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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
“Translation and Culture”, Translation Journal C. Thriveni, Volume 6, No. 1 January 2002
Translation Journal Gabe Bokor, Volume 5, No. 4 October 2001, “Translation and International Politics”,
Translation Journal Mathieu Guidere, Volume 5, No. 1 January 2001, “Translation Practices in International Advertising”,
Translation Journal Nida, E. A. “language, Culture, and Translation”
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冯庆华. 汉英翻译基础教程. 高等教育出版社, 2008: 3--5.
冯庆华. 英汉翻译基础教程. 高等教育出版社. 2008: 350--360.
胡庚申. 翻译与跨文化交流. 嬗变与解读上海外语出版社. 25-26.
李青新. 英汉汉英翻译教程. 翻译技巧与误区评析. 北京出版社. 45-47
来安方. 英美概况. 河南人民出版社 2004: 5--9
孙迎春. 汉英双向翻译学译林. 济南山东大学出版社. 2001: 74-76.
王逢鑫. 英汉文化. 北京大学出版社. 2004: 48--69.
杨慧中. 怎样写论文 上海译文出版社. 32-37.
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民间艺术主要来源于民间,同样也生存在民间,民间艺术不仅具有实用的特点,同时,还具有审美性能,能够传达民间精神。我国的民间艺术在历史的长河中走过,很多的民间艺术一直流传至今,显示了它们强盛的生命力。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:浅谈艺术的起源及文化系统中的艺术关系相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘要】学习美学首先要先了解艺术的起源,艺术的起源在不同的时期对此有着不同的看法,通过其初步的了解最为基本以及最重要的两个起源,方可对艺术的来源及发展有着更为深刻的认识。同时,文化作为一个大系统,其中包含着各种子系统,了解其中的子系统与艺术的关系之后,总体对初步学习美学就会更为清晰。
【关键词】艺术起源;巫术说;艺术与哲学
(一)艺术起源于巫术
巫术活动是人类最初的艺术活动的形式。在原始社会中,人们的生活主题是为了生存,在白然环境恶劣的情况下,人们对世界的理解是万物有灵,是神化的自然。比如他们为了求雨、捕猎物围在火边跳舞歌唱,都属于一种非理性活动,是原始情感的表达,是一种对生殖崇拜和生存的期待。又如仰韶文化,有菱形和波纹,它起到一定的装饰作用,但不纯粹是为了装饰,他们是为了生活,菱形像鱼儿,波纹像水波,无时不刻地可以反映出原始人创造出来的艺术是为了生存,所以说巫术说是一种前艺术,似艺术又非艺术,是为了生活的目的,是一种无功利性的,而非艺术对精神的追求的一种目的。巫术说站在人类学的角度上,认为艺术的起源来自于巫术活动。
(二)艺术起源于游戏
康德认为游戏的本质是一种“无目的的和目的”,是合乎自身而非之外的目的。席勒认为“人在游戏时,才是真正意义上的人”。他认为这两种冲动,即理性冲动和感性冲动,是强制性会导致分裂,人只有在第二种冲动里而强制性才会消失,即由艺术活动唤起的,使两种冲动自由自在的游戏,两种冲动的边界才会模糊。斯宾塞则认为人只有在拥有剩余精力的时候才能游戏。所以关于艺术的起源,哲学家把艺术的起源归因于游戏,只有在游戏中,才能创造艺术。
(一)艺术与哲学的关系
哲学的基本概念是世界观和方法论,它是一种客观的,是一种规律。哲学基本可以划分为西方哲学和中国哲学。西方哲学在古希腊时期从公元3-4时期直到中世纪,哲学的概念是“人是神的创造物”;之后在中世纪、近代、现代又有其不一样的概念意义。中国的哲学是不分时代的,主要是分为二个派别:儒家学派,以孔子、孟子为首的仁爱思想;道家学派以老庄为首的无为、白然之道的思想以及禅宗以心、顿悟的思想。
哲学作为一门学科包含艺术,艺术来源与哲学,又能动反作用于哲学。哲学对艺术的影响,首先表现在艺术家的影响,艺术家从事创作会不白觉受到当时哲学的影响。例如李白深受庄子美学推崇天然之美的思想,产生了一系列推崇自然风光的名篇。其次,哲学也促进了一系列如超现实主义流派等等艺术思潮的形成。
(二)艺术与宗教的关系
宗教是一种文化现象,是世界文化的一种特殊形态。它是有信仰的,它的情感是虔诚的、敬畏的。宗教产生于一定社会历史根源,劝人到天国寻求精神安慰。艺术是可以认知又是可感的,艺术要通过感性的形式去表现理念,去鼓励人们热爱珍惜生活,追求精神的陶冶。
纵观历史上,宗教推动其艺术的形成和发展,特别是给音乐的形成产生了很大影响,因而导致了卡农、复调的出现,形成了西方音乐技巧的基础。又如实用艺术的教堂,在教堂中无处遍布地都是有关宗教的艺术品、音乐、绘画等等,宗教为艺术提供了广泛的题材和内容。其次艺术也反作用于宗教,通过艺术广泛地宣扬宗教,例如《西游记》中,经过九九八十一难才能取到真经的故事,更是强化宗教的神圣;又如《圣经》,具有浓郁的宗教心理和宗教情感。因此艺术与宗教相互联系,相互作用,共同发展。
(三)艺术与科学的关系
随着时代的变迁,科学作为客观规律的总合,强调理性是最为重要的因素,而艺术是感性的,与科学形成较为强烈的对比。
科学与艺术即区别也联系,二者在很大程度上相互促进。科学为艺术提供新的物质技巧手段,促使新的艺术种类的产生。例如光学、电学等科学技术产生,促使了电影、电视的出现,为电影、电视艺术提供了广泛的艺术空间。其次,在艺术作品中也会渗透着科学知识,如达芬奇的《最后的晚餐》,绘画中通过使用科学的透视法技巧,描绘出二维空间。同时,科学与艺术也需要灵感。牛顿因为被苹果砸到而产生了万有引力的科学依据;音乐家里尔在酒后产生了灵感,创作出闻名于世界的《马赛曲》。因此,科学与艺术亦是密不可分的。
本文选取较为重要的艺术起源知识点以及艺术与文化系统中的关系作为简述,以此读者能够更为清晰的把握艺术美学的重心,从而更为有兴趣的学习、扩展艺术美学知识。
相关文章:
1.浅谈物理学思想发展与文化关系
4.浅谈“理解”狄尔泰
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以象形为基础的汉字,其形体构造体现出了具有汉民族特色的文化现象。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是语言文学论文:汉字与汉文化的关系。具体内容如下,希望能够够帮助到大家:
汉字与汉文化的关系
中华民族五千年的文明之所以能够保存并流传后世,这主要归功于汉字。汉字与汉文化密不可分,其构形及发展凝聚着汉民族深刻的文化内涵,积淀和保留着汉民族观察世界及其自身的思维成果和心智,其本身蕴涵和展示着一个丰富多彩的汉民族文化世界和精神世界。
人是群居动物,人类的实践活动都在一定的群体中进行,长期的群体生活形成的共同的行为和生活方式相沿成习,渐渐形成一种风俗。风俗文化是人类最早的文化现象之一,是一个民族特殊的文化意识形态,源于社会生活,随着社会的发展而变迁。
任何民族都有各自特有的风俗习惯,汉民族的独特风俗文化离现在已有几千年之久,但我们却可以从汉字及用汉字所记载的文献中窥见一斑。例如“穴居野处”“茹毛饮血”等词,真实而形象地再现了汉民族先民的居住条件和饮食方式。
汉民族的风俗中,最受重视的莫过于春节。春节是众多节日中最盛大的,贴红联、放鞭炮、吃饺子……习惯上又把过春节称为过年,那么“年”究竟是怎样来的呢?相传在远古时代,有一种猛兽叫“年”,逢新旧岁之交,就出来糟蹋庄稼,伤害人畜。一次,它又跑出来为非作歹,被一家门口晾的红衣服吓跑了,到了另一处又被灯光和爆竹声吓得抱头鼠窜。于是人们掌握了“年”的弱点。每至辞旧迎新之际,就贴红联,放鞭炮,拢柴火,把年吓跑。久而久之便成了过年的习俗。但这只是传说,其实“年”字,最初为“农作物生长周期”之意,由于汉字形体的楷化而失去了最初的意义。造字之初,“年”是谷穗沉沉下垂的形象,是收获的象征,所谓“五谷熟曰年”。农作物从播种到成熟是一个生长周期,庄稼成熟之时,人们不免要庆祝一番。从此,每当四季轮回一次之际,就出现这种庆祝丰收和和祭神祀祖的活动。但由于中国人的实用主义倾向,这种活动逐渐从娱神发展到自娱,久而久之便形成了一种约定俗成的节日,即“年”。今天的过年习俗就是由此演变而来,年的习俗反映出一种世俗的快乐。
任何一个汉字,都是一幅构思巧妙的图画,蕴藏着一些汉民族远古的风俗习性,渗透到人类生活的每个角落,并随着社会的发展而不断向前发展演变,与时俱进。
以象形为基础的汉字,其形体构造体现出了具有汉民族特色的文化现象。由于汉字具有表意作用,视觉形象鲜明,有助于启发我们形象性的联想,因此用汉字记录的诗歌,就像一幅幅鲜活生动的画面,读者能够抛开语音语法层面而直接进入诗情画意中。因此中国古代诗歌富于形象性,意境含蓄优美,是汉字自身的特点形成了古代诗歌特有的形式美。
《诗经》是我国古代诗歌的瑰宝,基本都是四言的,而《楚辞》是在四言基础上发展而来,大体上是六言加上兮字,兮字起凑足音节、使音节整齐的作用。例如:
蒹葭苍苍,白露为霜。
所谓伊人,在水一方。《诗经?蒹葭》
余幼好此奇服兮,年既老而不衰。
带长铗之陆离兮,冠切云之崔巍。《楚辞?涉江》
古体诗和近体诗大多数是五言和七言,如律诗,绝句,五古,七古等(七古例外,有时在七言句中夹杂一些杂言的句子)。律诗每首八句,有五言和七言的;绝句每首四句,也分五言和七言。“五言诗”每行五个字,如唐代诗人王勃的五律诗《送杜少甫之任蜀州》:“城阙辅三秦, 风烟望五津。……”全诗共八句,每句五个字,长短相同,字数相等,整齐匀称;“七言诗”每行七个字,如苏轼的《题西林壁》:“横看成岭侧成峰,远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中。”整首诗共四句,形式整齐。字字如诗,句句如画,无限的意蕴孕于其中。
对仗是汉语律诗的一个基本要求。对仗即对偶,是指说话或写作时,某些文字,在邻近的地方有跟它成双配对的文字出现。平仄相间,抑扬顿挫,形成一种和谐的声律美。如杜甫《春望》:
国破山河在,(仄仄――平平――仄)
城春草木深。(平平――仄仄――平)
上下两句平仄、节奏相对,每句有三个节奏点,平仄相间,抑扬交错,节奏鲜明。
对仗的文字相互衬托,互相照应,使所表达的意义更加丰富、精炼、确切。声音上,对偶的文字彼开此合,彼收此放,声音抑扬,和谐悦耳。利用汉字的特点,也形成了许多汉民族文化特色的修辞,除对偶之外还有顶真、回文、析字,复叠等,使诗歌无论在形式上还是意蕴上都独具特色。
对联又称楹联,采诗词曲赋骈文之精华,是汉字文化和文学的派生物。对联的基础是对偶修辞格,在对仗方面有严格的要求。在相对位置上要虚实相同,平仄相反。如:
墙上芦苇,头重脚轻根底浅。
山间竹笋,嘴尖皮厚腹中空。
“墙”对“山”,“芦苇”对“竹笋”,“头”对“嘴”,“脚”对“皮”,“根”对“腹”,是名词对名词;“重”对“尖”,“轻”对“厚”,“浅”对“空”,是形容词对形容词;“上”对“间”,“底”对“中”,是方位词对方位词。“墙上”与“山间”是方位词组;“芦苇”与“竹笋”是联合式;“头重”与“嘴尖”、“脚轻”与“皮厚”都是主谓式;“根底”与“腹中”都是方位词,而“根底浅”、“腹中空”又都是主谓结构。不但词类相同,虚实相当,字数相等,而且结构相应。当然,对联中也存在宽对,如:青山有幸埋忠骨,白铁无辜铸佞臣。
对联之美在于对称、对比和对立的统一,讲究对仗与平仄,声律抑扬和谐,因而具有对称平衡之美。而且对联具有广泛性,公开性,形式灵活。随着社会的发展,对联的应用已经渗透到社会生活的诸多方面,如春节、装饰、婚丧、广告等。虽然对联只是汉字文化长河中的一个小小的支流,但却有旺盛的生命力,是汉文化的活细胞。
由汉字的特点而形成的具有汉民族特色的文化事项是形形色色的,汉文化之所以具有如上所述的特色,当归因于汉字。汉字是汉民族之根,本身有极其丰富的内涵,是我们探究汉文化,研究汉民族的绝好材料。
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随着科学技术、世界经济持续发展,人们生活水平不断提高,使得人们对文化生活的要求达到了前所未有的程度,有计划、有目的的旅游成为了许多人生活方式的重要组成部分。 近年来,随着环境保护运动的开展和旅游者受教育程度的提高,以保护生态为宗旨而开发的生态旅游,以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:民俗博物馆地域文化保护与旅游发展的关系浅析相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:民俗是各个民族及社会群落在悠久的历史长河中形成的稳定的民间文化习俗,是传统文化在地域、时代间的传承。作为保留着大量传统文化艺术的民俗文化,富有很高的精神价值。民俗文化的保护与推广,由于零散而十分艰辛繁琐,博物馆化的保存与利用则是一种十分重要的方式。面对市场化的环境,民俗博物馆必须处理好文化保护与经济生存两方面的复杂关系。
关键词:民俗博物馆;地域文化保护;旅游发展;关系分析
在改革开放之前,我国的民俗博物馆的数量非常稀少。改革开放之后,各地均开始大量地兴建民俗博物馆。尤其在经济发展之后的如今,在消费化的旅游,民俗博物馆更是如雨后春笋一样地出现,在民俗旅游的经济动力及压力倒逼之下,民俗文化的商品化、同质化、庸俗化,很大程度上影响其完好的保护与传播。
1.1 当代民俗文化保存传承面临的形势
我国历史悠久、民族众多、文化传承历久而弥坚。但是,近代进来,受到西方文明经济文化的冲击十分巨大。建国以后,在漫长的时间里,又面临严峻的国内及国际形势,文化传承出现断层。改革开放以后,虽然文化传统开始复苏,但是又面临高速的经济发展导致的拜金主义、唯利主义思潮的冲击,同时城市化的发展与广大乡村地区的逐渐凋零,也使得民俗文化自然存在的土壤被破坏。
1.2 当代民俗文化保存传播的主要形式
当前,民俗文化与民间艺术的保护与传播主要依靠以下几种形式:民俗博物馆、生态博物馆、民俗文化旅游。民俗博物馆强调民俗风物的保存保护、利用展示与组织特色活动进行民俗文化的传播,常常利用传统文物古建等为依托,如福建闽西的土楼民俗博物馆。生态博物馆往往以至今还存在的社会群落为依托,他们还居住在古来的村落中,按照古老的习俗与生态在生存,这往往也是民俗旅游的一种主要形式。
民俗文化旅游则涵盖面极广,而且往往与地域的自然生态景观旅游相结合。以产业化的民俗旅游业来看,大多数都是以民俗文化村、民俗文化古建等为主要依托开展活动。
当前的民俗博物馆,事实上有两大类,一类是依托文物的传统博物馆,一类是功利性极强的“人造民俗馆”。前者是当前的主体,但是其往往在旅游策划上下的功夫不足,缺乏主动参与市场竞争并弘扬传统文化的精神,在运营上往往是低调地等待参观者上门。而在民俗风物展示中,往往也以单调的文物及风物展示为主,缺乏如同生态博物馆那样的“接地气”,使得民俗展示成为了一种抽象的概念,使得参观者无法深刻感受民俗文化的魅力。
人造民俗博物馆,在底蕴上有很大欠缺,开业时由于宣传与人们的好奇心理,往往能火爆一段时间,之后则客源不断流失,甚至难以生存。传统民俗博物馆,还要担负较重的文物保护工作,在旅游经营上,所下的精力往往不足,旅游活动组织时往往缺乏内涵,甚至只是以文物撑场面,但毕竟不是个个都是秦始皇兵马俑博物馆,无法将内涵展示出来,终也只会流失客源,导致经费短缺。而依赖政府,毕竟不是长久的发展之道。
因此,发展旅游、自力更生、生存并求发展,要与落实保护、展示底蕴、提高内涵相结合,才能更好地处理文物保护与开拓市场之间的关系。
民俗博物馆作为民俗文化保护与传播的重要途径,应该认识到其不仅仅是单调的保护而展示,还应该将之形成一种文化景观与氛围,并利用民俗旅游进行民俗文化推广与传播。
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企业文化本质,是通过企业制度的严格执行衍生而成,制度上的强制或激励最终促使群体产生某一行为自觉,这一群体的行为自觉便组成了企业文化。企业文化的本质在东堂策《企业文化一字解》中得到深刻印证,其中也详细道出企业文化产生机理。以下是今天读文网小编为大家精心准备的:基于和谐劳资关系的企业文化建设相关论文。内容进行参考阅读,希望能对大家有所帮助!
基于和谐劳资关系的企业文化建设全文如下:
企业文化的构建需要将以人为本作为最基本也是最核心的建设原则。这也就意味着高质量企业文化的建设需要充分尊重企业员工的主观能动性,力求企业员工之间劳资关系的和谐发展。那么,何谓劳资关系呢?笔者认为劳资关系从本质上来说正是劳动方与资产方在企业运作经营过程中各项权利与义务关系的表述及说明。我们必须明确一点企业文化的建设需要首要解决企业内部的劳资关系以和谐的劳资关系来拉动企业文化建设的进程。
企业文化是企业中形成的文化观念、历史传统、共同价值观念、道德规范、行为准则等企业的意识形态,企业领导者把文化的变化人的功能应用于企业,以解决现代企业管理中的问题,就有了企业文化。企业管理理论和企业文化管理理论都追求效益。但前者为追求效益而把人当作客体,后者为追求效益把文化概念自觉应用于企业,把具有丰富创造性的人作为管理理论的中心。这种指导思想反映到企业管理中去,就有了人们称之为企业文化的种种观念。
对中国企业文化的认识,首先要有哲学的方法,从中国企业文化的现实出发,进行深入的调查研究,把握企业文化各种现象之间的本质联系。依据实践经验,从感认认识到理性认识,进行科学的概括、总结。其次,要通过实践把所认知的企业文化的本质及一般的特征去伪存真,从而确定企业文化的本质。第三,要认识到企业文化不是单一的因素构成的,找出企业文化最基本的决定性的因素及其与诸因素的关系。第四,要看到企业文化这个概念不是一成不变的,它是一个动态过程,在发展中形成,并在社会历史发展中丰富和变化。
(一)和谐企业的标准
企业在处理内部关系、内外关系时要体现人与人的和谐、人与自然的和谐相处。构建和谐企业,就是要把企业建设成为“循环发展、遵章守法、诚信至上、团结协作、关爱员工”的企业。高耗能、高污染企业破坏自然环境平衡,不是和谐;职工住房、保险不落实,上访频繁,不是和谐;只顾企业利益,在生产经营中偷工减料、偷税漏税、制定霸王条款,更不是和谐。和谐是企业立足之本、发展之需、传世之必备条件。企业解决一切问题的关键是效益。要聚精会神搞建设,不断开拓创新,提高经济效益,实现可持续发展,和谐的内部和外部环境必不可少。企业不和谐,就根本谈不上发展,反而成为发展的绊脚石。
(二)构建和谐社会与构建和谐企业相辅相成
和谐的社会环境需要企业和谐作为基础,企业发展需要和谐的社会环境。在经济概念中,企业的目标是追求最大利润,但在道德和法律的范畴中,企业是比个体公民更为强大的“企业公民”,应该承担更多的社会责任。企业的利润来源于社会,企业只有在履行经济责任的同时履行社会责任,获得社会认同感、产品公信力,才能拥有利润生长的土壤。同时,作为和谐社会的主导者,政府要转变职能,依法行政,维护企业合法权益,为构建和谐企业创造良好条件。
(一)基于社会和谐的需要
当前的中国正处在社会主义市场经济体制的健全发展阶段,市场经济体制的方方面面还不够成熟,劳资矛盾在整个经济社会中的问题日益凸显。笔者翻阅相关统计资料数据发现,各种类型的劳资纠纷与劳动争议案件在各城市地区屡屡发生,并且呈现出逐年上升的发展趋势,尤以沿海经济开发城市地区突出,已成为和谐社会建设中不可忽视的关键问题。和谐的劳资关系是有助于和谐社会的构建的,这也正是新时期企业所必须承担的基本义务与责任。
作为企业来说,和谐劳资关系的构建不能仅仅局限在文件、条款上,它更应该上升到企业发展战略方针的高度,加大对于和谐劳资关系的构建成本投入。这也就意味着只有在和谐劳资关系的基础上进行企业文化的构建工作,企业文化才能够实现真正意义上的稳定与持续发展,和谐社会的构建与维护才有迹可循。
(二)基于企业员工自身的发展需要
在社会主义市场经济体制社会当中,经济效益是衡量一个企业经营管理水平的最关键也是最核心指标。企业在剧烈市场竞争中需要将获取经济效益最为一切生产经营活动的最根本目的。一个企业一旦失去了获利的能力,也就意味着失去了竞争与存在的价值。我们在弘扬以人为本发展建设理念的过程中需要充分把握一点:企业员工工作水平与技能水平的提升是企业获取经济效益唯一途径。这一点在西方发达国家得到了充分的正视,他们认为:高质量的企业组织需要将职工视作企业建设发展的第一要素,企业在生产经营活动中需要为企业员工争取优良的工作环境,配备合理的工作报酬,正确看待并鼓励企业员工的创新性与创造能力。
(一)基于和谐劳资关系的企业物质文化的建设措施分析
一般来说,企业的物质文化包括了企业在一定生产经营管理活动中所累积起来的物质基础、物质手段以及物质条件,它是一个企业获利能力以及经营效益的最直观说明。从企业员工角度来说,企业的物质文化可以表现在员工所获取的工资报酬、社会福利以及社会保障等方面;从企业发展角度来说,企业的物质文化又能够表现在企业所既有的生产设备、工作环境以及技术装置等方面。这些反应指标有着一个共同的特性―――实在性,这也正是企业物质文化的最典型特征。
我们往往能够通过企业物质文化评断一个企业的经营管理理念、工作作风以及审美意识。笔者认为,我们在强化企业物质文化的工作中,需要以和谐劳资关系为着眼点,在员工工资收入、社会福利待遇等方面提出明确性的硬性规定,在企业环境保护责任、社会保障义务等方面制定出相应的评断标准,将企业物质文化建设高度的上升作为企业物质文化建设的发展目标。
(二)基于和谐劳资关系的企业制度文化的建设措施分析
我们知道,企业在一定时期的生产经营过程中常常会赋予某些文件条款一定的约束性与强制性,以此作为企业员工的行为规范准则。而企业制度文化的建设目标就在于将这些行为规范准则上升到企业规章制度的建设层面,从这一方面将企业和谐劳资关系的构建纳入企业发展战略方针当中。笔者认为,企业需要将和谐劳资关系的建设与企业的道德建设相融合,使企业所构建的制度文化能够全方面表达企业全体员工的共同意愿与认识,进而形成和谐企业文化建设的长效发展机制。
(三)基于和谐劳资关系的企业精神文化的建设措施分析
企业精神文化作为企业文化建设的核心要素,是我们在构建企业和谐文化体系工作中需要着重关注的问题之一。它是企业全体员工核心价值观的共同体现,是整个企业物质文化与制度文化的出发点与归宿。在和谐劳资关系背景下进行企业精神文化建设需要突出人的主体性,以人为本,以员工为企业建设发展的第一构成要素,使员工能够在长期的生产作业过程中形成高度一致的价值观、使命观,最终汇集为企业宝贵的精神文化财富,强化企业的综合竞争实力。
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广告定位属于心理接受范畴的概念,所谓的广告定位就是指广告主通过广告活动,使企业或品牌在消费者心目中确定位置的一种方法。定位思想的最先倡导者是:美国著名广告专家J·克劳特。以下是读文网小编今天为大家精心准备的:文化因素与商业广告定位及创意的关系研究相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
[摘 要]跨文化广告是跨国界、跨文化的商品营销的宣传形式。不同国家、不同民族、不同文化群体有着不同的传统文化、价值 观念、消费观念等。广告的定位、创意是广告成败的关键。文化因素在其中扮演了重要角色。
[关键词]文化因素;广告;定位;创意
美国广告学者艾·里斯等在《广告攻心战略——品牌定位》中指出:“定位并不是要你对产品做什么事,定位是你对潜在的顾客心智所下的功夫。定位并不是不牵涉到改变,它确实在改变。但改变的是名称、价格及包装,实际上对产品则完全没有改变。所有的改变,基本上是在作着修饰而已,其目的是在潜在顾客心中得到有利的地位。”广告定位主要有两大类:实体定位和观念定位。实体定位强调的是:在广告宣传中突出产品的新价值,与同类产品相比,所具有的独特性,以及能够给消费者带来的更大利益。观念定位是在广告中突出宣传品牌产品新的意义和新的价值取向,诱导消费者的心理定势,树立新的价值观念,从而引导市场消费的变化或发展。影响广告定位的因素有很多,其中民族文化因素是不容忽视的,它的作用是在广告中突出、渲染一种具有个性的、独特的、与受众文化和谐的气氛,它的目的是吸引潜在的消费者,在公众中树立起自己企业的形象。
从日本三家汽车公司在中国销售所做的宣传广告语:“车到山前必有路,有路必有丰田车”;“有朋远方来,喜乘三菱牌”;“古有千里马,今有日产车”,我们知道,它们都是由中国的谚语“车到山前必有路,船到桥头自然直”、“有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎”、和“千里马易寻,而伯乐难求也”演绎而来。从中我们可以看出,广告的创作者对中国博大精深的传统文化做了深入的研究、分析。这样做,不但求得了在中华民族文化上的认同感,使潜在的顾客对其产品产生一种亲切感,同时也增强了广告的感染力和渗透力,说明他们的产品畅销各地,深受用户喜爱,使得它们在中国的销售有比较好的业绩。
由于人们在文化语境和价值取向方面存在差异,不同民族的文化心理、伦理道德、社会制度对广告都有着深刻的影响。美国著名运动品牌耐克通过以“just do it”为主题的系列广告,和篮球明星乔丹的明星效应,迅速成为体育用品的第一品牌,而这句广告语正符合崇尚个性、提倡自由的美国青少年一代的心态:要做就做,只要与众不同,只要行动起来。但在香港电视上播放时,“just do it”译成“想做就去做”。许多消费者认为该广告有诱导青少年干坏事的嫌疑,纷纷投诉,在将广告词改成“应做就去做”后,才得到消费者的认可。尽管只是一字之差,意思却截然不同。这是因为在华人占主流的香港特区,尽管由于其独特的地理位置和特殊的历史原因,造就其成为一个开放式的城市,但是传统的中国文化依然深深地根植于老百姓的心中,自律具有传统的心理优势,它要求人们的行为举止必须符合一定的行为规范。
具有不同文化背景的受众对同一广告内容会有不同感受和理解,同样的广告在不同的国家和地区会产生不同的宣传效果。世界上不同的语言各具特色,其表达方式与文化习惯也存在一定差异。这是由于民族文化之间存在着民族历史、社会制度、道德信仰、文学艺术、心理特点、风俗习惯、价值观念、思维方式、生活方式以及地域风貌等等差别而造成的。
美国一家汽车公司把它生产的“Matador”汽车销往波多黎各,“Matador”的英文意思是“斗牛士”,借此比喻该车的敏捷和威风。可是创作者忽视了“Matador”一词在波多黎各当地语言中是“杀手”意思。在一个交通死亡率居高不下的地方,“杀手”牌汽车怎么卖得出去?再如,许多国产护肤品在说明书中将“增白”译为“whiten the skin”。在汉文化里,“增白”是褒义词,汉语中“一白遮百丑”的说法反映了汉民族的审美心理。而西方国家的有钱人追求的是黑里透红的健康美,苍白在他们看来代表着贫困和疾病,并非美的象征。基于这样的审美期待,谁愿意花钱买“难看”呢?熊猫在世界多数国家受到欢迎,“熊猫”这一品牌译成各种语言,大多能产生美好的联想,但在信奉伊斯兰教的国家,用熊猫来做品牌广告,却遭到攻击和抵制。因为熊猫外形像肥猪,也被认为是忌物。跨文化广告创作必须充分了解并尊重与受众国的文化差异,不符合受众文化的消费心理、有悖于他们的审美标准的广告,结果都无法赢得市场。
广告的生命力在于创新求异,广告宣传必然或多或少地改变着一些传统文化,推动文化的发展。因此,跨文化广告定位时必须充分了解并尊重与受众国的文化差异。美国通俗文化,风行世界,麦当劳快餐店广告总是裹携着美国文化,遍布全球。麦当劳的多种汉堡包都以牛肉为主要原料,其原因是美国是以牛肉为主要肉食。为了争取印度的市场以获得更多的消费者,麦当劳将羊肉作为在印度出售的汉堡的主要原料,这是因为印度是一个信奉印度教的国家,他们把牛敬为神,忌食牛肉。麦当劳尊重了印度的民族习惯和民族文化,从而顺利地拓展了在印度的销售市场。麦当劳还根据不同国家的文化,在不同的国家配有不同的菜单:在法国配有香槟,在英国配有威士忌,在德国有啤酒,在新加坡、马来西亚有果味奶昔,在中国则配有红茶。这种融合两种文化优势的原则在广告中同样很重要,一方面要有本民族文化特色才能吸引受众,另一方面适应受众文化才能被接受。
尽管具有不同文化背景的受众对同一广告内容会有不同的感受和理解,但是由于人类所拥有的相同的特质,同样的广告定位角度在不同的国家和地区也是适用的,也会产生相同的宣传效果。比如,初为人父母的年轻一族,把刚出世的宝宝视为掌上明珠,他(她)们愿意为孩子做一切可以做的事情。广告的创作者就是从这个角度出发,抓住特定人群的心理特征,来选择或修改其广告定位的。
美国宝洁公司“帮宝适”纸尿布的成功,关键在于广告定位的调整。当时,纸尿布在美国市场上已有20多年的历史。虽然宝洁公司开发的“帮宝适”纸尿布比其他的同类产品质量更好,但其市场占有率却不到0.5%。通过市场调研分析发现,过去的广告定位是强调使用纸尿布的方便、高效,“母亲”是广告主题的受益者。而实际情况是,许多母亲对使用纸尿布心存内疚,认为自己是个只顾自己方便而忽视孩子的懒惰又浪费的不称职的母亲,因此,对于该产品有抵触情绪。于是,“帮宝适”立即调整了定位——将它放在婴儿受益一方,强调纸尿布吸水性更强、更卫生、更柔软舒适的优点。这样一来,该产品很快畅销全球。
同样,广州市广告公司设计的“鸿运转页扇”广告画面:以梦幻的玫瑰色为主色调,一个漂亮的小女孩沉浸在甜美的梦乡,脸上挂着甜甜的微笑,广告语“柔柔的风,甜甜的梦”将温馨、甜美、浓浓的爱意传递给目标受众。该广告的定位是核心家庭,针对年轻父母特别珍爱独生子女的心理特征,将使用转页扇带给小孩的好处展示给父母,从而影响其购买取向。
广告定位是广告创意的前提,广告创意是广告定位的表现。广告要想成功,一定要有创意,只有这样才能将广告信息有效地传递给目标受众。从创意的源流来看,广告所体现的是人与人之间、人与所生存环境之间的价值的实现问题。它具有特定的对象——居住在某一地区或属于某个民族的特定消费者。为了使广告在目标受众中引起好感,产生共鸣,广告创作者就必须了解目标受众的民族文化。在广告创意时,恰当运用民族文化有助于创作消费者喜欢并乐意接受的广告。一个国家、一个民族的文化传统、美学观念以及特有的文字,图案色彩,都能体现出跨国文化广告的鲜明个性,融合在广告创作中。
某年的春节期间,美国可口可乐公司面向中国受众推出了一个迎合中国习俗与文化背景的电视广告。广告画面:红瓦红墙的中式建筑,穿中国传统服装的小男孩,从电车上跳下的回乡游子,一人用红笔在巨幅红布上书写一个巨大的“福”字,可乐在杯中泛着泡沫以及同时叠现的中国传统的贺新春的场面,最后是广告语“当团聚的时候,挡不住的感觉”。这则广告以中国红为主色,辅之以中国传统的庆祝春节的画面,把佳节思亲的情绪融入到可口可乐的广告主题“挡不住的感觉”之中,收到了很好的效果。无论在讲英语的国家,还是在中国,红色与庆祝活动或喜庆的日子有关。在中国红色具有的象征意义比西方国家要更加强烈。凡是与吉祥、兴旺、热闹等有关的事物,在汉语中都喜欢用“红”来表示,如“红利”、“红火”、“红包”等。表示顺利和成功时,也用“红”表示,如“披红”、“开门红”、“满堂红”等等。这则广告的创作者就抓住了中国传统的这一特征,迎合了中国消费者的民族文化情结。
由“全球化(Global)”广告转向“全球本土化(Glocal)”广告,要求广告创意中要保持本民族文化的精神。因为“文化只有是民族的,才是世界的”。万宝路在这一点上做得非常出色。下面是1993年底万宝路为中国市场而创作的一则贺岁广告。背景:万里长城的西端起点,丝路文化和长城文化融为一体、交相辉映的“边陲锁钥”——嘉峪关。马蹄声声,无数身穿中国民族服饰的骑手从各个城门涌入。震天锣鼓,响彻云霄。长城内外,身穿中国民族服饰的西部汉子,排着整齐的方阵,跳着庆祝丰收的锣鼓舞。随着鼓声嘎然而止,一声嘹亮、豪迈的长啸划破天空。一时间,无数鲜红的缎带从长城上倾泻而下,正契合了中华传统文化的“鸿运高挂”之意。“万宝路恭贺各位新年进步”的广告语在一片喜气洋洋的场景烘托下,传到了我们耳边。万宝路广告形象及广告表现始终如一。在本土,它选择的人物形象是具有美国西部背景和原形的牛仔。因为美国提倡的是张扬个性、勇于探索、追求创新。当面对中国的受众时,万宝路广告则做了适当的修改,它选择的人物形象是具有中国西部背景的西部汉子,因为我们中国的传统是以朴实、善良、勤劳、勇敢为美德。这样就将狂放不羁的万宝路精神融入了中华神州的文化氛围当中,易为中国的消费者接受。万宝路这一“国际品牌本土化表现”策略——地点、人物、表现手法的选用,令其品牌概念在文化层面上与中国消费者达成了沟通,深刻体现出对中国文化的理解和尊重。
外商所做的成功的广告,大都是根据受众的文化心理进行创意的。广告创作者要针对不同的受众来研究他们的传统文化、风俗习惯、伦理道德、价值观念、语言习惯等。只有在了解受众文化对广告受众影响的基础上进行创意,广告才能为受众理解和接受。否则,就无法赢得市场。
一则名为“恐惧斗室”的最新耐克篮球鞋广告片,男主角是NBA巨星——勒布朗·詹姆斯。他进入一个五层高的建筑,与身着长袍的中国的老者“比拼”,并将老者击倒;詹姆斯扣碎篮板,身着中国服装的“飞天”随之粉碎;随后,篮板旁出现了两条中国龙的形象,二龙吐出烟雾和妖怪来阻碍詹姆斯的进攻。由于在这个广告片中,涉及到众多中国文化元素被广告片男主角NBA球星勒布朗·詹姆斯打败的画面,该广告违反了《广播电视广告播放管理暂行办法》第六条“广播电视广告应当维护国家尊严和利益,尊重祖国传统文化”和第七条“不得含有……亵渎民族风俗习惯的内容”的规定。国家广电总局向各省、自治区、直辖市广播影视局(厅)和中央电视台发出《关于立即停止播放“恐惧斗室”广告片的通知》。
立邦漆一则名为“龙篇”广告作品画面:在一个中国古典式的亭子的两根立柱上各盘着一条巨龙,左立柱由于没有涂立邦漆,色彩黯淡,表面粗糙,巨龙仍得以紧紧攀附在柱子上;右立柱由于涂了立邦漆,色彩鲜艳,表面光滑,使得巨龙都滑落在地。广告要表达的是其高品质的产品,但是却忽视了目标受众的民族文化。众所周知,在中华传统文化中,我们中国人自豪的称自己是“龙的传人”,“龙”成了中华民族的图腾,是中华民族精神的象征,是华夏民族顶礼膜拜的神圣象征。这则广告严重伤害了中国人的民族自尊心,引起国人的愤怒。
由于宗教信仰不同,不同国家对不同广告表现和不同商品持有不同态度。伴随着美国骆驼牌香烟吹遍全球的广告名言:“为了得到一支‘骆驼’香烟,我愿意走一里路。”出现的广告画面:在泰国佛殿前,一位瘾君子坐在椅子上,翘着二郎腿,露出了鞋底的破洞。其寓意为烟民为了买到骆驼烟,宁愿多走一里路,久而久之,鞋底就磨穿了。这则广告在美国本土,以它的幽默赢得了美国的观众,但在佛教盛行的泰国,佛庙是至尊的圣地,教民认为是亵渎佛祖,从而激起了教民的愤怒。
语言既是文化的一部分,又是文化的载体。如果某一民族的人们不了解某一特定民族的文化因素,则不可能进行有效的交际。因此,正如赵贤州先生所说的:“跨文化交际之所以成为可能,正是人类享有某些共同的文化信息;而跨文化交际之所以产生某些偏差,是因为双方不能共享另一些有差异的文化信息”。东西方在价值观、民族心理和审美情趣等方面的千差万别是中西文化差异中最隐蔽的一部分,也是文化交流过程中最易造成冲突的原因。广告创作一定要遵从受众民族的文化特色和价值观念,尽力消除文化差异对广告宣传的负面影响,从中西方文化中找到人们对某一事物认识的契合点,只有定位和创意都顺应文化传统与风情习俗的广告才能打动目标受众,达到广告的真正目的。
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在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义;数字"九"涉及面在我国所有数字中最广。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译相关论文。仅供大家参考!
东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译全文如下:
"数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998)
东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。
在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。
根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。传说古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。
中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。
此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从冬至起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的成语。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。
在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出
钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有:
1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。
其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:
a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation)
____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often)
be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion)
____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty.
in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times.
从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九";高尔夫球球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。
总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性:
1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。
2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。
3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。
数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。
罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。
可采取的翻译方法主要有:
(一)保留原数字
e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives.
我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。
(二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字
e.g.nine out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。
(三)增舍数字
比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。
应遵循的原则主要有:
(一)民族性原则
比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。
(二)习语性原则
比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。
(三)形象性原则
数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与其它的词结合后所产生的形象意义。
比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"
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节式植入广告能灵活地将产品的特性和诉求点融入到整个剧情中,使某品牌商品成为情节开展的主线,成为推动整个故事情节的有机组成部分,达到“广告不象广告”的最佳境界。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是:浅析好莱坞电影植入式广告与大众文化的关系相关论文。具体内容如下,欢迎参考:
浅析好莱坞电影植入式广告与大众文化的关系
到20世纪70年代,好莱坞还一直竭力避免在电影中出现产品的商标或名称。后来,植入式广告正式发展为由厂家免费提供产品作为电影背景道具、演员使用道具或被演员提及。在1980年之前,企业为电影提供所需的产品作为道具,作为交换,电影制作方在最后放映时,会将该品牌在观众面前曝光,这种广告也叫做“潜意识广告”,它就相当于现在的植入式广告。
上世纪80年代后,随着硬广告铺天盖地地袭来,消费者逐渐产生审美疲劳,这使得植入式广告开始迅速发展成熟。今天,好莱坞电影中的植入式广告以迅速成长为一个数百万美元的产业。企业营销者会花少则几千美元,多则几百万美元将自己的产品植入到电影中。
(一)置景道具式植入
置景道具植入是最古老的电影广告的植入方式。在《007》系列电影中,詹姆斯.邦德驾驶的一辆辆豪华车成为全世界瞩目的焦点,让观众留下了不可磨灭的印象。而在《黄金眼》中,皮尔斯-布鲁斯南作为了新邦德的代表,在电影中用上了德国的宝马,并跟主角出现感情的连线。宝马的情感诉说不仅在连续的《007》电影中得到了加强,也使宝马汽车公司产生了12亿美元的溢价。这种类型的植入,一方面满足了电影本身情节的需要,另一方面符合了时代潮流,不会给观众一种矛盾感和冲突感,这也是符合了大众文化当中的时代性。
(二)对白式植入
在《时尚女魔头》中,梅丽尔?斯特里普告诉安妮海瑟薇:“我要10-15条Calvin Klein的裙子,去‘59号餐厅’确定明天8点的座位。”安妮海瑟薇的同事艾米丽说:“马琳达要你去爱马仕拿她定的25条围巾。”“马琳达回来时要喝热的星巴克咖啡。”时尚总监Nigel在替安妮海瑟薇改变形象时说:“你需要香奈儿,非常需要香奈儿。”之后,脱胎换骨的安妮海瑟薇对着惊讶万分的艾米丽说:“是的,我穿的是香奈儿的靴子。”对白式的植入广告迎合的是美国独特的说话方式。美国的大众文化中包括的一个大部分就是他们说话的自由、随意、表情微动。而对白式的植入广告正好贴合了这一点。
(三)情节式植入
情节式植入广告能灵活地将产品的特性和诉求点融入到整个剧情中,使某品牌商品成为情节开展的主线,成为推动整个故事情节的有机组成部分,达到“广告不象广告”的最佳境界。在电影《变形金刚》中有这样一个情节:主人公被变形金刚盯上引来一堆麻烦,原因是主人公在易趣开了一个店贩卖他的一副眼镜,他不知道这副眼镜镜片上印有一串密码。像这样的情节植入能给观众留下很深的印象,把品牌融入剧情就等于和电影融为一体了。
(四)场景式植入
看过《史密斯行动》的人都知道,片中主角之一女杀手朱莉配备的是当前全球相当顶级的坚固型笔记本松下TOUGHBOOK CF-29。在影片中,这款笔记本成为了朱莉在野外行动时的得力助手。不管是在野外的狂奔,还是在爆炸中生存,松下CF-29都表现出了抗震、防摔的特性。这种植入广告的方式不仅体现了产品的特性和性能,同时还在影片中毫无违和感。
(五)拍摄地植入
《偷天陷阱》使马来西亚的双子塔成为马来西亚的象征;而随着《哈利波特》的热映,近苏格兰爱丁堡的Alnwick古堡和伦敦的国王十字火车站成为了来自世界各地的“哈迷”们的旅游目的地;当魔幻巨片《指环王3》一举捧走11座奥斯卡小金人之后,作为影片主要取景地的新西兰小镇马塔马塔-皮亚科,立刻受到世人的瞩目,这同时带动了整个新西兰的旅游产业。旅游文化在大众文化中能够得以体现,一大部分原因就是因为拍摄地植入广告,这是一种迎合大众口味的方式。
(一)好莱坞电影植入式广告与大众文化的契合性
这种契合性主要体现在两个方面:第一是与好莱坞电影文化的契合。其植入广告是具备了满足剧情需要、不妨碍情节发展、合理体现生活内涵等特点,这种植入方式与好莱坞电影文化是不相违背的。第二是与美国大众文化的契合。美国人民对好莱坞植入广告反感吗?肯定有一部分人是反感的。但是在当今社会,大多数人并不会有这样的反感意识,这就涉及到植入广告的所属产品和美国大众文化之间的关系。无论是汽车、服装、餐饮,都是极大程度地契合着美国的大众文化,产品本身的植入与电影受众的契合,也更加保证了电影的卖座和产品的营销。
(二)好莱坞电影植入式广告与大众文化的互补性
互补性即为双反各取所需、各有所补。一方面,好莱坞的电影需要这些生活中的商品进行情节推动,另一方面,这些商品也需要这些大票房的电影进行营销宣传,最重要的是,受众们在文化当中潜移默化接受的熏陶能够来接受这些植入广告。在《大力水手》中,大力水手波比的那句“我很强壮,我爱吃菠菜,我是大力水手波比”深入人心,殊不知,《大力水手》是一个菠菜罐头厂家赞助拍摄的。
《我,机器人》里的威尔--史密斯大声地说:“我只穿2004年产的匡威鞋”。在《我的希腊婚礼》(My Big Fat Greek Wedding)中,女主角说:“我老爸只相信两件事,第一件事是要教育美国人,第二件事是任何身体上的问题,不管是红疹或是鸡眼,只要喷Windex就会好了……”。这些植入广告都是美国大众文化的一部分,因此与大众文化之间的互补也体现了出来。
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企业思想政治工作是搞好企业治理的有机组成部分,为企业生产经营活动提供精神动力和思想保证。那么做好新时期企业思想政治工作,以增强企业的凝聚力和向心力,促进企业按照市场经济规则健康运作和发展就显得更为重要。以下是今天读文网小编要与大家分享的:浅谈企业思想政治工作与企业文化建设的关系相关论文。内容仅供参考,希望能帮助到大家!
浅谈企业思想政治工作与企业文化建设的关系全文如下:
摘要:企业文化对员工、对企业和对社会都有着深远的影响,而成功的企业又无一例外的是思想政治工作,尤其是党建工作的先进单位。在企业的发展过程中,企业文化和党建工作有着共同的结合点。本文以科学发展观为指导,分析企业党建工作与企业文化建设的关系。
关键词:企业;文化建设;党建工作;联系
企业文化建设是指企业文化相关的理念的形成、塑造、传播等过程,是在一定的社会经济条件下形成的并为全体成员遵循的共同意识、价值观念、职业道德、行为规范和准则的总和,是一个企业或一个组织在自身发展过程中形成的以价值为核心的独特的文化管理模式,是一种泛文化。从企业文化建设的定义可以看出,企业文化建设的内涵指企业在技术因素之外所具有的价值体系、行为方式、文化积累、文化传统,包括企业价值观念、企业经营理念、企业精神、企业道德、企业行为规范和思想方法等。企业文化可以概括为四个层次:精神层(核心层)、制度层(中间层)、行为层(表层)、和社会层(企业文化的对外传播)。良好的企业文化具有凝聚功能、导向功能、激励功能、约束功能、辐射功能和塑造形象作用,能够增强员工对企业的忠诚度和认同感,促进员工和企业保持高度一致,并自觉遵守企业的各项制度,从而提升企业核心竞争力,推动企业的可持续发展。无论是国有企业还是非公有制企业,任何时候都离不开党的领导,企业党建是一项不可忽视的重要工作。
企业文化建设与企业党建是两个不同的方面,工作的内容和工作的过程都不相同。但是,两者在对企业发展的影响以及实际的操作过程中,却有着千丝万缕的联系,主要的共同点表现在以下几个方面:
1、工作的目标一致:企业文化建设的目的就是通过企业上下的通力合作,形成独具公司特色的企业文化,形成公司内部强有力的凝聚力,从而形成一种非强制性的管理。良好的企业文化可以的激发员工的工作热情和斗志,可以提高员工的凝聚力从而提高生产效率,达到提高经济效益的目标。与此相关的是企业的党建工作,企业党建的目的是通过加强员工对马列主义、社会主义、爱国主义、集体主义等思想的理论教育,加强企业内部的党的建设,从而调动人的工作和生产积极性,最终达到提高企业经济效益的目的。也就是说,企业的党建工作的中心任务是服务于企业发展,服务于经济建设。可见企业文化建设和企业党建的共同目的都是为了提高员工的工作积极性,从而达到提高企业的经济效益的目的。
2、工作的任务一致:企业文化建设和企业党建都是为服务企业、服务员工,实现企业的最大经济效益和社会效益。在现实生活中,无论是企业文化建设还是企业的党建工作,都必须坚持党的领导,坚持社会主义的方向。中国的企业文化,它必然受到马列主义和社会主义思想原则、道德规范、行为准则和集体主义等传统优良价值观地指导,企业文化建设和企业的党建工作都必须体现社会主义精神文明建设的要求。企业的发展要求企业必须建设有特色的企业文化,这样的要求与企业党建工作的方向是完全一致。
3、工作的方法一致:企业文化建设和企业党建为达到目的的途径或手段是相通的,都是在尊重员工个体的基础上,动之以情,晓之以理地与员工交流沟通。企业的党建工作经常采取的一些诸如交流、谈话、深入基层等工作途径,对企业的文化建设同样适用。这样想通的工作方法,架起了企业文化建设与企业党建工作的桥梁,是企业文化建设与企业党建工作相辅相成。
4、工作的对象一致:企业文化建设和企业党建工作,其研究对象都是人,都是做人的工作。它们不仅都是以尊重人、理解人、关心人、激励人为出发点,而且都是坚持“以人为本”,强调通过协调好企业内部的人际关系,重视培养人的集体意识和提高人的思想道德素质,来实现企业的团结友爱,奋发向上。企业文化建设研究的是人的共同价值取向,形成一种可以焕发人的精神,塑造人的灵魂,倡导优良作风和好的传统的共同企业文化,作用于员工的软管理,以实现自我激励的作用。企业的党建工作根本上也是研究人的思想和认识,它立足于用先进的思想武装人,用正确的舆论引导人,培养有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律的栋梁之才。总之,企业文化建设和企业的党建工作都在于培养人的良好品质、塑造人的美好灵魂。
1、企业的党建工作推动企业文化建设的良好发展。
促进企业的党建工作有序开展,有利于形成企业文化的独特的政治文化建设,以党的思想方针和路线来保证企业文化建设的正确方向。企业的党建工作可以使企业文化建设,特别是企业精神文化方面的建设更好地达到预期目标。良好的企业党建工作可以更好地调动企业员工的积极性,增强企业的凝聚力。企业党建工作中的所涉及到的思想政治工作、群众路线工作、党员教育工作等,最为显著的作用是可以提高个人的党政思想素质,让企业上下可以形成一个坚强的党组织战斗堡垒,让每一位党员都积极地发货党员的先锋模范以及带头作用,从而促进企业的发展。
此外,加强企业的党建工作开展,有利于加强党对企业文化建设的直接或间接的领导。在企业的党建工作开展的过程中,有一个重要任务就是支持和指导本企业积极地开展企业文化建设,党组织应该引导企业形成积极、健康、向上的企业精神,并同时形成“以员工为本”的优良企业文化。企业文化建设作为企业党组织的一个重要载体,企业党组织应该协调发展企业文化,使其成为让党的政治核心作用得到更进一步的加强和发挥的重要一环。企业党建工作对企业文化建设的引导,除了提倡员工认同本企业文化而外,,更重要的是应该积极地把正确的人生观、价值观和世界观渗透到企业文化建设的各个方面。良好的企业理念是良好的企业文化的核心,它可以为企业的各种行为提供导向,从而可以使一个企业适应市场的运行规律,并可以在激烈的市场竞争中拔得头筹。
2、良好的企业文化可以推动企业党建工作的进一步加强。
企业加强企业文化建设,可以快速而有效的形成一种员工对企业的认同,从而有利于企业党建工作的进一步推进与加强。建设优良的企业文化,是让企业员工保持旺盛的斗志与工作热情的至关重要的一步。企业文化可以通过大量潜移默化的方式来凝聚企业内部人员的思想,使企业的每一位员工都可以形成统一的思想,在这样一种统一思想的指导下,让员工产生对企业的目标、企业的规章制度与准则的一致认同感,产生对工作的自豪感、对企业的归属感等。
一旦这些思想成为全体员工的潜在的,甚至是根深蒂固的意识,那么,此时就能形成一种以企业为核心的凝聚力和向心力,这样一种来自每一位员工内心深处的力量,是加强企业党建工作的重要基础,也是必要条件。企业文化作为企业党建工作的一种载体,是推动企业党建工作有序进行的一个渠道,也就是说,良好的企业文化建设有利于进一步加强企业党建工作的效果。
企业文化建设与企业党建工作的关系,是促进企业良好发展的一个重要问题。特别是在当前市场竞争激烈的情况下,如何将“软文化”转化为“现实生产力”,处理好企业文化与企业党建的关系,就具有深刻的现实意义。相信在未来的发展中,企业的领导可以更好的将二者结合起来,适应新的企业发展环境,促进企业良好发展。
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旅游资源的开发与营销有赖于其在国内外知名度的提升,而旅游资料作为一种宣传工具在吸引游客方面有着举足轻重的作用。随着当今越来越多的外国游客来中国观光旅游,优质的旅游资料翻译迫在眉睫。研究者会发现旅游文本的翻译中存在着诸多包括语言学、语用学和文化等各个层面的问题。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:旅游文本是外国游客了解、选择景点的重要参考资料。旅游文本的翻译是一种跨文化交流活动,其翻译过程不是单纯的语言转换过程,而是文化间的交流活动。旅游文本英译中文化缺省现象的存在,更加凸显了翻译补偿策略研究的重要性。通过对江西省几个著名景点的宣传文本进行探讨,分析文化缺省现象,并提出翻译补偿策略,以实现旅游文本的宣传效果。
从广义上讲,旅游文本包括一切与旅游相关的文本资料,它主要具有两项功能:一是传递信息,二是施加影响、诱导行动(朱灿灿,2013:12)。换言之,旅游文本作为宣传类文本,不论是中文还是英文,都需要让潜在的游客了解旅游目的地的基本情况、相关服务和特色文化,以达到信息传递和吸引游客的目的。对于游客来说,他们希望通过阅读文本获得游览目的地的信息。但不同文化背景的游客对所提供的信息有不同的需求,这就决定了英汉旅游文本的差异性。主要表现在以下两个方面。
(一)语言风格的差异
东西方在社会历史、文化传统、思维方式和审美情趣等方面截然不同,旅游文本在语言风格上自然要考虑双方读者的感受,采取恰当的表述方式。
汉语旅游材料在表述上注重辞藻、韵律,结合景点的文化历史背景,多采用四字成语以及排比、对偶句式,读起来琅琅上口。其中,对自然景观的介绍,重视优美的写意,或者采用丰富的想象力给景观增添神秘色彩,读起来或诗意盎然或浮想联翩。英文旅游材料重视“人情味儿”,常常会出现诸如“您现在所处的位置……”“最佳观赏时间是……”此类贴心的提示,用词和句法偏口语,简洁朴素,避免??嗦重复;其在介绍景点具体情况时,通常采用简单叙述法,三言两语道清楚,对景点介绍追求客观、中肯,达到信息传递的目的即可。
除此之外,中西方人民对待宣传材料的态度也是决定其内容的因素之一。不难发现,英语旅游文本突出信息的客观性,汉语旅游文本在撰写时加入主观色彩,呼吁性极强。
(二)信息容量的差异
中国经典故事层出不穷,许多历史人物、历史事件对中国人来说耳熟能详,但是外国游客并不一定了解。我国的旅游景点,不论是自然景观还是人文景观,大多与神话传说、历史故事和社会风俗有关,借用古文,引经据典,中国游客固然能轻而易举地理解其中奥妙,但是外国游客可能会因为错综复杂的人名、地名、朝代等因素而感觉晦涩难懂,降低他们旅游的积极性。
所以,英汉旅游文本并不一定包含相同的信息内容。旅游材料在英译的过程中,译者有必要在尊重原文的基础上,适当修改,对其中特殊的内容进行特殊的翻译。
中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,数不胜数的自然景观和人文景观承载了深厚的历史文化气息。旅游文本和文化紧密相关,在翻译过程中,文化信息的转换往往会因为中国人自身的文化背景而忽略了外国游客的认知。这就是文化缺省现象。它是指同一文化背景的人在交流中对双方共有的文化背景知识的忽略,这种现象是跨语言交际的一大障碍。在翻译旅游文本时,由于源语读者和目标语读者生活在不同的社会文化环境中,具有不相同的文化背景知识,因此,对原文读者来说是显而易见的文化背景知识,对于目标语读者就构成了文化缺省成分(王大来,2004:69)。汉英文本之间可能会存在大量的文化缺省因素,可归类为:历史景点和历史人物、传统概念和信仰、社会风俗和文学作品。这些缺省内容可能导致翻译文本缺失民族特点,损害旅游景点的形象,切断文化的关联意义,影响汉语旅游资料信息的传递和潜在游客的兴趣(张富庄,2013:6)。
鉴于目标语读者文化背景知识的差异性,以及英汉旅游文本本身的差异性,如果译者不针对文化缺省现象进行翻译补偿,游客就不能完全理解原意,将无法达到旅游文本预期的目标。所以,译者在对旅游文本进行翻译时,要充分挖掘文本内文化缺省现象的深层含义,以采取相应的翻译补偿策略。
针对英汉旅游文本的差异性以及东西方文化背景下读者的理解差异,翻译补偿策略是解决文化缺省现象的理想方法。Newmark认为,补偿是翻译的一种手法,补偿主要是用来弥补译文在语义、声音效果、修辞及语用效果等方面的缺省,而且译文可以在不同于原文的语句中再现这种效果。在英译旅游文本时,译者通过运用多种补偿策略将缺省的背景知识恰当地传递给译语读者,同时又可以保持原文的真实性。通过分析江西省的几处景点和文化人物简介的英译文本,得出具体策略如下:
(一)归化法
文化在输入时,应该倾向于归化,以保护本族文化的纯洁性;但文化的输出应该倾向于异化,以促使本族文化的外介,扩大本族文化的影响(李建军,2012:107)。英译旅游文本,属于文化的输出,在翻译具有中国特色的词汇和社会风俗上,应该在简单易懂的基础上积极采取归化法。例如:
(1)江西历史悠久,有着深厚的文化积淀,加上地处南方,处处山清水秀,是一个典型的“鱼米之乡”。
译文:Jiangxi,the province with a long history and profound culture;it is located in the south of China with picturesque scenery.Thus it has been aptly termed:“the land of rice and fish”.
该例句中的“鱼米之乡”直接将“鱼米”等文化意象移植到了目的语文本中。实际上,在英语表达中,“a land of honey and milk”同样具有“鱼米之乡”的意思。但为了更好地传播源语文化,“the land of rice and fish”更能真实地反映中国文化,更有利于外国游客体会到中国文化的奇特之处。随着跨文化交流的进一步发展,越来越多的外国游客会理解并接受中国文化。 (2)龙虎山,位于江西鹰潭,道教发源地,中国道教四大名山之一。
译文:Longhu Mountain,which is located in Yingtan of Jiangxi Province.It is known as one of Four Taoism Mountains because of its position――the birthplace of Chinese Taoism.
龙虎山,东汉中叶,正一道创始人张道陵曾在此炼丹,传说“丹成而龙虎现”,此山因此得名。有人建议将“龙虎山”翻译成“Mt.Dragon-Tiger”才能对外展示其深刻含义。作为世界自然遗产之一的龙虎山,以道教发源地著名,如此具有代表性的中国文化遗址在翻译时,采用归化翻译方法能更真实地反映中国文化。如:“龙虎山 Longhu Mountain”“道教 Taoism”。
(二)释义法
汉语旅游材料中,文言文出现频率高,在英译过程中,译者要充分考虑外国游客的理解能力和文化背景,进而考虑原文信息翻译之后,读者能否明白并喜闻乐见。释义法针对此类情况,在翻译过程中,对原文的历史知识、社会风俗、地理位置等因素采用加注法、同位语解释等方式进行说明,以方便外国读者理解。例如:
(3)南昌地处长江中下游,濒临鄱阳湖西南岸,自古就有“粤户闽庭,吴头楚尾”之称。
译文:Nanchang,bordering the Poyang Lake in the northeast,lies south of the lower middle reaches of the Yangtze River.It has been enjoying obvious advantages geographically. Since the ancient times, it has been known as the favorable place bordering Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north.
“粤”和“闽”分别是广东省和福建省的简称,“吴”和“楚”则是春秋战国时期江浙一带的诸侯国。对于外国游客,这些都不是熟悉的“中国常识”。在英译旅游文本时,应该将它们具体到现在的省份“Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north”,外国游客才能真正明白南昌所处的地理位置,从而理解它的重要地位。
(4)素有“江南三大名楼之首”美誉的滕王阁,雄踞南昌抚河北大道,坐落于赣江与抚河故道交汇处。依城临江,瑰伟绝特,因“初唐四杰”之首的王勃一篇雄文――《滕王阁序》,脍炙人口,传诵千秋。
译文:Tengwang Pavilion has long been ranked first among the three famous pavilions in the south of Yangtze River. Standing by the North Fuhe Avenue in Nanchang,the magnificent pavilion is located at the convergent point of Ganjiang River and the Old Fu River,taking the city as its background and the river as its mirror.Its splendor and majesty was lauded by Wang Bo,the leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty,in one of his masterpieces,Preface to Tengwang Pavilion,and thus has been famous throughout the world as well as maintained the glory with the years going.
“江南三大名楼”是中国有名的历史文化遗迹,但是外国游客不一定都清楚,正如王佐良所说:“在一种文化里有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”(郭建中,2000:20)。同时,对于“初唐四杰”的概念,译者将王勃的身份加以解释:“The leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty”。通过释义法,译者详细而自然地介绍了滕王阁的背景知识和王勃的诗人地位,有利于外国游客更好地了解滕王阁的历史价值。
(三)省略法
省略法是指译者在翻译过程中,根据源语所承载的文化内容,结合目标语的语言特色,并以传递基本信息为目的,对源语做出适当的缩略、删减的一种翻译方法。译者通过对原文中的文化信息进行甄别,分出主要信息和次要信息,在翻泽过程中抓住主要信息,对无关紧要的、目的语读者又很难理解的次要信息进行删减。这样做有助于保持目的语读者理解的连贯性,同时也让他们获得了主要信息(吴秀群,2012:162)。例如:
(5)陶渊明(约365年~427年),名潜,号“五柳先生”,东晋时期诗人,浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。世人敬重他,他“不为五斗米折腰”的故事流传至今。公元405年秋,他为了养家糊口,来到彭泽当县令……陶渊明再也忍受不下去了。他长叹一声,道:“我不能为五斗米向乡里小人折腰!” 说罢,辞官离去。
译文:Tao Yuanming(365~427),a poet in Dongjin Dynasty,also called Mr.Wuliu and Tao Qian,was a native people of Jiujiang City.We all respected has spirit that he wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time. 对中国古代称谓稍微了解的人都知道,在古代,同一个人除他的姓名之外,往往又有字、号,有时还不止一个号,且不同的场合,有不同称呼。陶渊明号“五柳先生”,这对于外国游客来说,并非重要的讯息,没有必要赘述“号”这个概念。另外,“不为五斗米折腰”的故事为中国大众所熟知,但是为了略去复杂的因果关系,避免外国游客坠入五里雾中,英译文本时删除了具体故事,用简单的句子“He wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time”向游客阐述世人敬重陶渊明的原因,达到了信息传递的目的。
(6)白鹿洞书院始建于公元940年,唐贞元年间,江州刺史李渤隐居这里读书,养一白鹿自娱,人称“白鹿先生”,后书院几经衰败。到南宋朱熹重建书院,并亲自在此讲学,当时名人正士均乐于在此求学,其成为了“中国四大书院之一”(其他三所为湖南长沙岳麓书院、湖南衡阳石鼓书院、河南商丘应天书院)。
译文:Bailudong Academy was built in 940 AD. Zhuxi,the great educator of the South Song Dynasty,turned the place into Bailudong Academy, which rivaled the other three famous academies in China.It was a school for some famous people reading there.
如上所述,白鹿洞书院的前身和其他三大书院的名称在英译时被译者删除略去,直接提及南宋伟大的思想家、教育家朱熹,为避免信息量过于庞大,有选择性地将重要信息保留、提取,帮助外国游客理解书院的历史。此时,省略法能够给外国游客留下深刻印象,并且有利于景点的宣传。
(四)增译法
增译法和省略法殊途同归,都是指译者在翻译过程中,根据实际情况对源语做出适当的调整。翻译过程中,若能将省略法和增译法处理得当,互为依据,交错使用,就能够使得译文顺畅明了、通俗易懂。例如:
(7)世界自然遗产地、世界地质公园、国家AAAAA级旅游区、国家级风景名胜区――三清山,位于江西省上饶市东北部。
译文:Mt.Sanqingshan,located in northeast of Shangrao city,is a World Natural Heritage, National Scenic Area,World Geo-park and State AAAAA Tour Zone,which is the highest level of Chinese tourist attractions issued by China’s National Tourism Administration.
中华人民共和国旅游景区质量等级划分为五级,最高级别为AAAAA。但是,外国游客对中国5A级旅游景区的定义不一定都了解,所以在英译本中增加了对“AAAAA”的解释,加深了外国游客对三清山旅游景区的印象,使外国游客意识到该景区的游览价值,达到了旅游文本的宣传目的。
针对文化缺省这一现象,译者需合理运用不同的补偿策略,对源语中的文化背景知识做出补偿,弥补缺省,最大限度地传递原文所蕴含的文化信息。旅游文本的跨文化翻译促进了不同民族文化之间的交流,因此既要尊重源语文化,又要顾及目的语文化。
旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关
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新闻中文化负载词的翻译关系到新闻能否完整准确地传达作者意思,吸引读者注意。因此,译者必须充分考虑译入语读者的接受情况,努力在完整传达信息的同时,使译文更能被译入语读者所接受,达到成功交际的目的。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:本文阐述了文化负载词在汉语新闻中的表现,提出了直译、音译加解释、意译等汉语新闻中文化负载词的翻译策略。
关键词:新闻;文化负载词;翻译
进入新世纪以来,随着经济全球化以及科技文明的不断发展,人类的信息传播主要是借助于新闻媒体来实现的。而在不同的文化之中,受到民族特色、地域因素的影响,使得不同文章其对于文化负载词的运用差异导致了文章自身的趣味性与可读性受到了影响,这也就给从事于新闻翻译工作的我们带来了巨大的挑战。如何做到准确合理地将这些文化负载词进行翻译的同时,保留其自身的趣味性、文化特性,这已然成为了翻译工作开展的一大难题。在我国,从事新闻翻译工作的人员在对新闻文稿进行翻译的时候,一般是通过对翻译观念、词义表达以及文化差异等多方面进行思考后来实现的。在本文中,笔者将着重于对翻译活动开展的功能与目的的重视,做到翻译活动的完整性与简洁性,能够在不同的语境中,做到灵活地翻译。
语言作为文化传播的基础,是实现文化记录、反映、传播的重要形式,同时,也是文化自身的载体。词汇作为语言的基本组成部分,是实现文化传播活动得以顺利进行的基础,也是出现差异化的影响因素。在所有的语言中都存在着大量的文化负载词,它们是文化自身在历史发展的过程中不断演变而产生的,其内容主要包括了:特定的文化词、词组以及习语,这是民族文化的重要体现。
在对翻译原则进行制定的时候,译者需要根据翻译的策略与标准来实现对其的准确翻译,进而将文化负载词更好地进行表现。虽然,要找到完全相对应的文化负载词的难度较大,所以,作为新闻翻译工作者需要对翻译的方式进行灵活的运用,实现对翻译材料的准确生动表达,进而更好地完成翻译工作。根据笔者自身的工作实践经历来说,想要对新闻翻译活动中出现的负载词进行有效地处理,可以采用以下几种翻译方式。
(一)直译
在汉语言的新闻稿中,当其出现大量的政治、经济专有名词的时候,译者往往是通过直译的方式来实现对其字面意思的表达,进而实现对中国文化的展示。例如:2a.当前,全党全国各族人民正紧密团结在以胡锦涛同志为的党中央周围,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗巾只,全面贯彻党的十七大和十七届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观。在例文当中,出现了大量带有中国特色的政治专属名词,这些名词有许多已被外国读者所了解,因此,面对这类词组的时候,可以直接通过直译的方式来实现对原文内容的还原与形式的统一,做到对翻译信息准确性的保证。
(二)音译加解释
音译即是指的通过对原文语音的表现,在另一种语言中将其发音相同或者相近的部分进行表现,其表达的内容大多数是中国文化中所特有的元素。这部分元素,在一般情况下作为中国独特的文化表现形式是很难在译语中进行体现的。为了做到对中国特色的最大化保留,将这些词进行“音译”是十分可行的方式,可是,由于外国读者自身的文化背景与认知存在不足,如若仅仅是采用单纯地音译将会使得读者不知所以然,进而无法实现对信息的有效接受,向外国读者展示中国的特色文化也就更加无从谈起。因此,对新闻文稿进行音译的时候需要添加合适的解释性内容。比如“Yuanxiao”――“元宵”这一食品为中国所特有,在
(三)意译
在汉语中有许多的熟语、习语以及习惯用语,这类语言词汇作为语言系统中的特殊存在。由于读者的文化差异存在,使得这类的文化负载词会产生不同的意思显现。在这个时候,如若简单地采用直译进行表达,很有可能会带来对意思理解的误读。在这个时候,就需要通过意译来进行翻译工作活动了。例如:提倡红白事理性消费,实现移风易俗的时候。其基本原则在于,当村里办白事的时候,不能请吹拉弹唱的戏班子,做到凡事从简的原则。就如同“就坡下驴”这一说法一样,当骑在驴子身上的时候由于驴子比较高,所以容易摔倒,因此,最好先找个路坡,让驴子停在此处,人从这个地方上驴、下驴就不容易摔跤了。这个比喻形象地说明了需要找个合适的借口才能下台不至于工作的难堪与难办。这样的文化负载词,在其进行翻译的时候,如果仅仅是对翻译内容进行整体翻译将会使得整个翻译活动的内容冗长,翻译语言??嗦,导致读者难以做到对翻译内容的有效理解。
(四)直接加解释
解。歌曲《青春之歌》、《我和我的祖国》、《七子之歌》、《幸福在哪里》,舞蹈《孔雀》、《火红的日子》,昆曲《牡丹亭》选段,京剧《三家店》,歌舞《丝绸霓裳》,钢琴合奏《金色狂舞》、杂技《五光十色》等。各类节目,形式多样,内容丰富,表达了中华各族儿女对伟大祖国的深切情感与对美好生活的无比向往。“京剧“作为中国的四大国粹之一而得到了广大外国友人的认可与认知。但是,就”昆曲“而言,其作为中国传统古典曲目之一,在对其进行翻译的时候,需要有意识地增加一些和“昆曲”有关的背景知识。如,“Kunqu Opera”――通过适当的解释性词语,译者有效地将我国的文化精粹传播给外国读者。由以上例证可见,汉语新闻中一些文化负载词蕴含着一定的文化背景,单纯的直译并不能充分传达出其中的文化内涵。
再比如,笔者曾经看到一则新闻,说是:英译的京剧剧本,其中一些唱词的翻译不够准确,说到底还是对京剧所蕴含的中国文化理解不深,甚至是一种误读。以《四郎探母》为例:杨四郎的唱词里有“失落番邦十五年,雁过衡阳各一天,高堂老母难相见,怎不叫人泪涟涟……”等等。其中“雁过衡阳各一天”一句,被译作:Awildgoose flied over the border.(英文意思是:一只野雁飞过边界。)这显然是理解有误。“雁过衡阳各一天”是说南北相隔,杳无音讯。杨四郎沦落北番,隐姓埋名,十几年来与亲人失去联系,可谓天涯各一方。身为人子,让老母日日悬望,苦苦思念,怎不黯然神伤?所以深入理解唱词,准确把握人物内心活动,是做好京剧翻译工作的前提。因此,要保证信息的完整性,充分实现新闻翻译的价值,译者应在直译的基础上增译一些解释性文字,补充其中的文化背景知识,促进民族间的文化交流。
具有着中国特色的文化负载词,对其的翻译将会影响到世界对中国文化的认识,也会影响到中国文化自身与世界文化之间的交流与融合。由于,它代表着中国的民族文化与地域文化,是中华民族文化的重要表现形式之一,也是文化传播的重要形式。当中外文化存在较大差异,这些蕴含着中华文化特色的词汇也就给汉语新闻翻译带来了一定的障碍,但文化负载词的准确传译又是保证新闻翻译准确性的重要一步。因此,新闻翻译工作者应该引起高度重视。在功能目的论中,对于翻译活动的目的进行设定的时候需要对其采用的翻译方式进行明确。
即做到,一方面实现原文作者翻译目的的真实表达,另一方面,也要与译文读者的需求期盼相适应,促使新闻报道活动中出现的新闻负载词可以显得准确新颖又充满乐趣,借助于对音译、直译、意译等各种方法的运用,吸引译入语读者的目光,从而最大限度提高传播效果。为了实现文化负载词的准确传译,译者需要在一定的翻译标准之下,通过对实际情况进行具体的分析,以此来使得外国友人能够更好地理解翻译内容,使得汉语新闻的翻译质量得到显著提升,进一步地减少由负载词所带来的文化交流障碍,实现中外文化的更好交流。
略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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马克思主义与中国传统文化的相通性主要表现在哲学和以人为本方面以及注重实践方面;从一定意义上说,这与马克思主义重视人、突出人的主体价值和主体作用的精神是一致的。
下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:马克思主义中国化与中国传统文化的关系探析相关论文。仅供大家参考!
马克思主义中国化与中国传统文化的关系探析全文如下:
新中国成立以后,马克思主义中国化备受学术界重视,并得到一定程度的研究和发展。马克思主义的先进性和中国传统文化的精髓相结合,在历史发展时期推动着我国社会不断向前发展,实现具备科学发展特色的现代化中国式的马克思主义先进文化。为中国社会的发展提供更加适应中国发展国情的新的一种社会意识形态。
马克思主义中国化就是要把马克思主义与中国革命实际相结合、把马克思主义与中国传统文化相结合,并在此基础上总结革命经验,实现马克思主义化。
《辞海》将文化分为广义和狭义两个层次:广义的层次指人类社会实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和;狭义的层次指社会意识形态,以及与之相适应的制度、思想、风俗等。中国传统文化,顾名思义,是指在中国大地上由中华民族共同创造的相对于现时代而言的一切文化创造活动与文化成果。
(一)中国近代社会危机和民族危机的需要
马克思指出:“理论在一个国家的实现程度,总是取决于理论满足这个国家的需要的程度。”因此,马克思主义是我国近代民族危机和我国近代社会危机所需要的一种科学的社会理论依据。它推动着我国社会的发展。从1840年鸦片战争以后,我国沦为半殖民地半封建社会,社会性质的变化标志着我国社会将步入一个积贫积弱,任人宰割的社会发展局面,列强的入侵与凌辱,使我国社会的发展处于被动的发展境地。十月革命的成功,给我国送来了马克思列宁主义,使中国迎来了新的发展契机。在这之后的发展中,马克思主义与中国传统文化在社会发展中相互促进,相互影响,共同作用于我国的社会发展。
(二)马克思主义与中国传统文化具有相通性
马克思主义与中国传统文化的相通性主要是以下几个方面:一是哲学方面。马克思主义哲学与中国传统哲学,特别是在辩证法和唯物论方面的相通性。二是以人为本方面。中国传统文化中儒家学说视人为万物的中心,人的存在具有他物不可比拟和取代的地位及价值。从一定意义上说,这与马克思主义重视人、突出人的主体价值和主体作用的精神是一致的。三是。马克思主义特别重视实践,把实践看成理论的来源和检验理论正确与否的唯一标准。实践观念在中国古代表现在对知行观及其关系的认识理解上。四是社会理想方面。中国传统文化是在中国建立一个大同世界。这种追求与马克思主义的共产主义社会在本质上虽不是等同意义的社会,但它是中国传统文化能和马克思主义相融合的一个重要因素,是中国人接受马克思主义的文化根基。正是由于中国传统文化与马克思主义在内在精神上存在着这些相通性,从而削弱了中国先进分子接受马克思主义的认知障碍,奠定了中国接受马克思主义的心理基础。
(三)马克思主义必须借助中国传统文化的形式
中国传统文化,蕴含着朴素的唯物主义思想,在很多层面上与马克思主义有着共同的发展特点,故此,两者在对我国社会形态的演变和发展都具有推动的作用。但是,马克思主义作为西方国家社会发展的产物,与我国具体国情具有一定的差异性。这就要求我们辩证地引进马克思主义,合理结合中国传统文化,借助于中国传统文化形式,使马克思主义中国化发展,形成中国式的马克思主义新理论,促进我国社会主义不断向前发展。马克思主义中国化是一个长期的历史发展过程,需要不断创新发展和不断辩证运用,过去需要创新发展、现在需要创新发展、将来也需要创新发展,创新地实现马克思主义与中国传统文化相结合,是我国社会发展的历史必然。
(一)马克思主义中国化文化的形成
马克思主义中国化文化的形成,是马克思主义与中国传统文化相互结合所产生的新兴事物,它合乎中国社会发展的实际,具有强大的生命力和远大的发展前途。马克思主义中国化本着创新发展的原则,对中国才传统文化实现取其精华,弃其糟粕的文化发展转变,建立一种适应中国近现代社会发展具体国情的新的社会发展意识形态,建立具有中国特色社会主义的意识形态,使中国社会得到科学发展。从而形成了具有极强生命力的马克思主义中国化文化。
(二)对中国传统文化现代化转型的促进
随着时代的发展,马克思主义和中国传统文化之间的关系也发生着变化,时代性和阶段性更能表现出马克思主义与中国传统文化之间的关系。二者的融合度与对社会的促进作用随着时代的变化而变化。从历史发展阶段分析,我国近代社会马克思主义中国化发展与现代马克思主义中国化发展在本质上大体相同,但是从根本社会形态来分析,又具有一定的差异性。这主要取决于我国的基本国情,同时受到我国基本国情所影响。
四、结语
综上所述,马克思主义中国化主要是与中国传统文化相结合,实现适应中国国情,具有科学发展意义的我国现代性马克思主义。为我国的政治、经济、文化、民族发展提供科学的发展依据。同时使我国现当代文化具备马克思主义的特点,实现中国特色的现代型马克思主义文化。因此,马克思主义中国化与中国传统文化在演进过程中相互影响,共同促进,实现二者的相互促进和相互渗透,使之建立一种合乎我国国情的现代化意识形态体系。
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随着中国越来越广泛、深入的参与国际文化合作,我们也制定了一系列与国际规则相接轨的中国影视产业法规。早在1994年7月5日,当时的广播电影电视部就制定了《关于中外合作摄制电影的管理规定》,鼓励中外合作制作电影。但当时的“中方”主要限于有影片出品权的制片厂。随着2001年12月25日国务院《电影管理条例》的颁布,不仅制片厂,电影制作公司、影视制作单位都可以参与联合摄制影片。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是:简析当前电影的国际法律及文化环境相关论文。具体内容如下,欢迎参考:
简析当前电影的国际法律及文化环境
二十世纪数字、电脑科学技术的发展推动着世界经济一体化的形成。以美国为核心的文化出口大国在国际文化市场赚取大量利润、不断推进全球文化扩张的同时也在输送着西方的价值观和思维方式。在影视产业领域,好莱坞无疑是国际电影市场中的巨鳄,时代华纳、新闻集团、迪斯尼集团、威卡姆集团几个超大型媒体公司垄断着全球电影的制作和发行。
在这样的形势之下,各国政府运用各种途径保护、支持本国影视业的发展。法国为首的欧洲国家历来重视文化产业的发展,大力投资影视产业,用各种途径补贴和资助文化企业。英国政府从50年年代开始征收“伊迪税”,“伊迪税”作为电影售票的加收税,全部用于资助电影制作人。韩国前总统金大中在竞选总统的纲领中,提出了一个发展韩国电影的白皮书,指出21世纪“文化就是国力,文化成为创造巨大附加价值的产业”。 正是在这样的国际经济背景之下,中国加入了WTO。中美双方就中国加入世界贸易组织问题达成了双边协议。加入WTO,中国电影产业面对着更为严峻的挑战。以往的关税壁垒和贸易配额是对本国电影工业进行保护的最“低级”手段。在这种情况之下“不对电影的进口保持配额”,就必须分析中国电影所面临的各方面局势和背景,熟悉市场规则,利用一切条件来发展扶持本国民族电影工业。
当今国际影视市场的法律环境主要依托为两大国际组织原则:世界贸易组织的“自由贸易”原则和联合国科教文组织“文化多样性”公约。而这两大公约出发点各异,又相互制约。“自由贸易”原则是要贸易完全的自由化,拆除贸易与投资的壁垒,影视贸易也不例外。“自由贸易”原则复合美国政府一直所倡导的自由贸易规则。联合国科教文组织“文化多样性”公约,从文化的角度出发,主张经济利益不能损害文化的发展,因此在国际贸易规则中坚持文化贸易例外的准则。“文化多样性”公约认为,真正的文化交流应促进文化的多样性,以法国为首的欧洲各国以及其他发展中国家都主张“文化例外”。
世贸组织(WTO)的有关协定由关税与贸易总协定(GATT)、服务贸易总协定(GATS)、和知识产权协定(TRIPS)几部分构成。世贸组织协议内容主要包括:货物贸易、服务贸易、知识产权三大部分, 涉及广播影视业的主要是后两个部分。由于目前我国与WTO有关缔约国达成的协议内容尚未完全公布,我们主要依据世贸组织协议的有关原则、规定,以及尽可能收集的国内外资料,对我国加入WTO以后对广播影视业带来的影响做一分析。
与影视业有关的规章制度根据美国单方面透露的中美双边协议文本摘要,对影视业将产生直接或间接影响的有以下几点:
三年内增加到50部,其中20部将采用分帐制;同时,据此分析,我国加入WTO以后,国外电影商可能从制作、发行、放映三个环节进入我国电影业,对中国电影业形成更大的压力:
――中国同意在准入后每年进口大片将由现在的每年十部,先增加到20部,并在三年内逐步增至50部,其中20部属分帐影片。
――加入WTO后,外商可以入股参与影院的建设、经营、并可以拥有不超过49%的股份
――中国自加入WTO当日起,允许外国电信供应商拥有电信服务公司49%的股权,两年后这一比例可增至50%。
――美国公司可以在中国投资互联网公司,包括目前禁止的内容供应业务。在“协议条款”一项中规定:“中国同意一加入WTO就落实知识产权协议,消除和停止实施贸易和对外交流平衡规定, 消除和停止实施地方满意规定,停止执行强加这些规定的和约;并且只颁布或执行同科技或其他知识的转移相关的、同关于保护知识产权和有关贸易投资协议一致的法律或其他条文。”
随着中国越来越广泛、深入的参与国际文化合作,我们也制定了一系列与国际规则相接轨的中国影视产业法规。早在1994年7月5日,当时的广播电影电视部就制定了《关于中外合作摄制电影的管理规定》,鼓励中外合作制作电影。但当时的“中方”主要限于有影片出品权的制片厂。随着2001年12月25日国务院《电影管理条例》的颁布,不仅制片厂,电影制作公司、影视制作单位都可以参与联合摄制影片。
在国产片创作上,长期以来国家规定主创人员必须是我境内人员,而2001年12月13日颁布的《聘用境外主创人员参与摄制国产影片管理规定》中提出,只要因题材、技术、角色等特殊需要,经批准可以聘用境外主创人员参与。2004年底,国家广电总局和商务部联合发布了《电影企业经营资格准入暂行规定》,首次明确规定,外资可以通过合资、合作等方式成立电影制片公司或电影技术公司。政策一出台,时代华纳与中影集团、浙江横店集团就合资成立了中影华纳横店影视公司,这是中国首家中外合资影视公司。随后,中国电影集团和索尼影视国际电视公司共同组建了华索影视数字制作有限公司。还有若干类似的合作项目也正在筹划当中。
然而,目前政府对电影题材、内容、形式、风格等方面的监管仍然较严,这明显不适应我国电影产业国际化发展的要求。因此,我们可以借鉴周围许多国家的做法,放宽电影审查制,而采用有中国特色的电影分级制度。一方面,它可以使电影创作者获得一种相对自由、宽松的创作环境,创作出更加多元、丰富的影视作品;另外从保护青少年观众的角度出发,我们也可以更好地净化和规范电影市场。
电影作为一种文化产品,其交流和输出必然受到文化背景、语言、审美趣味、文明程度、宗教信仰、文化需求等的制约或影响。两个国家的文化需求结构越相似,那么,这两个国家之间的贸易量也就越大。这个问题也可以用由Hoskins和Mirus所提出的“文化折扣”(cultural discount)的概念进行解释,即“某种文化产品,它根植于一种文化,因而在那种文化环境里具有吸引力,但在其他环境中可能吸引力减弱了,因为观众发现很难认同其所描述的价值观念、信仰、制度和行为方式。
跨文化传播研究发现,文化和语言被公认是最能抵消外来电视节目影响的两项因素”。柯林斯(Collins)在分析不同形式的文化折扣时指出:“视听产品可能比书面作品的文化折扣要低,而在视听产品当中,几乎不含语言成分的作品的文化折扣比语言占重要成分的作品要少。”因此,影视节目在一些外国观众中很可能遭受文化折扣,而不受欢迎。这也是目前国际电影产业从业者所热衷讨论和解决的问题。
中国电影在20世纪初诞生,就是中外文化交流的大环境下来自西方的舶来品。因此,中国电影一开始便面临两大问题:
一是“电影”与中国文化的结合,使之成为中国文化的载体。
二是中国电影如何与世界电影相互交流,融入主流电影市场中去。我们看到,中国电影产业,经过几十年的发展,尤其经过近十几年的发展,与本土文化已较好地结合起来,成为中国文化的重要载体。8
0年代开始走向国际的中国电影更多地承载了本土艺术家对于民族历史和人伦精神的一种深刻反思。但是西方观众认为的“电影中国”与真实中国还有相当的一段距离。在好莱坞电影文化的扩张之下,中国电影不仅在国外,而且在国内市场,均面临着严峻的考验。如何突破西方电影文化的包围,便成为中国电影界所普遍关注的问题。
“全球化”是目前理论界无法逃避的客观事实,它的进程从几百年前开始,一直到今天还在不断地发展、推进中。费孝通在《经济全球化和中国“三级两跳”中的文化思考》(载于2000年11月7日《光明日报》)中提出这样的观点:“全球化即全球各地人们的密切关联”。这种紧密的关联使得世界文化间的交流越来越频繁。一方面是对普遍性的呼唤,另一方面是对民族文化特性的强调。我们也正式看到了民族文化对于民族电影的重要性,因此才更加要以一种平和、开放的心态参与国际竞争。
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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