为您找到与文化语境在翻译中的应用相关的共200个结果:
商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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十七大报告指出: 要坚持社会主义先进文化的前进方向,兴起社会主义建设文化新高潮,激发全民族文化创造活力,提高国家文化软实力。 而不断地加强公路文化建设中思想政治工作的发展也是提高国家文化软实力的一种途径,要始终坚持马列主义,毛泽东思想,邓小平理论,三个代表以及社会主义科学发展观为指导,加强思想政治工作的建设。 以下是读文网小编今天为大家精心准备的:浅谈思想政治工作在公路文化建设中的应用相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘要:新时期公路建设的过程中要充分发挥文化的作用,而思想政治工作又是公路文化建设中的重要环节,我国社会的发展越来越重视文化的力量,因此在公路建设的管理人员要深入学习主流的思想政治理论,这项工作对公路的文化建设有很大的推动作用,而且二者在一定程度上是相互影响的,因此要正确把握二者的关系,这样可以使文化发挥出更大的作用。
关键词:思想政治工作;公路文化;应用
公路文化自从提出以来有着独特的概念特征,这种文化主要是在与公路有关的实践活动中产生的,它不仅包括公路物质财富,精神财富也是其重要的组成部分,这些实践活动包括很多方面,比如说管理和养护。作为一种独特的文化现象,公路文化和公路的物质方面有很大的联系,随着物质层面的不断发展,公路文化会运用而生,而这种文化也能够反映物质方面的内容。我国的公路文化存在着很大的特色,而且还有区域差异,这种文化都是时间的沉淀,需要相关人员的不断研究和探索。
公路文化在新的时代里具有新的特色,这主要受到我国文化大背景的影响,国家文化的转型对公路文化的发展方向有很大的影响,这些发展和变化主要体现在综合化和人文化水平的不断提升,而且还要强化其对现代化建设的服务功能。我国的公路文化建设虽然已经有几十年的历史了,但是发展水平仍然不高,很多工作还需要不断探索,而且在建设的过程中还存在着一些问题,这些问题主要表现在口号化和个人化的倾向开始出现,这些问题的有效解决需要发挥思想政治工作的作用。
明确思想政治工作和公路文化建设之间的关系对于公路事业的发展起着非常重要的作用,二者有很多相似的地方,但是思想政治工作和公路文化建设并不是同一种类型的工作,在开展的时候要注意二者之间的区别。二者的工作都是和人有关,开展具体的工作都是以提高人的精神和素质为主要的目的,公路事业的发展离不开干部和职工的作用,而他们的世界观和价值观会影响建设的效率,因此在对员工进行这方面的教育时要充分发挥思想政治工作和文化建设的作用。二者在工作对象上的一致性导致他们在具体的工作中都要重视思想和精神方面的作用,员工的思想道德素质影响着整个行业的精神面貌。
思想政治工作和公路文化建设工作都需要发挥相应的职能来实现最终的目的,而规范员工的行为都是二者在建设中所要发挥的职能。虽然思想政治工作和文化建设在很多方面存在着相同点,但是他们之间的差异是很明显的,处理思想政治工作的部门是独立于公路行业中的其他部门的,并且有显著的区别,这种工作主要强调的是自身的职能属性,而公路文化建设的着眼点却不再这个方面。思想政治工作和公路文化建设是通过不同的工作方式来完成工作任务的,开展文化活动或者利用文化设施是公路建设中的经常会用到的方式,这些途径能够体现出文化方面的性质;而思想政治工作和员工的思想觉悟有很大的关系,公路行业在进行思想政治工作时要严格按照国家政策进行,而且还需要加强理论建设,这样才能激发员工的工作热情。公路行业的持续发展离不开文化建设和思想政治工作的作用,因此要学会协调二者之间的关系。
3.1政治方面
公路行业的思想政治工作在很多方面都有重要的影响,其中文化建设就是该项工作的一个重要任务,文化建设和公路行业的精神面貌有很大的联系,在公路行业加强文化建设既是建设我国特色文化的需要,同时也是物质文化发展的结果。在新的时期,公路行业开展思想政治工作有很大的现实需要,我国的很多行业都加大了开放的水平,不仅引进先进的技术,而且价值观念的西化程度也在不断提升,因此为了使公路行业中的职工干部能够在工作中坚持我国社会的主流价值观,开展思想政治工作是一个重要的方式,思想政治工作在文化建设方面的作用表现在很多方面,比如说让一些先进的党员干部在建设中发挥先锋作用,这就会影响公路行业职工的工作气氛,而且政治理论的学习能够是文化建设工作按照党的方针路线进行。
3.2完善人格特征
公路行业的思想政治工作和文化建设在工作对象上是相同的,它们都是针对人来开展具体的工作的,所以要充分体现以人为本的理念,思想政治工作的开展需要充分学习相关的理论,这对职工的思想觉悟有很大的促进作用,公路行业的干部职工在人格方面的完善也离不开思想政治工作的作用,当员工有更高的职业素质和人生境界时,他们会采取不同的措施来完善公路的文化建设,因此职工的人格特征在思想政治工作和文化建设之间发挥着很重要的作用。
4.1以核心价值体系为根本追求
公路行业中加强文化建设需要充分发挥社会主义核心价值体系的作用,公路行业职工的逻辑思维对行业价值体系的建设有着重要的支配作用,因此在构建和谐的公路文化的时候要使行业的价值取向有新的要求,这种价值观需要有一定的基础,而且要根据人们的需求来制定,人们在物质世界和精神世界中会形成自己的价值观念,这都是他们本身的价值判断和选择的结果。文化的演进受到很多方面的影响,其中人们的态度和倾向就是重要的影响因素,而且价值体系在发挥作用的时候还需要行为规范的力量。
公路的行业文化在很大程度上是职工价值理念的体现,价值观念在整个文化建设中起着基础的作用。公路行业的文化建设既要理论知识的夯实,同时又离不开实践活动的作用,建设和谐的公路文化需要实现各个环节的目标,而精神文化是所有环节中最重要的方面,因此在建设的过程中要发挥价值观念的作用,通过各种措施来避免不和谐的因素,并且要深入了解整个行业的需求,这样才能实现精神文化系统在公路文化建设中的主导作用。
4.2在文化表现形态上必须突出公路特色
公路行业的文化建设活动的具体文化内容需要一定的形式表现出来,文体活动和语言活动都是常用的形式,这些直观的文化行为必须要符合公路这个大环境,在具体的内容方面要充分体现公路的特色。在文化建设中体现公路的特色需要在具体的活动中体现一定的主题,在整个文化领域要使先进的思想和正气占据最重要的位置。
文化对人们的影响是比较深远的,因此公路行业在文化建设时要严厉抵制腐朽的思想,并且还要采取相关的措施来防止消极的工作态度,在开展公路主题文化时要符合具体的标准,其中满足大众的需求是一个很重要的方面,文化建设要和群众的实际生活相联系,这样才能充分发挥文化本身的价值。建立特色的文化体系需要做好多方面的工作,整合当地的资源是建立特色文化的一个重要途径,而且还要根据时代的特色来丰富文化的形式,公路行业建设特色的文化要融合多方面的力量,其中科技的作用不可忽视,而且在还要使整个文化体系能够有较强的包容性。
公路行业的文化建设工作是我国文化发展的重要体现,为了使公路行业的文化建设能够符合整个社会的发展趋势,在具体的建设过程中要充分发挥思想政治工作的作用,思想政治工作对文化建设的影响体现在很多环节,因此这就要求相关的工作人员要把握好二者的关系,从而更好地推动公路事业的长远发展。
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在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义;数字"九"涉及面在我国所有数字中最广。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译相关论文。仅供大家参考!
东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译全文如下:
"数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998)
东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。
在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。
根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。传说古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。
中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。
此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从冬至起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的成语。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。
在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出
钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有:
1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。
其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:
a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation)
____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often)
be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion)
____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty.
in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times.
从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九";高尔夫球球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。
总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性:
1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。
2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。
3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。
数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。
罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。
可采取的翻译方法主要有:
(一)保留原数字
e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives.
我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。
(二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字
e.g.nine out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。
(三)增舍数字
比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。
应遵循的原则主要有:
(一)民族性原则
比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。
(二)习语性原则
比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。
(三)形象性原则
数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与其它的词结合后所产生的形象意义。
比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"
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传统的应用英语翻译一般以“信达雅”作为理论依据,这样翻译出来的英语存在一定的弊端,有时候甚至会曲解了本意,因此我们需要探索出一套更加先进、更符合实际的应用英语翻译理论,来满足社会的需求和生活的实际需要。
目前来说,应用英语广泛应用于我国的旅游业、服务业和广告业等行业。应用英语能够加强我国人民和国外友人的沟通、合作和交流。比如说,外国人来中国旅游的时候,旅游景点内的告示牌、广告牌可以帮助国外友人了解该旅游名胜,了解当地的风俗文化,更好的融入到中国文化氛围中去,从而更好的促进国内外交流。应用英语还有一个重要的作用就是可以推动国内产品的销售。外国友人来中国无论是旅游还是购物,通过应用英语的翻译,他们可以充分了解国内产品的功能和特性,从而使国内产品更好的销量更好。从某种意义上讲,应用英语翻译的成功不是取决于翻译内容的文采,而是与翻译内容的准确性和实用性密切相关。翻译的文章文采再好,但是华而不实,外国友人无法真正了解原来的意思,没法融入到当地的文化氛围中去,也没法购买我们的产品,那应用英语的翻译工作就会没法起到实质性的作用。
传统的应用英语翻译一般讲究“信达雅”,即不但要使翻译流畅准确,还要突出翻译的文采。这种翻译理论看似比较合理,但是一般不能切合实际,不能体现真实性的特点。比如说我们在翻译“老年人学不了新东西”这一段话时,我们一般会翻译成“Old people can not learn anything”,这样翻译出来显然是没有任何错误的,但是这更像是符合中国人习惯地翻译,外国人也许会觉得不是特别通顺,如果我们换成“Old dogs will not learn tricks”是不是会更符合外国人的习惯呀。一些专家和学者在从事翻译工作的时候,一般会形成了固有的翻译模式,以传统的翻译理论作为基础,这样反而会对最新应用英语翻译理论的探索造成一定的束缚。因此,我们应该切合实际,秉承体现翻译真实性、准确性的原则,对新的应用英语翻译理论进行探索,力求找到更好的应用英语翻译理论依据,为英语翻译的更进一步打下基础。
1.翻译呼唤理论对“看”的指导。所谓呼唤理论对“看”的指导就是应该对大量的英语材料进行阅读,英文材料的类型可以多种多样,也可以结合自己的实际情况,按照自己的兴趣爱好进行阅读。比如,如果你喜欢篮球,喜欢NBA,你可以去美国网站阅读原版的真实关于NBA的文章,这样就会在你满足自己兴趣爱好的同时,使自己的英语翻译水平受到潜移默化的影响。在对大量的关于娱乐、体育、学习等方面的英文杂志期刊、电视节目、网络资料等内容阅读和观看之后,我们就会锻炼自己英文学习的能力,掌握接受英语信息的能力,培养自己的英语水平和英语语感。我们阅读的材料一般包括两种类型,英文原版材料和专业翻译材料,无论是哪一种都应该保证材料的真实有效。在实际阅读的过程中,我们还应该根据自身的实际情况,调整英文原版材料和专业翻译材料在阅读过程中所占的比例,两种材料之间相互转换,共同促进自己英文水平的提高和应用英语翻译理论经验的形成。
翻译呼唤理论对“看”的要求不仅仅是阅读,还应该包括理解。我们在阅读了大量资料的同时,还应该加深自己的理解,形成自己对英语翻译的理念和看法,并把它应用于实践,看看是否真的有效。如果真的有效,那我们就在无形之中掌握了英语的学习技巧,培养了英语的语感,并对英语的写作和翻译打下了良好的基础。
2.翻译呼唤理论对“译”的指导。所谓翻译呼唤理论对“译”的指导就是在翻译的时候,我们要把作者的真实意愿表现出来,能够理解并表达作者的真实含义,了解作者的真实想法,而不是局限于字面意思的照搬。我们在阅读了大量的英文专业资料之后,逐渐建立了不错的语感,有了扎实的英语文字功底,同时也建立了一套属于自己的英语翻译模式。在今后的英语翻译中,我们不至于翻译的过于模式化,句子读起来更加真实具体。在面对不同类型的英文翻译时,我们可以快速找到一套适合自己的翻译理论,从而使翻译更加快速和灵活,更能体现翻译的“人性化”。
在实际翻译的过程中,我们应该体现翻译的灵活性,不能太生硬,直接翻译出汉语表面的意思,因为汉语和英语的习惯是非常不一样的。比如说,我们在翻译“胆小如鼠”这个成语时,一般都会简单的翻译成“as timid as a hare”,但是仔细想想其实这样翻译是不太符合实际的。“胆小如鼠”在汉语中是个贬义词,具有“胆怯、不勇敢、懦弱”的意思,而在英文中“timid”是腼腆害羞的意思,它跟胆怯懦弱是两个不同的意思,没有那么强的贬义色彩,所以我们如果只是翻译成了“as timid as a hare”,外国人仅仅会理解成这个人像只老鼠一样腼腆害羞,而不是说明他懦弱和不勇敢。在翻译的时候我们如果翻译成“has a yellow streak”的固定词组,直接就把这个人的胆怯和懦弱体现出来了。
我们在进行翻译的时候,应该换个角度进行思考。如果我们站在外国人的角度去思考,多了解外国的文化和习俗,掌握一些外国的俗语和固定词组,这样会对我们的翻译起到更好的效果。
3.翻译呼唤理论对“写”的指导。所谓翻译呼唤理论对“写”的指导是指在英文翻译的时候必须要考虑合到句子的英语情境,参考同类英语材料写作手法,正确的表达出作者的真实想法和内容。由于东西方文化存在较大的差异,我们在实际翻译的时候不能按照汉语表面的意思去翻译成英文,这样不符合汉语的传统本意,不够贴切实际,读起来比较别扭。因此,我们不应该仅仅追求表面意思的准确性,更要发掘深层次的意义进行翻译。比如说,我们日常生活中随处可见的一些英语直译,让人哭笑不得,比如说有的餐馆里把菜名都翻译成英文,“Rolling donkey”指的是我国传统菜名“驴打滚”,“Glad Meatballs”意思是“四喜丸子”,这样的翻译不仅外国人看不懂,我们自己人也不知道到底是什么。再比如,有一些超市将小可乐直接翻译成“small may be happy”,这种让人哭笑不得的翻译方式在我国随处可见,外国人也会被弄得一头雾水。
因此,在实际翻译的过程中,无论翻译人员的水平再高、功底再好都不能依据中文字面的意思进行翻译,最好的方法就是理解了中文的意思直接就用地道的英语写出来,一定不能按照汉语为参照进行逐字翻译。
在应用英语的实际翻译过程中,我们应该摒弃传统的“信达雅”的翻译理论,直接按照“看、译、写”的原则进行翻译,只有这样才能保证翻译的真实性和实际性,让外国友人真正明白我们要表达的意思,使应用英语翻译行业在我国更进一步的发展。
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文化旅游定义:通过旅游实现感知、了解、体察人类文化具体内容之目的的行为过程。泛指以鉴赏异国异地传统文化、追寻文化名人遗踪或参加当地举办的各种文化活动为目的的旅游。寻求文化享受已成为当前旅游者的一种风尚。以下是读文网小编今天为大家精心准备的:剪纸在旅游文化中的应用探讨相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要: 本文指出剪纸在旅游文化中有广泛应用,旅游文化具体体现在服装、书籍、包装、建筑和海报中,文章通过案例分析详细阐述了剪纸在其中的具体应用。
关键词: 剪纸 旅游文化 艺术
Abstract:This paper points out that the paper cutting is widely used in tourism culture,tourism culture embodied in the clothing, books, packaging, building and posters, through case analysis described in detail in the specific application of the paper-cut.
Key words: Paper-cuts; tourism culture; art
剪纸是一种镂空艺术,在视觉上给人以通透的感觉和艺术享受,造型通过阳剪法、阴剪法、阴阳混剪法来实现。民间剪纸的真正主人是农村妇女,她们通过对物象多方面的观察、体会,将形象夸张变形,大胆取舍,形成了丰富的层次效果,使得剪纸艺术明艳动人。民间剪纸的图形是由许多自然界中具有生命的物体,是由它们的外观形状以及想象力两者相结合而成的。正是由于广大人民群众的无穷智慧,才产生了如今被全世界的人们都能看得到的具有中国特色的传统民间艺术剪纸独具的特点。一直持续到现在,剪纸艺术始终是被人们当作是一种具有装饰性的造型艺术来看待。
对大家来说,一副上佳的剪纸艺术作品应该着重关注于画面的观赏性,构图的角度、画面物体的排列大小、美观大方。线条在画面中的使用要错落有致,有疏有密,经常会用到如:对比、叠映、变形、夸张等一些修饰的手法。民间剪纸的许多造型在中国包含着大多数中国人一些基本的审美思想以及对事物寄托自己感情的一些含义在里面,能够在现有的基础上再加以提升变成现代艺术设计的文化和积淀。在现代艺术设计中,剪纸基本上能够从很多带有民族文化特色的艺术设计里面汲取自己所需要的营养,从而丰富自己的画面。
旅游发展的灵魂是文化,文化的发展是建立在旅游之上。旅游产品的竞争力最后表现在文化的竞争之上。纵看旅游发展史,虽然在不同的时期都有自己独具的表现方式,但是在根本上却有着很多相似之处,那就是游人在旅游活动中所想要追求的一种精神文化享受。强大的民族性和发展性二者相结合就是文化,不同的民族都有属于它们的不同文化,最根本的原因在于它们的地域性不同,从而决定了文化的不同。但是,地域文化在发展过程中,一定是互相交流、互相联系的,在旅游活动中,人类就是不同的文化互相联系、互相交流,最后融合在一起的运动。旅游的主要内容是文化。因此,组织旅游和参加旅游的所有活动,一定是与文化紧密联系在一起的。旅游文化是一种新的文化形态,两者不是简单的相加在一起,而是另外一种全新的文化形态,它是围绕旅游活动中形成的健康精神文明和物质文明的总和。
2.1 剪纸图形在服装上的应用
现在的旅游景点都有出售具有当地特色的服装。所以在现如今的服装时尚潮流中,在服装上运用剪纸元素的范围也越来越多了,不单单是只专注于传统的服装上,伴随着剪纸这一门艺术不断的发展,世界上很多服装设计师会采用具有传统中国特色的剪纸元素在他们的服装设计上,或者是在这一基础之上寻找新的灵感来进行创作,设计出匠心独运,别具一格的佳作。比如把喜上眉梢、富贵牡丹、蝶恋花、戏剧脸谱等许许多多的剪纸图案装饰在具有现代服饰上,形成颇具个性又不失时尚的风格气质。还有的服装设计师吸收剪纸中阴阳造型观,使图案线线相连,设计出平面的具有装饰美感的图形,采用红色给作品增添浓郁的民族风格。
由于当今世界经济的高速发展,各地人口的生活水平逐渐增长,从而导致他们对于物质文化和精神文化的要求也越来越高,当今服饰的样式越来越受人们的关注。据研究统计发现,物质越丰富的时代人们对本民族文化的重视程度越高。因此,民族特色的服饰会更受欢迎。把剪纸的元素与中国的旗袍相结合,在韵味上更能体现出穿衣者的女性魅力以及高贵、优雅的气质。在设计中间有一个大大的喜字,可在婚礼上作为礼服着装(如图1所示)。
2.2 剪纸在书籍装帧上的应用
出去旅游的时候总会买本导游书籍或者是自己感兴趣的书籍。这样,剪纸在书籍装帧上的应用则是非常重要的。书籍装帧的版面排列设计在现当代的设计规划中具有非常高的标准,书本上空白的地方可以形成远距离的纵深感,导致人们产生不同的视觉效果。书本上空白的地方和不一样的文本形体、插图相互结合,颜色深浅不一,这些运用可以让人留下广阔的想象空间,会让它拥有更加强烈的视觉效果,使画面更有力量,进而彰显出艺术的魅力。在《吴冠中自传》这一本书的书籍封面中,就是把传统剪纸的造型方法和江南水乡阁楼的剪影这二者相结合而成的。水天一色的空白背景,天与水互相融合,虚虚实实,阴阳互换,形成一种给人焕然一新,具有美感的意境。这种设计方式较好地运用中国传统的剪纸造型独特的视觉形象,丰富了书籍装帧设计的表现手法,使它更有内涵和底蕴了。
在社会的发展之下,书籍的装帧设计在注重继承民族文化传统这一方面时,应当去其糟粕,取其精华,然后再深入研究它的精髓部分。在汲取和借鉴过去优良文化的同时,也要积极探索和寻找跟现代文化这二者相结合的办法,顺应时代的发展,设计出属于现在东方设计特有魅力的新形象。剪纸在书籍装帧的应用如图2,书籍装帧的封面设计,作者在设计剪纸书籍封面的时候,想直接的运用剪纸来进行书籍的封面设计,这样可以让观者在众多的书籍中一眼就能辨别出这是什么类型的书籍。这样的封面设计,但看封面就好像是一副精致的剪纸,但是剪纸在保存上比较的不方便,所以把剪纸与书籍的封面结合起来,省去了要单独保存剪纸作品的麻烦。
2.3 剪纸在包装上的应用
众所周知,一个好的产品包装可以使原本低价的商品变得昂贵起来,能够带来巨大的利润。比如月饼的包装,产品本身的价值不高,但是由于产品的外包装设计的精美动人,给人一种高端、大气、上档次的视觉效果,从而导致商品的价格一直居高不下。现如今的月饼包装大多是采用了我国传统的艺术剪纸的形式,结合了山水、花鸟、人物和一些精美的图案纹饰在包装上,既美观又大方,而且人们时常将如“万事如意,心想事成,花好月圆,美满幸福,龙凤呈祥”等等一些代表了美好祝愿的词汇与一些花卉图形相结合并用,形象生动地表达了人们对于美好生活的向往和追求。
一个好包装带来的价值往往是无法料及的。图案纹饰在传统剪纸中独具特色,是表达人们视觉思维最直观的一种方式,是现实与想象的统一。在产品包装设计中,抽象是表达个性化的一种方式,抽象的思维则需要原始的一些造型元素来表现。剪纸的图案纹饰是约定俗成的结果,是民间艺术文化的代表,同时也是各民族共同的艺术文化的代表,它的内容是丰富多彩的。像“抓鬓娃娃”、“四喜临门”、“鱼”、“喜鹤”、“仙鹤”等就是带有特殊含义的图形符号。这些富有特色的符号时常会被应用在月饼等一些中国传统礼品的包装上,且经常会设计出五花八门的样式,尤其是运用剪纸镂空的方法,效果会更加生动,作品抽象并且蕴含了深厚感情的画面能让大家产生强烈的共鸣。
2.4 剪纸元素在房屋建筑上的应用
“源于生活,高于生活”是民间剪纸设计的灵魂。剪纸艺术以其浓烈的地域风情和深刻的情感内涵得到中外设计大师们的青睐。民间剪纸这一特别的艺术表达方式在建筑设计作品中的运用主要是表现在两个方面:一是把剪纸作为元素和部件直接用入设计的作品当中。在建筑类设计的作品中,剪纸这一门高深的艺术以它的新鲜活泼,强大健壮的生命力融入进了具有现代气息设计性质的生活产品的许多方面。二是把剪纸的造型原理和视觉样式间接引用到作品中,如图3的“波兰展馆”。
在采用中国传统的民间剪纸符号和深厚的文化意蕴融入到作品当中,与此同时也赋予了作品一个全新的生命。中国民间的剪纸艺术是广大劳动人民生活沃土上的一朵奇葩,深深的扎根在他们的心里,它们常常用各种璀璨绚丽的外形,缤纷满目的种类,悠长久远的历史,博大精深的文化内涵等等这一些而形成的不同形态的民间艺术。将民间剪纸的元素以及它的表现方法运用到现代建筑设计中,这样一来,我们不仅可以打破以前的视觉所看到的一切,还能够在它现有的文化内涵基础上创建新的艺术语言。
将中国传统的民间剪纸艺术应用于现当代的建筑设计中,能够让建筑的视觉冲击力变得更加强大,文化内涵变得更加深厚,它所展现的内容和思想的表达也会变得更加动人,直抒胸臆。而且因此建筑设计产生的附加值也大大增加,建造出既美观又实用的生存方式。同时,也弘扬了中国传统民间剪纸的艺术魅力。
2.5 剪纸在海报上的应用
我国传统民间艺术的主体是剪纸艺术,体现了民间艺术的视觉思维和造型特点,包含了中华民族创造和审美最基本的精神。在对民间剪纸这一门艺术的学习和了解中渐渐发现剪纸其实就是艺术设计,是一门具有独特韵味的艺术设计,它有着深厚的文化底蕴,复杂多样的纹饰,以及绚丽多姿的色彩,这些都给当代设计师们带来了无限遐想的空间。
现代设计想要继续向前发展,就必须要继承和发扬民间文化,探索传统文化和现代文化的结合点。只有这样才可以找到真正属于我们本民族的,同时又能够被国际社会所认同的现代设计。大部分设计师在创作作品的过程中都在一定的程度上借鉴了中国民间剪纸文化作为素材。如图4和图5中的“2010上海电影节”的宣传海报就是通过剪纸的方法设计出来的,它把窗花的形态运用到剪纸里面,然后再加以变化,它使用了剪纸的表现手法,把胶片和摄影机两者都进行变形,然后再镂空雕刻,最后完美地将剪纸元素融入到现代海报设计中。
我国传统的民间剪纸艺术主要来源于生活中的许多民俗活动。用剪纸所表现的内容许许多多,玲琅满目,这其中包括了植物和动物,以及一些人物和图案造型等等,可以为现代的海报设计提供丰富的艺术资源。如图6和图7在“2010上海世博会宣传海报”设计中采用了中国传统的民间剪纸元素当中国传统吉祥物等题材,既可以让海报内容更加全面,同时又可以展示出中华文化的博大精深,源远流长,让全世界所有的人都可以看得到属于我们的中华文化。中国传统的民间剪纸艺术体现了原本的原发性思维方式。它不是盲目的制造物体,而是抓住事物的结构特点,对其进行变化处理,再结合自己想法设计出来的。
例如在“2010上海世博会宣传海报”中运用剪纸的手法把中国世博会的会馆表现出来,把繁杂的中国馆简洁大方地表现出来,而且也不会失去中国世博会会馆原有的形态。中国传统剪纸讲究意境美,追求“境生象外”的意境,许多人讲究“图必有意,意必吉祥”,这起源于我国传统的古老文化,人们追求尽善尽美、幸福圆满的审美思想。正是这样的缘由才使得我国传统的民间剪纸大多数都是体现夫妻恩爱、家庭和谐美满、多子多福、富贵吉祥等主题,同时也加入了代表吉祥平安福且贵的中国传统符号图案,并将这些主题和意境相结合运用到海报设计中,这样就可以使海报设计的内涵和底蕴更加丰富了。
我国民间的传统剪纸其色彩主要是以大红色为主,目的是为了表达人们追求吉祥、平安、幸福、健康和向他人传达喜庆的心情。但把民间剪纸艺术当中的一些元素应用到现代海报设计中来,就能使它拥有变幻万千的色彩,还能更进一步地和当今世界流行的色彩相结合。在“2010上海世博会宣传海报”设计里面的剪纸颜色主要以大红色为主,其它颜色为辅,让海报设计变得更加多姿多彩。
如今在设计领域中,在不损坏图样攻克了剪纸艺术当中色调单一的这一难题纹饰的前提下,是可以在其原有的基础之上进行任意的改变和加减的。同理,也可以将现代构成的方法间接用到剪纸的构图中,可以表现出不同的风格。在“2010上海世博会宣传海报”设计中把会馆和上海标志性的建筑物“东方明珠”,把两者的形态相结合,然后再通过剪纸的方法表现出来,把繁复的图形简洁化同时又可以向人们表达出海报的内容。既可以把剪纸独特的味道表现出来,又能给人一种高大上的感觉,也会体现出上海的风貌。形象地把上海世博会的风貌展现出来。
民间艺术剪纸以其顽强的生命力在民间茁壮成长,它的发展影响了现代设计对它元素的借鉴给现代设计补充了新的血液。它在发展过程中既不能失掉传统文化的精髓,更要融入到现代生活中去。如今旅游业越来越发达,如将剪纸这门艺术很好地运用在旅游文化中,剪纸艺术的创作也会不断地推陈出新,具有前所未有的生命力。对旅游文化来说,一切文化都是可以吸收和借鉴的。不同的人,不同的文化,他们的观念和想法也是不同的,但正由于地域文化的差异,从而使得各种文化相互碰撞、相互交流,慢慢地就会形成一种新的文化形态,同时,这也会打开了一片新的消费市场。
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旅游资源的开发与营销有赖于其在国内外知名度的提升,而旅游资料作为一种宣传工具在吸引游客方面有着举足轻重的作用。随着当今越来越多的外国游客来中国观光旅游,优质的旅游资料翻译迫在眉睫。研究者会发现旅游文本的翻译中存在着诸多包括语言学、语用学和文化等各个层面的问题。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:旅游文本是外国游客了解、选择景点的重要参考资料。旅游文本的翻译是一种跨文化交流活动,其翻译过程不是单纯的语言转换过程,而是文化间的交流活动。旅游文本英译中文化缺省现象的存在,更加凸显了翻译补偿策略研究的重要性。通过对江西省几个著名景点的宣传文本进行探讨,分析文化缺省现象,并提出翻译补偿策略,以实现旅游文本的宣传效果。
从广义上讲,旅游文本包括一切与旅游相关的文本资料,它主要具有两项功能:一是传递信息,二是施加影响、诱导行动(朱灿灿,2013:12)。换言之,旅游文本作为宣传类文本,不论是中文还是英文,都需要让潜在的游客了解旅游目的地的基本情况、相关服务和特色文化,以达到信息传递和吸引游客的目的。对于游客来说,他们希望通过阅读文本获得游览目的地的信息。但不同文化背景的游客对所提供的信息有不同的需求,这就决定了英汉旅游文本的差异性。主要表现在以下两个方面。
(一)语言风格的差异
东西方在社会历史、文化传统、思维方式和审美情趣等方面截然不同,旅游文本在语言风格上自然要考虑双方读者的感受,采取恰当的表述方式。
汉语旅游材料在表述上注重辞藻、韵律,结合景点的文化历史背景,多采用四字成语以及排比、对偶句式,读起来琅琅上口。其中,对自然景观的介绍,重视优美的写意,或者采用丰富的想象力给景观增添神秘色彩,读起来或诗意盎然或浮想联翩。英文旅游材料重视“人情味儿”,常常会出现诸如“您现在所处的位置……”“最佳观赏时间是……”此类贴心的提示,用词和句法偏口语,简洁朴素,避免??嗦重复;其在介绍景点具体情况时,通常采用简单叙述法,三言两语道清楚,对景点介绍追求客观、中肯,达到信息传递的目的即可。
除此之外,中西方人民对待宣传材料的态度也是决定其内容的因素之一。不难发现,英语旅游文本突出信息的客观性,汉语旅游文本在撰写时加入主观色彩,呼吁性极强。
(二)信息容量的差异
中国经典故事层出不穷,许多历史人物、历史事件对中国人来说耳熟能详,但是外国游客并不一定了解。我国的旅游景点,不论是自然景观还是人文景观,大多与神话传说、历史故事和社会风俗有关,借用古文,引经据典,中国游客固然能轻而易举地理解其中奥妙,但是外国游客可能会因为错综复杂的人名、地名、朝代等因素而感觉晦涩难懂,降低他们旅游的积极性。
所以,英汉旅游文本并不一定包含相同的信息内容。旅游材料在英译的过程中,译者有必要在尊重原文的基础上,适当修改,对其中特殊的内容进行特殊的翻译。
中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,数不胜数的自然景观和人文景观承载了深厚的历史文化气息。旅游文本和文化紧密相关,在翻译过程中,文化信息的转换往往会因为中国人自身的文化背景而忽略了外国游客的认知。这就是文化缺省现象。它是指同一文化背景的人在交流中对双方共有的文化背景知识的忽略,这种现象是跨语言交际的一大障碍。在翻译旅游文本时,由于源语读者和目标语读者生活在不同的社会文化环境中,具有不相同的文化背景知识,因此,对原文读者来说是显而易见的文化背景知识,对于目标语读者就构成了文化缺省成分(王大来,2004:69)。汉英文本之间可能会存在大量的文化缺省因素,可归类为:历史景点和历史人物、传统概念和信仰、社会风俗和文学作品。这些缺省内容可能导致翻译文本缺失民族特点,损害旅游景点的形象,切断文化的关联意义,影响汉语旅游资料信息的传递和潜在游客的兴趣(张富庄,2013:6)。
鉴于目标语读者文化背景知识的差异性,以及英汉旅游文本本身的差异性,如果译者不针对文化缺省现象进行翻译补偿,游客就不能完全理解原意,将无法达到旅游文本预期的目标。所以,译者在对旅游文本进行翻译时,要充分挖掘文本内文化缺省现象的深层含义,以采取相应的翻译补偿策略。
针对英汉旅游文本的差异性以及东西方文化背景下读者的理解差异,翻译补偿策略是解决文化缺省现象的理想方法。Newmark认为,补偿是翻译的一种手法,补偿主要是用来弥补译文在语义、声音效果、修辞及语用效果等方面的缺省,而且译文可以在不同于原文的语句中再现这种效果。在英译旅游文本时,译者通过运用多种补偿策略将缺省的背景知识恰当地传递给译语读者,同时又可以保持原文的真实性。通过分析江西省的几处景点和文化人物简介的英译文本,得出具体策略如下:
(一)归化法
文化在输入时,应该倾向于归化,以保护本族文化的纯洁性;但文化的输出应该倾向于异化,以促使本族文化的外介,扩大本族文化的影响(李建军,2012:107)。英译旅游文本,属于文化的输出,在翻译具有中国特色的词汇和社会风俗上,应该在简单易懂的基础上积极采取归化法。例如:
(1)江西历史悠久,有着深厚的文化积淀,加上地处南方,处处山清水秀,是一个典型的“鱼米之乡”。
译文:Jiangxi,the province with a long history and profound culture;it is located in the south of China with picturesque scenery.Thus it has been aptly termed:“the land of rice and fish”.
该例句中的“鱼米之乡”直接将“鱼米”等文化意象移植到了目的语文本中。实际上,在英语表达中,“a land of honey and milk”同样具有“鱼米之乡”的意思。但为了更好地传播源语文化,“the land of rice and fish”更能真实地反映中国文化,更有利于外国游客体会到中国文化的奇特之处。随着跨文化交流的进一步发展,越来越多的外国游客会理解并接受中国文化。 (2)龙虎山,位于江西鹰潭,道教发源地,中国道教四大名山之一。
译文:Longhu Mountain,which is located in Yingtan of Jiangxi Province.It is known as one of Four Taoism Mountains because of its position――the birthplace of Chinese Taoism.
龙虎山,东汉中叶,正一道创始人张道陵曾在此炼丹,传说“丹成而龙虎现”,此山因此得名。有人建议将“龙虎山”翻译成“Mt.Dragon-Tiger”才能对外展示其深刻含义。作为世界自然遗产之一的龙虎山,以道教发源地著名,如此具有代表性的中国文化遗址在翻译时,采用归化翻译方法能更真实地反映中国文化。如:“龙虎山 Longhu Mountain”“道教 Taoism”。
(二)释义法
汉语旅游材料中,文言文出现频率高,在英译过程中,译者要充分考虑外国游客的理解能力和文化背景,进而考虑原文信息翻译之后,读者能否明白并喜闻乐见。释义法针对此类情况,在翻译过程中,对原文的历史知识、社会风俗、地理位置等因素采用加注法、同位语解释等方式进行说明,以方便外国读者理解。例如:
(3)南昌地处长江中下游,濒临鄱阳湖西南岸,自古就有“粤户闽庭,吴头楚尾”之称。
译文:Nanchang,bordering the Poyang Lake in the northeast,lies south of the lower middle reaches of the Yangtze River.It has been enjoying obvious advantages geographically. Since the ancient times, it has been known as the favorable place bordering Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north.
“粤”和“闽”分别是广东省和福建省的简称,“吴”和“楚”则是春秋战国时期江浙一带的诸侯国。对于外国游客,这些都不是熟悉的“中国常识”。在英译旅游文本时,应该将它们具体到现在的省份“Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north”,外国游客才能真正明白南昌所处的地理位置,从而理解它的重要地位。
(4)素有“江南三大名楼之首”美誉的滕王阁,雄踞南昌抚河北大道,坐落于赣江与抚河故道交汇处。依城临江,瑰伟绝特,因“初唐四杰”之首的王勃一篇雄文――《滕王阁序》,脍炙人口,传诵千秋。
译文:Tengwang Pavilion has long been ranked first among the three famous pavilions in the south of Yangtze River. Standing by the North Fuhe Avenue in Nanchang,the magnificent pavilion is located at the convergent point of Ganjiang River and the Old Fu River,taking the city as its background and the river as its mirror.Its splendor and majesty was lauded by Wang Bo,the leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty,in one of his masterpieces,Preface to Tengwang Pavilion,and thus has been famous throughout the world as well as maintained the glory with the years going.
“江南三大名楼”是中国有名的历史文化遗迹,但是外国游客不一定都清楚,正如王佐良所说:“在一种文化里有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”(郭建中,2000:20)。同时,对于“初唐四杰”的概念,译者将王勃的身份加以解释:“The leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty”。通过释义法,译者详细而自然地介绍了滕王阁的背景知识和王勃的诗人地位,有利于外国游客更好地了解滕王阁的历史价值。
(三)省略法
省略法是指译者在翻译过程中,根据源语所承载的文化内容,结合目标语的语言特色,并以传递基本信息为目的,对源语做出适当的缩略、删减的一种翻译方法。译者通过对原文中的文化信息进行甄别,分出主要信息和次要信息,在翻泽过程中抓住主要信息,对无关紧要的、目的语读者又很难理解的次要信息进行删减。这样做有助于保持目的语读者理解的连贯性,同时也让他们获得了主要信息(吴秀群,2012:162)。例如:
(5)陶渊明(约365年~427年),名潜,号“五柳先生”,东晋时期诗人,浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。世人敬重他,他“不为五斗米折腰”的故事流传至今。公元405年秋,他为了养家糊口,来到彭泽当县令……陶渊明再也忍受不下去了。他长叹一声,道:“我不能为五斗米向乡里小人折腰!” 说罢,辞官离去。
译文:Tao Yuanming(365~427),a poet in Dongjin Dynasty,also called Mr.Wuliu and Tao Qian,was a native people of Jiujiang City.We all respected has spirit that he wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time. 对中国古代称谓稍微了解的人都知道,在古代,同一个人除他的姓名之外,往往又有字、号,有时还不止一个号,且不同的场合,有不同称呼。陶渊明号“五柳先生”,这对于外国游客来说,并非重要的讯息,没有必要赘述“号”这个概念。另外,“不为五斗米折腰”的故事为中国大众所熟知,但是为了略去复杂的因果关系,避免外国游客坠入五里雾中,英译文本时删除了具体故事,用简单的句子“He wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time”向游客阐述世人敬重陶渊明的原因,达到了信息传递的目的。
(6)白鹿洞书院始建于公元940年,唐贞元年间,江州刺史李渤隐居这里读书,养一白鹿自娱,人称“白鹿先生”,后书院几经衰败。到南宋朱熹重建书院,并亲自在此讲学,当时名人正士均乐于在此求学,其成为了“中国四大书院之一”(其他三所为湖南长沙岳麓书院、湖南衡阳石鼓书院、河南商丘应天书院)。
译文:Bailudong Academy was built in 940 AD. Zhuxi,the great educator of the South Song Dynasty,turned the place into Bailudong Academy, which rivaled the other three famous academies in China.It was a school for some famous people reading there.
如上所述,白鹿洞书院的前身和其他三大书院的名称在英译时被译者删除略去,直接提及南宋伟大的思想家、教育家朱熹,为避免信息量过于庞大,有选择性地将重要信息保留、提取,帮助外国游客理解书院的历史。此时,省略法能够给外国游客留下深刻印象,并且有利于景点的宣传。
(四)增译法
增译法和省略法殊途同归,都是指译者在翻译过程中,根据实际情况对源语做出适当的调整。翻译过程中,若能将省略法和增译法处理得当,互为依据,交错使用,就能够使得译文顺畅明了、通俗易懂。例如:
(7)世界自然遗产地、世界地质公园、国家AAAAA级旅游区、国家级风景名胜区――三清山,位于江西省上饶市东北部。
译文:Mt.Sanqingshan,located in northeast of Shangrao city,is a World Natural Heritage, National Scenic Area,World Geo-park and State AAAAA Tour Zone,which is the highest level of Chinese tourist attractions issued by China’s National Tourism Administration.
中华人民共和国旅游景区质量等级划分为五级,最高级别为AAAAA。但是,外国游客对中国5A级旅游景区的定义不一定都了解,所以在英译本中增加了对“AAAAA”的解释,加深了外国游客对三清山旅游景区的印象,使外国游客意识到该景区的游览价值,达到了旅游文本的宣传目的。
针对文化缺省这一现象,译者需合理运用不同的补偿策略,对源语中的文化背景知识做出补偿,弥补缺省,最大限度地传递原文所蕴含的文化信息。旅游文本的跨文化翻译促进了不同民族文化之间的交流,因此既要尊重源语文化,又要顾及目的语文化。
旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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摘 要:文章将乾州古城置于旅游发展语境中,把握古城文化景观的空间布局特征,理解古城文化景观的内在历史底蕴及当代价值,并分析制约乾州古城文化景观再生产的多种力量因素,把握古城文化景观再生产的内在本质及其文化表征意义。
关键词:乾州古城;再生产;文化旅游
乾州是一座历史悠久的古城,距今约有1752年历史。从古时的军事重地到商业发展的交通要塞,乾州古城的历史文化十分丰富。它曾是南长城军事防御线上重要的指挥中心,清朝中衰之战――乾嘉苗民起义的主战场,流传着1925年川军熊克武部队炸不开乾州石城的传奇故事;它曾开通司马、镇溪(峒河)、武溪(??溪或万溶江)三大水系,商旅直底洞庭与汉口,条条官道分别通往泸、凤、永馁、思南、印江、茶桐、秀山等地;抗日战争时期为了战略的转移,修筑了湘川公路及乾州至所里(吉首)的公路支线,水陆并进,创造了乾州古城的辉煌。
乾州古城文化景观资源亦是丰富。从军事防御性建筑到祠堂会馆、楼阁古塔、古城巷道、河道码头及明清时期的特色建筑群随处可见。古城内北城门、胡家塘古民居群、罗荣光故居、文庙、抗日文化纪念馆、杨岳斌故居、观音阁、节孝牌楼、万溶江画舫观光、三王阁风雨桥等,都极具民族特色。从建筑景观价值看,古城的选址、城防的设置、街道的规划布局,除了具有鲜明的军事特征外,更具有层次丰富的民间特色,同时也积淀了深厚的文化底蕴①。世代居住此地的土家族、苗族、汉族人民,共同创造了古城光辉灿烂的文明史。阳戏、辰河高腔、傩戏、汉戏、苗剧是古城里的主要戏种。四月八、赛龙舟、六月六、玩龙灯、耍武术、赶秋对歌、游“春”会、赶庙会、跳鬼、巫术绝技、赶场等民俗节庆活动,充分体现了古城人民的古朴民风。
乾州古城自身的丰富文化资源,契合了湘西州对旅游资源的发掘和开发。2009年2月,州委书记何泽中在州委经济工作会议上提出了“建设一个龙头、一个集散中心、两条风景线、三个核心景点圈、实现六个增值”的“11236”旅游发展思路,为湘西旅游产业格局画好了蓝图②。其中“三大景点圈”之一就是乾州古城景点圈。因此,乾州古城的打造是必然的结果,开发乾州古城,成为实现湘西旅游战略格局中重要的一环。
古城镇的旅游发展是以文化资源为主导的,构成古镇旅游文化资源的要素,既有有形的实物,如:古街区、古民居、寺庙宗祠等能明确的被感知的东西;也有无形态的意境,如:古城镇的民风民情、古韵氛围等,可通过人们的体验所感知的东西。可以说,古城镇的打造即是对古城镇文化空间的一种再造。因此,不仅要在硬件即能明显感知的物质形态上下功夫,保持其全面而真实的风貌,更要在软件即通过体验才能感知的非物化形态上下功夫,注重文化氛围、场景的营造,让有形的和无形的要素都能很好的展现出来,体现古城镇旅游的特色。
(一)物质空间的再造――古镇古街重塑建
2005年,乾州古城被省人民政府列为省级历史文化保护街区,这为乾州古城的保护和重建提供了很好的契机。当时乾州古城破坏严重,核心景区面目全非。吉首市政府引进了大汉集团对古城主街区进行了恢复式开发建设。对古城北城门、文庙、胡家塘、三门开城楼、风雨桥、观音阁、贞节牌楼、田碑林坝和田碑林茶馆等标志性景点进行了修复,修整了杨岳斌、罗荣光、张一尊、翦伯赞等名人故居,清理了万溶江河道并建设了沿河游道。其建设工作主要围绕古城核心保护区域内的人民南路、迎宾路、建新路、乾正街、东门巷、观音阁街、万溶江等旅游主线展开。
从2005年至今,乾州古城内景点的修复已基本完成。对76栋有保护价值的典型古民居实施挂牌保护,完成了6个文保单位和22栋重点居民的修缮,完成21处单位房屋和420 栋民居的仿古改造,涉及建筑面积7.8万平方米,拆除临时建筑、违章建筑和不协调建筑四层以上部分5000平方米。景点重点项目建设停车场及游客服务中心已投入使用。在此基础上,乾州古城还规划了六大旅游主题浏览区:文庙文化展示区、胡家塘传统民居群、城隍庙民俗风情观光区、万溶江观光休闲区、解放路传统商业街、抗战标语展示区。这些“历史遗迹”是地方文化的代表,都借助于现代方法得以“复原”,并在复原的基础上针对旅游市场的需要进行了相应的建设和改造。
(二)心理空间的再造――“湘西坊”创业园的创办
作为旅游景区外在形象、内在文化的综合反映,旅游纪念品的开发成功与否直接影响旅游经济效益的好坏。旅游纪念品的生产应立足当地,无论是工艺品还是土特产都应有明显的地方标志性,这样不仅能提高游客的购买兴致,还能起到宣传作用。
为做好地方特色旅游纪念品的开发项目,以加快旅游产品集散中心建设为目标,湘西自治州、吉首市劳动保障部门以湘西文化为主线和纽带,乾州古城为依托,大力建设集创业孵化、创业培训、项目交流、产品展示为一体的综合性创业基地――“湘西坊”创业园,大力发展特色商品产业、民族经典文化产业、地方饮食产业和旅游休闲娱乐产业。2010年,湘西州政府在国家工商局注册了“湘西坊”商标。同年2月5日,湘西坊名优特旅游商品一条街在乾州古城内正式开街,湘西坊淘宝旗舰店、百工坊、百味街、能工巧匠创业园等项目亦相继启动,“湘西坊”旅游商品品牌正式确立。
(三)意识空间的再造――非物质文化遗产园的进驻
从传统到现代,在整个中国社会转型和变迁的大环境下,乾州古城,这一有着四千多年历史的古镇,发生着全面而深刻的变化,主要表现为传统在传承的过程中不断受到冲击――意识空间快速被现代生活方式肢解为碎片,但同时这些碎片又在现代化建设中不断地被再造。旅游开发让乾州古城整体产业结构发生了变化,不再具有鲜明的村落建制。意识空间的再造主要是通过“旅游化生存③”实践而实现的。“旅游化生存”又可分为两种具体形态:生活化生存、舞台化生存。 生活化生存是充分发挥非物质文化遗产的“活态性”的特点,将对非物质文化遗产的展现、使用、保护和传承融入到古城的日常生活中。2011年5月10日,湖南省湘西州非物质文化遗产园在吉首市乾州古城揭牌开园。湘西非物质文化遗产园由非遗展示馆、百工坊、百味坊、百戏坊等组团构成,集研发、展演、销售、休闲为一体。再造的文化空间里,游客可以看到工艺大师现场织锦,绘制苗画,雕刻傩面具、砚台、菊花石、手工制作粘贴画等,可以亲身感受湘西民族民间文化的博大精深,亦使古老的民间手工重获新生。
舞台化生存指经过艺术加工和提炼,将传统文化搬上“舞台”,使其转化为舞台表演艺术向游客展示,且随着规模的扩大,形成了一种全新的旅游表演业。2011年5月,以“格朗渡”为名,在湘西吉首市乾城巫傩堂内,由湘西州格朗渡艺术团表演的非物质文化遗产实景演出正式开演,演出通过湘西12项非物质文化遗产传承人的现场演示,把湘西的风土人情、文化、历史渊源集中呈现在舞台上。目前该节目已经成为让游人了解湘西的一个主打节目。
克利福德?格尔茨在《文化的解释》一文中表示,文化作为一个系统,它的形成不是一种力量的塑造,而是各种不同力量最终“妥协、交易而形成的”。乾州古城一新的面貌重新出现在人们的视野中正是不同力量作用的结果。
(一)政府主导
文化资本的不断再生产过程,政府的力量不可忽视。旅游开发模式主要为三种:政府主导模式:政府运用掌握的城市规划审批权力对文化旅游开发进行宏观的管理;政府主导的项目公司模式:政府成立相应的旅游开发项目公司,相关资产以政府财政划拨的形式注入项目公司;经营权出让模式:地方政府将管辖范围内的旅游景点开发出来后,通过出让旅游开发经营权的方式,吸引投资商介入古镇旅游开发。从旅游开发模式中可以看出,政府是公共旅游资源的最大整合和调配者,是行业运行和发展的“游戏规则制定者”。一方面,政府为了使民族文化旅游更好的发展,必须使民族文化不断传承;另一方面,为了打造民族地区旅游文化品牌,增强旅游文化的可视性,就必须在民族地区开展形式多样的活动来吸引注意力。从乾州古城生产与再生产过程来看,政府在其中起着主导地位,其主要活动是由政府牵头投入巨额资金开发修复,同时制定一系列的管理政策和规定来规范乾州古城以及乾州旅游方面的管理。
(二)市场推动
旅游业的发展方向是引起文化资源重构与民间文化重组的重要因素。为了迎合市场的需要很多文化被重构,很多如民族风情园等充满民族特色的景区都是为了旅游的发展而建立起来的。而在以文化为主题的景区中,基本都有民族歌舞表演,这些表演者大都是旅游公司聘请的,他们对原有文化进行了选择性的传承。乾州古城的被挖掘开发过程亦是迎合了市场经济的需求。2004年,作为吉首市人民政府的重点招商引资项目,湘西州五十年州庆重点工程“锦绣乾城”项目正式进入规划阶段。由政府牵头引进的大汉集团在此项目中投入了大量的资金,其看好的亦是在文化遗产旅游新兴下,乾州古城的潜力。旅游公司的招商为古城旅游发展带来直接的经济效益。锦绣乾成的打造,一方面对原有的乾州古城进行了多方位的复原,另一方面又使得乾州古城的发展区别于历史的轨迹,成为了一个集特色土产购物、民俗表演、品牌餐饮、旅游休闲、商务会所、宾馆住宿为一体的4A级仿古旅游商业风情小镇。市场为民族文化的传承与发展提供了经济支撑,文化的再生产使得传统民族文化被重新挖掘开发出来,显示出新的生机和活力。
(三)专家学者发掘
文化学者是文化遗产保护的主脑④。民族地区的人民在学者们的帮助下,充分挖掘和利用当地的民族民间传说,通过文物和历史遗址来确定当地的民族历史文化,并由此重新构建新的民族文化资源,为旅游者描绘或是说虚拟了一个新的有着深厚的民族特色的文化空间⑤。湘西州文化学者为乾州古城开发做了大量的考证,从其历史人物、文化民俗、建筑风格等等各方面进行了资料的整理,对乾州古城的开发方向做了一个历史文化的再构建。杨良华《乾州风韵》、盛天宁《清代中衰之战――乾嘉苗民起义研究》等著作,便是以乾州为蓝本而著。
另外,在专家学者的发掘和旅游开发中,许多民族传统节庆里的禁忌与章法逐渐淡化消失,民族礼仪不再具有传统的祭祀性,取而代之的是娱乐性,节庆不再是本民族的节日,而变成了游客与当地人的共庆。如乾州古城正月十五火烧龙仪式,本是靠天吃饭的土家族先民,祈求风调雨顺、五谷丰登的一种意识,带有浓厚的稻作文化及神灵崇拜的烙印。由于专家学者的发掘和旅游开发的需要,它成了一种带有娱乐性、观赏性的节目,烧龙的形式也在变迁的过程中更具戏剧化。
综上所述,乾州古城的打造,向我们展现了文化景观在旅游语境下的当代变迁过程。它并非是单纯的对历史景观的修复,而是各种力量因不同的利益需要,相互作用的结果,它的变迁具有再生产性。通过对古城再造模式的研究及动力机制的分析,对其他地区的古城镇旅游化打造具有指导意义。
★基金项目:吉首大学校级科研项目资助(编号:13JDY024)。
①张群.“凤凰古城的保护开发思路”[J].安徽农业科学,2008(12).
②吴刚.乾州古城:吹响湘西旅游第三次创业的号角[EB/OL]. http://news.xxnet.com.cn/h/24/20111229/14706_1.html,2011-12-29.
③旅游化生存:是指借助旅游之力促进非物质文化遗产的传承与发展,是将非物质文化遗产作为一种旅游资源加以有效利用、开发成可供游客游览、体验、学习、购买的旅游产品,是非物质文化遗产在现代社会中以一种新的方式进行生存、发展的模式.
④赵德利.主导?主脑?主体――非物质文化遗产保护中的角色定位[J].宝鸡文理学院学报,2006(01).
⑤方李莉.西部人文资源与西部民间文化的再生产[J].开放时代,2005(05).
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新闻中文化负载词的翻译关系到新闻能否完整准确地传达作者意思,吸引读者注意。因此,译者必须充分考虑译入语读者的接受情况,努力在完整传达信息的同时,使译文更能被译入语读者所接受,达到成功交际的目的。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:本文阐述了文化负载词在汉语新闻中的表现,提出了直译、音译加解释、意译等汉语新闻中文化负载词的翻译策略。
关键词:新闻;文化负载词;翻译
进入新世纪以来,随着经济全球化以及科技文明的不断发展,人类的信息传播主要是借助于新闻媒体来实现的。而在不同的文化之中,受到民族特色、地域因素的影响,使得不同文章其对于文化负载词的运用差异导致了文章自身的趣味性与可读性受到了影响,这也就给从事于新闻翻译工作的我们带来了巨大的挑战。如何做到准确合理地将这些文化负载词进行翻译的同时,保留其自身的趣味性、文化特性,这已然成为了翻译工作开展的一大难题。在我国,从事新闻翻译工作的人员在对新闻文稿进行翻译的时候,一般是通过对翻译观念、词义表达以及文化差异等多方面进行思考后来实现的。在本文中,笔者将着重于对翻译活动开展的功能与目的的重视,做到翻译活动的完整性与简洁性,能够在不同的语境中,做到灵活地翻译。
语言作为文化传播的基础,是实现文化记录、反映、传播的重要形式,同时,也是文化自身的载体。词汇作为语言的基本组成部分,是实现文化传播活动得以顺利进行的基础,也是出现差异化的影响因素。在所有的语言中都存在着大量的文化负载词,它们是文化自身在历史发展的过程中不断演变而产生的,其内容主要包括了:特定的文化词、词组以及习语,这是民族文化的重要体现。
在对翻译原则进行制定的时候,译者需要根据翻译的策略与标准来实现对其的准确翻译,进而将文化负载词更好地进行表现。虽然,要找到完全相对应的文化负载词的难度较大,所以,作为新闻翻译工作者需要对翻译的方式进行灵活的运用,实现对翻译材料的准确生动表达,进而更好地完成翻译工作。根据笔者自身的工作实践经历来说,想要对新闻翻译活动中出现的负载词进行有效地处理,可以采用以下几种翻译方式。
(一)直译
在汉语言的新闻稿中,当其出现大量的政治、经济专有名词的时候,译者往往是通过直译的方式来实现对其字面意思的表达,进而实现对中国文化的展示。例如:2a.当前,全党全国各族人民正紧密团结在以胡锦涛同志为的党中央周围,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗巾只,全面贯彻党的十七大和十七届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观。在例文当中,出现了大量带有中国特色的政治专属名词,这些名词有许多已被外国读者所了解,因此,面对这类词组的时候,可以直接通过直译的方式来实现对原文内容的还原与形式的统一,做到对翻译信息准确性的保证。
(二)音译加解释
音译即是指的通过对原文语音的表现,在另一种语言中将其发音相同或者相近的部分进行表现,其表达的内容大多数是中国文化中所特有的元素。这部分元素,在一般情况下作为中国独特的文化表现形式是很难在译语中进行体现的。为了做到对中国特色的最大化保留,将这些词进行“音译”是十分可行的方式,可是,由于外国读者自身的文化背景与认知存在不足,如若仅仅是采用单纯地音译将会使得读者不知所以然,进而无法实现对信息的有效接受,向外国读者展示中国的特色文化也就更加无从谈起。因此,对新闻文稿进行音译的时候需要添加合适的解释性内容。比如“Yuanxiao”――“元宵”这一食品为中国所特有,在
(三)意译
在汉语中有许多的熟语、习语以及习惯用语,这类语言词汇作为语言系统中的特殊存在。由于读者的文化差异存在,使得这类的文化负载词会产生不同的意思显现。在这个时候,如若简单地采用直译进行表达,很有可能会带来对意思理解的误读。在这个时候,就需要通过意译来进行翻译工作活动了。例如:提倡红白事理性消费,实现移风易俗的时候。其基本原则在于,当村里办白事的时候,不能请吹拉弹唱的戏班子,做到凡事从简的原则。就如同“就坡下驴”这一说法一样,当骑在驴子身上的时候由于驴子比较高,所以容易摔倒,因此,最好先找个路坡,让驴子停在此处,人从这个地方上驴、下驴就不容易摔跤了。这个比喻形象地说明了需要找个合适的借口才能下台不至于工作的难堪与难办。这样的文化负载词,在其进行翻译的时候,如果仅仅是对翻译内容进行整体翻译将会使得整个翻译活动的内容冗长,翻译语言??嗦,导致读者难以做到对翻译内容的有效理解。
(四)直接加解释
解。歌曲《青春之歌》、《我和我的祖国》、《七子之歌》、《幸福在哪里》,舞蹈《孔雀》、《火红的日子》,昆曲《牡丹亭》选段,京剧《三家店》,歌舞《丝绸霓裳》,钢琴合奏《金色狂舞》、杂技《五光十色》等。各类节目,形式多样,内容丰富,表达了中华各族儿女对伟大祖国的深切情感与对美好生活的无比向往。“京剧“作为中国的四大国粹之一而得到了广大外国友人的认可与认知。但是,就”昆曲“而言,其作为中国传统古典曲目之一,在对其进行翻译的时候,需要有意识地增加一些和“昆曲”有关的背景知识。如,“Kunqu Opera”――通过适当的解释性词语,译者有效地将我国的文化精粹传播给外国读者。由以上例证可见,汉语新闻中一些文化负载词蕴含着一定的文化背景,单纯的直译并不能充分传达出其中的文化内涵。
再比如,笔者曾经看到一则新闻,说是:英译的京剧剧本,其中一些唱词的翻译不够准确,说到底还是对京剧所蕴含的中国文化理解不深,甚至是一种误读。以《四郎探母》为例:杨四郎的唱词里有“失落番邦十五年,雁过衡阳各一天,高堂老母难相见,怎不叫人泪涟涟……”等等。其中“雁过衡阳各一天”一句,被译作:Awildgoose flied over the border.(英文意思是:一只野雁飞过边界。)这显然是理解有误。“雁过衡阳各一天”是说南北相隔,杳无音讯。杨四郎沦落北番,隐姓埋名,十几年来与亲人失去联系,可谓天涯各一方。身为人子,让老母日日悬望,苦苦思念,怎不黯然神伤?所以深入理解唱词,准确把握人物内心活动,是做好京剧翻译工作的前提。因此,要保证信息的完整性,充分实现新闻翻译的价值,译者应在直译的基础上增译一些解释性文字,补充其中的文化背景知识,促进民族间的文化交流。
具有着中国特色的文化负载词,对其的翻译将会影响到世界对中国文化的认识,也会影响到中国文化自身与世界文化之间的交流与融合。由于,它代表着中国的民族文化与地域文化,是中华民族文化的重要表现形式之一,也是文化传播的重要形式。当中外文化存在较大差异,这些蕴含着中华文化特色的词汇也就给汉语新闻翻译带来了一定的障碍,但文化负载词的准确传译又是保证新闻翻译准确性的重要一步。因此,新闻翻译工作者应该引起高度重视。在功能目的论中,对于翻译活动的目的进行设定的时候需要对其采用的翻译方式进行明确。
即做到,一方面实现原文作者翻译目的的真实表达,另一方面,也要与译文读者的需求期盼相适应,促使新闻报道活动中出现的新闻负载词可以显得准确新颖又充满乐趣,借助于对音译、直译、意译等各种方法的运用,吸引译入语读者的目光,从而最大限度提高传播效果。为了实现文化负载词的准确传译,译者需要在一定的翻译标准之下,通过对实际情况进行具体的分析,以此来使得外国友人能够更好地理解翻译内容,使得汉语新闻的翻译质量得到显著提升,进一步地减少由负载词所带来的文化交流障碍,实现中外文化的更好交流。
略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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教育论文是对教育教学经验或观点的认识,要写好教育论文,一要对教育教学有深刻的认识,也就是说要有丰富的教学经验,二要大量阅读质量高的教育教学文章,借鉴他们的优点,三要有好的文笔,此外你的观点要新颖,如果写别人十几年前就已经发表的东西,肯定没有刊物会看中。以下是读文网小编今天为大家精心准备的:文化因素在高职英语教学中的应用研究相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
语言的学习,离不开一定的文化背景,学习语言,首先需学习这种语言环境中的文化因素,抛开对文化的理解和渗透,简单地学习一种语言,无异是缘木求鱼。我们学习语文,始终是处于中华文化背景之下进行的,学习别的国家的语言,也应参考相应的文化因素,英语的教学,对老师而言,首先应引导学生了解相应的英美文化,从源头上找到学习英语的钥匙。不论是普通高校,还是高职院校,在英语课程的教学中,都应遵循这一原则。对高职院校而言,英语课程的学习主要是让学生能充分应用这门语言,进而提升他们的职业竞争力,英语的学习和应用,前提就是熟悉英美文化背景,教师应积极把英美文化因素引导到教学之中,创设相应的文化环境,为英语教学提供必要的帮助。
现阶段,我国众多高职院校英语课程的教学,基本上是与相应的文化背景相割裂的,教师迫于一些现实情况,不得已开展照本宣科的教学,学生对英美文化背景也不了解,这种现状严重影响了英语课程的教学效果。
1.1 教师难以利用文化因素
作为专业人才,英语教师一般都对英美文化很熟悉,也知道文化因素对于英语教学的重要性,但迫于一些政策和教学压力,他们难以充分利用文化因素。学校规定了一系列的教学任务,学生必须通过相关的考试、取得证书,才能顺利毕业,迫不得已,教师只好重在课文、语法、句型、段落、单词的讲解,告诉学生考试技巧,为了考试而教学,学生只学习了应对考试的办法,英语的应用能力并没提升。
1.2 学生不熟悉英语文化环境
进入高职院校的学生,前期的英语学习都是接受的应试教育,加上这些学生的成绩普遍都不太好,对英语背后的文化环境更是陌生,这就使得他们按照中国的文化习俗跟外教教师打招呼,产生了一些贻笑大方的例子。比如,中国人见面打招呼喜欢说“您吃了吗”,一些学生也喜欢用“Did you have supper”之类的话来问候教师,殊不知外国人喜欢用询问天气来打招呼;外国教师尤其是女性教师,最反感询问年龄、婚姻、收入之类的问题,但一些学生往往就直接问,“老师,咱们学校每年给您发多少工资啊,您这么远来到中国”、“老师,您结婚了吗,有孩子了吗”,这样的问题,往往让外教教师无从回答。这种情况不仅仅是简单的礼貌问题,折射出来的是对西方文化的不熟悉。
语文的学习,离不开一定的文化背景,这是千古不变的真理。高职院校的英语教学,对学校而言,允许和鼓励教师进行教学创新,应摆脱应试教育的束缚,革新教学理念,切实明白文化因素的重要性。
2.1 文化因素可以帮助学生学习西方文化知识
高职院校的英语教学,对这群求知欲旺盛的学生而言,不仅仅应该是学会如何考试,而是感知一种文化,通过英语的学习来开拓视野,帮助学生正确理解和认同西方文化,抛出一些民族偏见和文化误差,使学生通过正规的教育途径,而不是简单通过一些比如观看影片、NBA比赛、五大联赛等等方式来看待西方,让学生知道西方社会不应该只有暴力和冲突,更有很多可以被我们所利用的文化因素,比如热情、高雅、友善、博爱等等。通过英语的学习,在帮助学生加强对西方文化的认识的基础上,提升我国民族素质。
2.2 文化因素有助于学生学会对外交流的本领
高职院校应培养应用性、实用性的毕业生,这些学生通过三年的系统学习,走上社会就能胜任岗位要求,能独立开展一些业务和工作。现阶段我国社会对外交流的活动越来越多,企业需要众多具备外贸业务能力的毕业生,高职院校内,只有把文化因素引入到英语教学之中,才会让学生学会对外交流的技能和本领。在学校内,学生可以犯一些常识性的文化交流错误,外国教师可以理解,但工作中就必须充分了解西方文化的习俗和环境,突破交流障碍。故此,高职院校的英语教学,不论是公共课程还是专业课程,都不能抛开相关文化因素,而是让学生加深对西方文化的学习和了解,培养出合格的外贸人才。
2.3 文化因素可以帮助学生熟悉西方文化行为
高职院校的英语教学,通过相关的学习,学生不仅要了解英美人士通常在各种不同的场合会说些什么及做些什么,而且要意识到在哪些方面他们自身的文化影响着他们自己的言行,如衣着、手势、姿态、脸部表情及动作、身体接触、讲话人之间的距离、讲话的音量、时间观念、对空间的使用等,提高对受不同文化影响的各种行为方式的意识及敏感性,深入了解那些行为的含义,最终让学生熟悉一些得体的西方文化礼仪,来规范和约束自己的日常行为,避免犯一些常识性的错误,提升外贸业务的成功率。
高职院校主要的是培养应用型人才,英语是学生必须掌握的一种交流工具,在对外交流活动越来越频繁的现代社会,对能熟练运用英语的人才更为渴求。这种趋势就使得我国高职院校应切实更新英语课程的教学理念,把授课的主动权完全交给教师,鼓励教师实施文化教学。
3.1 教师加强西方文化知识的讲解与传授
高职院校中,英语授课教师可以通过书籍、图片、影音资料的收集、整理与讨论等,使学生接触到原汁原味的英语的同时,对异国的生活习俗、风土人情等方面有一些直观的感性认识,从而熟悉最能代表某一文化的形象和标志。如该文化中的政治制度、知名人士、建筑艺术及风光特色等,同时将它与自身文化中的相应内容进行对比,增强对英美文化及自身文化的理解。
3.2 教师可以展示西方产品的文化内涵
高职院校中,英语授课教师还可以利用多种渠道、多种手段收集一些具有文化特色的实物,如纪念品、日常生活用品、卡通形象、英美货币、照片、英美报刊、诗歌作品、邮票等开展活动,让学生在了解外国艺术、历史和风土人情的同时,给他们提供一个绝好的机会,使他们积极参加语言学习活动,充分表达自己的感受,通过交流和感受来加强英语的学习,达到能熟练应用的目的。
3.3 教师可以创设西方文化环境
高职院校中,英语授课教师可以把模拟西方文化环境,作为教学的辅助场合。教师可以在学校内模拟设立英语小社区环境。这种环境可以分成不同的板块,如机场入境-酒店入住-商务谈判-休闲购物-休闲旅游等等环节,让学生在休闲娱乐的氛围中获得英语语言知识和文化知识。创建西方文化环境使得学生能在纯粹的英语文化环境氛围中进行英语听说实践,提高学生学习英语的兴趣,提高学生跨文化交际的能力,实现高职生英语学习的目的。
总之,文化因素对高职院校的英语教学有着直接的帮助和贡献,可以让学生深入了解异域文化的内涵。我国各高职院校应鼓励教师把文化因素引导到英语教学之中,帮助学生克服文化障碍,提升英语的学习效果。
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在企业、学校和其它组织中,信息技术体系结构是一个为达成战略目标而采用和发展信息技术的综合结构。它包括管理和技术的成分。其管理成分包括使命、职能与信息需求、系统配置和信息流程;技术成分包括用于实现管理体系结构的信息技术标准、规则等。以下是读文网小编今天为大家精心准备的:浅谈信息技术在旅游文化课堂的有效应用相关论文。文章仅供参考阅读,希望能帮助到大家。
浅谈信息技术在旅游文化课堂的有效应用全文如下:
随着信息技术发展的不断深入,当下的课堂教学出现了白板教学、网络教学、翻转课堂等新型的教学方式与学习方式,改变了以往以教师为主导的教学模式。信息时代的到来,使得多媒体教学在日常教学中得到了广泛的运用,一改往日只由教师在三尺讲台上运用个体的声情并茂来吸引学生的注意力,极大地丰富了课堂教学中的直观性,使学生容易产生身临其境的感觉,发展了学生的创造性思维,提高了学习效率,优化了课堂教学质量。它有利于学生主动发现、积极探索知识,还有利于发展联想思维和建立新旧知识及各类知识之间的网状联系。因此,在以学生为主体的学习课堂上,如何把信息技术与旅游文化课程内容相结合,打造出高效率的课堂,充分对信息技术的有效应用,成为当下旅游文化课程值得探究的话题。
俗话说"一日之计在于晨",同理,一堂课的效率高低也在于开端处是否能完全引起学生对课堂的关注度。要想引起学生对课堂的关注度,首先教师的导入设计是关键。在旅游文化课堂上,多媒体技术采用图音结合的教学方法具有新颖性、趣味性和多样性,能吸引学生的眼球,也可以巧设悬念,更能引起学生的浓厚兴趣,使学生产生学习的好奇心,从而促进学生学习的积极性。如在学习《汉族民俗风情》一课时,利用多媒体播放我国汉族传统节日欢庆盛况图片,色彩斑斓的影音图片,立刻把学生的目光集聚到荧屏上。接着教师在屏幕上提出问题:请同学们一起来猜一猜图片上的精彩画面是哪个民族过的节日呀?以图片展示来提出问题给学生的心理设下悬念,让同学们在课堂上各执己见,畅所欲言,活跃了课堂气氛,为课堂的"眼"点上了"睛",从而营造出学生愿学、乐学的课堂氛围。
随着社会生产力的发展,旅游文化中涉及的旅游资源、文化演变的形态,也不断更新。一直以来,许多人包括我们的一部分学生总认为旅游文化只是在"纸上谈兵",均是些过时的东西,学生缺乏真实的感受,没什么学习的必要,学生主动学习的意愿较低。而引入多媒体技术教学以后,我们可以把一些新闻报道、纪录片以及反映实际的图片、数据、视频片断与旅游文化课有机地结合起来,用事实说话,实现了超时空的信息再现,从而大大提高了旅游文化与时俱进的程度。
例如,当我们在学习《认识旅游》一课时,在讲到旅游业发展前景时,学生对于书本上知识只是粗糙认知一下便放下了,总感觉离自己的职业发展相距很远,提不起学习的动力。当通过网络媒体收集到的资讯与图片运多幻灯片等方式来展示一些影音图像,切入一些当前旅游动态发展的图表数据,学生对所学专业的自信心又提了上来,对课堂的参与度也会随之提升。因此,旅游文化课程的学习离不开信息技术的运用,教师要日常备课与教学过程中需从网络等媒体上收集大量的现实动态信息,通过信息技术的运用来辅助教学,大大增强旅游文化课的可信度及给学生学习提供了源源不断的动力。
当下,仅凭教师"一张嘴、一支粉笔、一本书"的传统教学方式已经不能适应现代教育的发展,尤其无法满足学生的学习需求。旅游文化学科涵盖的知识面比较广,从民俗风情到园林与建筑、宗教文化等方面都涉及。在制作多媒体课件时,对一些课堂上较难表达的历史知识、基本概念和文化特色等,可以分专题到有关网站上查找相关资料,搜集与教学内容有关的图、文、声、像材料,然后制作成多媒体课件来组织课堂教学。节省了很多板书的内容,同时也为教师在课堂上与学生互动提供了很大的便利性。
这种多媒体课件不仅能将大量的资料呈现给学生,大大拓宽学生的视野,而且在说明行业发展动态、概念及文化特色实时材料集中,简明准确,省时省力,从而达到大容量、高密度、快节奏的现代课堂教学要求,做到内容精简、分析精辟、语言精练,使得课堂教学节奏明快紧凑。用多媒体信息技术能化虚为实,化繁为简,使旅游文化的时空性清晰地呈现在学生面前,便于学生理解。从而优化了课堂结构,提升了旅游文化课堂教学的效率。
多媒体教学技术的交互性是独一无二的,教师可以结合学生的学情及授课的内容通过翻转课堂的方式让学生依据教师所列的知识问题点进行先学习,并辅之以有效的奖惩机制,充分调动学生的积极性,培养学生解决问题的能力,让学生回归学习的主体地位。传统的旅游文化课堂中,只能依赖一本精而又精、简而又简的教科书,再由教师单一的在课堂上让学生画画记记,完全不可能体现学生学习的主体地位。
运用信息技术能提供直观形象和生动逼真的动态图像,伴随着图像的闪动、变化,不仅激发学生的学习情绪,又能发展学生的观察能力和空间想象能力,激活学生的思维能力,以其集图、文、声、像、动画于一体,资料翔实,线索清晰,操作简便等特点,有着传统教学手段所不具备的优势。再者由教师在课堂上通过提问或让学生答题的方式来检验学生去所学知识的掌握程度,这样的方式也会促使学生主动地将头脑中已形成的认识与新知识加以对比、分析、判断和重组,形成新的知识体系,加深了学生对知识的理解和巩固。同时,也使学生认识问题、分析问题、理解问题、解决问题的能力都得到了提高,进而从中获得学习的乐趣与成就感,真正地成为学习的主体。
在旅游文化的课堂上,有效地运用信息技术融入课堂,能为课堂的导入起到画龙点睛的作用,也可以为学生学习旅游文化增添信心,还可以起到优化课堂的结构,为创建高效率的课堂营造良好的学习氛围,同时还能利用翻转课堂的模式充分调动学生学习兴趣,让学生认识问题、分析问题、理解问题、解决问题的能力都得到了提高,真正地成为课堂学习的主体。
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关联理论认为,语言交际活动是一种有目的、有意图的活动,它要传递的是说话人的意图。说话人为使听话人懂得自己的意图,总是以明示的方式表达信息; 听话人为了了解说话人的意图,必须将信息纳入无误的明示——推理模式中进行演绎推理。演绎推理的重要依据就是获取信息和语境的最佳关联。
“译者的责任是努力做到使原文作者的意图(intention)与译文读者的企盼(expectation)相吻合”。为做到这一点,译者必须担负双重推理的责任。首先从原文字句中体会原文作者的意图,即原作者企图通过这些字句传达给受体什么假设。译者应解读原文的明示信息,对其暗含意义结合语境进行推理,找出语境和信息的最佳关联获得相应的语境效果。同时译者还必须了解目的语读者的认知环境,即原文企图传达的语境信息是否在译语中存在,如果存在,是否需要译语读者费力地调出语境,是否能达到“最佳关联”,然后译者向译语读者进行明说并表达其暗含意图。在表达过程中,译者要考虑译文读者对译者明说后暗含意图的推理。由于原文读者和译文读者存在语言、文化、思维等的差异,所以认知环境不可能完全一样,译者为了使译文读者达到最佳关联,译者应对译文进行处理,以使译文读者从语境中获得最佳语境效果。
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为了发挥空间教学在高职商务英语翻译课程中的良好效果,一线教师必须采取有效的措施来支持空间教学的开展,并通过这些措施提高整个英语教学的效果。因此探究高职商务英语翻译课程教学中空间教学的应用,必须对每一个措施的具体应用进行分析。今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是:探析高职商务英语翻译课程教学中空间教学的应用相关论文。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
探析高职商务英语翻译课程教学中空间教学的应用
空间教学方法是在信息化潮流与互联网技术高度发达的情形下,结合教学方式的创新而产生的,在高职商务英语翻译课程中,其资源整合、课程知识传授的高效率以及教学形式创新等多方面的突出特点,使得空间教学方法被不断的拓展应用。因此,加强高职商务英语翻译课程中空间教学方法的使用,对于整个高职商务英语翻译课程的教学效果的提高有着显著的作用。
为了能够有效的发挥空间教学法在高职商务英语翻译课程教学中的效果,文章首先对空间教学法的概念做相关的探究,并分析其与高职商务英语教学的关系,从而为空间教学法在高职商务英语教学中的应用提供有效的支持。
空间教学法不同于传统的英语课程教学,在这种教学方式下,教师一改传统的黑板或多媒体展示板的使用,而是通过网络教学的平台,与学生共同在平台中分享最新的教学课件,并通过平台的交流软件,与学生互动,共同探讨。教师对于课件的操作以及对于英语内容的展示可以借助平台与学生进行同步的分享。整个教学课堂中,每个学生等于单独享受教师的教学服务,并能够有效的抓住机会与教师进行互动,因此整个教学的效率与效果较传统的教学模式都有显著的提高。
高职商务英语翻译课程的内容丰富,在教学时,教师经常会对某一文章进行深入的分析与翻译。通过网络教学平台,学生可以更加清晰的看到教师的操作步骤以及教师在文章中标出的每一个重点。而学生根据教师的讲课内容,也可以随时的向教师提问,系统记录的教学步骤与学生学习的足迹也有利于学生对于课程学习的巩固复习。
为了发挥空间教学在高职商务英语翻译课程中的良好效果,一线教师必须采取有效的措施来支持空间教学的开展,并通过这些措施提高整个英语教学的效果。因此探究高职商务英语翻译课程教学中空间教学的应用,必须对每一个措施的具体应用进行分析。
2.1优化商务英语翻译课程的内容,激发学生学习的兴趣。
虽然创新的形式可以让学生学习的兴趣得到提升,但是真正具有吸引力的课程往往在于课程内容的本身,商务英语翻译课程本身具有一定的枯燥性,因此教师在空间教学的过程中要积极的进行内容的探索,丰富教学的内容。例如在课程中,借助教学平台的便利化,教师可以为学生引入关于商务交流中实际的文件材料,让学生体会商务文件处理过程中的技巧以及博弈方面的趣味性,进而加强学生对于商务文件或者是商务谈判翻译的欲望,从而拉动其学习的兴趣,使得空间教学的氛围不亚于传统的教学课堂。
2.2适度的问题探讨,指引学生进行学习的探究。
传统商务英语翻译课程的教学中,教师往往会采用一定的问题来带动学生的学习,而这种提问的方式在一个时间段内只能有一个学生进行回答探究。在空间教学模式下,教师可以借助教学平台,以一个问题带动多个学生共同探究。整个翻译课程的知识探究氛围更加的活跃,商务英语翻译教学的效果往往因为课堂的共同探讨而获得意外的拓展提升。
2.3教学间隙留余,给学生提问交流的机会。
由于网络平台的限制,空间教学模式下,教师很难根据学生的表情来发现学生在学习过程中的疑惑,因此在商务英语翻译课程空间教学模式下,教师要主动的在各个课程知识点之间留有一定的时间空隙,来给学生提问制造机会,使得学生能够参与到课堂中来与教师互动。而学生由于平台的帮助,减少了日常在课堂中的紧张感和羞涩感,更愿意表达出自己的观点,来与班级的同学和教师共同探讨。这样教师一方面可以同步获得学生学习的反馈信息,另一方面也可以抓住学生学习的难点与重点,进行有针对性的讲解。
2.4课内训练,强化教学效果。
由于空间教学的便利性,教师如果利用平台进行课内训练,学生可以立刻进行解答并且通过设定的答案获得评定,整个训练的过程占用的时间不多,效率高而且信息反馈的准确性和及时性也非常的显著。因此在商务英语翻译空间教学模式中,教师在备课时要及时的在平台内输入相关的练习题,在课堂上对学生进行知识点的训练考察,以便于在第一时间巩固学生学习的效果。而精准的评估信息反馈也可以让教师获得课堂效果的反馈信息,并根据整个课堂效果进行课程的总结和补充。
2.5强化教学纪律,保障教学课堂的展开。
由于空间教学是通过网路资源平台进行的,学生在课堂的学习中往往存在一定的独立空间,虽然这种方式便捷了教学知识的传递,但是对于缺乏一定自律性的高职学生来讲,其课堂学习的纪律往往无法保持。为了保障高职商务英语翻译课程的教学效果,教师一方面要以主平台的权限控制好电脑的操作,另一方面也要严肃学生的学习纪律,虽然教学方式得到了创新,但是课堂的纪律和要求仍然不会改变。
空间教学以一种崭新的教学模式出现在我国的高等教育中,为了提高高职学生综合技术的水平以及外语能力,高职商务英语翻译课程的教学与空间教学模式进行了结合。在实际的采用中,为了发挥好空间教学的效果,教师要优化课程内容的资源,以借助网络平台以有趣的内容激发学生学习的兴趣;
同时以课堂的提问和学生的自主提问来引导学生进行知识的探究,让学生参与到课程中来;最后,教师也可以通过资源平台以最高的效率对学生进行知识的训练。只有在各种措施都完善并相互配合进行后,空间教学才能对高职商务英语翻译课程教学效果的提高发挥其巨大的作用。
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“语境”一词最早由波兰籍人类学家马里诺夫斯基在1923年提出。作为一个重要的语言学范畴,“语境”指的是语言赖以生存、运用、发展的环境,它对语言使用者的言语活动起着解释或制约的作用。马里诺夫斯基把语境分为情景语境和文化语境两类。文化语境指与言语交际相关的社会文化背景,是一个民族在自己的社会历史发展中形成的文化传统、风俗习惯、思维方式、价值观念等等。它分为两个方面:一是文化习俗,指人民群众在社会生活中世代传承、相沿成习的生活模式,是一个社会群体在语言、行为和心理上的集体习惯,对属于该集体的成员具有规范性和约束性;二是社会规范,指一个社会对言语交际活动作出的各种规定和限制。作家创作的文化语境是指作家从事文学活动期间对他产生深刻影响的具体的文化环境,涉及社会的物质文化、精神文化及制度文化的各个方面以及人们的生产方式、生活方式和思维方式等。
作为美国南方文学复兴运动涌现出来的最杰出作家,福克纳创作的文化语境主要来自于美国南方的文化传统、价值观念及人们的思维方式等等。他在作品中毫不留情地刻画了保守、愚昧、落后的南方人,反映出他对南方人“哀其不幸,怒其不争”的复杂心态。
南北战争前的南方人生活富足安逸,骑士精神和淑女风范盛行。他们把初到新大陆的祖先称为骑士,自称是骑士的后代,并编织了很多有关农耕的神话。他们甚至把南方比作古希腊天堂般的国度。然而随着南北战争的爆发,南方人从神话中唤醒过来。精神危机日盛一日,悲剧意识笼罩在每个人的心头,因此不少人沉湎往昔,怀念虚幻的荣耀和飘逝的体面。
在这种痛苦的生活环境下,人们或沉沦或思考或与打碎他们幸福的北方佬合作力图改变自己的境遇。他们通过自己的作品告诉沉沦中的南方人不幸的根由是什么,同时也警醒他们,因为堕落,因为对同是人类的黑人的奴役,他们这群上帝的选民已经犯了罪并正遭受着上帝的惩罚。在这些作品中,南方人的保守、愚昧和精神危机被作家们不遗余力地展现出来。南方人的悲剧意识、对现实的梦幻态度、对过去的留恋、对社会的内疚感等成了南方文学作品的恒久主题。对于那些死死抓住过去不放、自欺欺人的南方人,作家格拉斯哥、福克纳、考德威尔、华伦、威廉斯等许多20世纪的南方作家都给予了批判和警醒。
福克纳的悲剧意识在他的大多数作品中都有着强烈的体现,尤其是《喧哗与骚动》、《押沙龙,押沙龙!》等作品。《喧哗与骚动》讲述的是曾经在杰弗生镇上显赫一时的大家族康普生家没落、瓦解及至最后的分崩离析的故事。福克纳通过对康普生一家人命运的描写,表达了他思想中的悲剧意识及他对南方旧制度的绝望。《押沙龙,押沙龙!》从种植园主发家史的角度出发,揭露了南方所谓“贵族”的血腥发家史及他们的道德和社会责任感的缺失。小说中塞得潘的垮台以及这个家族的湮灭使人想起关于原罪以及天谴落在第三代、第四代身上的神话。
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随着我国社会经济的飞速发展,城市化进程不断加快,人们越来越关注旅游景观的地域性问题。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:浅析文化资源的整合在旅游景观设计中的应用相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:随着人们参与自然、人文审美需求的增加,旅游景观设计在挖掘、整合景区的文化资源方面,应该有更高要求。其中文学资源,是文化资源的重要组成部分,对文学资源的整合对于提升区域旅游景观的文化审美功能具有重要意义。
关键词:文化资源整合;旅游景观;文学
旅游景观的历史、文化、自然资源是支撑景点的核心竞争力。文字是让受众理解地域文化、扩展景观点的游览内容最直接的方式。常见于中国古典园林中的有古建匾额、对联、题字,现代景观装置、雕塑等作品上的说明标示性文字,或将文字直接赋予各类景观小品之上。其应用以直述居多,识读性强。本文所举的松潘县松州古城景区城墙上的汉唐边塞诗长廊即是在文化资源的整合应用上采取直述文学作品的方式创作的景观节点。
近年来我国文化产业、旅游业、基础建设发展较快,旅游投资持续增长,各类旅游景观项目如雨后春笋般得到开发。在参与旅游规划、景观设计项目实践中,感受到文化因素在规划与设计中正日益成为备受关注的问题,甚至成为核心竞争因素,是展开设计的依据。许多遗址类旅游景点直观再现历史场景,对其历史、文化的挖掘重视程度高,还原历史的脉络明晰,其历史、文化价值得以保留,成为成功景点的案例比比皆是。部分新开发景区,对其历史、文化资源的挖掘,整合工作仍有进一步细化、深化的空间。
据阿坝州旅游发展委员会发布的2014年12月旅游经济运行情况信息显示,“2014年1-12月,阿坝州共接待海内外游客2876.17万人次,实现旅游收入242.74亿元人民币,较2013年同期分别增长25.62%和24.06%。”发展旅游业对于促进区域经济发展有重要意义。而其文学资源,是文化资源的重要组成部分,对文学资源的整合对于提升区域旅游景观的文化审美功能具有重要意义。位于四川阿坝松潘县境内,地处边陲的松州古城,1992年被列入四川省省级历史文化名城,是整个川西北高原唯一一座兼具军事戍边和汉唐文化的高原古城。汉唐边塞诗长廊为松州古城景区的一部分,作为新开发的景点,目前已经完成了古城墙上有关项目的开发与打造。
位于松州古城北门广场的“汉藏和亲”雕塑,文化背景为公元638年,吐蕃赞普松赞干布向唐朝皇帝求婚未允,遂攻打唐边防重镇松州,即松州之战。贞观十四年(640年)十月,吐蕃大相禄东赞入唐再次求婚,太宗许,终于娶文成公主,与唐联姻[1]56-57。公主入吐蕃途中,凝视昔日战场,感慨道:“兴师相戕罪也,余将和睦唐蕃。”其景观节点与松潘古城文化资源一脉相承,能与游人产生共鸣。可见文化资源的整合是开发旅游景区的基本依据。松州古城汉唐边塞诗长廊,位于几经修建的松州古城城墙上,是文学美学价值体现在旅游景观设计中较为直接的案例之一。我国历史上出现过许多著名诗人、文学家描绘边塞之壮美辽阔,征人之离愁别怨,为后人留下了宝贵的文学艺术遗产。曾客居松州的杜甫,心系边防军事重镇松州,就曾写下《西山三首》等不少边塞诗歌名篇。
松潘县为藏、羌、回、汉聚居区,据《松潘县志》记载:松潘,新石器时期已有人类活动。蜀山氏(蚕丛氏)立国后为蜀国领地。夏禹时期,分天下为九州,松潘为梁州西北境。唐高祖武德元年(618年),置松州(治所在今松潘县进安镇)、扶州,隶松州都督,领嘉诚(治地同州)、交川、平康、盐泉4县[2]80。从政区、建置上看,自唐起置松州、松州都督府。松州古城汉唐边塞诗长廊正是取汉唐边塞诗作为整合范围,设计手法以直述文学作品的设计形式,在游客行走于城墙时作为体量较小的景观节点进行欣赏,设计手法较为单一,但直述诗歌的手法使得诗词可读性较强。诗中多处出现的“羌笛”鲜明地勾勒出边塞的主题,提升了对松州古城作为昔日边塞军事要镇历史的感性认知。松州古城汉唐边塞诗长廊在汉唐边塞诗的整合范围内,所选诗歌内容十分丰富。有描绘将士的满怀豪情与西北壮丽风光的――“蕃州部落能结束,朝暮驰猎黄河曲。燕歌未断塞鸿飞,牧马群嘶边草绿”;也有描绘边塞动人春光的――“雪净胡天牧马还,月明羌笛戍楼间。 借问梅花何处落,风吹一夜满关山”。
松州古城汉唐边塞诗长廊共有37组雕塑小品,所整合的诗歌有36首。其选用的边塞诗描写背景地点有杜甫的《野望》,写道:“西山白雪三城戍,南浦清江万里桥。 海内风尘诸弟隔,天涯涕泪一身遥。惟将迟暮供多病,未有涓埃答圣朝。 跨马出郊时极目,不堪人事日萧条。”这“三城”,便包括松州,今四川松潘县,紧扣景区所在地域。也有描写在西安咸阳送别的――“渭城朝雨?徘岢荆?客舍青青柳色新。劝君更尽一杯酒,西出阳关无故人。”还有描绘内蒙古自治区北部风光的北朝民歌《敕勒歌》――“敕勒川,阴山下。天似穹庐,笼盖四野。天苍苍,野茫茫。风吹草低见牛羊。”如图3汉唐边塞诗长廊之《敕勒歌》,出现将“敕勒川,阴山下”错制作为“敕勒川,山阴下”,阴山为山脉名称,此为失误。其制作、甄选及文化资源整合工作尚可更加细致。
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