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《拉贝日记》在尘封了60年后终于面世。拉贝,德国西门子公司驻中国商务代表,在中国工作了30年。在侵华日军侵占南京前后的日子里,出任南京安全区国际委员会主席。在此期间,他以其独特的身份、西方人的视角,在呼啸的枪炮声中、在尸骨遍地的金陵古城,用充满激情而又冷峻的笔触逐日记载了这中国历史上最为惨痛的一页。日记所展示的侵华日军惨绝人寰的暴行,以及拉贝先生感人的人道主义精神,都将使今天的中国读者更深刻地认识过去、更深刻地思考未来。
整部片子看下来给人最大的感触就是两个字——救赎。电影通过日记讲述历史,真实地还原了日记里面的内容,从一个外国人的角度来讲述日军的暴行,感觉更为客观。首先,影片对人物的刻画十分丰满。一个信仰纳粹、在中国生活了27年的德国西门子公司南京分公司的总经理拉贝先生,在自己即将离任顺利回到德国的时候,遇到了南京大屠杀,他由原来的满不在乎的态度,转变为毅然地
送自己的妻子离开,而将自己的脚步停留在中国这片土地上,并与威尔逊医生等外国友人建立了国际安全区,保护了中国20多万人的生命。拉贝这个角色显得有血有肉,非常人性化。一个国际友人能够在南京这座危城之下和侵华日军斡旋,这需要无比的勇气,拉贝一开始是想逃走的,但中国是他生活了20多年的第二国土,他不忍心看到这里的人民惨遭屠杀,所以他最终决定留下了拯救这些无辜的人。这种复杂的心理变化,在乌尔里奇·图克尔的表演中有很真实的再现。第二,影片中也有许多感人的场景,拉贝将中国难民藏在德国国旗之下免受敌人轰炸的场面,威尔逊医生救死扶伤的情景,金陵女校的杜普蕾将众多的战俘藏起来不交给日本人的举动,当拉贝与杜普蕾、罗森博士挺身而出抵抗日军的场景无不让人为之感动。这部影片让我们认识了一位伟大的“国际友人”——约翰-拉贝先生,以及和他一起的曾经给我们提供帮助的国际友人们,我们应该将他们深深地记在我们的心里。《拉贝日记》是近年发现的研究南京大屠杀事件中数量最多、保存得最为完整的史料,是南京大屠杀的重要历史证据。通过《拉贝日记》这部电影,我们又一次从全新的视角来看待那场人间浩劫。南京大屠杀是一个民族的伤痛,用外国人的亲身记录,我们将了解到更多的历史尘封往事,还有那25万鲜活的生命是如何逃离日军屠杀的,拉贝是一个真正的英雄,这部电影就是讲述了一个英雄的伟大事迹。
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语言基本上是一种文化和社会产品,要理解它就应该从文化和社会的角度出发。英汉两种语言之间的文化差异给其在语义层面上的转换带来了巨大的障碍,其差异首先表现为价值观念的不同。汉文化是一元文化,强调“社团价值论”;英文化是多元文化,崇尚“个人价值至上论”。除了价值观念差异之外,英汉文化差异还与两个民族所处的地理环境与社会环境、气候条件和风俗习惯等息息相关。
英汉民族由习俗引起的文化差异在一些与动物有关的词汇短语上体现得非常明显。英国人喜欢马,养马、骑马、赛马成为其风俗,英国文化就属于典型的的“马文化”,所以英语中有关马的说法极其丰富,诸如talk horse(吹牛)、 get on one’s high horse(趾高气扬)、horse and horse(并驾齐驱)等等。然而中国是传统的农业国,世代的牛耕生活使汉语囤积了大量的“牛文化”。牛是“吃苦耐劳,勤奋踏实”的象征,“俯首甘为孺子牛”就是体现的这种情结。相反在英语中却用马来代替,汉语中的“老黄牛”翻译成英语也就成了“a willing horse”。
不光如此,英汉语言中的一些表示颜色的词汇也沉淀了不同民情的文化。“红色”在汉语中含有极强的褒义色彩,“大红大紫”显示的是成功和富贵、喜庆和吉祥。与此相反, “red”却常常让西方人想起流血、战争、恐怖、愤怒和危险,含有较强的贬义。
伴随着二十世纪六十年代以来西方翻译的科学理论化进程,我国自八十年代后期,翻译研究呈现出突飞猛进的发展势头。与此同时,随着经济与文化等各方面全球化的影响,无论是翻译理论研究还是翻译实践都展现出一派蓬勃发展的面貌。
在我国,翻译的对象领域被人为的划分为“非文学”的和“文学”的。“非文学”的主要是指一般的实用性文体,如政治、经济、科技、金融、商贸、旅游、体育等,其中最主要的要数“科技翻译”;“文学翻译”则是与科技翻译并行的翻译的门类和方法论。随之也便产生了“非文学”研究和“文学”研究。“非文学”翻译被认为是一种技术性的活动,在翻译活动中长期处于优势地位,与此同时,我们不能否认,文学翻译研究在翻译研究这一领域中占了主导地位,一直是人们关注的焦点。
20世纪80年代以来,受文化研究大潮的影响,翻译的历史文化研究日益受到重视,中西翻译的语言和文化思维的差异表现得极为突出,基于对语境、语气、含蓄等的敏感度及广泛运用各种修辞手法等方面的关注,翻译的文化因素被更多地加以考虑。
语言不仅是人类思想感情表达与交流的工具,而且是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体。语言能真切地反映一个国家、一个民族的生态地域、政治经济、物质文化、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等。不同的语言决定了不同民族不同的思维方式、行为方式以及语言表达方式。然而语言的个性与共性是共存和并重的,洪堡特曾经说过:“比较语言研究是对语言差异的准确探索。”可以说,寻找差异的目的是达到统一,其中必须特别关注的,则是语言的音形、词句、文体等形式中所内涵的精神文化实质。
翻译的实质是将一种语言转换成另一种语言,其目的在于把原语的全部信息输入译语,同时取得最大限度的等值效果。英汉两种语言分属于印欧语系和汉藏语系,不同的语系特点,决定了各自的构词法和词义表达差异很大,要想确切地表达原作内容,在翻译过程中就要应用各种技巧。
有时为了使译文更加符合汉语的表达习惯和规律,在忠实于原文的前提下,必须选词、增词、省略、把词类适当地加以转换,才能使译文通顺自然。当然翻译并不是纯语言本体的转换,它与社会文化等有着各种关系。每一个民族都有自己的社会文化特色,文化是使人们凝聚为一个共同整体的一系列共享的意义、信仰和价值,有其特定的时空范围,因此,一些话语的正说与反说、句型和习语等在翻译时也要考虑到它们各自的特点。
在中国文化和历史中,有许多辉煌成就令外国学者向往,他们认为中华文化博大精深、多姿多彩,其历史源远流长,因此形成了构思方式和语言组织上的重视意合和悟性,区别于西方思维差异上的重形合和理性。汉语的意合无须借助词汇语法的衔接手段,仅靠词语与句子内涵意义的逻辑关系或借助语境、语义、语用的因素,便能构成连贯的语篇,这一特点集中体现在古汉语文学作品中;而英语在语言形式上把词语句子结合成语篇整体时则少不了词汇语法的显性衔接。
德国思想领袖哈贝马斯倡导的“交往行动理论”以理解与沟通为现代社会最高目标,认为翻译研究应该成为人类交往实践的一项基本训练,从他人的角度出发,建立起主客体间的有效联系。这对不同文化背景下的交往甚至是相同背景下的交往都是必要的,这样可以改变现实生活中单向的思维模式,建立一种新的主客体认识模式。
中国人的传统思维讲究天人合一、人法自然、万物皆备于我,所以主体参与意识很强,在语言表达上表现为多以“人”作主语。西方人由于理性的分析而偏重于主客分离和区别,所以有时以“人”这个主体为主语,有时以客体为主语,视情况需要而定,但更多的是抱着客观审视的态度,以事物为主语并进行客观、冷静的剖析和描述,这就导致了英汉语篇主语、主位或是重心上的差异。
从根本上讲,这是中西方各自重综合与重分析思维习惯的表现。中国人喜欢螺旋式的展开方式,先宣称主题之重要,继而进行反复的论述和强调,最后回归到主题;西方人喜欢直线形逻辑思维,就是先表达出中心意思,由此展开,或层层推演或逐项分列,后面的语句由前面的语句自然引出。在一句含有时间、地点、事件的通知性的话语中,中国人的习惯表达是“我们将在什么时间什么地点做什么事情”,西方人的表达是“要进行的事件+地点+时间”。
例如,中国人习惯上说:我们明天早上去看姑妈,7∶00在院子门口集合。西方人的表达是:We will meet at the courtyard gate at 7 O’clock tomorrow morning in order to visit our aunt.
翻译是传译两种相异的语言与文字,总需要将译者与被译者两方面的语言文字做一番深刻的研究,看中文与外文究竟有哪些相异之处。这些相异之处有文法上的、修辞上的、习惯上的和表现手法上的。
如:由于英语重句子的建构,英语句型多,尤其长句多,西方人习惯于使用“叠床架屋”式结构的长句子,在进行翻译时,都要关照到。
在某种意义上说,翻译活动中准确和流利的表达就是在理解原文的基础上,通过深入的逻辑分析和推理,不断冲破原文词义或句法结构的强制范畴,把原文精髓用规范、通顺的译文语言全息再现出来。由于这样的译文不是原文的机械复制品,它往往需要创造性劳动,亦即语言艺术。而表达的艺术主要体现在理解翻译法以及对于原文用词、句法结构、叙述顺序等问题的恰到好处的处理上。由“直译”与“意译”引发出“异化”和“归化”,在翻译实践中都不能不采用。没有哪一种译文是完全异化或完全归化的,在翻译过程中若能使二者相得益彰,那么就会收到意想不到的效果。
西方美学有着悠久的历史和许多优良的学术传统,尤其是近几十年来它的飞跃发展,对译学影响越来越大。在进行文学翻译时,不能忽略作品的比较美学价值,不拘泥于表层结构和形态,不注重译作语言质量的高下。现代翻译需要我们对译品所蕴含的代表不同文化系统的审美特征,乃至于对不同国家和民族所持有的不同的审美理论和思维方式,做出美学价值上的判断,以探索其审美本质和规律。
比较文学的翻译研究不能局限于某些语言现象的理解与表达,也不参与评论其优劣,而是把翻译文学作品作为既成事实加以接受,不仅要对其进行一般意义上的价值判断,还要在此基础上展开对文学交流、影响、接受、传播等问题的考察与分析。
研究文学翻译,研究翻译理论,可以拓展新的角度、新的方法,不再单纯评价译品的优劣高下,而是将各类译品作为审美对象,从美学角度进行鉴赏、品味、对比、分析,使文学作品及其译品所蕴含的美学因素及其价值得到淋漓尽致的揭示,使读者在研读文学翻译作品的同时,充分领略原作与译作的审美价值。
英汉互译实践与技巧翻译是一门实践性极强的学问,需要长期下苦功夫才能真正学到手。译者的翻译能力的形成不能单靠学习理论知识、强化技巧训练,而是需要扎扎实实的双语功底及大量的翻译实践。
无论什么翻译,都不可避免地带有交流的目的。在国际文化交流日益繁荣,在中国与国际各领域接轨日益加速的时代,为使翻译学得以更好的发展,在注意到中西语言文化思维差异性的同时,必须打破翻译研究的地域、学科、流派的限制,形成跨学科综合、多元互补的研究格局,在译学领域加强交流,跨越不同的传统与体系,进行中西译论体系间的双向互补、借鉴和相互渗透,以达到中西译学的交融与共生。
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中国的传统文化是世界文化长廊中的一块瑰宝,具有重要的影响以及作用,下面是读文网小编带来的关于中国传统文化的影响论文的内容,欢迎阅读参考!
摘要:文章以同仁堂的企业文化为例分析了中国传统文化对现代企业文化建设的影响,指出中华民族悠久的历史文化对现代企业文化建设仍然有巨大的影响。
关键词:企业文化;中国传统文化
企业文化是指以企业为主体的、广义的、深层的文化,是在企业生产过程中所形成的独特的企业价值观念、道德规范、行为准则、传统作风、群体意识及整个企业人员的素质,是一种重要的经营资源,是企业的无形资本和灵魂,具有很大的渗透力和凝聚力,是维护企业生存和发展的精神支柱。从层次上看,主要包括四个层次:物质层文化,行为层文化,制度层文化,精神层文化。本文主要对企业的精神层文化加以论述。
日本是最早用企业文化来管理企业的国家。利用大和民族的文化形成其独特的企业文化理念,因此二战后的日本经济获得了飞跃发展,仅用了30多年的实践就成为了在经济上能与欧美相抗衡的大国。
而我国本土企业则更是在其企业文化中充分体现了中国的传统文化。下面以同仁堂为例来探讨中国传统文化对现代企业文化建设的影响。
北京同仁堂是中药行业著名的老字号,创建于清康熙八年。在三百多年的历史长河中,历代同仁堂人恪守“炮制虽繁必不敢省人工,品味虽贵必不敢减物力”的传统古训,树立“修合无人见,存必由天知”的自律意识。确保了同仁堂金字招牌的长盛不衰。
翻开同仁堂的历史,我们立刻可以感受到其浓厚的文化底蕴。
首先,其名称――同仁堂――我们就可以看到中国传统文化的影响。
“仁”是中国儒家文化的核心内容。古语有云:为仁者安天下、世事如棋局局新、仁者胜乃万古之理、仁者无敌等等。同仁堂以一个“仁”字无敌于中药行业,在百年历史变迁中永葆青春。可以说这以“仁”字就是同仁堂企业文化最核心的内容,其他各个方面都是以此为基础加以展开的。
其次,走进位于崇文门的同仁堂办公室,在其一层的同仁堂药店端端正正的挂着古训“炮制虽繁必不敢省人工,品味虽贵必不敢减物力”,这也是同仁堂深厚文化底蕴的表现之一。
同仁堂古训始于康熙四十五年同仁堂编纂的《乐氏世代相传散膏丹下料配方》一书的“序言”中,几百年来,同仁堂人始终坚持贯彻执行。
这一古训也充分体现了中国的传统文化――诚信。在社会主义市场经济条件下,企业的生产经营活动必须讲求诚信,只有做到货真价实,童叟无欺,才能真正赢得顾客。诚信观念也是中国人一直所推崇的。诚信是中国传统企业的道德核心,是中国古代社会商业经济活动中一项重要经营原则。诚信的本意是真实无妄、重信守诺。宋儒周敦颐在《通书》中写道:“诚者,圣人之本,诚五常之本百行之源。”中国历来就有“言必行,行必果;一言九鼎;一诺千金”等词语来反映诚信观念对中国人立身处世的影响。诚信是一个企业经营和发展的基本前提。在我国历史上晋商和徽商都是坚持诚信经营的典范,他们的经营理念和精神至今仍有深刻的影响。在任何时候一个企业都不应该也不能牺牲诚信来获取暂时的利润。同仁堂的诚信经营理念为同仁堂赢得了良好的声誉。该古训已成为同仁堂人刻骨铭心的行为准则,将世代传承。
一、同修仁德,济世养生的企业精神
同仁堂的企业精神简称为“仁德”精神。上面谈到同仁堂的名称是就讲到,一个“仁”字体现了其企业文化的核心,修仁德自然成为同仁堂人的必修课。“仁”是儒家学说的核心价值,“仁者爱人”、“求人得仁”讲的是一种人的内在的价值观念,要时时刻刻严格要求自己坚持真理正义,同时以博大的胸怀来爱护民众也是“仁”的一种表现方式,即“泛爱众而亲仁”。而为了达到其中“仁”的境界就必须“修”,而且是内外兼修。同修仁德,对内就要修身养性;对外就要报效国家,“杀身成仁”。同仁堂的仁德精神就是要求同仁堂人做到内外兼修,做人要正直诚信,而作为一个企业就更加要严格要求自己,要多为国家和社会做贡献。
“济世养生”是“仁德”的最高境界和目标,历代同仁堂人始终以“济世”“养生”为己任,对待求医购药的八方来客一视同仁,坚持以爱国爱人之心,仁药仁术之本,取信于民,造福人类。
“精神”是一个企业行动的指南,而同仁堂人以“同修仁德、济世养生”的精神为自己行动的最高标准,时时牢记“医者父母心”,以病人的利益为自己的行为向导,做最好的药,力求把中华民族“中医”理论的精华全部融合在同仁堂国药之中,为弘扬中国文化贡献自己的力量。
同仁堂“济世”的精神也被历代同仁堂继任者牢记并始终贯彻始终。“济世养生”是“仁德”的最高境界,同仁堂始终关注人类健康,关注病人生命。同仁堂成立至今,时刻牢记要为社会做贡献。早在成立之初,每当京师会考,同仁堂向应试举子赠送四季应时药品,而每年冬天,同仁堂都要开粥厂,使那些饥寒交迫的贫民能够勉强糊口,夏天则会发放一些治疗预防中暑的药。直到今时今日同仁堂依然牢记取之于民,用之于民,每年都会从企业利润中取出部分用于慈善事业。同仁堂以这种贡献精神在社会上树立起了一个“仁德”的形象。
二、自主创新的企业使命
同仁堂“以弘扬中华医药文化、领导绿色医药潮流、提高人类生命与生活质量”为企业使命。
同仁堂具有强烈的弘扬中华医药文化的使命感,同时在继承发扬中华传统的基础上,积极创新,力求与国际接轨,开拓绿色医药的新潮流。
中华民族历来是一个自强不息、积极进取的民族。《易经》有云:“天行健,君子以自强不息。”同仁堂人把中华民族的这一精神不断发扬光大。同仁堂在继承中国博大精深的中医药理论的基础上,不断研究创新,致力于新的绿色产品的开发,着眼于是中老年人的养生保健,力求实现高科技与绿色医药的结盟。现在的同仁国药不仅有着中国传统文化的深厚底蕴,而且融合着高科技,实现制药技术的现代化。如今的同仁堂不仅使中华儿女看到了中医传统的博大精深,而且向全世界展现了中国传统医药文化的极大力量,让世界上更多的人相信中医的疗效。相信中国的中医文化必将在同仁堂人手中更加发扬光大,对中国乃至世界医学理论的发展产生巨大的影响。同仁堂人不会固步自封,必将研制出更多更有效的中药产品,为人类的健康贡献自己的一份力量。
三、以义为上,义利共生的企业价值观
同仁堂以“同修仁德、济世养生”为企业使命,讲的是一种对社会的贡献。以“义”为上的企业价值观再次反映了它的企业精神。强调了企业对社会的责任感,讲“义”才能得到社会的认可,企业才能不断发展。任何一个企业其存在的目的就是为了获得利润,可以这样说“利”是一个企业存在的价值,如果企业不能获得利润,那它的存在就没有任何的意义。但是任何一个企业都存在与一个社会之中,这是一个社会的共同体,如果为了获得利润而牺牲他人的利益,那这个企业可能会获得一时的繁荣,但必将不会有一个长远的发展,因此对一个企业来说就必须兼顾眼前利益与长远利益,所以同仁堂把“以义为上,义利共生”作为企业的经营哲学。所谓“以义为上,义利共生”就是要以义取利,不取无义之利;尤其是当义、利发生矛盾时,坚持以义为上。坚信重义才能取信于市场,有了信誉才能赢利。
中国有句古话:君子爱财,取之有道。中国人讲义气,任何事情都把义字放在首位。我们这里所讲的义,当然并不是那种所谓的哥们义气,而讲的是大义,是对社会、对人民的责任感和使命感。对一个企业来说,就是一个企业的信义和对社会的贡献。
同仁堂的历史就是谋求信义的历史,同仁堂的金字招牌就是信义二字凝结而成的;同仁堂的未来发展必须发扬重信厚义的传统,坚持产品高质量,不掺杂使假;坚持诚信经营,不求暴利;坚持以信用原则处理经济关系,不坑梦拐骗。同时自觉投身于社会公益活动,以自身的义举,赢得更高的市场美誉度和顾客的信任。任何一个企业只有得到社会和消费者的认可,才可能有生存发展的空间。“顾客是上帝”永远是企业经营的金玉良言。
四、同心同德、仁术仁风的管理理念
这其实讲的是同仁堂的人才观,任何一个企业的发展靠的不是一两个人,而是同仁堂的全体员工。
同心同德,语出《尚书・泰誓》,意为同一心愿,同一行动,为同一目标而努力。对同仁堂而言,这目标就是要以精湛的医术,优质的产品和良好的职业道德来治病救人,济世养生,奉献社会。同仁堂管理者遵从这句名言,意在坚持以人为本的管理思想和人心齐泰山移,人民群众创造历史并推动历史发展的哲理。
在中国儒家的思想中,管理的本质是治人,管理的关键是得人,管理的方式是人治,就是一切都不能离开人。在一个企业中,员工才是企业的主人,只有依靠员工的力量才能把企业发展壮大。
同心同德、仁术仁风作为一种管理思想,已经成为一种纽带,用它来凝聚全体员工的力量,使同仁堂成为一个强大的团体,这个团体就集中了众人的智慧和力量,在它面前,没有克服不了的困难,没有实现不了的目标。
为了使全体员工能够到同心同德,同仁堂坚持以人为本的人才观,积极培养人才。同仁堂从创业之初的小作坊发展成为现代化企业集团,始终与发挥人才的作用密不可分。无论在历史,还是在当今,同仁堂都出现过许多既精通医药理论,又善于经营管理的专家型人才。如今的同仁堂更是为各方面人才的脱颖而出创造了条件。为人才提供公平竞争的舞台,制定和完善以人才为中心的各项政策待遇等等,总之是为了培养利用留住人才,做了许多工作。今天的同仁堂吸引并且留住了许多人才于企业领导对人才的尊重,对员工的倚重分不开的。
上面以同仁堂为例谈了中国传统文化对现代企业建设的一些影响,其实不仅是同仁堂,我国的许多企业的企业文化建设都受到中国传统文化的巨大影响。中华民族有几千年的悠久历史,许多优秀的文化影响并将继续影响社会的方方面面。当然,由于历史的局限,其中有些思想观念已经陈腐过时,但只要条分缕析、取其精华、去其糟粕,中国传统文化对现代企业文化的建设必将发挥应有的作用。
参考文献:
1、刘志迎.企业文化通论[M].合肥工业大学出版社,2004.
2、李柏松.企业文化宣言[M].蓝天出版社,2005.
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不可否认,如果没有西方现代思潮的影响,20世纪的中国文学,将是另外一个模样,新时期的文学,也将面目全非。西方现代思潮对中国文学,尤其对当代文学的影响与渗透是全方位、多层次、无处不在的。
20世纪初,随着中国社会由传统向现代的转型,由传统文化孕育、发展起来的传统文学,已不能满足和适应新型社会人们在精神、情绪和感觉方面的需求,走向衰亡。时代要求中国的文学求新、求变。在这种大背景下,各种西方现代思潮挟其经济、政治、科技方面的威势,大举进入中国,中国的传统文学在这些思潮的冲击下不堪一击、迅速解体,新一代作家们在胡塞尔、海德格尔、尼采、叔本华、克尔凯郭尔、弗洛伊德等人思想的影响下,掀起了声势浩大的新文学运动。20世纪的中国文学以此为起点,开始由封闭向开放,由本土面向世界。这一时期的作家的作品,无不受到西方现代思潮的影响:鲁迅的《呐喊》在现实主义基本精神与手法之外,汲取了象征主义、浪漫主义等多种手法,奠定了中国现代小说的基本品格;郭沫若的《女神》受到泰戈尔、歌德、惠特曼、雪莱等人的多元影响,形成了浪漫主义的风貌;冰心、周作人的散文,也是在西方散文作家的影响下形成了自己的风格……到了30年代,受弗罗伊德主义及西方现代主义文艺思潮的影响,中国还出现了以刘呐鸥、穆时英等为代表的新感觉派小说。不过,这一时期西方现代思潮对中国文学的思想是有限的,它主要作用于中国文学的形式,而没有深入中国文学的骨髓,未能真正地影响到中国文学的精神。中国作家对西方现代思潮的学习,也仅停留在表层上,没能深入到西方文化思潮的深处。
建国后几十年的禁锢,将西方现代思潮一律挡在了国门之外,偶尔作为批判材料和反面教材被翻译的国外哲学著作,如商务印书馆和上海人民出版社在60年代出版的“汉译世界学术名著丛书”、“现代外国资产阶级哲学资料选辑”等丛书,以及萨特、海德格尔等人的著作,也受到了人们的抗拒、怀疑、批判和漠视,几乎没有产生什么影响。
70年代末,中国实行改革开放的政策,国门重新向世界敞开,各种西方现代思潮如潮水般涌入中国。刚刚从十年“”的政治梦魇中挣扎出来的知识分子,对于来自西方的文化资源有着巨大的渴求。翻译家们为了满足国人的这些迫切的需求,开始大量地翻译和介绍西方各种现代思潮,出版社也大量地出版西方思想家和文学家的著作。如四川人民出版社率先在 80年代初期出版了百余本的“走向未来丛书”,其中大部分是翻译介绍当今世界新的科技、人文、社会科学和政治法律方面的著作。上海译文出版社紧跟着出版了“现代西方哲学译丛”,其后,三联书店全力推出《文化:中国与世界》、“学术文库”、“新知文库”,翻译出版近百部西方近现代典籍,更是前所未有地推动了80年代西方现代思潮在中国的传播。人们不仅接触到了康德、新康德主义,黑格尔、新黑格尔主义,也接触到现象学、解释学、弗洛伊德主义、存在主义、西方马克思主义、逻辑分析哲学,以及现当代政治学、法学、教育学、历史学等。在文学领域,西方现代主义文学作品也被大量地翻译和介绍。袁可嘉主编的共四卷八册的《外国现代派文学作品选》,出版之后便风行一时,成为最热门的畅销书。其他出版社也竞相出版外国文学作品,如北京外国文学出版社和上海译文出版社联合出版的《20世纪外国文学丛书》、《外国文学名著丛书》,广西漓江出版社出版的《诺贝尔文学获奖作家作品集》以及各出版社出版的大量的外国文学研究资料受到了广大读者的亲睐。伴随着思想界不断掀起的西学热,如萨特热、尼采热、弗洛伊德热、海德格尔热、解释学热、解构主义热、女性主义热、新历史主义热,中国当代文学也不断地产生各种文学思潮,如“伤痕文学”、“反思文学”、“寻根文学”、“先锋小说”、“新写实小说”、“新历史主义小说”、“女性文学”等等。中国的批评家们,也从中学到了各种方法论。如1985年被人们称为“方法论年”,现象学方法、解释学方法、西方马克思主义、女权主义方法、文艺心理学方法、弗洛伊德精神分析法、荣格神话原型法、结构主义方法等都涌进了学界。评论者运用这些新方法,分析解剖当代作品的内在要素,揭示中国人的心理结构,呈现文学作品的深层无意识,挖掘意识形态的权力运作模式。
中国文学批评的面貌,从此焕然一新。而中国作家也纷纷从纷至沓来的西方现代思潮中吸取养分,将他们从中学习到的各种写作技巧及受到的启发运用到了他们的创作中。80年代知名的作家作品中,基本上都带有摹仿与学习的痕迹。如王蒙在80年代初创作的一系列带有实验性质的中短篇作品,受到了“意识流”小说的深刻影响;余华的作品,受启发于卡夫卡、川端康成和罗布—格里耶;孙甘露、格非的作品,飘荡着博尔赫斯的影子;莫言的作品,深受魔幻现实主义的影响;等等。外国文学的影响在80年代中后期曾使中国作家感到深深的焦虑,随着他们在创作上的成熟,进入90年代后,这些作家逐渐从外国作家的阴影中走出,在发现自己之后感到了巨大的狂喜。
进入90年代,中国的社会与文化持续发生着相当复杂多变的“转型”,曾经风靡一时的各种西方现代思潮热逐渐降温,社会的价值取向也发生了逆反性的变化:随着文学轰动效应的消失和启蒙工程的崩塌,知识分子精神领路人的优越地位归于消解,不再是社会精英的知识分子出现了分化,相当一部分知识分子告别了80年代的理想化,走向世俗,抨击崇高,张扬私人化,逃辟历史和现实,文学在90年代也逐渐由中心走向了边缘。中国社会在90年代出现了后现代的倾向,解构性话语成为文坛主流,后现代主义思想家,如福科、拉康、德里达、罗兰·巴特的学说,成为时代的精神主角。中国的文学,受此思潮的影响,也出现了“后现代倾向”。在90年代流行一时的西方现代思潮还有女性主义与新历史主义。这两大思潮也促成了中国文坛“新历史小说”与“女性文学”兴盛一时。
西方现代思潮对中国当代文学的影响是多方面的。下面,我们将选取对中国当代文学影响最大的六个思潮:现代主义、存在主义、魔幻现实主义、后现代主义、新历史主义、女性主义作为研究对象,以它们为代表来分析和透视西方现代思潮对中国当代文学的影响。
中国的社会现实虽然与魔幻现实主义的发源地拉丁美洲千差万别,但是,同样源远流长的历史文化背景以及发展中国家之间相近的生活土壤却使中国作家对魔幻现实主义产生了天然的亲和力,这种亲和力最终导致魔幻现实主义在中国广为传播并在80年代中期催生出一种新的文学思潮——寻根文学。
魔幻现实主义在70年代末和其他哲学和文学思潮一起进入中国,对它的介绍与研究在1985年前后达到了高潮,进入90年代后,它也始终是中国作家们关注的热点之一。
1979年,《外国文艺》发表了由王央乐翻译的多篇博尔赫斯的短篇小说:《南方》、《交叉小径的花园》、《马克福音》、《一个无可奈何的奇迹》。这些作品后来成为中国作家们学习与模仿的经典范本,但由于当时的中国作家们还沉浸在“伤痕”与“反思”的氛围之中,讲究叙事结构、醉心于营造“迷宫”的博尔赫斯的作品并未引起重视。1980年,外国文学出版社出版了阿斯图里亚斯的《总统先生》,在这期间,《外国文学动态》上先后发表了《博尔赫斯答记者问》、《博尔赫斯就诺贝尔奖金问题答记者问》等博尔赫斯谈话的文章,中国作家由此开始了解魔幻现实主义文学。
随后,魔幻现实主义的作品也越来越多地被翻译和介绍进中国。1982年,魔幻现实主义作家马尔克斯的《百年孤独》获得了诺贝尔奖,这一事件激发了中国作家对魔幻现实主义的兴趣。同年,《世界文学》杂志发表了《百年孤独》的选译片段,上海译文出版社出版了《加西亚·马尔克斯中短篇小说集》,1984年,高长荣翻译的《百年孤独》全译本由北京十月文艺出版社出版。在这期间,《当代拉丁美洲短篇小说集》(中国社会科学出版社)、《拉丁美洲名作家短篇小说选》、《拉丁美洲短篇小说选》(中国青年出版社)也纷纷出版,中国作家对魔幻现实主义的了解渐渐深入。
1985年前后,随着中国文坛“寻根热”的掀起,魔幻现实主义作品及研究论著的出版也出现了高潮,如《族长的没落》(山东文艺出版社)、《霍乱时期的爱情》(漓江出版社)、《魔幻现实主义》(花城出版社)、《未来主义、超现实主义、魔幻现实主义》(中国社会科学出版社)、《加西亚·马尔克斯研究资料》(南开大学出版社)、《拉丁美洲当代文学评论》(漓江出版社)等纷纷出版。中国作家对于魔幻现实主义,开始有了一个全景式的了解。
90年代以后,对魔幻现实主义的介绍和研究并未因为“寻根热”的退潮而降温,事实上,整个90年代,魔幻现实主义一直是出版界、研究界、创作界关注的热点。在90年代出版的魔幻现实主义作品及研究论著有:《将军和他的情妇——迷宫中的将军》(南海出版公司)、《劫持》(中国电影出版社)、《巴比伦抽签游戏》(花城出版社)、《巴比伦彩票》(云南人民出版社)、《生活的迷宫——博尔赫斯传》(知识出版社)、《拉美四作家作品精粹》(河北教育出版社)、《拉美作家谈创作丛书》(云南人民出版社)、《两百年的孤独》(云南人民出版社)、《解读博尔赫斯》(人民文学出版社)、《拉美文学流派的嬗变与趋势》(上海译文出版社)、《马尔克斯》(辽海出版社)、《我们看拉美文学》(云南人民出版社)、《陷阱里的先锋:博尔赫斯传》(四川人民出版社)、《博尔赫斯——书镜中人》(中央编译出版社)等等。1996年,由陈众议编、海南国际新闻出版中心出版的三卷本《博尔赫斯文集》出版后,再次掀起国内学习和研究博尔赫斯的热潮,这套丛书,也一度成为热门的畅销图书。
魔幻现实主义思潮之所以会在80年代中期以后在中国广为流行,并对中国的“寻根文学”产生巨大影响,其原因是多方面的。
首先,吸收了西方现代思潮养分,立足于本土文化传统和现实境遇的魔幻现实主义能够发展成为世界先进文学,对中国作家是个极大的鼓舞和激励,他们由此看到了第三世界国家文学走向世界的希望。中国作家一直有着“中国文学走向世界”的情结,拉美作家的成功使他们更加坚信“越是民族的,就越是世界的”这一文学理念。为了寻找与世界对话的途径,中国作家开始了自己的“寻根”之旅。他们以魔幻现实主义作品为范本,借鉴着博尔赫斯们、马尔克斯们成功的经验及写作技巧。魔幻现实主义传统在中国的传播因此有了心理契机;
其次,在80年代中期,中国对西方各种现代思潮的达到了一个高峰,面对五花八门的各种思潮,中国作家感到了前所未有的压力:西方的东西再好,毕竟也是人家的。中国文学的位置在哪里?应当如何发展?这成为当时的作家共同寻找的问题。与此同时,80年代初王蒙等创作的“伪现代派”作品也暴露出了致命弱点:虽然借鉴了“意识流”等现代主义的手法,但是,一方面,未能更为全面广阔地反映现实生活,另一方面,也与实际的生活经验发生了极大的偏离。如何将中国文化传统与西方现代主义的优秀成果相结合,创作出既中国又现代的文学作品,成为当时作家们共同思考的一个问题。于是,魔幻现实主义在中国的传播便有了现实契机;另外,随着文学“反思”由政治向民族文化心理层面的深化,人们开始注意到中国文化的“断裂”现象。如阿城所说:“五四运动在社会变革中有着不容否定的进步意义,但它较全面地否定民族文化的虚无主义态度,加上中国社会一直动荡不安,使民族文化的断裂延续至今,‘“”’更加彻底,把民族文化判给阶级文化横扫一遍,我们甚至差点连遮羞布也没有了。”韩少功也认为:“五四以后,中国文学向外国学习,学西洋的,东洋的,俄国的和苏联的;也曾向外国关门,夜郎自大地把一切‘洋货’都封禁焚烧。结果带来民族文化的毁灭,还有民族自信心的低落。”中国作家渴望通过文学来弥补这一文化的断裂。这,便是魔幻现实主义流行一时的文化契机。
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农业是历史上最早出现的生产部门,作为农业生产实践产物的农业文化是人类历史上最先出现的文化形式。中国古代发达的农业,创了独特的、无与伦比的农业文化。中国悠久的文化传统、丰富的文化内涵都是在农业社会里形成的,无不带有农业文化的特征。在最近几年的文化讨论中,人们似乎忽视了这个问题,在种种的文化热中,农业文化很少进入人们的视野,这是同农业文化的地位与我们这个农业大国的地位很不相称的。农业文化是中国传统文化的根柢,,是认识、把握中国传统文化的基石,缺少对农业文化的认识,要理解中国传统文化是困难的。
中国是世界四大文明古国之一,灿烂的中国传统文化不仅在当时产生了重要影响,而且许多优秀的传统文化一直延续至今,在现在生活的各个方面也影响广泛。我是一个农村的孩子,从小在农村长大,从书本中我了解到中国古代农业的起源和发展,在现实生活中又见证了古代农业文明在现在的深刻影响。下面我农业经济对中国传统文化的影响进行分析。
中国以其得天独厚的生态环境和自然地理条件成为世界农业的起源地之一,同时孕育了华夏族以农耕经济为主体的经济形态。早在四五千年前,中国就已经产生了原始的农业。三代时期,农耕业已经成为中原华夏民族社会生活资料的主要来源。此后,随着历代统治者“重农固本”思想的推行,和农业实践的不断发展,中国古代农业逐渐走向成熟。此后几千年内,农作物种类、农业生产工具、耕作制度、耕作方法等基本没有大的变动,直到现在还一直被人们所沿用。
土地是农耕社会最基本和最重要的生产资料,土地所有制是农耕社会经济发展阶段的最显著标志。在进入封建社会以前,实行的是土地国有制度,国家将土地分配给农民耕种,然后收取赋税。现在的土地制度也是国有制,国家将土地分给劳动者耕种。我记得从我很小的时候,村里每家每户每年都要向国家缴纳一定的税,否则就不能拥有土地的使用权。二者虽然具有本质上的差别,但形式上却具有某些方面的相同点。虽然从06年开始我们国家已经废止了农业税,但从中我们可以看出,中国现在的土地制度在某些方面还是或多或少地受到古代土地制度的影响。
在中国历史上,“重农固本”思想一直是历朝历代的统治者所推崇的,所以这种思想在普通民众的心中根深蒂固,直到现在对人们的影响还是很深的。我们村里每到逢年过节的时候,很多外出务工的年轻人都会回家。大家坐在一起交谈的时候,有些年级较大的老人就会教育他们,在家陪着妻儿本本分分地种地多好,何必到处奔波呢?只要家里有地在就衣食不愁。也许这种思想在我们这些80后、90后们看起来是顽固的,过时的,但在古代这确实是社会上的主流思想,并且这种思想在现在社会里还深刻地影响着一部分人。在计划经济体制的年代里,守着妻儿侍弄好自己的一亩三分地就是很多人的梦想。由此可见,“重农固本”的思想不仅在古代,就是在现代社会的某一历史时期内它都产生了极其深刻的影响。
在中国悠久的农业历史中培育出了粟、稻、黍、稷、麦、桑、麻等多种农作物。其中由于地理环境和气候条件的不同,北方主要以麦为主要农作物,南方主要以稻为主要农作物。从这一分布格局形成至今,其分布形式基本没有大的变动。
精耕细作是中国传统农业的一大特点,这种特点一直延续至今,主要体现在生产工具、耕作方法和田间管理三个方面。
中国古代主要的耕作方式是铁犁牛耕,随着现代科技的发展和应用,牛耕这种形式已经被动力更强,工作效率更高的机械所取代 。但铁犁却被广泛地接受和采用,并与现代科技完美地结合起来,使生产力水平有了一个质的飞跃。而且,现在在贵州、云南等许多偏远的地区,机械化无法使用的地方,铁犁牛耕这种古老的耕作方式仍然被沿用着,对于促进当地农业的发展起了积极的作用。
中国的农业与欧美国家的农业不同,欧美主要是粗放型农业,而中国主要以集约型为主。中国人口众多,耕地人均占有量少,农民只能在有限的土地上耕种,而且还要向国家缴纳赋税。在这种背景下,精耕细作,进行有效的田间管理以提高来那个是产量先得十分重要。早在两千多年前,我们的祖先们就懂得开沟排水,除草培土等田间护理方法。进入封建社会后,中国的田间管理技术已日趋成熟,还发明了许多先进的灌溉设备,对于提高粮食产量具有积极作用。今天,我们的农业已经有了更加先进的设备进行灌溉,可以运用农药除草灭虫,减少了对自然环境的依赖程度,但我们不能忽略的是,正是对传统农业技术的一脉相承和创新发展,才推动了现代农业技术的进步与发展。
农耕文明是中华文明产生的基础,农耕自然经济是中国古代社会经济的主体。中国传统农业自诞生之日起,就与政治、经济产生了十分紧密的联系。众所周知,中国的农耕文明发源于黄河、长江流域,但由于黄河流域优越的自然条件更适宜远古木石铜器农具的运用和粟、稷等旱作物的生产,所以农业首先在黄河中下游达到较高水平,黄河中下游地区自然也就成了中国上古时代政治、经济和人文中心。隋唐以后,随着黄河流域生态环境的恶化,长江中下游地区的农业迅速发展起来,并出现了经济重心南移的现象。农业的发展关乎经济的发展和政治的稳定,古代是这样,现在更是如此。
农业经济对中国传统文化的影响,但农业仅仅是中国传统文化的一个方面。勤劳智慧的中国年先民们在不断探索和实践中创造了丰富灿烂的中国传统文化,给我们社会生活的各个方面带来了深刻的影响。对于传统文化我们不能一概继承,一概否定,要“取其精华,去其糟粕,批判继承,古为今用”,让它在现在文化中重新焕发生机,发挥更大的作用。
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越南是中国一衣带水的邻邦,两国之间自古就保持着比较好的人文交流。特别是在越南被称为北蜀的时期,越南和中国的关系更为密切。从秦朝至北宋初年的一千一百多年之间,中国文化对于越南地区的政治、经济和文化产生了十分深刻的影响,中国文化的影响一定程度上提升了越南的文明程度。而在十九世纪法国殖民越南之前,越南也一直都是中国的藩属国,中国文化在越南国流行开来,并为越南人民所接受,这其中就包括中国的饮食文化。
历史上,中国南方人不断的迁往越南,这使得越南也接纳了云南、广东以及不少的客家人的生活和饮食习惯,使得中国饮食文化在越南得到了很好的传播,深刻的影响了越南人的生活习惯,时至今日,越南街头仍旧能够看到中国饮食文化的影子。
这里我们所说的地缘因素,主要包含了两国之间的地理条件,这为中越两国之间的饮食文化交流奠定了很好的基础。越南和中国的南方地区自然地理环境相似,而且与我国的西南两省相邻,中国和越南之间有着长达一千两百多公里的边境线,并且中越两国边境上没有高山大河和的阻隔。很中越边境的很多地方,两国人民隔路相望,除此之外,还有流经中国云南和越南的红河-元江水道,这为两国之间的物质交流提供了很好的便利条件,促进了两国之间的人文交流。
越南和我国接壤的广西地区气候十分相近,雨量十分的充沛,并且预热之间的配合比较好,同属于亚热带季风气候区,特别适合一年多季的水稻种植,这些气候方面的相似之处,使得中国饮食文化在越南更加容易进行传播。
汉文化对于古代生活在越南地区的人民有着十分深刻的影响。在北属时期之前,也就是距离现在三千多年前,中国的周朝时期,越南就已经有了原始部门的人类群落,但是在当时还没有正式的文字形成。直到秦王朝建立之后,秦始皇正式将越南地区纳入到大秦帝国的统治范围之内,设置象郡,同时将中原地区的居民迁移到此地居住,那些开荒、戍边的人们就成为了越南地区最早的一批使用汉字的居民,使得汉语正式传入到越南地区。在汉朝统治时期,赵佗在越南一地建立南越国,将中原地区的政治和文化体系完整的植入到了越南,正式的帮助当地的原始部落从原始社会转变为文明社会,这为后来汉文化深入的影响越南地区奠定了很好的基础。
在后世的发展过程中,越南的士大夫阶层,开始广泛的使用汉字,在文学作品和官方文书等,都开始使用汉语。即便是在后期越南被法国占领的19世纪,汉字依然被看作是正统的文字。汉字在越南的传播,将一些文字记录的美食也传入到了越南。
筷子在中国可谓是家喻户晓,在古代筷子被称作是箸或筋,早在商朝时期人们就开始使用象牙制成筷子,一直延续至今。筷子在公元7世纪的时候逐步的传入到了朝鲜、日本以及东南亚地区,此时筷子也传入到了越南地区,并成为了越南古代人们重要的饮食工具。现代越南语中将筷子称作是“
在越南有很多具有浓厚中国特色的小食品和小吃,比如豆鼓、烧麦、水饺、油条、馄饨等等,这些食品不仅仅和中国国内的食品做法相同,而且发音也十分相像,基本上和广东话一样。油条是一种比较普遍的小吃,相传古时候人们为了纪念岳飞,将秦桧的妻子模样捏成面放在油锅里炸了,然后把她吃进肚子中,以表达自己的愤怒之情。随着时代的演变,油条逐渐成为一种在我国南北方都比较受欢迎的食品,广东话将油条称作是油炸鬼”,越语直接取最后一个字叫“quáy”(越语发音为“鬼”)。这个例子足以看出中国饮食文化的对于越南的深刻影响。
茶文化是中国饮食文化中不可缺少的重要组成部分,对于世界各国的影响都很大。在越南话中,茶被称作是“trà”或“chè”,这和广东话中的茶比较相似,仅仅从语言上就可以看出中国茶文化对越南有着深刻的影响。加上历史长,两广地区的居民大量的移居越南,这为中国茶文化在越南的普及起到了十分重要的作用。
在越南饮食文化中,将中国阴阳调和的饮食方法应用的也比较到位。在越南的饮食制作中烹调比较讲究清爽和原味,只放少许的香料,其中青柠檬和香花菜是必不可少的重要佐料,制作方法中主要以凉拌、蒸煮为主,在具体的食用过程中,即便是烧烤的菜肴也多会配上一些生菜或者是薄荷菜一同来食用,进而达到下火去油的作用。总体来讲,越南人认为咸味道属于阳,而酸或者是甜则属于阴,在菜品的制作中越南人讲究阴阳调和,将甜和咸进行调和与混搭,以达到最佳的饮用效果。
越南人不仅仅关心食品之间的阴阳调和,同时还留意食品和人之间的阴阳调和。当有人感冒的时候,越南人就会煮姜粥给她喝。如果有人中暑了,则会给他煮葱粥喝。除了这些,越南人还注重人和气候之间的阴阳调和,夏天阳气比较重,所以吃的时候多选择酸汤之类的东西,冬天的阴气重,则会选择烤肉一类的东西。
中国和越南之间比较地理位置上一衣带水,加上历史上中国南方地区多个省份都有居民前往越南居住,这不仅仅促进了越南地区的文明进程,同时也在很大程度上促进了中国饮食文化在越南的传播。即便是今天,以油条等中国传统食品为代表的饮食仍然在越南受到欢迎,这足见中国饮食文化对越南的深刻影响。在历史的发展进程中,中国饮食文化在越南地区得到了广泛的传播,使用筷子、饮茶文化等在越南民众中影响深远,特别是在饮食的制作和饮用过程中,越南民众将中国阴阳协调的饮食方法进行应用,加上本地的一些食材,形成了独特的饮食文化,但不管怎样,我们都可以在这些越南看到中国饮食文化的身影,这说明中国饮食文化在越南得到了广泛的传播。
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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随着全球化的进展,世界各国的文化交流也日趋频繁。胡文仲认为“文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的,是社会的遗产;价值观念是文化的核心,可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。”不同文化的人们需要了解他国的图书、音像作品,因此需要将这些文化作品从一种语言转换到另一种语言,即翻译。美国翻译理论家奈特认为,所谓翻译就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。因此翻译的本质是将一种语言以最为贴切恰当的对等方式转换成另一种语言。由于文化差异的存在,不同的语言之间的翻译往往是一件非常困难的事情。在一种文化中被人所熟知的事物可能在另一种文化中成为鲜为人知的事情,因此要做到对等翻译需要翻译者对目标语文化具有足够的了解,能够恰当地找到两种文化之间的对等语言。总的来说,中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响主要有以下几点:
宗教文化作为西方国家重要的社会文化和人们日常生活的重要组成部分,已经渗透到西方人们的日常行为习惯和民族风俗等各个方面中去了。宗教是西方人们的精神支柱,宗教文化对英语词汇的影响也是非常大的,英语中的很多词汇和典故都出自宗教中记录的一些民间故事和传闻,例如很多派生词、格言、习语都出自《圣经》。相对应的,在中国汉语文化中也有很多语言文化出自佛教。由于中西文化的差异,具体是宗教文化的差异,商务英语翻译者需要准确了解中西文化的背景,保证翻译的准确性,提高商业活动的效益。
谚语的流传都带有一定的小典故,其中蕴含着浓厚的民族气息,也可能是历史文化或者人物传记演变而来,所以在商务英语的翻译过程中,关于谚语的翻译一定要注意文化差异。关于谚语的翻译有三种方法,下面来一一介绍:to be on thin ice 和burnone’s boats 这一类的谚语可以采用套译法,翻译为:如履薄冰和破釜沉舟;to turn a blind eye to 可以采用直译法,翻译为熟视无睹;to ride one’s high horse 可以采用意译法,翻译为趾高气扬;对于有一定典故的谚语,需要熟悉典故的出处,例如Achilles’s heel 这个谚语,直译过来就是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,然而这样的翻译没有太大的意义,首先我们要了解阿基里斯的出处。在希腊神话里面阿基里斯是一位勇士,从没有被打败过,但是敌人找到了他的弱点,就是他的脚踵,然后通过攻击他的脚踵打败了阿基里斯。所以Achilles’s heel 在中国文化里面,翻译为“致命弱点”。
思维方式即人们思考和认识外界事物的方式,它是人类在漫长的历史发展中所形成的。由于欧美和中国所处地区环境不同,因此而形成的风俗习惯、生活条件各不相同,由此而形成了该语言所特有的思维方式。一般说来,西方人比较重视抽象思维。英语在表达思想时,逻辑严谨,由主到次。如英语句子通常先给出主要信息,然后再介绍辅助信息,如时间、地点等等。而汉语言则是散点思维,表达按照多种关系排列,如时间顺序,因果关系等等。同样,英语重视形式逻辑,即形和,在表达时使用各种形式连接词以表示其连接关系;而汉语恰好相反,“汉语句法结构重意合,句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的的贯通、语境的映衬,而少用连接词语”。②例如,“早知今日,何必当初?”翻译过来为“If I had known itwould come to this, I would have acted differently.”。上面的汉语句子是由两个分句构成的而没有连接词,但是从逻辑上是从属关系,因此表达意思简洁明了。而翻译成英语时则使用连接词来表达条件和结果的逻辑关系,这符合英语的形和的特点。
翻译中,人们不仅需要注意词的准确性,而且要了解词的内涵意思,而词的内涵意思又是其所承载的文化所决定的。因此如果不了解目标语言的文化,就有可能在翻译中造成理解错误或者语用失误。例如在美国的大街上可以偶尔看到一辆红色或者黑色的小汽车上面喷涂着“I am yellow”的句子。如果直译过来就是“我是黄色的”。而这样的翻译通常让中国人很困惑,在中国人眼里,说一个人是黄色的代表其低俗与下流。其实美国文化中出租车通常是黄色的,因此yellow通常有出租车的意思。因此正确的翻译应该是“这是出租车”。又如美国文化中涉及到狗的成语很多,狗在美国文化中被视为是人的忠实的朋友,因此涉及到狗的成语一般是褒义的,如a lucky dog(幸运儿),Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌),Give a dog a bad name and hang him. (欲加之罪,何患无辞)等等,而狗在中国人眼里一般含有贬义,如走狗、狗仗人势、狂犬吠日等等。又如中国人常说“惧内”为“气管炎”(谐音“妻管严”),因此中国开玩笑中的“他有气管炎”如果翻译成“He suffers from trachEitis”在外国人眼里一点也不好笑,外国人会疑惑的问:“So what? Why are you laughing so hard when heis suffering from tracheitis?”这显然是一种翻译的语用失误。如果翻译成“He is an obedient husband.”虽然可以基本表达意思,但是丢失了原话的幽默。因此如果翻译成“He is a henpecked man.”则会在效果上更加惟妙惟肖。
总而言之,语言是人类交流的桥梁,英语和汉语虽然拥有近似的表达方式,但其表达方式的个性特征却不尽相同。正是这些因素,导致了中西方文化差异,让人们在英语翻译过程中产生了许多错误和困惑。因此我们在翻译过程中必须对与中西方文化差异所导致的风俗与礼仪、思维模式以及文化差异引起的词汇歧义加以考虑,多了解西方的风土民俗、文学艺术、宗教信仰及历史背景,透过语句的表面看本质,以达到更加良好、还原度更高的翻译效果。
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中国绘画是线的艺术,中华民族审美思维是线型的思维。线是一种能直抒胸臆、表现情感和体现艺术家个性特征的表现方法。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是语言文学论文:汉字对中国绘画的影响。具体内容如下,希望能够够帮助到大家:
汉字对中国绘画的影响
汉字是历史最悠久的文字之一。和它一样拥有悠久历史的古埃及圣书文字和古美索不达米亚的楔形文字早已不再使用。在现存的一切文字中,只有汉字保持着汉民族最初的文字体系,沿用至今。在蒙古族统治的元朝和满族统治的清朝,汉字都以其深厚的文化底蕴和顽强的生命力依旧保持了它的延续性,因而中华民族几千年的文化才得以代代相传。
汉字不仅体现了中国人认识世界的方式,也体现出中国人掌握世界的方式,这种方式具有明确的从实践到精神掌握世界的特点,并由此与中国绘画掌握世界的方式相关联。因此,“汉字已是中国文化的肌理骨干,可以说是整个汉文化构成的因子,我们必须对汉字有充分的理解,然后方可探骊得珠地掌握到汉文化深层结构的认识”。[1]汉字创造中凝结的思维方式贯穿着我国的历史和文化,直接孕育出中国美术思维。
汉字经过了6000多年的演进,从甲骨文、金文、大篆、小篆、隶书、草书、楷书、行书,形体发生了很大的变化。它的最小构成单位是笔画,书写汉字时,要依照笔画的某些走向及其出现的先后次序。汉字的书写还淬炼出中国艺术的一种表现形式――中国书法。书法或者说汉字的最基本元素,就是单独的笔画,而书法正是利用这种纯粹的元素进行各种对比的创造性处理,如黄庭坚的《诸上座帖》(图1),满纸点画,对比强烈,尤其是长线与短点之间的处理,视觉张力极强,将对比的艺术处理推向了极致,徐渭、祝允明、王铎、傅山等其后的书法家的大草中均能看到黄庭坚的影响。
中国书法中的文字形态以点、线等各种不同的存在方式传递主客观信息,体现造型理念和审美意趣,并形成不同的感知效果。书法中的点可以分为两种形态,一种是指书写笔法中的点,其实就是点和笔划,它们在不同的位置可以有不同的写法。虽然它们在二维空间里所占的比例不大,可是笔锋要在很短的距离内做出很多的动作,所以也呈现出不同的变化。正如卫夫人在《笔阵图》中曾把“点”比做高峰坠石,其实意思就是说“点”画写出来要具有坠石般实在的质感与坠落时瞬间的动感。还有一种“点”是指在整个空间中体量感相对于周围形象看起来较弱的形象,它可以是几个文字或者一方印章。这种点的感觉的产生是由其在所处的空间中的地位决定的。当点画周围的环境发生变化时,“点”有可能转化为“面”。书法家常常利用“点”的灵活性,在作品中充分表现自我;且通过“点”的位置、强度的设计,从而控制字体形象对视觉心理的影响。
中国绘画是线的艺术,中华民族审美思维是线型的思维。线是一种能直抒胸臆、表现情感和体现艺术家个性特征的表现方法。线条的推移是一切书写线条都具备的运动特征,通过对线的疏密缓急的经营组织可以构成无限的视觉意味。汉字的线大多是相互穿插来形成整体,所以很容易形成一个个“回互飞腾”(项穆《书法雅言》) 、“八面点画皆拱中心”(陈绎曾《翰林要诀》)的这样一个交互性的空间,也易于和复杂的主客观事件形成同构效应。中国书法艺术正是将这些组成文字的线变成了一条条贯穿于宇宙与心灵的线,从而实现了从民族共同体的共性符号到体现个体生命的个性符号的超越。“在书法里,点线既是造字材料,又是抒情手段,是形式,又是内容。”[2]
中国书法仅用这些有限的元素,要将其构成作为对比的处理,就势必要处理好构图中各个原件和元素之间的关系,例如点的大小方圆、线的长短曲直等的控制。将中国汉字书写过程中对二维平面组成元素的探索延伸到更广阔的二维空间艺术形式――中国绘画中,在画面二维的空间中对物像的位置、比例、虚实关系进行筹划。这无疑也是一个思维过程。而汉字本身即是中国人在二维空间中对点画挑选、组合、转换、再生,使之代表一定信息的产物。中国文字拆解成笔划、点线再重新组合的这种思维方式决定了中国绘画从一开始就不会像西方古典油画那样主要是采用写实的手法,强调的是与实景的一致性,包括空间的透视、描画的细腻、颜色的配合,无一不力求准确和完美,以具体的物象使人如亲临其境,直接感受现场的气氛和情绪。
中国绘画力求以简单的线条组构出画家心中要表达的意象,它与中国独有的书法艺术同出一源,最为强调意趣和境界,注重在宣纸上所表现出来的线条的力度和美感,透过墨色上的浓淡变化,结构上的对比呼应以及点、线条等元素所表现出来的拙朴、凝重或飘逸、灵动等,既反映作者在画笔上所凝聚的功力,表达作者创作过程的情绪变化,又能引起观赏者的强烈共鸣,将观赏者的思想带进创作境界中,形成强烈的艺术感染力。
而这种艺术思维方式在西方直到19世纪末至20世纪初才出现。当塞尚有一天突然宣称“这个世界上的物体实际上都只是由一些基本的形体构成的。无非就是一些球体、圆柱体、圆锥体……”的时候,在远东的这块土地上这个使用汉字的民族已经默默地使用点、线这些元素自主营造了画面几千年。虽然我们无法证实西方艺术的这个划时代的转变是受中国艺术的影响而产生的,但是不同文化的碰撞会激发出新的艺术观念及表现形式已经成为人们的共识。其实我们也没有证据说明“现代艺术”就一定比“古代艺术”先进,可是历史已经无数次证明每一次对古代艺术的复兴必定会给当代僵化的艺术注入新的活力。
从古至今,汉字及汉字的其他艺术形式对中国以及人类其他文明潜移默化的影响和帮助,从来没有停止过。我们不厌其烦地临摹古人的字,学习他们的用笔、结构、章法,其实也正是学习在画面上“安排”字。中国画家们一直攻画梅兰竹菊,甚至倾其一生,乐此不疲,也正是在锤炼笔墨,在“安排”画。对西方现代艺术而言,这一过程无外乎就是构成画面的元素以及元素之间的关系。
然而,汉字同样也有缺陷。哲学家李泽厚是这样解释的:“汉字的象形或形象性,不是抄录对象,不是通过感性来表达概括性的抽象……而是一种诉诸直感的形象记号。汉字具有融通性、多义性、暧昧性和不确定性。” 西方语言的书写形式是字母,字母仅仅提供表音的功能,并不表形表意,它完全割断了与视觉形象的直接联系而成为一种单纯的记录语言的符号。由于受到这种单纯的记录语言的字母符号的频繁的、广泛的刺激,西方人的大脑更侧重于语言思维。西方人擅长于语言思维,具有精准性的特点。这种思维方式的特征,也影响和制约着西方艺术。在西方古典艺术中,追求的是惟妙惟肖的形似描写。亚里士多德说:“惟妙惟肖的图像看上去能引起我们的快感。”这正是西方人的审美观。正如扬?凡?艾克的代表作《阿尔诺芬尼夫妇像》(图2),他用极其细腻的笔调,逼真地刻画人物及室内的陈设的质感、光线、透视,描绘得一丝不苟。
汉语书写符号是方块汉字。这种形、音、意紧密联系的文字,为形象思维的训练提供了便利的工具,使中国人更擅长于形象思维,而形象思维具有模糊性特征。中国人认为人类思想的最高境界是无法用语言传达的。如“道可道,非常道;名可名,非常名”(今本《老子》一章)、“可以言论者,物之粗也;可以意致者,物之精也”(《庄子?秋水》)、“书不尽言,言不尽意”(《周易?系辞上》)、“不著一字,尽得风流”(《诗品?含蓄》)等等。中国人思维方式的这种特征,也对中国绘画产生了影响,中国人在艺术上追求的不是形似,而是神似。中国艺术家往往抓住事物的主要特征进行勾勒,以达到气韵生动。
如南宋画家梁楷对后世的影响很大的《李白行吟图》(图3),它舍弃一切背景,着墨极少,勾画有致,或深或浅,或浓或淡,简约中求变化,变化中彰显出所描绘对象诗人李白的狂放与傲然:素面仰天,情怀难释,立天地不动摇,行江河不斜视。与西方古典绘画偏重于外在现象的精确性不同,中国艺术最高境界其实是表现作者的主体精神,作品能真正表现具有大美的创作者人格,方为真正的艺术。司空图在《诗品》中说“离形得似”,这正是中国艺术家们的追求。在“离形得似”这种审美追求的影响下,中国的绘画还发展出散点透视的构图法,往往将不同视域的景象经营在一个画面上,这样可以充分地表现空间跨度较大的景物的方方面面,这是传统中国画的一个很大的特点。这种构图法更符合心理的真实,是一种内在的真实。中国绘画的构图法与汉字的构形法有着相通之处。
中国的汉字渗透到中华民族的文化心理结构中,并深刻影响了中国人的思维方式和行为方式。同样,中国的绘画作为中国独特的艺术门类,也受到汉字的极大影响,我们从中国美术史上可以看到中国的文字对绘画艺术及其理论、气质、风格的全面渗透。
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有审美价值的用词显然是经过原语作者精心选择的,通常符合以下标准,也是我们的审美依据,即准、美、精。
今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是美学论文:从翻译美学角度看中国古代文学翻译。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
从翻译美学角度看中国古代文学翻译
翻译美学是一个翻译与美学联姻的新学科。古代文学是我国人民的宝贵精神财富,文学作品中所蕴含的美学意义自不待言。翻译美学的出现和发展为中国古代文学翻译的赏析开辟了一条新路,也为中国文学翻译提供借鉴。
陶渊明是东晋著名诗人,诗歌多描写自然景色及其在农村生活的情景,散文以《桃花源记》最有名。魏晋南北朝时期,战火不断,社会十分黑暗。
在这种社会环境下,陶渊明创作了《桃花源记》,以这个幻想中的桃源世界,寄托作者对黑暗现实的不满,同时也表达了对当时生活在战乱中的人民的同情。《桃花源记》中的语言质朴自然,精炼,文笔简洁优美。
方重是我国著名文学家、翻译家,译有《乔叟文集》、《理查三世》及《陶渊明诗文选译》等。林语堂是中国当代著名学者、文学家、语言学家,他将孔孟老庄哲学和陶渊明、李白、苏东坡、曹雪芹等人的文学作品英译推介到海外,有意于将中国的古典文学、传统文化乃至中国式的生活理念介绍到国外,为西方人士认识中国搭建起一道桥梁。
就审美客体而言,刘宓庆将其分为形式系统即审美符号集和非形式系统即审美模糊集两大部分。其中审美符号集包括语音、文字、词语层和句段中的审美信息,而审美模糊集则包括“情”与“志”和&ldqu;意”与“象”的两部分审美信息。就《桃花源记》的翻译而言,文章将选取审美符号集的词语层和审美模糊集中的“意”与“象”部分进行两个译本的研究,评析其审美的再现途径。
1.词语层。
“有审美价值的用词显然是经过原语作者精心选择的,通常符合以下标准,也是我们的审美依据,即准、美、精。“准”是指用词表达了原意和适应了语境,“美”指用词能给人身心以很大愉悦的品质,“精”指翻译时用词应该精练,无拖沓”。《桃花源记》中有一段对桃花林的描述,原文如下:
忽逢桃花林,夹岸数百步,中无杂树,芳草鲜美,落英缤纷。
方重和林语堂的译文如下:
方译:All of a sudden he came upon a peach grove.For hundreds of paces along both banks of the stream,the peach-trees were in full bloom.No other trees were to be seen in the whole grove.The soft grass looked fresh and beautiful.Here and there falling blossoms were dancing gracefully in a thousand hues.
林译:he suddenly came upon a peach grove which extended along the bank for about a hundred yards.He noticed with surprise that the grove had a magic effect,so singularly free from the usual mingling of brushwood,while the beautifully grassy ground was covered with its rose petals.
此段中原文的“忽”字凸显了桃花林的出现不仅出乎渔人的意料,也出乎读者意料。方译中短语“All of a sudden”被置于句首,进行了强调,林译中副词“suddenly”被置于主语后,也是强调,据此,两译者均体现了用词的“准”,适应语境的需要,即后文的“渔人甚异之”。两位译者对于“芳草鲜美,落英缤纷”翻译处理侧重不同。在方译中,译者详细刻画,通过“fresh and beautiful”形容芳草,“dancing gracefully”,和“in a thousand hues”来描述桃花,为读者展示了一幅动态美景,突出了“美”,即用词“能给人身心以很大愉悦的品质”。林译则突出“精”,即精练,无拖沓,一句“the beautifully grassy ground was covered with its rose petals。”简洁明了地道出桃林的全景。
在字词微观方面,两位译者均向目标读者展示了《桃花源记》中蕴含的美学因素,一个强调动态美,一个展示简洁美。
2.“意”与“象”。“
意象、意境运用是中国艺术的独特的创作手法,因此翻译审美绝对不可以忽略”。“意象”指作家主观情志和外在物象(物,景,境)的结合,或“情”之于“文”的“赋形”。“意象”蕴涵着“情”与“景”及作者的“意”与“志”,是审美的高级阶段,而“象”也指象征手法,审美者需根据“象”来理解作者的“意”,即其要表达的概念。作为译者,领悟原文中的“象”至关重要,因为“意象”反映的是作者特定的文化背景和独特的审美情感,因此,译者在翻译时要了解意象的文化所指。《桃花源记》文末提到:
南阳刘子骥,高尚士也,闻之,欣然规往,未果,寻病终。
方译:A good scholar of Nanyang,on learning of it,was anxious to rediscover the place. Nor did he succeed,and died soon of illness.
林译:Liu Tsechi of Nanyang was a great idealist. He heard of this story,and planned to go and find it,but was taken ill and died before he could fulfill his wish.
陶渊明在《桃花源记》的文末提到刘子骥,实际上是在寄托自我情怀,要借其隐逸之心,抒发自己对世外桃源的向往。同时也突出了“世外桃源”并不存在之意。方译中“南阳刘子骥,高尚士也”译为“A good scholar of Nanyang”,人名被略译,从审美角度来看是译者领略到了原文的“象”,即虚无的桃源,而突出“未果,寻病终”的结局,所以此处弱化了人名的翻译。林译中直接用“idealist”一词来翻译,即“理想主义者或空想家”,也同样表达出了桃源的虚无之意,可以说两位译者是异曲同工,都表达出了原文中的“意”与“象”。
两位翻译大家为读者呈现出不同的桃源之美,都传达出了桃花源的象征意义,给读者带来美感的同时,也让目标语读者领略到中国古代文化的深刻内涵。
[1] 方梦之.译学词典[K].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2004.
[2] 江华,戴炜华.中国古典文学名著翻译的美学思考[J].上海理工大学学报,2011,(1).
[3] 刘宓庆.翻译美学导论[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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冯庆华. 英汉翻译基础教程. 高等教育出版社. 2008: 350--360.
胡庚申. 翻译与跨文化交流. 嬗变与解读上海外语出版社. 25-26.
李青新. 英汉汉英翻译教程. 翻译技巧与误区评析. 北京出版社. 45-47
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
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2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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建国初期,中国与苏联签订了《中苏友好同盟互助条约》,双方建立了战略同盟关系。以此为契机,在1956年双方又签订了《苏中文化合作协定》,目的是推动两国间广泛的文化交流。这一时期在文化艺术领域中,苏联音乐文化对中国音乐教育产生了积极的影响。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:苏联音乐文化在中国建国初期时的传播与影响相关论文,内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】本文立足于新中国成立至50年代末60年代初这一时期中国的音乐文化,从音乐文化思想和传播在中国的苏联歌曲两个方面研究这一时期苏联音乐文化对中国的影响。
【关键词】苏联音乐文化;中国音乐文化;1950-1960
(一)社会主义在音乐上的创作:1933年的一篇题为《关于社会主义现实主义》的文章,对“社会主义现实主义”一词进行了分析,认为该称谓具有文学色彩。斯大林认为社会主义现实主义是民族主义形式方面的文化。诞生于文学领域中的“社会主义现实主义”将丰富多样的文学创作手法变成了迎合时代的单一创作。强调以社会主义现实主义为原则来创作音乐是有一定哲学理论思想基础的,可以保证音乐为无产阶级服务。
(二)批判资产阶级音乐:1950年,苏联代表社会主义国家与资本主义国家进行全球争霸,形成了两极对垒的世界格局。苏联和资本主义国家,不仅在军事上、在经济上,甚至在文化上都视彼此为宿敌。苏联对20世纪出现的音乐――以勋伯格为代表的表现主义音乐、序列音乐、印象派音乐以及偶然音乐等现代音乐门类都进行批判。苏联音乐的创作目的决定了苏联音乐代表了资产阶级形式主义音乐的对立面。
(三)对传统音乐风格的继承:苏联音乐要想发展,必须紧紧依靠传统民族文化,但只是在形式上的继承,而在内容上则是要以人民群众和苏联的社会主义建设等政治问题为主。对音乐创作的要求是要承认古典音乐文化遗产,尤其是俄罗斯音乐文化进步的作用,以这些宝贵的文化资源继续推广苏联音乐。
随着1949年新中国的成立,中国社会也发生了巨大的变化。中苏两国的交流,尤其是音乐文化交流也随之变化。首先,20世纪上半叶最显著的变化是两国友好的外交政策为两国音乐文化交流提供了比较稳定的外部环境。中苏两国亲密的关系以及中国一边倒的外交政策使得全国上下掀起了一股“苏联热”,当时值得追捧的就是学唱苏联歌曲。其次,中国派遣了大量的专业音乐人才赴苏联进行系统化、专业化的学习。他们肩负起了文化传习的责任,更承担起了文化传播的功能,极大地促进了中国音乐文化事业的建立。
(一)中国有大量的留学生在苏联学习,留苏学生成为新中国成立时期各个领域的领头人,不仅对自己的专业领域,而且对文化交流也起到了至关重要的作用,音乐也是其中的一部分。留学生对革命的热忱以及崇高的理想使他们愿意去接受苏联歌曲,在上山下乡期间,他们将苏联歌曲带到了广大人民群众中。
(二)书刊、媒体等对音乐文化的推广也起到了很大的作用。1951年,上海万叶书店出版了由涅斯契也夫撰写的《论苏联群众歌曲》,这是我国建国后的第一本介绍苏联歌曲的译著,介绍了苏联20世纪上半叶群众歌曲的发展情况。
(三)1933年,苏联歌舞团首次到上海表演新兴革命艺术,而这种形式在50年代更为常见。1952年,来访的苏联各文艺团体大多都要演唱苏联歌曲,特别是合唱类的。
(一)中国音乐美学中的“反映论”
“反映论”的观点阐述了音乐艺术体现的内容是客观与实际现实的反映,同时也是各种音乐思想的基础,是现实的一切声音在人脑中的反映。1950年,中国在对苏联音乐的批评与译介中对“反映论”的观点已经悄然接受。斯大林在1936年1月17日的讲话中提到:苏维埃人民现实主义歌剧必须是社会主义题材、音乐语言必须是现实主义、歌剧中的角色从当代人中选取。从以上特征,我们可以发现中国50年代创作的《洪湖赤卫队》、《刘胡兰》、《小二黑结婚》等歌剧受苏联“反映论”音乐思想的影响是显而易见的。
(二)音乐的社会功能
苏联音乐非常注重其音乐的社会功能效用。其本质就是要利用音乐自身的教化功能构建一种异于资本主义音乐文化体系的思想统治工具来发展和巩固其社会主义政权。1949年新中国成立之后全国百废待兴,此时的音乐所充当的角色同文字一样,都是呼吁和倡导建设祖国。
尽管在50年达末至60年代中苏关系日益紧张,但外交关系上的急刹车并没有中断两国音乐文化思想的交流,中国依旧按着苏联音乐思想理论运行和发展着。整个20世纪50年代,是中国作为学生向苏联学习各种文化的一个时期,从苏联借鉴与融合来的音乐理想思想体系需要很长的时间在理性中批判的继承的。
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