为您找到与武术与传统文化的关系以及在现代社会的意义相关的共200个结果:
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“和谐”是中国传统文化贡献给世界的一个普遍价值观,可以与西方文化倡导的“自由、民主、人权、法制”的普遍价值观相提并论。中国的经典书籍《礼记》中,生动地描绘了“大同社会”的美妙与和谐,这是中国传统文化对“和谐”理念最早的文字表述,与柏拉图的“理想国”同期。“大同社会”代表了中国古代和谐社会理想的最高境界,从此中国人民对和谐世界的探索与追求不断延续,直至今日。
党的十六届六中全会上,胡锦涛同志指出:“构建社会主义和谐社会,是我们党以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和‘三个代表’重要思想为指导,全面贯彻落实科学发展观,从中国特色社会主义事业总体布局和全面建设小康社会全局出发提出的重大战略任务。”本文就此简单探讨一下中国传统文化思考和构建和谐社会的基本理念,以期合理汲取中国传统文化的精华,做到古为今用,从而加快构建现代社会主义和谐社会的进程。
儒家理论强调个人的道德修养,认为这是社会和谐的基础。其主要内容简单说就是是仁和义。仁义的观念是儒家思想最为强调的观点,以前人们说某某人是伪君子,骂他“假仁假义”,就是说仁义观。其实儒家仁义观是一种高尚的个人道德情操观,他要求人们做事情必须符合道德标准。如果是出于非道德的考虑,即使做了应该做的事,这种行为也是“不义”的行为,用一个为孔子和后来儒家学者所蔑视的词来说,那就是“为利”。“义”与“利”之间的辩论是中国人千百年来的热门话题。
其次,儒家理论强调家庭的和睦与社会的和谐。修身、齐家、治国、平天下,这是被儒家经典理论提倡的一个和谐社会的基本次序。“家和万事兴”,家庭是社会的细胞,家庭和睦直接影响社会的平安、和谐。儒家思想强调依靠道德的规范作用来实现家庭和谐,通过提炼、宣扬相应的伦理规范来调适父子、夫妇之间的关系,从而构成了中国人的基本价值观及和谐繁荣的道德世界。
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随着人民生活水平的不断提高和全球化进程的不断加快,人们对于平面设计的要求也越来越高。平面设计单位想要在这种环境条件下生存下来,就要不断地进行设计方面的创新。我国的平面设计起步较晚,设计理论还不完善,往往过于追求和借鉴国外设计经验,而忽视了与本国文化之间的融合创新,没有将我国传统文化的深刻内涵进行挖掘,融合性较低。因而在实际的设计过程中,应将设计与传统文化充分结合,以增强平面设计中传统文化的实际应用能力。
中国人民在漫长的生产、生活过程中,运用智慧创造出了众多的传统吉祥图案,这些图案历经千百年的沉淀和传承,获得了不断地完善和丰富,被广泛应用在日常生产、生活当中,既用来表达自己对事物的认识或是抒发情感,又表达对吉祥、平安、幸福等和谐生活的向往。这类传统图案的寓意主要是通过谐音或是寓意表达出来的,例如梅花鹿有着“禄”的象征;鱼有着“余”的象征,寓意年年有余,食物丰腴;鸳鸯有着美好姻缘的象征;仙鹤、松柏有着“寿”的象征。平面设计者将这些传统文化图形巧妙融入到平面设计当中,设计出的作品不仅具有现代化的艺术美感,还有浓郁的历史韵味和民族特色,是设计作品能够具备鲜明的特色[1]。
我国传统书法是重要的文字书写表现形式,是中华文化的精髓。传统汉字书法个性强劲抽象,线条简单,具有较强的视觉冲击力,富含丰富内涵,极具感染力,是一种具有审美价值的艺术表现手法。这一传统元素逐渐被平面设计人员挖掘,并运用到实际的设计当中,增强了现代平面设计的艺术魅力和感染力。
艺术设计中色彩的运用起着极其重要的作用,传统中国色彩主要有黑、白、黄、赤、青,其皆代表着不同的含义。由于现代色彩与传统色彩定义之间有一定的出入,因而在进行平面设计时,应合理利用传统色彩,创作出独特的艺术效果,如中国银行标志,是用红色做基调,用古钱币作为民族象征,通过视觉感染表达各种信息。
我国传统文化博大精深,在历经漫长的发展后,逐渐演变为多种具有典型文化特征的纹饰和图形,主要以图腾、动物、植物、人物等形式呈现,该类图形作为我国传统文化的重要组成部分,将其运用到实际的平面设计当中,能为单调的设计风格带来新的活力。再者,中国传统绘画艺术在中国传统文化中占有重要的地位,是一种注重表达人与自然万物之间和谐共生的意境美艺术,绘画中将自然中的美通过文学创作的形式更为深入的进行表达,并将自然意境应用到绘画当中,体现出更深的内涵和意境,因而将传统图形及绘画艺术应用到平面设计当中,必然会衍生出新的艺术表达形式[2]。
中国作为文明古国,其文明发展史历久弥新,期间为数众多的传统工艺出现并获得了快速的发展,例如石器、青铜、漆器、雕塑、瓷器、绘画、剪纸、戏装。木板年画、面具、建筑纹饰等,这些传统工艺均体现出中国人民的智慧,将传统工艺表现的灵巧、精致、简约、工整、娟秀、热烈、质朴,无论是色彩鲜艳的木板年画,还是简约大方的国画、书法,抑或是变换多样的装饰图案,无一不体现着中国人民的智慧,这些传统工艺为现代平面设计人员提供了创作灵感。中国传统工艺美术是优秀的中华民族文化遗产,其丰富多变的艺术变现形式,独特的艺术构造,对现代平面设计产生了积极的影响。
“形”是指物体表现出来的结构和外形。中国传统设计通常应用实形进行装饰,注重形与形之间的穿插和礼让,在进行结合时往往遵从对称均齐、求整的方式,将其与传统造型进行完美结合,并在理解的基础上对其加以创新、利用,运用现代化的手段和审美方式将传统造型中的某些元素进行提炼、创新,并将其运用到现代平面设计当中,不仅能体现出设计的内涵,还能充分体现民族文化特点。现代平面设计与传统文化“意”的结合,主要是对传统的吉祥图形所蕴含的含义进行延伸,例如零八年北京奥运会标志便借鉴了传统的图形造型,运用传统的写意手法,向人们表达出运动员和中国结两个概念。因而将现代平面设计与传统文化意境结合,是一种创新性的艺术表现形式。
地域、民族的不同会存在不同的本土文化,这些本土文化对人们的生活、行为习惯,思想意识以及精神空间均有一定的影响。设计创新是设计单位不断摆脱现状,向前发展的源泉,只有不断将平面设计与文化融合,才能顺应时代发展的潮流,才能不断满足人们对于设计内涵的各种需求。随着人们对传统文化重视程度的不断加深,平面设计中将不断融合传统文化,使平面设计更具民族性。就目前平面设计的发展来看,传统文化与平面设计的融合必将成为现代平面设计的必然发展趋势。
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任何外来文化想要在一定的范围内发展都必须根植于当地的本土文化,只有这样才可能在当地文化发展中起作用,并且能够发挥出最大的力量来运用到实践中,对实践起到重要的指导作用。马克思主义虽然具有强大的生命力,但离开本土文化的马克思主义就会成为孤立的科学,就像一颗没有根基的大树,即使生命力在强,生长的在茂盛,也不会长青。
马克思主义具有强大的开放性。辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义是马克思主义哲学的重要内容,它要求理论和实践相统一,继承和发展相统一,具体与一般相统一。因此马克思主义只有建立在优秀的本土文化之上才能发挥出其规律性、科学性的作用,从而形成指导性,来指导实践。同时,离开本土的传统文化,马克思主义就达不到马克思主义的民族化,更谈不上大众化。恩格斯曾经说过:“每一个时代的哲学作为分工的一个特定的领域,都具有由它的先驱者传给它而它便由以出发的特定的思想资料作为前提。”马克思主义的大众化离不开中国的传统文化的土壤。中国传统文化的发展经历了五千年的悠久历史,形成的庞大的文化体系。在这个文化体系中包含了很多物质文化和非物质文化遗产,包括建筑,自然风光,医学,各种文艺形式,传统观念,地方习俗,手工,服饰等等。每个中国人就生活在这样的氛围中,或者自觉或者不自觉的不断的受其熏陶,对人民大众的思想不断的进行渗透。比如孩子出生就受到父母的传统礼仪教育,小学生就会学到三字经,中学就会对儒家思想有很深的理解,我们平时打开电视也能看到各地的传统戏剧,节假日会去名胜古地旅游,几乎每个中国人从小就过的各种中国的传统节日。总之,中国的传统文化已经进入到了人们的日常生活的各个领域,深入人心,因此中国的传统文化具有最深厚的群众基础。所以马克思主义要想在中国实现大众化一定要运用中国传统文化深厚的群众基础,及人民大众对传统文化的高度认同。只有这样才能缩小人民大众对马克思主义的距离感,和对马克思主义理论的畏惧的感,使马克思主义逐步成为人民大众喜闻乐见的指导实践的理论,进而实现马克思主义的大众化。
在全面学习和贯彻十八届三中全会会议精神的研讨会上讲到“中华民族是一个兼容并蓄、海纳百川的民族,在漫长历史进程中,不断学习他人的好东西,把他人的好东西化成我们自己的东西,这才形成我们的民族特色。”“民族文化是一个民族区别于其他民族的独特标识。要加强对中华优秀传统文化的挖掘和阐发,努力实现中华传统美德的创造性转化、创新性发展,把跨越时空、超越国度、富有永恒魅力、具有当代价值的文化精神弘扬起来,把继承优秀传统文化又弘扬时代精神、立足本国又面向世界的当代中国文化创新成果传播出去。”习总书记强调了我们要发展传统文化,丰富传统文化的内容。他为我用,古为今用,取其精华,去其糟粕,要使中国的传统文化现代化,使其具有时代的特征。
中国传统文化的发展是历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义的统一,传统文化并不是一成不变的,相反它存在于一定的社会历史中,随着社会的发展而不断的发展变化的,只有这样传统文化才能适应社会的发展并为之而服务的。从中国的文化发展史看,传统文化之所以能够经久不衰,就是因为它在不断的接纳新思想,新文化,新内容。例如,中国传统文化与佛教文化的结合。大约在两汉时期佛教就已经传入到了我国,在两晋南北朝社会大动荡期间得到了迅速的发展。佛教思想中宣传的关于善恶因果与修行,和儒家思想有相同之处。例如佛教中的善之业因必有善之果报,恶之业因必有恶之果报,与儒家的积善之家必有余庆,积不善之家必有余殃。佛教和儒家思想相互融合相互渗透,除此之外,佛教的经文,绘画以及雕刻艺术都对中国的传统文化都产生了深远的影响,到了后期佛教已经成为中国传统文化的组成部分。
历史发展到今天,一成不变的传统文化是不可能适应当代社会的发展的,因此,大力弘扬传统文化就必须吸收其他优秀的文化的精华,而马克思主义不仅仅是优秀的文化,而且是科学的,辩证的,唯物的客观真理。因此马克思主义大众化是对中国传统文化最最有益的补充。
主席在《传统文化为治国理政提供有益启示》中讲到:“只有不断发掘和利用人类创造的一切优秀思想文化和丰富知识,我们才能更好认识世界、认识社会、认识自己、才能更好开创人类社会的未来。”因此,无论是马克思主义还是中国传统文化,都应该吸收和借鉴“人类所创造一切优秀思想文化和丰富知识”,来实现文化的科学化、现代化,为个人进步、国家发展、和创造美好的人类社会而服务。
首先,马克思主义大众化为中国传统文化的现代化,世界化提供了途径和方式。
中国传统文化经历几千年的历史,不断发展,不断演变,进入现代社会以前经历以渔猎为主的原始社会,以农业副业经为济基础的奴隶社会和以小农经济为基础的封建社会。近百年来,中国社会聚变,传统文化已经很难适应中国社会的大发展、大变化。经济基础决定上层建筑,我国已经初步实现了工农业的现代化,为了适应经济基础的发展,我们的上层建筑,我们的文化业必须现代化。文化的现代化并不是放弃历史放弃传统,而是要吸收优秀的文化,使传统文化现代化。
进入二十世纪,马克思主义无疑是当时最现代的思想,中国的无数的知识分子和革命人正是看到了马克思主义思想的强大性、科学性和现代性,坚定不移的引进了马克思主义,并且把马克思主义和中国的实际情况结合起来,为中国社会发展进步奠定了理论基础,并且正确指导中国革命和现代化建设。与传统文化相比,马克思主义显示出了文化的优势,而且丰富了传统文化的内涵。中国的传统文化与马克思主义有力的结合后,摒弃了自身的劣势和不足,接收了马克思主义的科学思想,继承和发扬了自己的优势,实现了本质的升华。改革开放以来中国传统文化的发展已经有力的证明了,传统文化和马克思主义的结合使传统文化摆脱了发展的困境,马克思主义为传统文化的发展提供了正确的途径和方式。
其次,马克思主义虽然是世界性的科学理论,但是它的世界性必须得通过民族性才能体现出来。随着全球化的发展,不仅仅政治经济全球一体化,文化的发展也在全球化。现在几乎没有哪一种文化是绝对的本土的,民族的文化,更不会有哪一种文化是凌驾在民族之上的绝对的世界性的文化。因此文化的发展就是相互融合,相互促进,取长补短,取其精华去其糟粕的过程。正如江泽民同志在《庆祝中国共产党成立八十周年》大会所讲的:“世界是丰富多彩的。各国文明的多样性,是人类社会的基本特征,也是人类文明进步的动力。应尊重各国的历史文化、社会制度和发展模式,承认世界多样性的现实。世界各种文明和社会制度,应长期共存,在竞争比较中取长补短,在求同存异中共同发展。”马克思主义是普遍的,世界性的,科学性的,它的普遍性、世界性要通过各个民族的形式表现出来,而它的科学性可以用来指导和把握各民族文化的发展方向。中国传统文化的发展方向就是要面向世界,面向未来,接收一切科学的优秀的文化,树立民族精神,继续为人类社会发展做出贡献。
在实现马克思主义大众化的过程中我要借鉴和借助于传统文化的发展模式,和传统文化的影响力,使马克思主义真正的成为人们喜闻乐见的,能够正确指导实践的理论。在弘扬传统文化的过程中我要吸收马克思主义的科学性和世界性,使我们的传统文化真正成为我们民族的骄傲,世界的文化珍宝。
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摘要:本文通过简单剖析中国传统文化的构成,纲领式的论述了儒家、道家、佛家文化思想的根本精髓,阐述了其“和谐”理念的内涵,探讨了如何进一步挖掘升华其思想,做到古为今用,以期为构建现代社会主义和谐社会提供必要之支持。
关键词:中国传统文化和谐社会
“和谐”是中国传统文化贡献给世界的一个普遍价值观,可以与西方文化倡导的“自由、民主、人权、法制”的普遍价值观相提并论。中国的经典书籍《礼记》中,生动地描绘了“大同社会”的美妙与和谐,这是中国传统文化对“和谐”理念最早的文字表述,与柏拉图的“理想国”同期。“大同社会”代表了中国古代和谐社会理想的最高境界,从此中国人民对和谐世界的探索与追求不断延续,直至今日。
党的十六届六中全会上,胡锦涛同志指出:“构建社会主义和谐社会,是我们党以马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和‘三个代表’重要思想为指导,全面贯彻落实科学发展观,从中国特色社会主义事业总体布局和全面建设小康社会全局出发提出的重大战略任务。”本文就此简单探讨一下中国传统文化思考和构建和谐社会的基本理念,以期合理汲取中国传统文化的精华,做到古为今用,从而加快构建现代社会主义和谐社会的进程。
简单地说,中国传统文化是以儒家思想为主体、道家和佛家思想为两翼的文化思想体系。
在孔子、孟子确立了儒家思想的基本观后,儒家思想发展的历史贯穿了中国从先秦到“五四运动”以来几千年的历史,影响了一代又一代的中国人,其基本思想已经渗透到了人们生活的方方面面。像中国古代儿童入学,首先要读“四书”,即儒家哲学最重要的读物——《大学》、《中庸》、《论语》、《孟子》。除了儒家思想以外,道家和佛家对儒家思想进行了完美的补充,儒、道、佛三家水乳交融、和谐共存,构建了中国人自己的精神家园。所以说把握住这三家文化的内涵,就把握住了中国传统文化的核心,从而有利于更好地理解其对和谐社会的思考和贡献。
儒家理论强调个人的道德修养,认为这是社会和谐的基础。其主要内容简单说就是是仁和义。仁义的观念是儒家思想最为强调的观点,以前人们说某某人是伪君子,骂他“假仁假义”,就是说仁义观。其实儒家仁义观是一种高尚的个人道德情操观,他要求人们做事情必须符合道德标准。如果是出于非道德的考虑,即使做了应该做的事,这种行为也是“不义”的行为,用一个为孔子和后来儒家学者所蔑视的词来说,那就是“为利”。“义”与“利”之间的辩论是中国人千百年来的热门话题。
其次,儒家理论强调家庭的和睦与社会的和谐。修身、齐家、治国、平天下,这是被儒家经典理论提倡的一个和谐社会的基本次序。“家和万事兴”,家庭是社会的细胞,家庭和睦直接影响社会的平安、和谐。儒家思想强调依靠道德的规范作用来实现家庭和谐,通过提炼、宣扬相应的伦理规范来调适父子、夫妇之间的关系,从而构成了中国人的基本价值观及和谐繁荣的道德世界。
道家文化与儒家思想简单地说是一种对立统一。儒家强调人的社会责任,但是道家强调人的内部的自然自发的东西,强调人与自然的和谐。人们常说孔子重“名教”,老、庄重“自然”。中国哲学的这两种趋势,约略相当于西方思想中古典主义和浪漫主义这两种传统。儒道两家文化既相互对立,同时又相互补充,两者相辅相成、相得益彰。
道家文化认为只有遵循事物的发展规律,才能做到人与自然的和谐。自然界万物在不断变化,万物变化所遵循的最基本的规律是“物极必反”,这种思想来自道家的祖师——老子。意思是说,任何事物的某些性质如果向极端方向发展,这些性质一定会使它转向自身的反面,这构成一条自然规律。所以要达到人与自然的和谐,必须掌握“度”这个事物发展变化的关键。
那么,怎样衡量事物变化发展的“度”·事实上,没有人能划出适合一切事物、一切情况的绝对界限,必须依据客观不断变化。例如过去人们认为海南不能发展工业,而现在,我们提倡“生态立省”和“一省两地”战略,就是考虑到海南保护得天独厚的生态环境的必要性和发展工业的优势等现实情况,合理把握事物发展的“度”,在强调人与自然和谐的同时,走可持续发展的道路。
佛教传入中国,是中国历史中最重大的事件之一。它传入中国以后已经与中国的思想相结合,推动着中国的哲学思想不断发展,形成了具有中国特色的佛学文化——禅宗,对中国哲学、文学、艺术等影响深远。
佛家文化的和谐理念首先是关于心境之间的和谐,也就是在人的认识层面构建主观与客观之间的和谐。佛教的平等和谐观教人摆脱苦难的方法主要是教人掌握一种新的认识体系,从自我的心理上寻求突破。在这种新的认识体系的指导下,既体悟到世间一切的虚幻性,又认识到世间一切存在的价值以及它们之间的圆融与和谐,从而在实现自我与他人、与社会、与自然之间圆融和谐的基础上,完成精神的终极超越。
综上所述,儒、道、佛三家文化都在各自的立场上提出了其对和谐社会的思考和探索,包含了不少思想的智慧和精华。如何更好地继承和发展中国传统文化,既是构建社会主义和谐社会的客观要求,也是新一代炎黄子孙的职责所在。我们将倍加努力,坚持科学发展观,科学地继承和发展和谐理念,为全面建设小康社会、不断开创中国特色社会主义事业的新局面而奋斗。
[1] 李学勤:《中国古代文明十讲》复旦大学出版社 2003年8月第1版。
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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马克思主义与中国传统文化的相通性主要表现在哲学和以人为本方面以及注重实践方面;从一定意义上说,这与马克思主义重视人、突出人的主体价值和主体作用的精神是一致的。
下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:马克思主义中国化与中国传统文化的关系探析相关论文。仅供大家参考!
马克思主义中国化与中国传统文化的关系探析全文如下:
新中国成立以后,马克思主义中国化备受学术界重视,并得到一定程度的研究和发展。马克思主义的先进性和中国传统文化的精髓相结合,在历史发展时期推动着我国社会不断向前发展,实现具备科学发展特色的现代化中国式的马克思主义先进文化。为中国社会的发展提供更加适应中国发展国情的新的一种社会意识形态。
马克思主义中国化就是要把马克思主义与中国革命实际相结合、把马克思主义与中国传统文化相结合,并在此基础上总结革命经验,实现马克思主义化。
《辞海》将文化分为广义和狭义两个层次:广义的层次指人类社会实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和;狭义的层次指社会意识形态,以及与之相适应的制度、思想、风俗等。中国传统文化,顾名思义,是指在中国大地上由中华民族共同创造的相对于现时代而言的一切文化创造活动与文化成果。
(一)中国近代社会危机和民族危机的需要
马克思指出:“理论在一个国家的实现程度,总是取决于理论满足这个国家的需要的程度。”因此,马克思主义是我国近代民族危机和我国近代社会危机所需要的一种科学的社会理论依据。它推动着我国社会的发展。从1840年鸦片战争以后,我国沦为半殖民地半封建社会,社会性质的变化标志着我国社会将步入一个积贫积弱,任人宰割的社会发展局面,列强的入侵与凌辱,使我国社会的发展处于被动的发展境地。十月革命的成功,给我国送来了马克思列宁主义,使中国迎来了新的发展契机。在这之后的发展中,马克思主义与中国传统文化在社会发展中相互促进,相互影响,共同作用于我国的社会发展。
(二)马克思主义与中国传统文化具有相通性
马克思主义与中国传统文化的相通性主要是以下几个方面:一是哲学方面。马克思主义哲学与中国传统哲学,特别是在辩证法和唯物论方面的相通性。二是以人为本方面。中国传统文化中儒家学说视人为万物的中心,人的存在具有他物不可比拟和取代的地位及价值。从一定意义上说,这与马克思主义重视人、突出人的主体价值和主体作用的精神是一致的。三是。马克思主义特别重视实践,把实践看成理论的来源和检验理论正确与否的唯一标准。实践观念在中国古代表现在对知行观及其关系的认识理解上。四是社会理想方面。中国传统文化是在中国建立一个大同世界。这种追求与马克思主义的共产主义社会在本质上虽不是等同意义的社会,但它是中国传统文化能和马克思主义相融合的一个重要因素,是中国人接受马克思主义的文化根基。正是由于中国传统文化与马克思主义在内在精神上存在着这些相通性,从而削弱了中国先进分子接受马克思主义的认知障碍,奠定了中国接受马克思主义的心理基础。
(三)马克思主义必须借助中国传统文化的形式
中国传统文化,蕴含着朴素的唯物主义思想,在很多层面上与马克思主义有着共同的发展特点,故此,两者在对我国社会形态的演变和发展都具有推动的作用。但是,马克思主义作为西方国家社会发展的产物,与我国具体国情具有一定的差异性。这就要求我们辩证地引进马克思主义,合理结合中国传统文化,借助于中国传统文化形式,使马克思主义中国化发展,形成中国式的马克思主义新理论,促进我国社会主义不断向前发展。马克思主义中国化是一个长期的历史发展过程,需要不断创新发展和不断辩证运用,过去需要创新发展、现在需要创新发展、将来也需要创新发展,创新地实现马克思主义与中国传统文化相结合,是我国社会发展的历史必然。
(一)马克思主义中国化文化的形成
马克思主义中国化文化的形成,是马克思主义与中国传统文化相互结合所产生的新兴事物,它合乎中国社会发展的实际,具有强大的生命力和远大的发展前途。马克思主义中国化本着创新发展的原则,对中国才传统文化实现取其精华,弃其糟粕的文化发展转变,建立一种适应中国近现代社会发展具体国情的新的社会发展意识形态,建立具有中国特色社会主义的意识形态,使中国社会得到科学发展。从而形成了具有极强生命力的马克思主义中国化文化。
(二)对中国传统文化现代化转型的促进
随着时代的发展,马克思主义和中国传统文化之间的关系也发生着变化,时代性和阶段性更能表现出马克思主义与中国传统文化之间的关系。二者的融合度与对社会的促进作用随着时代的变化而变化。从历史发展阶段分析,我国近代社会马克思主义中国化发展与现代马克思主义中国化发展在本质上大体相同,但是从根本社会形态来分析,又具有一定的差异性。这主要取决于我国的基本国情,同时受到我国基本国情所影响。
四、结语
综上所述,马克思主义中国化主要是与中国传统文化相结合,实现适应中国国情,具有科学发展意义的我国现代性马克思主义。为我国的政治、经济、文化、民族发展提供科学的发展依据。同时使我国现当代文化具备马克思主义的特点,实现中国特色的现代型马克思主义文化。因此,马克思主义中国化与中国传统文化在演进过程中相互影响,共同促进,实现二者的相互促进和相互渗透,使之建立一种合乎我国国情的现代化意识形态体系。
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尽管企业文化管理部门和工作者只是规划者、组织者、辅导者和督促者,但由于直接推动组织变革,所以企业文化管理工作会赢得公司的高度重视并成为企业管理的职能机构。即使没有专门的机构,企业文化工作者的价值也会充分得到体现。以下是今天读文网小编为大家精心准备的:借鉴中国传统文化精髓打造现代企业文化相关论文。内容进行参考阅读,希望能对大家有所帮助!
借鉴中国传统文化精髓打造现代企业文化全文如下:
企业文化作为一种客观存在,是伴随着人类的共同劳动而产生的。但作为一种管理理论是在上个世纪八十年代才出现的。关于企业文化的定义有很多,但核心内涵大同小异。我国著名经济学家魏杰先生在其所著《企业文化塑造――企业生命常青藤》一书中给企业文化的一个定义是:所谓企业文化,就是企业信奉并付诸于实践的价值理念。
1、中国传统文化的涵义
中国传统文化是中华文明演化而汇集成的一种反映民族特质和风貌的民族文化,是民族历史上各种思想文化、观念形态的总体表征。具体地说,中国传统文化就是以儒家思想为主干、儒释道互补、其他诸子百家为辅为基础形成的一种人伦文化。
2、中国传统文化的精髓与现代企业管理思想不谋而合
我国传统文化中的诸子百家及佛家文化在许多方面与现代企业管理中的经营理念和管理原则是相通的。如儒家尊仁德,道家讲无为而治,法家严赏罚,兵家重谋略,佛家信因果等,都可以给现代企业管理提供借鉴。如儒家的“孝悌忠信、礼义廉耻、仁爱和平”等思想,可以指导企业家和员工更好地做人做事。互敬互爱,忠于职守,廉洁奉公,诚实守信,竞争合作。
经济大国日本,其企业文化深受中国传统文化的影响,是儒家思想与日本传统文化和民族心理相结合的产物。日本企业文化的精粹――“大和精神”,就源于儒家的人本文化。西方现代管理学之父彼得.德鲁克在给北京光华德鲁克研究会上讲到,“管理者不能依赖进口。即便是引进,也只是权宜之计,而且也不能大批引进。中国的管理者应该是中国自己培养的,他们深深植根于中国的文化,熟悉并了解自己的国家和人民。只有中国人才能建设中国。”
可见,传统文化是现代企业文化的根基。吸收中华传统文化精粹,建设现代企业文化为现代企业的必然选择。
近年来,我国企业已逐渐重视企业文化的建设,并取得了较好的成效。但是,就整体而言我国企业文化建设仍不尽人意。主要体现在:
1、企业文化建设处于低层次,表现出急功近利的趋势
企业及企业家的“小我”观念,短视行为,使其企业文化的建设处于低层次、追求单一经济效益的状态。缺乏“我为人人,人人为我”,为民族振兴而做企业的“大我”境界。企业价值观的形成、传播处于被动状态。一切以经济为中心,一切向钱看的价值观,阻碍了企业文化向更高层次的飞跃。靠智慧赚得“小赢”。
2、企业文化建设重形式轻内涵,收效甚微
有些企业对于企业文化建设的核心和关键理解片面。一方面表现为,认为搞文体活动、贴标语、出版报,搞精神文明建设就是企业文化了。当然,这些活动也在一定程度上缓解了员工压力,增强了凝聚力,但是并没与深入人心,没有根本上解决问题,比如员工和企业家的道德问题,重情疏法、见利忘义、腐败堕落的现象依然严峻。另一方面表现为,企业文化建设和企业管理脱节,其结果是各搞各的,企业文化建设成为无的放矢,意义不大。
3、盲目引进国外先进经验,消化不良
企业文化是美国人在研究日本经济取得巨大成功之后提出的,之后相关理论研究不断深入,成为指导美国等西方国家的企业文化建设实践的“圣经”,造就了一大批世界一流企业。改革开放以后,我国一些企业界的有识之士,大胆引进西方及日本的管理经验。盲目的崇洋媚外,认为他山之石可以攻玉,对“舶来品”未经改造,导致消化不良。
4、古为今用,脱离实际
如今,国内弘扬传统文化热情高涨,重新认识到圣贤文化的教化作用原本是好事,但又走向了另一个极端,就是忽略了企业文化建设具有的时代性。有一些企业家,一厢情愿地在企业推行传统文化教育,完全复古,显然是与现代企业、现代社会格格不入的。
1、弘扬创新文化,谋求企业长远发展
《易经》开篇就提出“天行健,君子以自强不息”,意思是君子处世,应该像天一样,坚强刚毅,奋发有为,永不停息;《易经》还说“穷则变,变则通,通则久”,是指事物处于穷尽局面则必须变革,变革后才会通达,通达就能长久。这句话强调事物的动态的、发展的,重视事物的新生、更新,主张积极变革;《礼记》中提出的“苟日新,日日新,又日新”则从动态的角度来强调不断革新,加强思想革命化。这些思想成为历朝历代人们变法图强、力主创新的理论依据。
创新是企业生存发展的根本和动力源泉。企业要营造浓厚的创新氛围,提供良好的创新环境,一言以蔽之,就是要培育有利于创造型人才成长的企业文化。首先,企业必须构建有利于调动员工积极性的激励机制,给创新者以物质和精神上的鼓励;其次,要营造民主宽容的氛围,鼓励探索,接纳挑战,宽容失败。让创新意识成为员工的价值取向,让创新行为成为习惯。
2、弘扬仁爱精神,打造战无不胜的企业团队
儒家文化的核心就是“仁”,“以人为本”是儒家管理思想的基本特征,重视人的现实生活状况和心灵的慰藉。对于企业,可以借鉴儒家的“仁爱”思想作为企业领导和员工共同遵守的行为准则。通过提高他们的道德修养,实现对内强化团队凝聚力。领导与员工之间要做到“己欲立而立人,己欲达而达人”,不能单纯把员工当作赚钱的工具。领导者实行仁爱管理,从物质和精神等多方面调动员工的主动性和创造性,爱护员工、尊重员工,激发员工的责任心和自豪感,让员工对企业产生归属感,这样才能形成强大的凝聚力;员工与员工之间要做到“己所不欲,勿施于人”,“孝悌也者,其为仁之本与!”。员工之间相互关心,才能精诚合作。“兄弟同心其利断金”、“人心齐,泰山移”,团结就是力量,企业战无不胜。 3、弘扬传统诚信文化,让企业流淌道德的血液
中国传统文化中伦理的诚信,可以追溯到先秦时期。到了儒家那里,“信”成为经世致用的道德规范。治国做人,都离不开“信”:“道千乘之国,敬事而信”、“民无信不立”、“君子一言,驷马难追”;孟子继承了孔子关于“信”的基本思想,并进一步把“朋友有信”与“父子有亲、君臣有义、夫妇有别、长幼有序”并列为“五伦”,成为中国封建社会道德评价的基本标准和伦常规范。荀子也把是否有“信”作为区分“君子”与“小人”的重要道德标准。先秦时期百家争鸣,在许多方面都各有主张。但不论是那一个学派,对诚信都是持肯定态度的。我国历代商人都尊崇“货真价实”、“童叟无欺”、“以义求财”、“欲而不贪”的基本道德。
以传统诚信为本的伦理规范与当代市场经济中信誉至上的原则是相通的。市场经济就是诚信经济,讲信用,重信誉,是其根本要求。在商品经济时代,有些商人见利忘义,道德沦丧。做假账、夸大宣传、“地沟油”、“毒奶粉”等让那些黑心的企业名誉扫地,永难翻身。诚信,就是要让企业流淌道德的血液。
诚实守信价值观的弘扬,有利于培养和形成人们的信用意识,有利于促进市场经济良性运转和市场经济体制的完善。
4、弘扬传统“和合”文化,追求和谐发展
中华和合文化源远流长。在先秦时期,和合文化得以产生和发展。到了春秋末年,孔子更是把它作为人文精神的核心。强调“和为贵。”、“君子和而不同,小人同而不和。”;老子提出“万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和”的思想等,中国古代先哲们通过对天地自然、人类社会普遍存在的和合现象作大量观察和探索,提出了和合的概念,对和合现象作本质的概括。所谓和合的和,指和谐、和平;合,指融合、合作。二者连起来是指在承认“不同”事物之矛盾、差异的前提下,把彼此不同的事物统一于一个相互依存的和合体中,各个事物取长补短,达到最佳组合,由此推动事物的发展。
竞争是市场经济的必然结果。西方国家在市场经济初期的“大鱼吃小鱼”似的残酷竞争中碰壁了,意识到合作的重要性,于是“竞争合作”、“合作竞争”等概念应运而生。其实,我们的祖先早就提出了“和气生财,合作制胜”的企业和合文化思想。
和合文化是调节人的内心、人与人、人与社会、人与自然之间关系的“良药”,是构建和谐企业的文化源泉。现代企业要弘扬和合精神,选择“和气生财,合作制胜,和谐共生”道路,才能真正做到“双赢”,并成为“环境友好”型企业。内部员工之间要和睦、企业与客户之间要和气、企业与企业之间要合作、企业与环境之间要和谐。在具体管理活动中,采取“多元化”、“差异化”战略,避免你死我活的竞争,力求把蛋糕做大,实现“双赢”;牢记企业的社会责任,感恩并回馈消费者;敬畏自然,保护生态环境。
1、对传统文化应采取“扬弃”态度
中国传统文化经过了千百年的发展演化,在历史长河中巨浪淘沙,不可避免有陈旧过时,甚至是文化糟粕。在建设现代企业文化时,首先要区分其中的积极和消极的因素,不能全盘复古;其次,中国的传统文化多为哲理,在指导现代企业管理实践时,必须将其化为具体的行为准则;再次,在建设现代企业文化时,还要引进西方先进的企业文化的理论和方法。结合自己的实际情况,古今中外兼收并蓄,有机融合,形成自己独特的企业文化。
2、企业家应该率先垂范
美国麻省理工大学斯隆商学院教授沙因认为,企业领导者所要做的最重要的事情就是创建和管理文化,最重要的才能就是影响文化的能力。现代企业文化的建设,首先要造就一批高素质的企业家队伍,让他们在企业文化中起组织、示范和推动的作用。企业家的思想、行为与企业文化建设有着十分密切的关系。因此,企业家们应该用优秀的传统文化滋养自己,培育自身高尚的道德、远大的理想、自强不息的奋斗精神,在企业文化建设中率先垂范。
中国传统文化博大精深,要很好地掌握它绝非易事,而要将它应用于现代企业文化建设的实践中,更是不易。企业文化建设是一项系统工程,不可能一躇而就,它需要企业家们长期坚持不懈的努力,并从企业的高层领导到中层领导再到基层员工逐级的传递,在实践中潜移默化。
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