为您找到与简述语言文化的关系及对翻译的影响相关的共200个结果:
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
“Translation and Culture”, Translation Journal C. Thriveni, Volume 6, No. 1 January 2002
Translation Journal Gabe Bokor, Volume 5, No. 4 October 2001, “Translation and International Politics”,
Translation Journal Mathieu Guidere, Volume 5, No. 1 January 2001, “Translation Practices in International Advertising”,
Translation Journal Nida, E. A. “language, Culture, and Translation”
EDWIN GENTZLER 当代翻译理论. 上海外语教育出版社.
冯庆华. 汉英翻译基础教程. 高等教育出版社, 2008: 3--5.
冯庆华. 英汉翻译基础教程. 高等教育出版社. 2008: 350--360.
胡庚申. 翻译与跨文化交流. 嬗变与解读上海外语出版社. 25-26.
李青新. 英汉汉英翻译教程. 翻译技巧与误区评析. 北京出版社. 45-47
来安方. 英美概况. 河南人民出版社 2004: 5--9
孙迎春. 汉英双向翻译学译林. 济南山东大学出版社. 2001: 74-76.
王逢鑫. 英汉文化. 北京大学出版社. 2004: 48--69.
杨慧中. 怎样写论文 上海译文出版社. 32-37.
张爱琳. 跨文化交际. 重庆大学出版社. 2003: 25-30.
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
语言基本上是一种文化和社会产品,要理解它就应该从文化和社会的角度出发。英汉两种语言之间的文化差异给其在语义层面上的转换带来了巨大的障碍,其差异首先表现为价值观念的不同。汉文化是一元文化,强调“社团价值论”;英文化是多元文化,崇尚“个人价值至上论”。除了价值观念差异之外,英汉文化差异还与两个民族所处的地理环境与社会环境、气候条件和风俗习惯等息息相关。
英汉民族由习俗引起的文化差异在一些与动物有关的词汇短语上体现得非常明显。英国人喜欢马,养马、骑马、赛马成为其风俗,英国文化就属于典型的的“马文化”,所以英语中有关马的说法极其丰富,诸如talk horse(吹牛)、 get on one’s high horse(趾高气扬)、horse and horse(并驾齐驱)等等。然而中国是传统的农业国,世代的牛耕生活使汉语囤积了大量的“牛文化”。牛是“吃苦耐劳,勤奋踏实”的象征,“俯首甘为孺子牛”就是体现的这种情结。相反在英语中却用马来代替,汉语中的“老黄牛”翻译成英语也就成了“a willing horse”。
不光如此,英汉语言中的一些表示颜色的词汇也沉淀了不同民情的文化。“红色”在汉语中含有极强的褒义色彩,“大红大紫”显示的是成功和富贵、喜庆和吉祥。与此相反, “red”却常常让西方人想起流血、战争、恐怖、愤怒和危险,含有较强的贬义。
伴随着二十世纪六十年代以来西方翻译的科学理论化进程,我国自八十年代后期,翻译研究呈现出突飞猛进的发展势头。与此同时,随着经济与文化等各方面全球化的影响,无论是翻译理论研究还是翻译实践都展现出一派蓬勃发展的面貌。
在我国,翻译的对象领域被人为的划分为“非文学”的和“文学”的。“非文学”的主要是指一般的实用性文体,如政治、经济、科技、金融、商贸、旅游、体育等,其中最主要的要数“科技翻译”;“文学翻译”则是与科技翻译并行的翻译的门类和方法论。随之也便产生了“非文学”研究和“文学”研究。“非文学”翻译被认为是一种技术性的活动,在翻译活动中长期处于优势地位,与此同时,我们不能否认,文学翻译研究在翻译研究这一领域中占了主导地位,一直是人们关注的焦点。
20世纪80年代以来,受文化研究大潮的影响,翻译的历史文化研究日益受到重视,中西翻译的语言和文化思维的差异表现得极为突出,基于对语境、语气、含蓄等的敏感度及广泛运用各种修辞手法等方面的关注,翻译的文化因素被更多地加以考虑。
语言不仅是人类思想感情表达与交流的工具,而且是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体。语言能真切地反映一个国家、一个民族的生态地域、政治经济、物质文化、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等。不同的语言决定了不同民族不同的思维方式、行为方式以及语言表达方式。然而语言的个性与共性是共存和并重的,洪堡特曾经说过:“比较语言研究是对语言差异的准确探索。”可以说,寻找差异的目的是达到统一,其中必须特别关注的,则是语言的音形、词句、文体等形式中所内涵的精神文化实质。
翻译的实质是将一种语言转换成另一种语言,其目的在于把原语的全部信息输入译语,同时取得最大限度的等值效果。英汉两种语言分属于印欧语系和汉藏语系,不同的语系特点,决定了各自的构词法和词义表达差异很大,要想确切地表达原作内容,在翻译过程中就要应用各种技巧。
有时为了使译文更加符合汉语的表达习惯和规律,在忠实于原文的前提下,必须选词、增词、省略、把词类适当地加以转换,才能使译文通顺自然。当然翻译并不是纯语言本体的转换,它与社会文化等有着各种关系。每一个民族都有自己的社会文化特色,文化是使人们凝聚为一个共同整体的一系列共享的意义、信仰和价值,有其特定的时空范围,因此,一些话语的正说与反说、句型和习语等在翻译时也要考虑到它们各自的特点。
在中国文化和历史中,有许多辉煌成就令外国学者向往,他们认为中华文化博大精深、多姿多彩,其历史源远流长,因此形成了构思方式和语言组织上的重视意合和悟性,区别于西方思维差异上的重形合和理性。汉语的意合无须借助词汇语法的衔接手段,仅靠词语与句子内涵意义的逻辑关系或借助语境、语义、语用的因素,便能构成连贯的语篇,这一特点集中体现在古汉语文学作品中;而英语在语言形式上把词语句子结合成语篇整体时则少不了词汇语法的显性衔接。
德国思想领袖哈贝马斯倡导的“交往行动理论”以理解与沟通为现代社会最高目标,认为翻译研究应该成为人类交往实践的一项基本训练,从他人的角度出发,建立起主客体间的有效联系。这对不同文化背景下的交往甚至是相同背景下的交往都是必要的,这样可以改变现实生活中单向的思维模式,建立一种新的主客体认识模式。
中国人的传统思维讲究天人合一、人法自然、万物皆备于我,所以主体参与意识很强,在语言表达上表现为多以“人”作主语。西方人由于理性的分析而偏重于主客分离和区别,所以有时以“人”这个主体为主语,有时以客体为主语,视情况需要而定,但更多的是抱着客观审视的态度,以事物为主语并进行客观、冷静的剖析和描述,这就导致了英汉语篇主语、主位或是重心上的差异。
从根本上讲,这是中西方各自重综合与重分析思维习惯的表现。中国人喜欢螺旋式的展开方式,先宣称主题之重要,继而进行反复的论述和强调,最后回归到主题;西方人喜欢直线形逻辑思维,就是先表达出中心意思,由此展开,或层层推演或逐项分列,后面的语句由前面的语句自然引出。在一句含有时间、地点、事件的通知性的话语中,中国人的习惯表达是“我们将在什么时间什么地点做什么事情”,西方人的表达是“要进行的事件+地点+时间”。
例如,中国人习惯上说:我们明天早上去看姑妈,7∶00在院子门口集合。西方人的表达是:We will meet at the courtyard gate at 7 O’clock tomorrow morning in order to visit our aunt.
翻译是传译两种相异的语言与文字,总需要将译者与被译者两方面的语言文字做一番深刻的研究,看中文与外文究竟有哪些相异之处。这些相异之处有文法上的、修辞上的、习惯上的和表现手法上的。
如:由于英语重句子的建构,英语句型多,尤其长句多,西方人习惯于使用“叠床架屋”式结构的长句子,在进行翻译时,都要关照到。
在某种意义上说,翻译活动中准确和流利的表达就是在理解原文的基础上,通过深入的逻辑分析和推理,不断冲破原文词义或句法结构的强制范畴,把原文精髓用规范、通顺的译文语言全息再现出来。由于这样的译文不是原文的机械复制品,它往往需要创造性劳动,亦即语言艺术。而表达的艺术主要体现在理解翻译法以及对于原文用词、句法结构、叙述顺序等问题的恰到好处的处理上。由“直译”与“意译”引发出“异化”和“归化”,在翻译实践中都不能不采用。没有哪一种译文是完全异化或完全归化的,在翻译过程中若能使二者相得益彰,那么就会收到意想不到的效果。
西方美学有着悠久的历史和许多优良的学术传统,尤其是近几十年来它的飞跃发展,对译学影响越来越大。在进行文学翻译时,不能忽略作品的比较美学价值,不拘泥于表层结构和形态,不注重译作语言质量的高下。现代翻译需要我们对译品所蕴含的代表不同文化系统的审美特征,乃至于对不同国家和民族所持有的不同的审美理论和思维方式,做出美学价值上的判断,以探索其审美本质和规律。
比较文学的翻译研究不能局限于某些语言现象的理解与表达,也不参与评论其优劣,而是把翻译文学作品作为既成事实加以接受,不仅要对其进行一般意义上的价值判断,还要在此基础上展开对文学交流、影响、接受、传播等问题的考察与分析。
研究文学翻译,研究翻译理论,可以拓展新的角度、新的方法,不再单纯评价译品的优劣高下,而是将各类译品作为审美对象,从美学角度进行鉴赏、品味、对比、分析,使文学作品及其译品所蕴含的美学因素及其价值得到淋漓尽致的揭示,使读者在研读文学翻译作品的同时,充分领略原作与译作的审美价值。
英汉互译实践与技巧翻译是一门实践性极强的学问,需要长期下苦功夫才能真正学到手。译者的翻译能力的形成不能单靠学习理论知识、强化技巧训练,而是需要扎扎实实的双语功底及大量的翻译实践。
无论什么翻译,都不可避免地带有交流的目的。在国际文化交流日益繁荣,在中国与国际各领域接轨日益加速的时代,为使翻译学得以更好的发展,在注意到中西语言文化思维差异性的同时,必须打破翻译研究的地域、学科、流派的限制,形成跨学科综合、多元互补的研究格局,在译学领域加强交流,跨越不同的传统与体系,进行中西译论体系间的双向互补、借鉴和相互渗透,以达到中西译学的交融与共生。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
以象形为基础的汉字,其形体构造体现出了具有汉民族特色的文化现象。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是语言文学论文:汉字与汉文化的关系。具体内容如下,希望能够够帮助到大家:
汉字与汉文化的关系
中华民族五千年的文明之所以能够保存并流传后世,这主要归功于汉字。汉字与汉文化密不可分,其构形及发展凝聚着汉民族深刻的文化内涵,积淀和保留着汉民族观察世界及其自身的思维成果和心智,其本身蕴涵和展示着一个丰富多彩的汉民族文化世界和精神世界。
人是群居动物,人类的实践活动都在一定的群体中进行,长期的群体生活形成的共同的行为和生活方式相沿成习,渐渐形成一种风俗。风俗文化是人类最早的文化现象之一,是一个民族特殊的文化意识形态,源于社会生活,随着社会的发展而变迁。
任何民族都有各自特有的风俗习惯,汉民族的独特风俗文化离现在已有几千年之久,但我们却可以从汉字及用汉字所记载的文献中窥见一斑。例如“穴居野处”“茹毛饮血”等词,真实而形象地再现了汉民族先民的居住条件和饮食方式。
汉民族的风俗中,最受重视的莫过于春节。春节是众多节日中最盛大的,贴红联、放鞭炮、吃饺子……习惯上又把过春节称为过年,那么“年”究竟是怎样来的呢?相传在远古时代,有一种猛兽叫“年”,逢新旧岁之交,就出来糟蹋庄稼,伤害人畜。一次,它又跑出来为非作歹,被一家门口晾的红衣服吓跑了,到了另一处又被灯光和爆竹声吓得抱头鼠窜。于是人们掌握了“年”的弱点。每至辞旧迎新之际,就贴红联,放鞭炮,拢柴火,把年吓跑。久而久之便成了过年的习俗。但这只是传说,其实“年”字,最初为“农作物生长周期”之意,由于汉字形体的楷化而失去了最初的意义。造字之初,“年”是谷穗沉沉下垂的形象,是收获的象征,所谓“五谷熟曰年”。农作物从播种到成熟是一个生长周期,庄稼成熟之时,人们不免要庆祝一番。从此,每当四季轮回一次之际,就出现这种庆祝丰收和和祭神祀祖的活动。但由于中国人的实用主义倾向,这种活动逐渐从娱神发展到自娱,久而久之便形成了一种约定俗成的节日,即“年”。今天的过年习俗就是由此演变而来,年的习俗反映出一种世俗的快乐。
任何一个汉字,都是一幅构思巧妙的图画,蕴藏着一些汉民族远古的风俗习性,渗透到人类生活的每个角落,并随着社会的发展而不断向前发展演变,与时俱进。
以象形为基础的汉字,其形体构造体现出了具有汉民族特色的文化现象。由于汉字具有表意作用,视觉形象鲜明,有助于启发我们形象性的联想,因此用汉字记录的诗歌,就像一幅幅鲜活生动的画面,读者能够抛开语音语法层面而直接进入诗情画意中。因此中国古代诗歌富于形象性,意境含蓄优美,是汉字自身的特点形成了古代诗歌特有的形式美。
《诗经》是我国古代诗歌的瑰宝,基本都是四言的,而《楚辞》是在四言基础上发展而来,大体上是六言加上兮字,兮字起凑足音节、使音节整齐的作用。例如:
蒹葭苍苍,白露为霜。
所谓伊人,在水一方。《诗经?蒹葭》
余幼好此奇服兮,年既老而不衰。
带长铗之陆离兮,冠切云之崔巍。《楚辞?涉江》
古体诗和近体诗大多数是五言和七言,如律诗,绝句,五古,七古等(七古例外,有时在七言句中夹杂一些杂言的句子)。律诗每首八句,有五言和七言的;绝句每首四句,也分五言和七言。“五言诗”每行五个字,如唐代诗人王勃的五律诗《送杜少甫之任蜀州》:“城阙辅三秦, 风烟望五津。……”全诗共八句,每句五个字,长短相同,字数相等,整齐匀称;“七言诗”每行七个字,如苏轼的《题西林壁》:“横看成岭侧成峰,远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”整首诗共四句,形式整齐。字字如诗,句句如画,无限的意蕴孕于其中。
对仗是汉语律诗的一个基本要求。对仗即对偶,是指说话或写作时,某些文字,在邻近的地方有跟它成双配对的文字出现。平仄相间,抑扬顿挫,形成一种和谐的声律美。如杜甫《春望》:
国破山河在,(仄仄――平平――仄)
城春草木深。(平平――仄仄――平)
上下两句平仄、节奏相对,每句有三个节奏点,平仄相间,抑扬交错,节奏鲜明。
对仗的文字相互衬托,互相照应,使所表达的意义更加丰富、精炼、确切。声音上,对偶的文字彼开此合,彼收此放,声音抑扬,和谐悦耳。利用汉字的特点,也形成了许多汉民族文化特色的修辞,除对偶之外还有顶真、回文、析字,复叠等,使诗歌无论在形式上还是意蕴上都独具特色。
对联又称楹联,采诗词曲赋骈文之精华,是汉字文化和文学的派生物。对联的基础是对偶修辞格,在对仗方面有严格的要求。在相对位置上要虚实相同,平仄相反。如:
墙上芦苇,头重脚轻根底浅。
山间竹笋,嘴尖皮厚腹中空。
“墙”对“山”,“芦苇”对“竹笋”,“头”对“嘴”,“脚”对“皮”,“根”对“腹”,是名词对名词;“重”对“尖”,“轻”对“厚”,“浅”对“空”,是形容词对形容词;“上”对“间”,“底”对“中”,是方位词对方位词。“墙上”与“山间”是方位词组;“芦苇”与“竹笋”是联合式;“头重”与“嘴尖”、“脚轻”与“皮厚”都是主谓式;“根底”与“腹中”都是方位词,而“根底浅”、“腹中空”又都是主谓结构。不但词类相同,虚实相当,字数相等,而且结构相应。当然,对联中也存在宽对,如:青山有幸埋忠骨,白铁无辜铸佞臣。
对联之美在于对称、对比和对立的统一,讲究对仗与平仄,声律抑扬和谐,因而具有对称平衡之美。而且对联具有广泛性,公开性,形式灵活。随着社会的发展,对联的应用已经渗透到社会生活的诸多方面,如春节、装饰、婚丧、广告等。虽然对联只是汉字文化长河中的一个小小的支流,但却有旺盛的生命力,是汉文化的活细胞。
由汉字的特点而形成的具有汉民族特色的文化事项是形形色色的,汉文化之所以具有如上所述的特色,当归因于汉字。汉字是汉民族之根,本身有极其丰富的内涵,是我们探究汉文化,研究汉民族的绝好材料。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
浏览量:4
下载量:0
时间:
商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
古希腊神话是古希腊人民智慧的结晶,它的想象力丰富多彩,激发了人们探求古希腊文明的欲望和热情。马克思曾经指出:“希腊的神话和史诗是发展的最完美的人类童年的产物,具有永久的魅力”。希腊神话是西方文化宝库里的璀璨明珠,对西方国家社会生活和人们的思维方式等各个方面均产生了极其深远的影响。它不但是西方文化的源泉,而且深深地根植于西方各国的语言文化之中。因此,对希腊神话的深入研究是了解和研究英语语言文化的关键。
英语语言文化有两个主要源头——古希腊罗马神话和圣经。英语的词汇从神话故事中吸取精髓,将神话故事中的词汇、神名、传说故事演化,由此大大地丰富了英语语言。希腊神话以其丰富的想象力、丰富的故事情节流传于世。
希腊神话对英语词汇的影响主要体现在词汇和习语方面,主要形式有直接引用、转义借用、派生新词和词根化。这方面的例子有:Flora是古希腊神话中的花神。她嫁给了西风之神Zephyr,婚后她的丈夫送给她一座满是奇花异草的花园。Flora和Zephyr生活幸福,感情甜蜜,每当他们一起在花园散步时,沿途的百花都会竟相开放。Flora 在现代英语里指代“植物”,衍生词有flower,flour,flourish,floral,florist等;神话中人间的王子那喀索斯(narcissus)是个长相英俊的美少年,经常喜欢独自一人在森林中漫步,他脱俗的外表和气质吸引了森林女神艾蔻(echo)的注意,渐渐的她爱上了这个王子,每天都跟随在王子的身后,但是却无法表白,因为她遭到了天后赫拉的诅咒终生只能重复别人话语的后三个字。艾蔻本是天后赫拉的侍女,活泼爱动且多嘴多舌,在赫拉和天神宙斯的婚礼上,因为艾蔻的原因导致宙斯在结婚誓言中没有说愿意一生一世只爱赫拉一人而遭到了赫拉的恨意,婚后的宙斯没有收敛拈花惹草的天性令赫拉头痛不已。传说赫拉在天宫中正为此郁闷,拨开云雾看到了人间森林中艾蔻跟踪那喀索斯的一幕,遂心生一计,惩罚艾蔻永远得不到所爱人的心。后来那喀索斯忍不住问艾蔻“你是谁呀?”,艾蔻只能不断的重复“是谁呀,是谁呀……”而遭到那喀索斯的讨厌,最后艾蔻抑郁而终,死后变成了山谷中的“回声”,而那喀索斯也被赫拉施以诅咒,爱上了自己水中的倒影,而变成了一株“水仙花”,后来的他的名字还引申为“自恋,自我陶醉”的意思;著名运动品牌耐克的商标也来源于希腊神话故事,耐克(Nike)是神话中的胜利女神,这一品牌正是源于女神名字的引申含义。
源自于希腊神话中的习语更是不胜枚举,如Pandora’s box(潘多拉的宝盒),天神普罗米修斯心地善良同情人间疾苦,不顾众神的反对,偷偷教给人类许多生存技巧和知识,后来甚至把圣火火种带到了人间造福千千万万的平民百姓。这让一直持反对意见的主神宙斯知道了,宙斯勃然大怒而对普罗米修斯和人类都施加惩罚。宙斯先是把普罗米修斯捆绑到了高加索山峰上,日夜折磨他的身心,每天白天都让鹰啄食他的内脏,然后又施加法术,让其夜晚再长出来,日以继夜。宙斯为了报复人类,亲自创造了只有美丽的外表但是却没有头脑思想又充满了好奇心的美女潘多拉,然后他又制造了装满邪恶、苦难、疾病、战争等的盒子让潘多拉带到人间,但是希望女神在盒底偷偷放入了希望的种子。宙斯让普罗米修斯的弟弟爱上了潘多拉而结婚,但是却在新婚之夜诱惑潘多拉打开了盒子,潘多拉惊慌失措连忙把盒子合上,却把希望留在了盒中,后来这个习语意为“灾难的根源”;Achilles’ heel(阿喀琉斯之踵),阿喀琉斯是神话中海洋女神忒提斯和人类的孩子,是半人半神的英雄,故事源于荷马史诗《伊利亚特》。因为是人和神的孩子,所以他不能像神那样可以永生,所以她的母亲忒提斯在他刚出生即把他浸入冥河河水中让儿子成为刀枪不入之身,但是由于脚后跟被母亲双手捏着而没有浸到河水,成为了他唯一的弱点,此事在特洛伊之战中被对手知道而丧命,后来这个习语意为“致命的弱点”;Apple of discord(不和的根源),故事源于不和女神艾瑞斯的一只金苹果,看不惯人们友好幸福的不和女神制作了一只写有“送给最美的女神”的金苹果,引起了天后赫拉,智慧女神雅典娜和爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒的争夺。由于各执一词,她们找到了特洛伊王子帕里斯裁决,为了能获得这“最美女神”的虚荣,她们各自向王子承诺地位、财富、智慧与美女,后来阿芙洛狄忒许诺的美女让王子最为动心。这就是希腊斯巴达王后海伦的被抢夺说导致的特洛伊之战,也是由“一只苹果”而引发的战争,因此apple of discord意思就是“不和的根源,发生纠纷的事端”。而故事中的美女海伦因为是这场战争的导火索也衍生出了“Helen of Troy”这一习语,意为“祸端,红颜祸水,倾城美人”;随着东西方文化的交融,在我国每年过西方“情人节”的人不在少数,人们都对那个胖嘟嘟精灵可爱的身后背着箭篓的小爱神丘比特印象深刻,可是要是问道这个节日的背后的故事恐怕了解的人就会寥寥无几了。丘比特是希腊神话中的私生子,他的身世也暗示了但是社会现状丑陋的一面。他的母亲是希腊神话中的爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒,她在罗马神话中的名字更为著名:维纳斯,他的父亲是战神马尔斯。阿芙洛狄忒与马尔斯都是宙斯的孩子,是兄妹关系,这一乱伦爱情也体现了希腊神话母体之一:乱伦。宙斯风流成性竟然爱上了自己的女儿——爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒,但却遭到了女儿的强烈反抗,激怒了宙斯,宙斯遂把她嫁给了天神中相貌最丑陋的神匠赫菲斯托斯。由于对生活的不满,产生了兄妹之间的不伦之恋而生下了盲孩丘比特,因为先天的缺陷,天神怜悯赋予其掌管爱情和婚姻的能力,天神赐予他一只铅箭一只金箭,当他把铅箭射向人们的时候相爱的人就会分开,当他把金箭射向人们的时候人们则会相爱。丘比特爱玩闹是个永远长不大的孩子,经常胡乱射箭,因此产生了习语Love is blind意思就是“爱情是盲目的”。
希腊神话不仅是希腊文学的摇篮,而且对欧美文学有着深远的影响。现代社会被广为流传的希腊神话或传说大多来源于希腊文学作品。古希腊大诗人荷马的两部伟大的史诗巨著:一部是《伊利亚特》,一部是《奥德赛》包括了绝大部分的希腊神话。分别描述了古希腊人和特洛伊人交战攻打伊利亚特城的经过和希腊军队在返回的途中所遇到的许多不可思议的见闻;闻名遐尔的古希腊三大悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯流传下来的 34 部悲剧中有 33 部都以神话为题材。这其中著名的作品有《被缚的普罗米修斯》、《俄狄浦斯王》和《美狄亚》;后世的诗人文学家用神话故事作为创作素材的更是恒河沙数,从乔叟到莎士比亚、弥尔顿、济慈、丁尼生、雪莱、拜伦、朗费罗、艾略特、庞德等人,无一不从神话中获得灵感,撷取思想和题材,创作出了许多不朽的名篇。譬如莎士比亚的《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》和长诗《维那斯与阿多尼斯》,弥尔顿的《失乐园》,雪莱的《解放了的普罗米修斯》,济慈的《阿波罗颂》、《希腊古瓮》,艾略特的《荒原》,庞德的《诗章》等等。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《老人与海》、《基督山伯爵》等现代作品以及极具有影响力的电影《泰坦尼克号》、《特洛伊》、《诸神之战》、《诸神之怒》、《爱丽丝梦游仙境》等也是以神话故事的母题为创作栏板。神话故事曲折丰富的故事在给读者美德享受的同时也激发了艺术家们丰富的想象力。《基督山伯爵》是发货著名作家大仲马的一部脍炙人口的作品,作者用艺术手法表现了希腊神话中报恩与复仇的主题。在故事中男主角埃德蒙·唐代斯是一名聪明善良的年轻大副,有理想有抱负,但同时也遭到了众多嫉妒他的爱情、事业的小人的算计,这些人有社会底层也有所谓的三层社会,他们互相勾结,暗算了少年得志的唐代斯使他无辜入狱,但在入狱后唐代斯机缘巧合结石了神父法里亚,法里亚博学多闻因为政治原因入狱,但是同时他又掌握着一个关于宝藏的惊天秘密。在神父的帮助下唐代斯分析出了自己被迫害的真相。神父在狱中把毕生所学都传授给了唐代斯,使他从外表到气质都发生了彻底的转变。后来在意外中,唐代斯得以离开暗无天日的牢狱并且得到了宝藏开始了他的报仇与报恩,在弘扬人性善良的同时揭露了所谓上层社会虚伪的嘴脸。最后他与爱人一起杨帆远航开拓新生活;《爱丽丝梦游仙境》是由英国作家查尔斯·路德维希·道奇森(Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)以笔名路易斯·卡罗(Lewis Carroll)出版的儿童文学作品。作品体现了希腊神话中的探险和冒险的主题。故事后来被改编成了广受欢迎的3D影片。在故事中主角爱丽丝偶然掉到了兔子洞中,开始一段奇妙的旅行,故事中的动物都能讲话都在做着不可思议的事情,爱丽丝同动物朋友们一起经历了奇妙的探险旅程,故事想象力丰富,成为了一代又一代孩子们在人生中最先接触的文学作品之一。后来故事还衍生出了医学词汇Alice Syndrome,意为爱丽丝综合症,其症状为病患通过自己的观察感觉事物忽大忽小,甚至产生时空扭曲等特殊视觉效果,多发于儿童时期。要充分了解英美文学,熟读希腊罗马神话是很有必要的。希腊神话以丰富的哲理和想象力在文学史上划下了绚烂的符号。
作为一名英语教师,本人在多年的教学中发现,在词汇的学习中,学生往往感觉枯燥乏味,而且易于遗忘,最后会对词汇的记忆产生烦躁情绪和抵触心理。如若在讲授过程中添加语言文化知识,不仅提升学习趣味性而且也加深了词汇学习的记忆,让学习者在知其所以然的情况下接受语言知识,促进跨文化交际。希腊神话的故事性、哲理性对英语语言文化,甚至西方语言文化都产生并将继续产生深远影响,对西方生活的方方面面的影响也是非常值得研究及深入探讨的,她深深的植根于西方文化的血液中,是每一名语言学习者不可逾越的文化源头。
浏览量:5
下载量:0
时间:
英汉两种语言的表达方式、语言习惯的不同,决定了它们所表达的相同事物之间存在着明显的差异性。然而,由于语言之间的相通性、相融性,也决定了不同语言的相同事物之间又在某些方面存在着必然的共同性。英、汉姓名的异同就是其差异性与共同性的具体体现之一,而在其中所蕴涵的深远的文化底蕴是值得我们回味与咀嚼的。本文就英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法进行粗浅探讨。
姓名的翻译要遵循两个原则:“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”。“名从主人原则”是指在翻译姓名时,要以该姓名所在国语言的发音为准,而不管该姓名是直接从原文译出的,还是从其他文字转译的。换言之,就是译哪个国家的姓名就要以哪个国家的音为准。如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”(波兰语发音),而不译作“斯科路夫斯基”(英语发音)。“约定俗成原则”是指有些姓名在长期的翻译实践中,已经有了固定的译法,就应该继续使用下去,即使有的不够妥帖,甚至错了,但因多年来已为人们所公认和熟悉,这样的译名也该继续沿用,无须另定译名。如英国著名作家George Bernard Shaw正确的汉译名应是“乔治·伯纳·萧”,但过去该作家的名字一直被译作“萧伯纳”,变成了一个典型的汉名,我们也只有错误地沿袭下去了。
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
随着全球化的进展,世界各国的文化交流也日趋频繁。胡文仲认为“文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的,是社会的遗产;价值观念是文化的核心,可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。”不同文化的人们需要了解他国的图书、音像作品,因此需要将这些文化作品从一种语言转换到另一种语言,即翻译。美国翻译理论家奈特认为,所谓翻译就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。因此翻译的本质是将一种语言以最为贴切恰当的对等方式转换成另一种语言。由于文化差异的存在,不同的语言之间的翻译往往是一件非常困难的事情。在一种文化中被人所熟知的事物可能在另一种文化中成为鲜为人知的事情,因此要做到对等翻译需要翻译者对目标语文化具有足够的了解,能够恰当地找到两种文化之间的对等语言。总的来说,中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响主要有以下几点:
宗教文化作为西方国家重要的社会文化和人们日常生活的重要组成部分,已经渗透到西方人们的日常行为习惯和民族风俗等各个方面中去了。宗教是西方人们的精神支柱,宗教文化对英语词汇的影响也是非常大的,英语中的很多词汇和典故都出自宗教中记录的一些民间故事和传闻,例如很多派生词、格言、习语都出自《圣经》。相对应的,在中国汉语文化中也有很多语言文化出自佛教。由于中西文化的差异,具体是宗教文化的差异,商务英语翻译者需要准确了解中西文化的背景,保证翻译的准确性,提高商业活动的效益。
谚语的流传都带有一定的小典故,其中蕴含着浓厚的民族气息,也可能是历史文化或者人物传记演变而来,所以在商务英语的翻译过程中,关于谚语的翻译一定要注意文化差异。关于谚语的翻译有三种方法,下面来一一介绍:to be on thin ice 和burnone’s boats 这一类的谚语可以采用套译法,翻译为:如履薄冰和破釜沉舟;to turn a blind eye to 可以采用直译法,翻译为熟视无睹;to ride one’s high horse 可以采用意译法,翻译为趾高气扬;对于有一定典故的谚语,需要熟悉典故的出处,例如Achilles’s heel 这个谚语,直译过来就是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,然而这样的翻译没有太大的意义,首先我们要了解阿基里斯的出处。在希腊神话里面阿基里斯是一位勇士,从没有被打败过,但是敌人找到了他的弱点,就是他的脚踵,然后通过攻击他的脚踵打败了阿基里斯。所以Achilles’s heel 在中国文化里面,翻译为“致命弱点”。
思维方式即人们思考和认识外界事物的方式,它是人类在漫长的历史发展中所形成的。由于欧美和中国所处地区环境不同,因此而形成的风俗习惯、生活条件各不相同,由此而形成了该语言所特有的思维方式。一般说来,西方人比较重视抽象思维。英语在表达思想时,逻辑严谨,由主到次。如英语句子通常先给出主要信息,然后再介绍辅助信息,如时间、地点等等。而汉语言则是散点思维,表达按照多种关系排列,如时间顺序,因果关系等等。同样,英语重视形式逻辑,即形和,在表达时使用各种形式连接词以表示其连接关系;而汉语恰好相反,“汉语句法结构重意合,句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的的贯通、语境的映衬,而少用连接词语”。②例如,“早知今日,何必当初?”翻译过来为“If I had known itwould come to this, I would have acted differently.”。上面的汉语句子是由两个分句构成的而没有连接词,但是从逻辑上是从属关系,因此表达意思简洁明了。而翻译成英语时则使用连接词来表达条件和结果的逻辑关系,这符合英语的形和的特点。
翻译中,人们不仅需要注意词的准确性,而且要了解词的内涵意思,而词的内涵意思又是其所承载的文化所决定的。因此如果不了解目标语言的文化,就有可能在翻译中造成理解错误或者语用失误。例如在美国的大街上可以偶尔看到一辆红色或者黑色的小汽车上面喷涂着“I am yellow”的句子。如果直译过来就是“我是黄色的”。而这样的翻译通常让中国人很困惑,在中国人眼里,说一个人是黄色的代表其低俗与下流。其实美国文化中出租车通常是黄色的,因此yellow通常有出租车的意思。因此正确的翻译应该是“这是出租车”。又如美国文化中涉及到狗的成语很多,狗在美国文化中被视为是人的忠实的朋友,因此涉及到狗的成语一般是褒义的,如a lucky dog(幸运儿),Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌),Give a dog a bad name and hang him. (欲加之罪,何患无辞)等等,而狗在中国人眼里一般含有贬义,如走狗、狗仗人势、狂犬吠日等等。又如中国人常说“惧内”为“气管炎”(谐音“妻管严”),因此中国开玩笑中的“他有气管炎”如果翻译成“He suffers from trachEitis”在外国人眼里一点也不好笑,外国人会疑惑的问:“So what? Why are you laughing so hard when heis suffering from tracheitis?”这显然是一种翻译的语用失误。如果翻译成“He is an obedient husband.”虽然可以基本表达意思,但是丢失了原话的幽默。因此如果翻译成“He is a henpecked man.”则会在效果上更加惟妙惟肖。
总而言之,语言是人类交流的桥梁,英语和汉语虽然拥有近似的表达方式,但其表达方式的个性特征却不尽相同。正是这些因素,导致了中西方文化差异,让人们在英语翻译过程中产生了许多错误和困惑。因此我们在翻译过程中必须对与中西方文化差异所导致的风俗与礼仪、思维模式以及文化差异引起的词汇歧义加以考虑,多了解西方的风土民俗、文学艺术、宗教信仰及历史背景,透过语句的表面看本质,以达到更加良好、还原度更高的翻译效果。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
汉语字母词的出现丰富了现代汉语语言词汇系统,便于中西跨文化交际,但另一方面字母词的出现也是语言文化帝国主义在现代汉语中的表现,它破坏了现代汉语文字系统的纯洁性。本文探讨现代汉语字母词现象,并指出现代汉语字母词现象出现的必然性。
在跨文化交际的过渡阶段,跨文化与跨语言交际已经发展到一定的程度,为了克服在跨文化交际起步阶段用汉字单纯音译外来语词的缺陷,人们用汉字音意兼译外来语词。如把Beatles译成“披头士”会让人联想起乐手们演奏乐曲时长发飘散的潇洒形象;把coca-cola译成“可口可乐”会让人向往这种饮料的美昧,可口可乐之所以行销中国,其原因也在于此;把TOEFL译成“托福”,把意欲留学美国的中国学子的祈福心态描绘得活灵活现。其它经典的音意兼译佳作还有shampoo(香波),Benz(奔驰),Canon(佳能),talking show(脱口秀),Sumicidin(速灭杀丁),Broadway(百老汇)等等。
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
摘要文化渗透于社会生活的各个方面,英文翻译不可避免地受到文化因素的影响。英文翻译不仅是一种语言翻译,更是一种文化翻译。翻译过程中的文化因素:思维方式、习俗文化和宗教信仰等,一直是翻译工作者关注的问题。只有深刻把握不同文化背景知识、不同民族思维模式的差异,以及英汉两种语言风格的异同,才能进行成功的翻译交际。
关键词:文化因素 翻译 影响
近些年来,翻译中的文化问题越来越受到人们的关注。人们重视翻译中的文化问题,源于对背景知识的作用的正确认识。在翻译实践中,由于文化不解与误解导致误译和错译的例子屡见不鲜。于是文化因素对英文翻译的影响,便成了众多学者的研究对象。正如美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达所说:“就真正成功的翻译而言,译者的双文化(bicultural)功底甚至比双语(bilingualism)功底更重要,因为词语只有在起作用的文化语境中才有意义。”翻译并不像许多人想象得那么容易,深层次的思想意识方面的“文化鸿沟”时常难以逾越。由此可见,文化因素在翻译中占有重要的地位。
一 翻译与文化释义
1 翻译与文化的内涵
翻译的诞生给说不同语言的人们带来了很大的方便,它是人们彼此之间进行信息交流的桥梁。所谓翻译,就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和社会文化进步。
何谓文化?英国学者泰勒(E.B Tylor,1871)给“文化”下的定义是:“所谓文化或文明,即知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其它作为社会成员的人们能够获得的包括一切能力和习惯在内的复合性整体。”文化并不是抽象的,它是我们所感知的一切。人类以自己的情感、技能和智慧创造了自己的文化,更新了自己的文化。不同民族语言不同、文化各异,但人类的能力本质是相同的。因为人类所创造的文化在深层意义上反映了人类的共同能力。各民族的文化都有同一性,不同国家、不同民族活动的多样性和观念的多元化使其文化内容和形式出现多样性,这就是文化差异的渊源。翻译则是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具。
2 翻译与文化的关系
任何翻译都离不开文化,许多有经验的译者或翻译研究者都比较注意文化与翻译的关系。谭载喜说:“翻译中对原文意思的理解,远远不是单纯的语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分,它受着文化的影响和制约。在翻译过程中,译者对某段文字理解的正确与否,在很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。对于译者来说,没有两种文化的对比知识,就无从谈起对语言文字的正确理解与表达。”
在翻译过程中,表面上存在着中外文字表达上的差异,仅仅从文字技巧上来着手是难以解决含义差异的,必须要从文化背景上来处理中外文字在表达内涵上的差异,因为这些差异源自生活上的不同而形成。文化背景对翻译是极其重要的,缺乏文化元素的译文等于缺乏了灵性的翻译。所谓“文化元素”其实也包括了译者对原文化背景、译文、译文文化背景、原文作者的气质和风格的了解、译者的气质和风格的混合体。
3 语言和文化的关系
瑞士语言学家Saussure把语言看成是社会现象。他认为,语言史和文化史总是交织在一起,彼此之间相互联系;民族的风俗习惯常反映在语言之中,阐明了不同民族间不同的语言与文化差异。美国语言学家Sapir认为,“语言不能离开文化而存在”。“语言不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景,而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式……应该指出,语言和文化互相影响、互相作用;理解语言必须了解语言。”可见,不了解目的语的文化,便无法正确理解和运用该目的语,更无法进行沟通。当今,不同文化背景下的交流日益增多,密切的跨文化交流成了当今世界的主流,这就要求我们在了解相关国家的语言的同时,还必须要了解他们的文化知识,做到二者同步发展。
#p#副标题#e#
二 文化因素对英文翻译的影响
1 思维方式方面
翻译是语言的翻译,而语言是思维的外壳。迥然不同的自然、社会条件使人们在思维习惯和表达方式上自然不同。西方民族惯用抽象性、由一到多的分析型思维方式,句子常以主语和谓语为核心,统摄多个短语和从句,由主到次,但形散而意合。而东方民族的综合思维方式,使得中国人注重整体和谐,强调“从多到一”的思维方式;句子结构上以动词为中心,以时间顺序为逻辑顺序,横向铺叙,层层推进,归纳总结,形成“流水型”的句式结构。英汉民族熟悉和思维方式的不同决定了其在翻译过程中句式选择、遣词造句、词句省略等的不同。例如:
“It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose thEir youth,and some of them thEIr lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.”
如直接译成:
“那是一个夸姣的金秋,在离别了那些可能丢失他们的青春甚至生命的人之后,树叶才慢慢地落下。”
这种翻译显然受到了语言形式的拘束,译句结构混乱、呆板、没有条理性,且语言支离破碎。如将译文译成:
“那是个天色晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,夸姣的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年们已经失去了青春,有的甚至丧失了生命。”
就比较符合中国人的思维方式,不失为一段出色的翻译。再如奥运口号“北京欢迎您!”表达了中国人民欢迎世界各国人民到北京的心情,我们常见的译文为“welcome to Beijing!”翻译中句式的改变,使用英语祈使句,恰当地表达出中国人期盼奥运的热情。如译为 “Beijing is welcome you”,则语气过于清淡,效果大打折扣。
2 文化背景和社会习俗方面
不同的国家具有不同的文化背景,文化背景差异对翻译实践产生很大的影响,并对翻译实践提出了更高的要求。民族文化背景对语言的发展有极大的影响,每个民族的语言都会带有各自历史文化的痕迹。英汉民族的历史发展不同,因而语言中沉积的文化内涵也不相同。历史文化的一个重要内容体现为历史典故和习语;要译好不同语言中的习语和历史典故,就必须对该语言所反映的历史文化有所了解。Cowboy在汉语中常译为“牛仔”,所以很多人把“He runs a business as a cowboy”译为“他像牛仔一样管理企业。”其实“cowboy”在美国人心目中的真正形象是“独来独往、无拘无束、我行我素”。因此这句话应译为,“他办企业态度不诚实,缺乏经验技术,工作也大大咧咧。”汉语中常说:“说曹操,曹操到”,曹操是中国历史上的著名人物,但许多英语读者就不知他为何人。不过英语中有类似的说法:“Talk of the devil,and he’s sure to appear.”
社会习俗更是如此,它影响和制约着翻译的精确性。在英语国家对一个经过长途旅行后的人可以说“You must be tired from such a long trip.”、“Did you have a good trip?”,表示“路上辛苦了”、“一路好吗?”之类的问候。对正在进行或刚完成一项艰难任务的人,可以说“Well done,That was a hard job”。不同的文化有不同的表达方式,因此在翻译时,一定要考虑两种文化间的差异,决不能望文生义,更不能机械地直译。又如,bread and butter这两样东西在英语国家历史悠久,面包是他们生活中不可缺少的一部分,也是日常的主要食品,所以在语言中的转义也较多。如“bread and butter”还有“生计,谋生之道,靠山”等含义,美国《新闻周刊》评论家大卫·安森说过:“As ever,politics,vulgarity and senti mentality were the bread and butterof the Academy Awards.”(政治、粗鄙和感伤一度成为奥斯卡奖的支柱。)
3 宗教信仰、宗教意识方面
宗教是人类思想文化的重要组成部分,它是由一个民族的宗教信仰、宗教意识所形成的。不同的宗教体现了不同的文化特色和文化传统。__认为,上帝创造了人,人来自尘土,又回归尘土。如:
“BEing a teacher is bEIng present at the creation when the clay beginningto breathe.”
有些人译为,“教师一直在创造中,当土地开始呼吸。”这是由于他们不了解西方人的宗教信仰所致。因为,英语中的“creation”常指“上帝创造”,而“clay”常指“上帝创造的人”。这句话的译文应该是:
“教师是创造的见证人,目睹生命呼吸成长。”
又如,“红色”在汉文化中象征着“喜庆、吉祥、胜利、好运、受欢迎的东西”。而西方则因为耶稣甘愿被钉在十字架上流血牺牲,用生命来拯救世人以及中世纪教派之间的相互残杀,使英民族文化中的“red”总是同流血、牺牲、殉难等不好的事情联系起来,因此“red hands”译为“沾满鲜血的手”,“a red battle”译为“血战”。
4 生存环境方面
因为各民族所处地理位置、天然前提和生态环境等的不同,就形成了不同的地域文化。这不仅影响着各民族语言的表达方式,也直接影响着人们对同一事物不同的理解、语义联想和情感,这就对翻译提出了进一步的要求。英国是一个岛国,历史上航海业曾一度领先世界;而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍,人们的生活离不开土地。比喻“花钱浪费,大手大脚”,英语是“spend money like water”,而汉语是“挥金如土”。李白《江上咏》中有“功名富贵若长在,汉水亦应西北流。”此处翻译的枢纽就在于如何理解“西北流”。我国地形特征是西高东低,李白用“西北流”喻指功名富贵如过眼烟云,不可能与江河永流。这一比喻是基于我国的地理特征,但因为英美国家处于不同的地理位置,地形特征相异,如采用直译法,很多英国人可能并不解其真正含义,这就要求翻译“西北流”时应做适当的变通,于是译成:
“But sooner could flow backward to is fountains;This stream,than wealth and honor can remain.”
这样译文顶用flow backward(倒流)的方式表达了原文中“西北流”所蕴含的“不可能”之意,但却不能体现原文的工整对仗及中国的地域特征。
5 习语方面
习语的翻译可算得上是难中之难了,因为习语不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化产物。如“黔驴技穷”可译为英语中的习惯说法“at one’s wits end”,也可翻译为“The proverbial donkeyin ancient Guizhou has exhausted its tricks,and it can do nothing more.”这种翻译,既传播了汉文化、保存了原汁原味,也符合英语读者的阅读习惯,达到使文化交流贯穿于语言交流的目的。如:“Love me,love my dog”,译为“爱屋及乌”;“A loss may turn out to be a gain”,可译为“塞翁失马,焉知非福”。
同样英汉习语中有大量是由历史典故形成的,这些习语结构简单、意义深远,往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如汉语中的“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等;英语中的“meet one’s waterloo”(一败涂地)、“a Pandora’s box”(潘多拉之盒—灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源)等。
三 结语
总之,文化与翻译关系密切,不可分割。翻译离不开文化因素的影响,翻译不仅是语言表面上的题目,更是文化层面上的题目。因为“翻译实质上是文化翻译”,终极目的除了传递原信息外,更要传递文化,促进文化间的交流和理解。在翻译的过程中,译者要让目标文成功地表达源文的内涵,不但要求译者有扎实的语言功底,而且还要熟悉和了解两种语言的文化背景。因此归根到底,语言的翻译就是文化的翻译,其根本任务不仅是翻译文化,而且是翻译容载或蕴含着文化信息的意义,达到中西文化相互交流、融合的目的。
参考文献:
[1] Eugene A.Nida.Language Culture And Translating[M].1993.
[2] 刘宓庆:《文化翻译论纲》,湖北教育出版社,1999年版。
[3] 谭载喜:《新编奈达论翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1999年版。
[4] 王婧媛:《浅谈翻译中的文化因素》,《中国校外教育理论》,2008年版。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
从古至今,中方与西方都存在着无尽的差异,中西文化差异及其对语言学习也有一定的影响。下面是读文网小编带来的关于中西文化差异及其对语言学习的影响论文的内容,欢迎阅读参考!
《中西文化差异对英语学习的影响》
摘 要: 运用文献资料、逻辑分析等方法,主要探讨中西文化差异对英语学习的影响。研究表明:中西文化差异对英语学习的影响突出表现在词汇理解、阅读理解和表达方式等方面,主要受地理环境、思维方式和肢体语言等因素的影响。克服中西文化差异对英语学习的不良影响的主要途径和策略如下:第一,熟悉中西文化差异;第二,培养英语交际能力;第三,转变传统思维方式。
关键词:文化差异;英语学习;中国文化;西方文化
随着经济全球化的深入发展,世界各地文化交流也越来越频繁。而语言在文化交流中扮演着重要角色。在此基础之上,本文主要探讨中西文化差异对英语学习的影响,以期为中国学生更好地学习英语提供参考和借鉴。
1 中西文化差异对英语学习影响的表现
词汇理解上,笔者通过查阅大量文献,总结出:在宗教信仰、神话传说、风俗习惯方面,许多西方国家都有着其本土文化的特色。例如:西方国家将dog视为人类忠实的朋友,用“Love me,love my dog”、“Every dog has his day”等来表达对狗的喜爱。对比看来,中国却用“累成狗”、“看门狗”等来表示贬义。还有Cheesecake汉译为“奶酪蛋糕”,在西方却指女性健美照;beefcake汉译为“牛肉蛋糕”,在西方却指男性健美照;Black tea汉译为黑茶,在西方却指红茶,等等这些,在汉语翻译中都给英语学习者们带来了不少困扰。汉语中雨后春笋在英译中却是“spring up like mushrooms”,多如牛毛在英译中却是“as plentiful as blackberries”。商业中“in the red”,不是盈利,相反却表示亏损、负债。类似的情况比比皆是,看似没有任何关系甚至词意相反的翻译,却因中西文化的差异造成不同层次的影响。
阅读理解上,笔者指出:学习词汇是为了习得词组,学习词组是为了连成句子,学习句子是为了练就段落,学习段落是为了组合成一篇完美的文章。文章几乎涉及到了所有英语类知识,英语基础正是体现在每一篇文章的理解之上。实践表明,在英语文章阅读上,掌握词汇量是难点,而中西文化意识更是重难点。文章从头读到尾,却不能理解作者想表达的核心观念,找不到文章的中心主题,导致对文章不理解,心情烦躁,题目难做,甚至放弃习题。这一点许多英语学习者深有体会。譬如:在第三版《综合英语教程》中第五单元标题“Is my team ploughing”,见此,大家第一感觉就会翻译成“我的团队努力(耕作)吗”或者其他,但是编者想表达意思的却是“我的马队是否在犁耕”,联系了A.E.Housman的诗歌题目,重点讲述的是“生死”,旨在表达作者告诫世人“Live in the present and cherish what we have”。翻译上的差异,导致我们对本单元的主题产生误导,甚至不理解文章大意。由此可见,对西方文化知识的缺乏会极大影响我们对文章的理解能力。
表达方式上,中国人往往会以“你吃饭了吗”、“你要去哪里”等作为开头语,而译为英语则是“Have you eaten yet”、“Where are you going”,在西方人看来却是被邀请去吃饭、约在某地玩,碰撞在一起便会尴尬。而西方人大多用“Good morning/afternoon/evening”、“Find day,isn’t it”来作为自己的开场白。送客时汉语中常会用到“一路平安”或“慢走”,翻译成英文却不是字面的“Go slowly”,而是“Take care”或“Watch your step”,旨在出门要小心。在接受礼物方面,中国人较为含蓄,收到礼物后不拆开,为不让他人认为贪心等性质,而西方人却大都会当面拆开礼物,以示自己对礼物的喜爱,更是对送礼人的一种尊重。
2 中西文化差异对英语学习影响的原因
从地理环境的角度看,中国文化主要是指以黄河中、下游流域及长江流域为轴心发展起来的华夏文明,或曰中国文化;西方文化则主要是指以爱琴海、地中海为中心兴起的古希腊文明、古罗马文明、古埃及文明。黄河、长江流域为大陆提供了农业方便,因此,中国文化更大程度上属于农业文化。北海、大西洋等海洋围绕着西方国家,为其摇篮,为其捎去航海方面的商业福利,因此,西方文化更大程度上属于海洋文化。中国兴种水稻瓜果蔬菜,“稻花香里说丰年,听取蛙声一片”、“忽如一夜春风来,千树万树梨花开”等绘出了有声有色的农业文化。西方国家在海洋中成长,“all at sea”、“To keep one’s head above water”等都会用“water”来表现资源丰富的海洋文化。中国地处东、北半球,在中国人心目中的东风是温暖的春风,而西北风才是寒冷的。英国地处西半球,北温带,海洋性气候,感知到春天的消息的却是西风。在不少英文著作翻译中,翻译者尤其要注意的是二者文化的差异造成读者理解上的干扰,而文明的起源首先也是要依赖于地理环境。
从思维方式的角度看,中西家庭教育的目的上亦有所差别:美国家庭教育目的期望值不太高,旨在培养孩子的独立能力,让孩子自己去习得新的知识及能力,父母并不为子女的将来而担忧,只是将其个性中积极成分挖掘出来,指引孩子前进的道路,让孩子独自去旅行。譬如:Bill Gates――微软公司主席和首席软件设计师,他小学时发现了自己在软件方面的兴趣,并于13岁开始了计算机编程,不畏惧未来,勇敢尝试的他,最终取得成功。相比较之下,中国家庭教育目的期望值高,“望子成龙,望女成凤”正是这样一种体现,父母为孩子铺好未来的道路,让孩子专心致志投入学习,却极大忽视他们潜在的天赋及创造力。因此,孩子们培养成了死记硬背的习惯,却忽视单词之间的相互贯通、联用,极大影响到孩子们的兴趣以及英语学习的积极性,导致其成绩下降,畏惧英语。笔者指出,大多数英语学习者在翻译时直译了文章,或者轻描淡写译出文章大意,并没有深入去感悟文章的中心思想,没有深入作者的内心世界,只是以偏概全去翻译文章,效果自然不佳。
从肢体语言的角度看,不同领域也有不尽相同的含义。众所周知,点头表示同意,摇头表示否定,高兴时张嘴呲牙,生气时瞪大眼睛似有火焰,痛苦忧伤时会眉头紧锁、面无表情,因为人类天生的面部表情并不受文化的制约。另一方面,中国对OK手势的理解是数字“0”或“3”,在西方国家却用来征求对方意见或回答对方征求意见的回话;中国对V手势的理解是数字“2”,在西方国家大多表示胜利“Victory”;在中国,竖起大拇指表示夸奖、敬佩对方,在西方国家更多用来表示搭乘车。见面时,西方人较讲究“见面礼仪”,女性间的“亲吻礼”,特别在于久别重逢的母女,而在中国,却是少之又少的情景,较多的是二者间的握手、拥抱。由此表明,中西风俗习惯的差异极大程度上抑制了二者间的交流理解。随着中国日益走向国际化市场,与西方交流合作也日益增多,汉文化中的肢体语言在一定程度上受到了西方文化习俗的影响,做到了中西文化完美的契合。但中国传统文化仍然是根深蒂固的,具有相对的稳定性,“自卑而尊大,贬己而尊人”则被视为汉文化的传统美德。而西方人却旨在追求个人主义,为实现平等自由、个人隐私以及自我发展的传统原则思想。
3 克服中西文化差异对英语学习影响的途径和策略
首先熟悉中西文化差异。中西方文化都有着悠久的历史,他们在发展过程中形成了独具特色的风俗文化,英语学习者要学好英语,不仅仅要深度理解词根、语法、句意,了解西方文化历史背景以及风俗习惯更是提高英语水平的一个大的工程。了解西方文化背景知识,可以理解西方的价值观念、风俗习惯,感受异国风情以拓宽学生的知识面。多查阅西方国家历史文化的相关书籍、资料,多观看西方电影,更有甚者,学习英文歌曲,都能在其中习得新的知识,感悟语言的魅力,拉近中英的距离,提高英语学习效率及水平。
其次培养英语交际能力。增强对英语国家的了解、锻炼学生口语,有助于提高英语交际运用能力。学习英语是为加强国与国之间的交流,疏通国与国之间的脉络,做到和平共处。口语在国际、生活上都占相当高的地位,学习者学习英语的同时,难点亦是口语的表达。中国学生含蓄,以文字代替语言,西方国家学生开放,以语言与他人交流。由此可见,口语的培养是必不可少了,学生自觉主动锻炼口语语感,老师督促同学口语练习,为学生培养出一定的环境,用配音来展示学生的风采。
最后转变传统思维方式。在英语的学习中,将中西结合考虑周到就要求一改以往死记硬背,倡导单词联想法,将每一个单词都灵活运用到文章甚至生活中。根据自己的英语学习能力,为自己量身制定一套属于自己的学习方法。当中国的传统式碰上西方国家的开放式,要学会判断哪种方法更利于英语学习,选择其一又或者二者相结合,创造出双赢甚至多赢。与此同时,深入了解双方文化的特点,民族心理、宗教信仰和风俗习惯,对肢体语言在中西文化中要规范礼仪文明,入乡随俗的信仰也会更多的避免交际失误。
4 结语
英语学习的最终目的是培养语言应用能力,体现在英语交际能力以及国际交流能力。随着中国在国际上的地位越来越高,与其他国家的合作越来越多,这就要求中国不断建立起彼此间良好的合作关系。越来越多的人逐渐意识到文化在国际交流间的重要性了,而交际能力也离不开对其他国家文化的了解。我们不仅要掌握语言的表面形式,还要熟悉语言深层次的精神文化内涵及其重要意义。学习中西方文化差异是培养交际能力的基础,对英汉两种语言差异性原因进行比较研究,不断探索语言的文化内涵,不断实践国际交流合作,就能提高对中西文化差异的敏感度。中国要发展、要富强,就要做好国际间的交流,与世界各国和平共处,创造共同的精神文明世界!
参考文献
[1]王爱支.中西文化差异对英语阅读的影响[J].太原大学教育学院学报,2008,26(1):77-80.
中西文化价值观差异及对各自语言的影响》
摘要: 集体主义与个人主义是中西两种文化不同价值观的核心。语言是一种社会文化现象,是社会文化的产物,社会文化又制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。本文拟探索中西两种不同文化价值观的渊源及其对各自语言的影响。
关键词:中西文化 价值观差异 语言 影响
语言与文化的关系极为密切。语言是一种社会文化现象,是社会文化的产物。任何语言的生存发展都离不开其赖以生长的社会文化环境。社会文化又在一定程度上制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。语言是文化的载体,而信息丰富的文化又是蕴涵于语言之中的。中西方文化价值观的核心内容就是集体主义与个人主义。
一、中西文化的核心价值观――集体主义与个人主义
在中国,“个人主义”作为异域文化的核心价值观,我们往往能够意识到那些在西方文化语境中被想当然的东西,但是它与我们离得太远,我们由于缺少相应的历史和现实境遇而无法获得对个人主义的真切理解。对于个人主义,中国的学术界有多种理解:“个人主义是奴隶主阶级、地主阶级和资产阶级共同的思想基础和道德原则”;“是资产阶级的意识形态,是以个人为本位和目的的,是资本主义政治、经济、思想制度的最重要的理论基础之一”;“是一种强调个人自由、个人利益,强调自我支配的政治、伦理学说和社会哲学。实质上是一种从个人至上出发,以个人为中心来看待世界,看待社会和人际关系的世界观。个人主义的膨胀,必然会损害他人利益和社会整体利益,破坏社会人际关系的和谐,因而为共产主义道德所不容”。由此看来,“个人主义”这个词语在中国有着多种贬义理解,这与西方文化价值观是不相符合的。
在西方,个人主义(individualism)是其文化的核心价值观。个人主义首先表现为强调个人自由最大化。这种个人自由表现为他们的个人意志不受任何政府、统治阶级、教会和其他官方的干涉。个人主义价值体系可以概括为三个方面:一、一切价值都是以人为中心的,即价值都是人所经验到的(但不必为人类所创造);二、个人就是目的本身,个人是最高的价值,社会存在仅仅是实现个人目的的手段;三、所有个人都是道义上平等的,这种平等的最佳表述是,任何个人都不可被当作他人谋求利益的手段。
中国文化的核心价值观是集体主义,它的基本内涵包括:广大人民群众的根本利益是一切言论和行动的出发点和归宿;以集体利益为基础,把国家利益和个人利益结合起来;当上述三者利益发生冲突时,强调集体利益高于个人利益,在保证集体利益的前提下保障个人利益。
二、中西各自文化价值观的渊源
个人主义作为一种完备的理论形态是伴随着西方社会政治、经济、文化的发展,直到19世纪才正式确立的一套现代思想体系,而自私自利、自我中心的意识则从人类诞生之日起便根植在人们心中了。现代个人主义理论可以追溯到西方文明的源头:古希腊――罗马文明和希伯莱――____文明。16世纪开始的文艺复兴以一种狂欢的形式唤醒了沉睡在人们心中的自我意识,从而使个人正式登上了历史的舞台,宗教改革运动以一种更强大、更深刻、更进入自身内质的方式在个体灵魂的深处真正确立了个人的尊严和价值。
集体观念在中国源远流长,历史上有关国家、民族意义上的大集体观念和家族、宗族、家庭意义上的小集体观念历时久远。受两千多年封建宗法“集体观念”的浸染,中国没有产生类似西方近代资产阶级价值观意义的个人主义,因此,与历史上各种形式和内涵的集体观念不同,社会主义集体价值原则是我国社会主义特有的新型道德原则。
三、中西文化差异对各自语言的影响
语言和文化是密不可分的,语言是一种社会文化现象,是社会文化的产物。任何语言的生存发展都离不开其赖以生长的社会文化环境。社会文化又在一定程度上制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。语言是文化的载体,而信息丰富的文化又是蕴涵于语言之中的。
英语中许多词汇在汉语里是没有对应词的,西方家庭中,父母与孩子是平等的,他们之间可以直呼姓名,这也是西方文化尊重自我的体现;在中国的封建文化中,家庭中有着严格的辈分制度家庭成员之间的关系非常复杂,强烈的封建等级思想在婚姻和继承遗产上都有体现。“grandson”这一词语在汉语中可以包括六代人:孙、曾孙、玄孙、来孙、仍孙、云孙。众所周知,英美人对人的称呼,名在前、姓在后,人的姓名是以名、姓为序排列组成的。西方人第一名又称教名,是受法律承认的正式名字,例如Benjamin Franklin。中国人是把祖宗的姓放前面,名随其后,例如毛泽东、周恩来。在填写简历时,特别是填写教育背景时,中国人是按照时间先后写,由最低层次到最高层次的;而西方人是按最近的教育培训往前写,由最高层次到最低层次的。在英语的信函写地址是从小到大,即门牌号、街区、镇、市、省、国名,而汉语信函中的地址是从大写到小,即国名、省、市、镇、街区、门牌号,例如,中华人民共和国山东省烟台市莱山区滨海中路191号。
近年来许多美国大学都推行美语“三不”:“不用难字”、“不用长句”、“不写不讲含偏见的词和句”。即尽量使用简短易懂的白话英语,使人一目了然,充分理解。这样做不仅可以节省思索时间,还可以避免对方的误解。中文的许多俗语都大量运用比喻,深含哲理,例如,“少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲”、“解铃还需系铃人”等。
语言是社会文化的产物,社会文化又在一定程度上制约着语言使用者的思维方式和表达能力。强调集体利益高于个人利益,在保证集体利益的前提下保障个人利益的社会主义集体主义的新型道德原则与强调个人自由最大化的个人主义是中西方两种不同文化价值观的核心,它们的产生与存在都有着深厚的历史渊源,并对各自的语言系统有着深远影响。
参考文献:
[1]刘芬,于志涛.特定文化体系中集体主义与个人主义研究[J].重庆教育学院学报,2004,(9).
[2]卢风.简评西方个人主义价值观[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,1994,(6).
[3]张安德,张翔.论外语教学的文化意识培养与文化导入[J].外语与外语教学,2002,(6).
[4]张灵灵.旅游英语翻译浅谈[J].贵州商业高等专科学校学报,2005,(3).
《浅谈中西文化差异对语言翻译的影响》
摘 要 语言翻译不仅是对原文的重新排列编码,有时要从文化的角度对原文进行诠释,翻译在一定程度上受到文化差异的影响。本文试图从思维方式、价值取向、宗教信仰和风俗习惯四个方面进行分类分析,结合实例探讨翻译过程中应注意的问题。
关键词 文化差异 语言 翻译
1 思维方式的影响
1.1 顺向与逆向
不同文化背景的人在观察同一现象时,其角度和顺序存在不同甚至完全相反,作为翻译的人员需格外注意。最常见的如信笺地址的书写,中文习惯从国家省份到市区街道,由大到小,而英文正好相反。再如表示方位,中文通常以“东西南北”为顺序,而西方人习惯按祷告时划十字的先后顺序来表达,即clear divisions of the earth’s surface are usually called North, South, East, West. 因此中文的“东北”应译为northeast才符合习惯。同样,关于打折,汉语着眼于打折后的实际付款比率,如“九折”,而英语着眼于打掉的折扣,用ten percent discount表示;汉语说“自学”,强调学,而英语说“self-taught”, 强调教;汉语说“寒衣”,而英语却说“warm clothes”。
1.2 求同与求异
中国的传统文化强调“大一统”的思想,西汉的“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”,“春秋大一统者,天地之长径,古今之通义也”奠定了其根本的思想基础,儒家的礼教,科举的八股,经过多年来统治阶级的倡导和时间的沉淀,形成统一的价值标准和行为规范。这体现到思维方式上,力求“异中求同”、“整齐”、“一刀切”、“随大流”等等。而西方文化在民主、人权、独立的氛围中,多强调个体、创新、忌同和立异,认为批判不是为了废除知识,而是开拓创新,增长知识。纵观西方文明史,不同时期各流派、不同学术团体和思想体系并存。个体主义的影响使之形成不易苟同和挑战权威,更喜各抒己见的个性。亚里士多德曾说过“吾爱吾师,吾更爱真理”。正因如此,当外宾看到学校学生一律坐的整整齐齐,手统一放背后,教室鸦雀无声时,甚是不解。再如,“随便”两字在点菜时频频出现,或是说“客随主便”,对应的英语up to you。中国文化强调不要让主人太为难,万一我提的要求他做不到怎么办,考虑甚多。而西方文化则认为这没有个性。例如,在告别晚宴上的讲话一律是“风景很美丽,人们很友好,接待很热情”。深知文化差异的翻译灵机一动,将讲话翻译为“牛排能否煮烂一点;多数人不懂外文,能否将材料译成中文;马桶不习惯,最好是蹲坑”。结果这些建议被如获至宝,过好久还表示感谢。
2 价值取向的影响
首先,对时间的看法不同。中国人崇尚悠久的历史,在时间上采取过去取向。如“老”在中文中往往意味着资历、经验和权威。当表示尊敬时也习惯用“老”字,如王老,您老,老先生,老革命,姜是老的辣等。但对应的英语old 一词在英语中含有失去竞争力和可能被淘汰的危险。所以,在翻译中应注意避免使用。如表示上了年纪,可以说in one’s golden age, in one’s advanced age, the mature, the longer living, a seasoned man, senior citizens. 公汽上老人专座应译为courtesy seats.
其次,谦逊的程度。中国人习惯谦逊内敛,甚至自贬。如招待时常说“家常便饭,没什么菜”等等。西方人费解,也许心里会问,十个凉菜,十个热菜,为什么还说没有菜。既然菜不好,为什么不把好菜端出来呢?换做他们,就会说“这是我们这里最好的菜”,如果是在家里做客,就说“这是我夫人最拿手的菜”。同时,中文称呼别人家为令尊、高堂,说自己家是鄙人、贱内、犬子,对于英语是一样的,就是your father, your mother, I , my wife, my son 等等。
再次,人与人之间的距离差异。中国人习惯将家庭视为内团体,其他人是外团体。在内团体中,自我与他人的距离很近。所以,表示感谢一类的话多用于外团体中。即使是非家庭成员,有时也会认为是“自己人”,做点事是应该的,说谢的话就太“见外”了。相比之下,西方人的心理距离要大一些,他们区分的是自己和其他人,包括家人在内。他们认为除自己以外的任何人都要说thank you。就是夫妇两人一起出去吃饭,也习惯各自付账。这种潜移默化的人与人之间的距离也反映在称谓上。中文中的亲属称谓数目远多于英语,也更细化,还常用来称呼非血缘关系的人。如孩子称呼长辈为叔叔、爷爷等。这在中国人看来是一种很好的沟通,可以拉近双方距离,而西方人不会随便用这些称呼,会引起误会。同样,西方人忌讳谈论年龄、婚姻、收入、小孩等,认为那是个人隐私,他人无权干涉,而中国人习惯谈论上述话题,反而认为是关心和亲密。
另外,如何对待个人安全感的基础也不尽相同。中国人往往习惯从社会关系中寻求安全感,首先在亲属和自己的社会圈子中寻找,再向外逐步扩展,形成互相依赖的特点。如常说的“在家靠父母,出门靠朋友”,“大树底下好乘凉”,“一个兄弟三个帮”,“老乡见老乡,两眼泪汪汪”。而西方文化强调独立和靠自己。他们认可的英雄是“自我成功的人”(a self-made man)或“白手起家的人”(going from rages to riches)。英语谚语说“自助者天助”(God helps those that help themselves),“自我是我们的核心”(Self is our center),“生活就是战斗”(Life is a battle)。这些谚语都告诫人们,只有靠自己,才能获得成功和安全感。
3 宗教信仰的影响
宗教在西方历史和思想文化上有着举足轻重的作用,同样也反映到社会生活的方方面面,对生活方式都有根深蒂固的影响。西方人多信____和天主教,而中国主信佛教、道教等。因此,中文讲“佛光普照”,“佛祖留心中”,“万信向佛”,而大量英语的习语出自圣经或希腊神话,如Helen of Troy(美人祸水),restless like Ulysses(劳顿不休),Achilles’s heel(唯一致命的弱点), Pandora’s box(大祸临头)。看到朋友打喷嚏会连忙说“God bless you”(上帝保佑你),因为根据西方人的古老传说,打喷嚏会喷出气息,连魂魄都会一起跑掉,当然需要上帝保佑一命了。又如英国人常常会对拙于言辞的人说“You should have kissed the Blarney Stone”(你早该亲一下布拉芮城的那块石头了)。原来在爱尔兰的Blarney城有快怪石,据说只要在这石头上亲一下,笨嘴笨舌的人就会变得口齿伶俐。再如,当有人说“My ears are burning.”(我的两耳发热了)就表示有人在背后造谣。中文常说的“望子成龙,望女成凤”,不能直接翻译成“dragon, phoenix ”,因为“龙”和“凤”在西方文化中是两种妖怪,而要翻译成“somebody”,即“人物”。可见,在这种情况下的翻译,多半不能直译,只能根据出处,尽量保留原文特点后,翻译出其潜台词。
4 风俗习惯的影响
不同民族的风俗习惯对语言同样有深远的影响。中国人见面习惯以“吃了吗?”“到哪去?”作为打招呼,有时并没有真正意义上的想获取信息,因此不能直译为“Have you had your meal?”“Where are you going?”只需简单地说“hello, hi ”就行了。曾有文章报道说,中方一位领导在与美国的老客户见面时,一时忘记了对方国家的习俗,为了表示热心和亲切,马上迎上去问:“你们去哪里了?可把你们盼来了。”这句话如果照直译,容易引起对方的误解甚至反感,翻译按照西方的习惯译为“It’s a lovely day today, isn’t it? And it’s a great pleasure to see you”,因为谈论天气这个中性话题,是西方人见面时的主要问候习惯,这样就使双方感到既自然又亲切,同时又为谈判营造了一种良好的气氛。
综上所述,中西文化的差异普遍存在,民族个性不仅不会因为时间的流逝而消失,还会随着文化精华的不断沉淀和社会历史的日益进步而影响一代又一代的人,这会让翻译过程中遇到许多复杂的困难和新的问题。因此,在翻译过程中,除了要精通两种语言外,还必须通晓两种或多种文化,经过仔细分析,精心推敲,才能有效地处理好各种文化差异现象。
参考文献
[1] 包惠南.文化语境与语言翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2003.
[2] 金惠康.跨文化交际翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2000.
[3] 刘季春.实用翻译教程[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2000.
[4] 杨自俭.英汉语比较与翻译(第三册)[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002.
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
认知语言学研究的重点之一是认知活动和过程。文化翻译是再创造的过程,是译者对原著的认知活动。从认知过程来看,认知语言学关注创造性以及体验性,这一理论认为,认知过程不同,会产生不同的翻译结果。同时,翻译与文化密切相关,离开文化背景的翻译很难取得成功。因此在翻译教学中要切实加强文化意识培养,充分认识到认知语言学对文化翻译教学的影响。
认知语言学是对大脑中相关语言机制进行研究的学科。认知语言学形成于20世纪70年代末,在80年代到90年获得了较快的发展,已经变成为当前新兴的主流语言学流派之一。通常情况下,学者们认为认知语言学的主要来源于以下三方面,这三派的相关学者也被看成是英语国家在认知语言学界的重要代表人物:(1)从转换生成学派中分裂出来的部分生成语义学家,例如Lakoff以及Langacker等人。(2)从功能或认知角度对语言进行研究的相关学者,例如Dirven以及Taylor等,这些学者认为利用较为普遍的认知方法对语言的功能以及形式进行研究,能够使得人们对语言表达中的认知机制进行更深入的研究。(3)对认知进行研究的相关人类学家、哲学家以及心理学家等,主要包括了Gibbs、Johnson以及Putnam等学者。国内知名学者王寅对国内外知名的认知语言学家相关理论进行了研究,给出了如下定义:认知语言学是一门新兴的跨领域学科,强调通过自我认知以及身体经验、借助知识结构以及认知方式等,合理地解释隐藏在语言事实中的认知规律。认知语言学认为,翻译是在现实体验的形势下,译者作为认知主体,凭借自身所参与的多种互动,在对原文本进行透彻理解的基础上,在译作中将原作者所刻画的现实世界以及认知世界反映出来。认知语言学十分注重体验以及认知所发挥的制约性作用,关注作者、文本、译者以及读者间存在的多重互动关系,期待达到“翻译的和谐性”以及“解释的合理性”。在翻译过程中,译者会受到从事翻译活动的相关认知主体之间互动性的影响。好的翻译虽然存在着译者的积极创作活动,但必须坚持“创而有度”,在创作过程中不能过分发挥,所以认知语言学的翻译观应该是“追求平衡”的。可见,认知语言学的翻译理论能够为翻译教学带来更好的启迪。
认知语言学的经验主义认知观通常将语言能力看成是人们所具备的认知能力中必不可少的一部分。对语言结构而言,它和人类的主体经验以及概念知识有非常密切的关系,由于语言使用者在描写或陈述事物的过程中通常不简单地限定于客观陈述,通常会用更加自然、丰富的意义来描述它们。比如,人们在描述早餐的过程中,不仅会说自己在早餐时间吃什么,而且还会描述早餐的样式、味道等,这些内容都是人们自己的体验和感受,他们能够很好地体现人们对客观世界的认知。人们在日常生活中会碰到、经历多种现象,而且还会在这些方面储备数量巨大的经验以及思维概念,也就是语境。在认知语言学中,通常将属于某种既定领域的所有语境或认知体现叫作认知模型,而且还提出了与大多数认知模型并不是完全相同的、和人们生活以及文化有密切关系的、在人们的认知过程中不断整合的模型,这种复杂的完形结构被称为文化模型。文化模型对人们的认知模型(Ungerer F,SchmidH.J.2001)发挥着决定性作用。以中国人的早餐(breakfast)为例,它是和馒头、米粥以及咸菜等等这些食物紧密地联系起来的。这是因为,长时间以来,我国人民业已形成了自己独特的早餐文化,这也是一种文化模型。但是,对英国人来说,他们在“早餐”方面“breakfast”并不会和这些事物联系起来,而是会想到面包、牛奶等食物和饮料,这是英国人在早餐方面的“文化模型”。相似的案例也适应在从未到过中国的美国人,他们可能不会存在丝毫和中国春节相关联的概念,这是因为,庆祝春节不是美国人的文化,而且也没有这方面的经历。所以,对美国人而言,可能没有任何中国人如何庆祝春节的认识,这也是他们在这方面的认知模型。然而,在这些美国人和中国人试图通过交流来理解中国人如何庆祝春节的过程中,他极有可能会套用相似的认知模型,如庆祝圣诞节这种认知模型,试图更好地了解中国人庆祝春节的情况, 这也是不同的文化模型之间的碰撞。
在文化翻译教学的问题上,这个课题显得颇为复杂,不但牵涉到诸多理论问题,而且还具有较强实际操作意味。文化模型理论能够科学合理地指导译者站在认知语言层面开展翻译教学。当前很多语言哲学家都将语言和现实之间的关系看成了语言和文化之间的关系,假如没有文化承载语言的相关意义,语言将徒具形式。要使使得译者和读者更好地把握和体会词意,就要深入分析它所承载的文化信息。例如,commonplace,它的汉语意思是“平平常常的”,假如运用common-or-arden variety来代替commonplace,就能够看出它承载着英国的相关文化信息;假如运用garden-variety来替代这个词语,它能够体现出美国文化的相关信息。所以,不管是翻译理论教学,还是翻译实务教学,都要高度重视译入语背后的文化因素。在翻译理论教学的过程中,不仅要开设和跨文化以及文化密切相关的课程,教授相关的理论知识以及翻译技能,而且还要让学生从文化层面认识文化翻译,这样才能使学生从总体上把握以及体味源语言作品体现出来的文化内涵,增强学生的翻译水平。
在翻译教学中,要以认知语言学中的文化模型理论为依托,这样能够使教师向学生呈现的翻译理论以及翻译案例更加形象和具体,而不会显得空洞无味,能够让学生通过文化翻译教学,更好地掌握语言知识点,理解翻译实质意义。翻译中存在着“不可译性”以及“可译性”,这两个概念是相对的,其中,难以把握的概念是“不可译性”它们一般都具有较为特殊的异质性,在语音以及文字方面有着自己的结构性特征,内容涵盖音、形、义(意义)、意(意象和意境)等许多方面。从这些文化翻译内容在不同语言间的转换过程来看,这些“丧失”都是难以避免的。因此,如果运用文化模型理论来解释它们,就比较容易理解这些翻译现象。运用文化模型理论有助于教师更好地指导学生,从而让学生准确地理解翻译理论,准确地判断翻译内容的文化特征。
学习了文化模型理论后,学生就能够很好地认识到,绝对“忠于原文”仅仅是一种翻译的理想状况,在两种语言转换过程中要在一定程度上放宽“信”以及“忠”的尺度。从翻译过程来看,“意义对意义”被看成是较为笼统的翻译,就算“等值”转换,也不能完全和原著相吻合。以英语中的语势(force)为例,可以用叠字来获得相应的语势,从而更好地体现出声形美,但英语没有叠字,因此不能获得相应的语势。例如:“风萧萧兮易水寒,壮士一去兮不复还。”在这一句中,“风萧萧”是名传千古的绝句,假如将其翻译为“the wind blew and blew”,读者就会觉得笨拙、拗口,不能获得较好的翻译效果;假如将其翻译为“the wind blew desolately”,也只能认为“基本达意”。通常情况下,语势都是在独特的意境及巧妙的遣词造句中形成的,更能体现文化意义以及含蕴,但要想达到“等效”翻译的效果,却比较困难。
把认知语言学引入翻译教学,能够使学生更好地通过认知过程的变化,掌握翻译技能,成为更出色的翻译家。文化是语言得以持续发展的稳步动力和基础,因此,教师有责任让学生理解、把握以及运用“认知——体验——再现”规律,提高自己的文化翻译能力。
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
民间艺术主要来源于民间,同样也生存在民间,民间艺术不仅具有实用的特点,同时,还具有审美性能,能够传达民间精神。我国的民间艺术在历史的长河中走过,很多的民间艺术一直流传至今,显示了它们强盛的生命力。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:浅谈艺术的起源及文化系统中的艺术关系相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘要】学习美学首先要先了解艺术的起源,艺术的起源在不同的时期对此有着不同的看法,通过其初步的了解最为基本以及最重要的两个起源,方可对艺术的来源及发展有着更为深刻的认识。同时,文化作为一个大系统,其中包含着各种子系统,了解其中的子系统与艺术的关系之后,总体对初步学习美学就会更为清晰。
【关键词】艺术起源;巫术说;艺术与哲学
(一)艺术起源于巫术
巫术活动是人类最初的艺术活动的形式。在原始社会中,人们的生活主题是为了生存,在白然环境恶劣的情况下,人们对世界的理解是万物有灵,是神化的自然。比如他们为了求雨、捕猎物围在火边跳舞歌唱,都属于一种非理性活动,是原始情感的表达,是一种对生殖崇拜和生存的期待。又如仰韶文化,有菱形和波纹,它起到一定的装饰作用,但不纯粹是为了装饰,他们是为了生活,菱形像鱼儿,波纹像水波,无时不刻地可以反映出原始人创造出来的艺术是为了生存,所以说巫术说是一种前艺术,似艺术又非艺术,是为了生活的目的,是一种无功利性的,而非艺术对精神的追求的一种目的。巫术说站在人类学的角度上,认为艺术的起源来自于巫术活动。
(二)艺术起源于游戏
康德认为游戏的本质是一种“无目的的和目的”,是合乎自身而非之外的目的。席勒认为“人在游戏时,才是真正意义上的人”。他认为这两种冲动,即理性冲动和感性冲动,是强制性会导致分裂,人只有在第二种冲动里而强制性才会消失,即由艺术活动唤起的,使两种冲动自由自在的游戏,两种冲动的边界才会模糊。斯宾塞则认为人只有在拥有剩余精力的时候才能游戏。所以关于艺术的起源,哲学家把艺术的起源归因于游戏,只有在游戏中,才能创造艺术。
(一)艺术与哲学的关系
哲学的基本概念是世界观和方法论,它是一种客观的,是一种规律。哲学基本可以划分为西方哲学和中国哲学。西方哲学在古希腊时期从公元3-4时期直到中世纪,哲学的概念是“人是神的创造物”;之后在中世纪、近代、现代又有其不一样的概念意义。中国的哲学是不分时代的,主要是分为二个派别:儒家学派,以孔子、孟子为首的仁爱思想;道家学派以老庄为首的无为、白然之道的思想以及禅宗以心、顿悟的思想。
哲学作为一门学科包含艺术,艺术来源与哲学,又能动反作用于哲学。哲学对艺术的影响,首先表现在艺术家的影响,艺术家从事创作会不白觉受到当时哲学的影响。例如李白深受庄子美学推崇天然之美的思想,产生了一系列推崇自然风光的名篇。其次,哲学也促进了一系列如超现实主义流派等等艺术思潮的形成。
(二)艺术与宗教的关系
宗教是一种文化现象,是世界文化的一种特殊形态。它是有信仰的,它的情感是虔诚的、敬畏的。宗教产生于一定社会历史根源,劝人到天国寻求精神安慰。艺术是可以认知又是可感的,艺术要通过感性的形式去表现理念,去鼓励人们热爱珍惜生活,追求精神的陶冶。
纵观历史上,宗教推动其艺术的形成和发展,特别是给音乐的形成产生了很大影响,因而导致了卡农、复调的出现,形成了西方音乐技巧的基础。又如实用艺术的教堂,在教堂中无处遍布地都是有关宗教的艺术品、音乐、绘画等等,宗教为艺术提供了广泛的题材和内容。其次艺术也反作用于宗教,通过艺术广泛地宣扬宗教,例如《西游记》中,经过九九八十一难才能取到真经的故事,更是强化宗教的神圣;又如《圣经》,具有浓郁的宗教心理和宗教情感。因此艺术与宗教相互联系,相互作用,共同发展。
(三)艺术与科学的关系
随着时代的变迁,科学作为客观规律的总合,强调理性是最为重要的因素,而艺术是感性的,与科学形成较为强烈的对比。
科学与艺术即区别也联系,二者在很大程度上相互促进。科学为艺术提供新的物质技巧手段,促使新的艺术种类的产生。例如光学、电学等科学技术产生,促使了电影、电视的出现,为电影、电视艺术提供了广泛的艺术空间。其次,在艺术作品中也会渗透着科学知识,如达芬奇的《最后的晚餐》,绘画中通过使用科学的透视法技巧,描绘出二维空间。同时,科学与艺术也需要灵感。牛顿因为被苹果砸到而产生了万有引力的科学依据;音乐家里尔在酒后产生了灵感,创作出闻名于世界的《马赛曲》。因此,科学与艺术亦是密不可分的。
本文选取较为重要的艺术起源知识点以及艺术与文化系统中的关系作为简述,以此读者能够更为清晰的把握艺术美学的重心,从而更为有兴趣的学习、扩展艺术美学知识。
相关文章:
1.浅谈物理学思想发展与文化关系
4.浅谈“理解”狄尔泰
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间: