者获得异质文化的新鲜感受。如果要传递的文化信息确实超过了他们的接受范围, 则可以选择向其文化倾斜,如采用文化借用的方法来解释中国文化所特有的内容,也可以在不影响理解的情况下对某些高难度的文化信息词采用删减重组的办法做降级处理,以更利于外国游客的接受,但是要对相关文化信息认真组织、筛选,突出重点和当地特色,以免引起文化误导。例如,在介绍乾陵过程中讲到“乾陵是中国唯一的一个皇帝与皇帝合葬的陵墓”,这个现象汉语读者都知道,但也未必清楚原因,而对于有着不同历史背景和文化差异的英语读者就无法理解,笔者认为应在这句话后加以注释、说明,以免引起误解。
4、注重语言文化上的差异
语言与文化关系密切,语言是文化的载体,文化通过语言得到体现(凌双英,基于读者反应论的旅游英语翻译策略,淮北师范大学学报,2013.03)。如果语言表达形式不符合译文读者的习惯,即使是对原文完全忠实,也会在一定程度上阻碍读者对通过翻译移入的异国文化范畴的接受能力。这也是导致旅游资料英译文文化信息传递功能失效的主要原因。当然,我们所谓“不符合译文读者的习惯”并非是指译者英语译文不流畅、生硬,而是说译者在翻译时忽略了英汉两种语言在表达方式、习惯上的差异,尤其是在介绍旅游资料时由于文化背景、思维方式、 审美反应等引起的差异。
通过对比,我们发现,在介绍旅游资料时中西方在语言文体特色和风格上都大不相同:汉民族大多使用描述性语言,主观色彩极浓, 言辞华丽, 文笔夸张,内容含蓄,讲究音形皆美、情景交融,同时译者为了追求忠实于原文或希望外国游客读者也能领略其中的美感,往往在翻译时对原文费劲心思力求做到面面俱到,这恰恰失去了使读者通过表层语言进入深层文化的前提。事实上,所谓“有美感”的华丽辞藻、夸张描述与英语简洁明快、直观理性的欣赏习惯完全不相符合,只会使外国游客感到语言罗嗦、华而不实,根本无法领略其中的内涵。因为在描述旅游时,英语旅游文体大多风格简约,逻辑严谨,行文措辞简洁明白,表达方式直观、通俗、易懂。整体上重在景点地理环境、服务设施、优势与不足等方面的纯信息传递。倘若翻译时一味按汉语的思维、表达习惯行文用字势必与英语民族的审美心理和欣赏习惯格格不入,影响读者的接受心理。
因此,旅游资料的英译文本要让国外游客能读懂看懂并喜闻乐见,就有必要采用归化式的译语表达方式,在翻译时可将那些在汉语原文里面面俱到,词义重复,而对等译成英语又显得繁琐,对原文理解无实质性帮助的字、句删去,也可细推敲原文,透过其华丽的外表, 抓住实质具体的内容,译出符合英语表达习惯的译文, 只有这样才能使译文读者获得与原文读者相同或相近的审美反应,也能减少语言表达方面的问题对文化信息的有效传递产生的障碍。例如,在介绍华清池过程中提到“the Five-Room Hall”, 这个命名是源于“西安事变”,原文并对这次事变做了很详细地讲解,但是要符合英语旅游资料的描述习惯,译文就应作简洁、明了地概括,这样才会让读者觉得逻辑性强、简约。
读者反应因素在翻译中是一种客观存在,是无法被忽视的。只有兼顾读者的感受,译文才可能被大众接受,从而实现翻译的真实目的,但也不能哗众取宠,只追求读者的感受。“读者反应论”虽然在某种程度上有助于更有效地传递旅游资料中的文化信息,促进中华文化的传播,但从时代的角度出发,无论是作为译者还是读者,我们都应该有跨文化意识并积极主动了解外国文化, 增强对目的语文化的领悟力和敏感性, 减少文化交流中的障碍因素。
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在企业、学校和其它组织中,信息技术体系结构是一个为达成战略目标而采用和发展信息技术的综合结构。它包括管理和技术的成分。其管理成分包括使命、职能与信息需求、系统配置和信息流程;技术成分包括用于实现管理体系结构的信息技术标准、规则等。以下是读文网小编今天为大家精心准备的:浅谈信息技术在旅游文化课堂的有效应用相关论文。文章仅供参考阅读,希望能帮助到大家。
浅谈信息技术在旅游文化课堂的有效应用全文如下:
随着信息技术发展的不断深入,当下的课堂教学出现了白板教学、网络教学、翻转课堂等新型的教学方式与学习方式,改变了以往以教师为主导的教学模式。信息时代的到来,使得多媒体教学在日常教学中得到了广泛的运用,一改往日只由教师在三尺讲台上运用个体的声情并茂来吸引学生的注意力,极大地丰富了课堂教学中的直观性,使学生容易产生身临其境的感觉,发展了学生的创造性思维,提高了学习效率,优化了课堂教学质量。它有利于学生主动发现、积极探索知识,还有利于发展联想思维和建立新旧知识及各类知识之间的网状联系。因此,在以学生为主体的学习课堂上,如何把信息技术与旅游文化课程内容相结合,打造出高效率的课堂,充分对信息技术的有效应用,成为当下旅游文化课程值得探究的话题。
俗话说"一日之计在于晨",同理,一堂课的效率高低也在于开端处是否能完全引起学生对课堂的关注度。要想引起学生对课堂的关注度,首先教师的导入设计是关键。在旅游文化课堂上,多媒体技术采用图音结合的教学方法具有新颖性、趣味性和多样性,能吸引学生的眼球,也可以巧设悬念,更能引起学生的浓厚兴趣,使学生产生学习的好奇心,从而促进学生学习的积极性。如在学习《汉族民俗风情》一课时,利用多媒体播放我国汉族传统节日欢庆盛况图片,色彩斑斓的影音图片,立刻把学生的目光集聚到荧屏上。接着教师在屏幕上提出问题:请同学们一起来猜一猜图片上的精彩画面是哪个民族过的节日呀?以图片展示来提出问题给学生的心理设下悬念,让同学们在课堂上各执己见,畅所欲言,活跃了课堂气氛,为课堂的"眼"点上了"睛",从而营造出学生愿学、乐学的课堂氛围。
随着社会生产力的发展,旅游文化中涉及的旅游资源、文化演变的形态,也不断更新。一直以来,许多人包括我们的一部分学生总认为旅游文化只是在"纸上谈兵",均是些过时的东西,学生缺乏真实的感受,没什么学习的必要,学生主动学习的意愿较低。而引入多媒体技术教学以后,我们可以把一些新闻报道、纪录片以及反映实际的图片、数据、视频片断与旅游文化课有机地结合起来,用事实说话,实现了超时空的信息再现,从而大大提高了旅游文化与时俱进的程度。
例如,当我们在学习《认识旅游》一课时,在讲到旅游业发展前景时,学生对于书本上知识只是粗糙认知一下便放下了,总感觉离自己的职业发展相距很远,提不起学习的动力。当通过网络媒体收集到的资讯与图片运多幻灯片等方式来展示一些影音图像,切入一些当前旅游动态发展的图表数据,学生对所学专业的自信心又提了上来,对课堂的参与度也会随之提升。因此,旅游文化课程的学习离不开信息技术的运用,教师要日常备课与教学过程中需从网络等媒体上收集大量的现实动态信息,通过信息技术的运用来辅助教学,大大增强旅游文化课的可信度及给学生学习提供了源源不断的动力。
当下,仅凭教师"一张嘴、一支粉笔、一本书"的传统教学方式已经不能适应现代教育的发展,尤其无法满足学生的学习需求。旅游文化学科涵盖的知识面比较广,从民俗风情到园林与建筑、宗教文化等方面都涉及。在制作多媒体课件时,对一些课堂上较难表达的历史知识、基本概念和文化特色等,可以分专题到有关网站上查找相关资料,搜集与教学内容有关的图、文、声、像材料,然后制作成多媒体课件来组织课堂教学。节省了很多板书的内容,同时也为教师在课堂上与学生互动提供了很大的便利性。
这种多媒体课件不仅能将大量的资料呈现给学生,大大拓宽学生的视野,而且在说明行业发展动态、概念及文化特色实时材料集中,简明准确,省时省力,从而达到大容量、高密度、快节奏的现代课堂教学要求,做到内容精简、分析精辟、语言精练,使得课堂教学节奏明快紧凑。用多媒体信息技术能化虚为实,化繁为简,使旅游文化的时空性清晰地呈现在学生面前,便于学生理解。从而优化了课堂结构,提升了旅游文化课堂教学的效率。
多媒体教学技术的交互性是独一无二的,教师可以结合学生的学情及授课的内容通过翻转课堂的方式让学生依据教师所列的知识问题点进行先学习,并辅之以有效的奖惩机制,充分调动学生的积极性,培养学生解决问题的能力,让学生回归学习的主体地位。传统的旅游文化课堂中,只能依赖一本精而又精、简而又简的教科书,再由教师单一的在课堂上让学生画画记记,完全不可能体现学生学习的主体地位。
运用信息技术能提供直观形象和生动逼真的动态图像,伴随着图像的闪动、变化,不仅激发学生的学习情绪,又能发展学生的观察能力和空间想象能力,激活学生的思维能力,以其集图、文、声、像、动画于一体,资料翔实,线索清晰,操作简便等特点,有着传统教学手段所不具备的优势。再者由教师在课堂上通过提问或让学生答题的方式来检验学生去所学知识的掌握程度,这样的方式也会促使学生主动地将头脑中已形成的认识与新知识加以对比、分析、判断和重组,形成新的知识体系,加深了学生对知识的理解和巩固。同时,也使学生认识问题、分析问题、理解问题、解决问题的能力都得到了提高,进而从中获得学习的乐趣与成就感,真正地成为学习的主体。
在旅游文化的课堂上,有效地运用信息技术融入课堂,能为课堂的导入起到画龙点睛的作用,也可以为学生学习旅游文化增添信心,还可以起到优化课堂的结构,为创建高效率的课堂营造良好的学习氛围,同时还能利用翻转课堂的模式充分调动学生学习兴趣,让学生认识问题、分析问题、理解问题、解决问题的能力都得到了提高,真正地成为课堂学习的主体。
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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英汉两种语言的表达方式、语言习惯的不同,决定了它们所表达的相同事物之间存在着明显的差异性。然而,由于语言之间的相通性、相融性,也决定了不同语言的相同事物之间又在某些方面存在着必然的共同性。英、汉姓名的异同就是其差异性与共同性的具体体现之一,而在其中所蕴涵的深远的文化底蕴是值得我们回味与咀嚼的。本文就英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法进行粗浅探讨。
姓名的翻译要遵循两个原则:“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”。“名从主人原则”是指在翻译姓名时,要以该姓名所在国语言的发音为准,而不管该姓名是直接从原文译出的,还是从其他文字转译的。换言之,就是译哪个国家的姓名就要以哪个国家的音为准。如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”(波兰语发音),而不译作“斯科路夫斯基”(英语发音)。“约定俗成原则”是指有些姓名在长期的翻译实践中,已经有了固定的译法,就应该继续使用下去,即使有的不够妥帖,甚至错了,但因多年来已为人们所公认和熟悉,这样的译名也该继续沿用,无须另定译名。如英国著名作家George Bernard Shaw正确的汉译名应是“乔治·伯纳·萧”,但过去该作家的名字一直被译作“萧伯纳”,变成了一个典型的汉名,我们也只有错误地沿袭下去了。
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