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摘要文化渗透于社会生活的各个方面,英文翻译不可避免地受到文化因素的影响。英文翻译不仅是一种语言翻译,更是一种文化翻译。翻译过程中的文化因素:思维方式、习俗文化和宗教信仰等,一直是翻译工作者关注的问题。只有深刻把握不同文化背景知识、不同民族思维模式的差异,以及英汉两种语言风格的异同,才能进行成功的翻译交际。
关键词:文化因素 翻译 影响
近些年来,翻译中的文化问题越来越受到人们的关注。人们重视翻译中的文化问题,源于对背景知识的作用的正确认识。在翻译实践中,由于文化不解与误解导致误译和错译的例子屡见不鲜。于是文化因素对英文翻译的影响,便成了众多学者的研究对象。正如美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达所说:“就真正成功的翻译而言,译者的双文化(bicultural)功底甚至比双语(bilingualism)功底更重要,因为词语只有在起作用的文化语境中才有意义。”翻译并不像许多人想象得那么容易,深层次的思想意识方面的“文化鸿沟”时常难以逾越。由此可见,文化因素在翻译中占有重要的地位。
一 翻译与文化释义
1 翻译与文化的内涵
翻译的诞生给说不同语言的人们带来了很大的方便,它是人们彼此之间进行信息交流的桥梁。所谓翻译,就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和社会文化进步。
何谓文化?英国学者泰勒(E.B Tylor,1871)给“文化”下的定义是:“所谓文化或文明,即知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其它作为社会成员的人们能够获得的包括一切能力和习惯在内的复合性整体。”文化并不是抽象的,它是我们所感知的一切。人类以自己的情感、技能和智慧创造了自己的文化,更新了自己的文化。不同民族语言不同、文化各异,但人类的能力本质是相同的。因为人类所创造的文化在深层意义上反映了人类的共同能力。各民族的文化都有同一性,不同国家、不同民族活动的多样性和观念的多元化使其文化内容和形式出现多样性,这就是文化差异的渊源。翻译则是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具。
2 翻译与文化的关系
任何翻译都离不开文化,许多有经验的译者或翻译研究者都比较注意文化与翻译的关系。谭载喜说:“翻译中对原文意思的理解,远远不是单纯的语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分,它受着文化的影响和制约。在翻译过程中,译者对某段文字理解的正确与否,在很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。对于译者来说,没有两种文化的对比知识,就无从谈起对语言文字的正确理解与表达。”
在翻译过程中,表面上存在着中外文字表达上的差异,仅仅从文字技巧上来着手是难以解决含义差异的,必须要从文化背景上来处理中外文字在表达内涵上的差异,因为这些差异源自生活上的不同而形成。文化背景对翻译是极其重要的,缺乏文化元素的译文等于缺乏了灵性的翻译。所谓“文化元素”其实也包括了译者对原文化背景、译文、译文文化背景、原文作者的气质和风格的了解、译者的气质和风格的混合体。
3 语言和文化的关系
瑞士语言学家Saussure把语言看成是社会现象。他认为,语言史和文化史总是交织在一起,彼此之间相互联系;民族的风俗习惯常反映在语言之中,阐明了不同民族间不同的语言与文化差异。美国语言学家Sapir认为,“语言不能离开文化而存在”。“语言不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景,而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式……应该指出,语言和文化互相影响、互相作用;理解语言必须了解语言。”可见,不了解目的语的文化,便无法正确理解和运用该目的语,更无法进行沟通。当今,不同文化背景下的交流日益增多,密切的跨文化交流成了当今世界的主流,这就要求我们在了解相关国家的语言的同时,还必须要了解他们的文化知识,做到二者同步发展。
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二 文化因素对英文翻译的影响
1 思维方式方面
翻译是语言的翻译,而语言是思维的外壳。迥然不同的自然、社会条件使人们在思维习惯和表达方式上自然不同。西方民族惯用抽象性、由一到多的分析型思维方式,句子常以主语和谓语为核心,统摄多个短语和从句,由主到次,但形散而意合。而东方民族的综合思维方式,使得中国人注重整体和谐,强调“从多到一”的思维方式;句子结构上以动词为中心,以时间顺序为逻辑顺序,横向铺叙,层层推进,归纳总结,形成“流水型”的句式结构。英汉民族熟悉和思维方式的不同决定了其在翻译过程中句式选择、遣词造句、词句省略等的不同。例如:
“It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose thEir youth,and some of them thEIr lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.”
如直接译成:
“那是一个夸姣的金秋,在离别了那些可能丢失他们的青春甚至生命的人之后,树叶才慢慢地落下。”
这种翻译显然受到了语言形式的拘束,译句结构混乱、呆板、没有条理性,且语言支离破碎。如将译文译成:
“那是个天色晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,夸姣的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年们已经失去了青春,有的甚至丧失了生命。”
就比较符合中国人的思维方式,不失为一段出色的翻译。再如奥运口号“北京欢迎您!”表达了中国人民欢迎世界各国人民到北京的心情,我们常见的译文为“welcome to Beijing!”翻译中句式的改变,使用英语祈使句,恰当地表达出中国人期盼奥运的热情。如译为 “Beijing is welcome you”,则语气过于清淡,效果大打折扣。
2 文化背景和社会习俗方面
不同的国家具有不同的文化背景,文化背景差异对翻译实践产生很大的影响,并对翻译实践提出了更高的要求。民族文化背景对语言的发展有极大的影响,每个民族的语言都会带有各自历史文化的痕迹。英汉民族的历史发展不同,因而语言中沉积的文化内涵也不相同。历史文化的一个重要内容体现为历史典故和习语;要译好不同语言中的习语和历史典故,就必须对该语言所反映的历史文化有所了解。Cowboy在汉语中常译为“牛仔”,所以很多人把“He runs a business as a cowboy”译为“他像牛仔一样管理企业。”其实“cowboy”在美国人心目中的真正形象是“独来独往、无拘无束、我行我素”。因此这句话应译为,“他办企业态度不诚实,缺乏经验技术,工作也大大咧咧。”汉语中常说:“说曹操,曹操到”,曹操是中国历史上的著名人物,但许多英语读者就不知他为何人。不过英语中有类似的说法:“Talk of the devil,and he’s sure to appear.”
社会习俗更是如此,它影响和制约着翻译的精确性。在英语国家对一个经过长途旅行后的人可以说“You must be tired from such a long trip.”、“Did you have a good trip?”,表示“路上辛苦了”、“一路好吗?”之类的问候。对正在进行或刚完成一项艰难任务的人,可以说“Well done,That was a hard job”。不同的文化有不同的表达方式,因此在翻译时,一定要考虑两种文化间的差异,决不能望文生义,更不能机械地直译。又如,bread and butter这两样东西在英语国家历史悠久,面包是他们生活中不可缺少的一部分,也是日常的主要食品,所以在语言中的转义也较多。如“bread and butter”还有“生计,谋生之道,靠山”等含义,美国《新闻周刊》评论家大卫·安森说过:“As ever,politics,vulgarity and senti mentality were the bread and butterof the Academy Awards.”(政治、粗鄙和感伤一度成为奥斯卡奖的支柱。)
3 宗教信仰、宗教意识方面
宗教是人类思想文化的重要组成部分,它是由一个民族的宗教信仰、宗教意识所形成的。不同的宗教体现了不同的文化特色和文化传统。__认为,上帝创造了人,人来自尘土,又回归尘土。如:
“BEing a teacher is bEIng present at the creation when the clay beginningto breathe.”
有些人译为,“教师一直在创造中,当土地开始呼吸。”这是由于他们不了解西方人的宗教信仰所致。因为,英语中的“creation”常指“上帝创造”,而“clay”常指“上帝创造的人”。这句话的译文应该是:
“教师是创造的见证人,目睹生命呼吸成长。”
又如,“红色”在汉文化中象征着“喜庆、吉祥、胜利、好运、受欢迎的东西”。而西方则因为耶稣甘愿被钉在十字架上流血牺牲,用生命来拯救世人以及中世纪教派之间的相互残杀,使英民族文化中的“red”总是同流血、牺牲、殉难等不好的事情联系起来,因此“red hands”译为“沾满鲜血的手”,“a red battle”译为“血战”。
4 生存环境方面
因为各民族所处地理位置、天然前提和生态环境等的不同,就形成了不同的地域文化。这不仅影响着各民族语言的表达方式,也直接影响着人们对同一事物不同的理解、语义联想和情感,这就对翻译提出了进一步的要求。英国是一个岛国,历史上航海业曾一度领先世界;而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍,人们的生活离不开土地。比喻“花钱浪费,大手大脚”,英语是“spend money like water”,而汉语是“挥金如土”。李白《江上咏》中有“功名富贵若长在,汉水亦应西北流。”此处翻译的枢纽就在于如何理解“西北流”。我国地形特征是西高东低,李白用“西北流”喻指功名富贵如过眼烟云,不可能与江河永流。这一比喻是基于我国的地理特征,但因为英美国家处于不同的地理位置,地形特征相异,如采用直译法,很多英国人可能并不解其真正含义,这就要求翻译“西北流”时应做适当的变通,于是译成:
“But sooner could flow backward to is fountains;This stream,than wealth and honor can remain.”
这样译文顶用flow backward(倒流)的方式表达了原文中“西北流”所蕴含的“不可能”之意,但却不能体现原文的工整对仗及中国的地域特征。
5 习语方面
习语的翻译可算得上是难中之难了,因为习语不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化产物。如“黔驴技穷”可译为英语中的习惯说法“at one’s wits end”,也可翻译为“The proverbial donkeyin ancient Guizhou has exhausted its tricks,and it can do nothing more.”这种翻译,既传播了汉文化、保存了原汁原味,也符合英语读者的阅读习惯,达到使文化交流贯穿于语言交流的目的。如:“Love me,love my dog”,译为“爱屋及乌”;“A loss may turn out to be a gain”,可译为“塞翁失马,焉知非福”。
同样英汉习语中有大量是由历史典故形成的,这些习语结构简单、意义深远,往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如汉语中的“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等;英语中的“meet one’s waterloo”(一败涂地)、“a Pandora’s box”(潘多拉之盒—灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源)等。
三 结语
总之,文化与翻译关系密切,不可分割。翻译离不开文化因素的影响,翻译不仅是语言表面上的题目,更是文化层面上的题目。因为“翻译实质上是文化翻译”,终极目的除了传递原信息外,更要传递文化,促进文化间的交流和理解。在翻译的过程中,译者要让目标文成功地表达源文的内涵,不但要求译者有扎实的语言功底,而且还要熟悉和了解两种语言的文化背景。因此归根到底,语言的翻译就是文化的翻译,其根本任务不仅是翻译文化,而且是翻译容载或蕴含着文化信息的意义,达到中西文化相互交流、融合的目的。
参考文献:
[1] Eugene A.Nida.Language Culture And Translating[M].1993.
[2] 刘宓庆:《文化翻译论纲》,湖北教育出版社,1999年版。
[3] 谭载喜:《新编奈达论翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1999年版。
[4] 王婧媛:《浅谈翻译中的文化因素》,《中国校外教育理论》,2008年版。
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摘要:无论在书籍里,还是在人们口头的语言表达里,委婉语总
委婉语是一种用曲折委婉的方式表达说话者思想的特殊语言表达方式。其“最重要的特征就在于运用比较抽象、模棱两可的概念或比喻的、褒义的手法,使谈话的双方能够采用一种比较间接的方式来谈论不宜直说的事,而且不必为谈论这些事感到内疚”。
一、委婉语的民族文化性
语言是文化的载体,是反映民族文提供化的一面镜子。英、汉委婉语自然也会折射出两个民族不同的社会生活和文化价值观念。在英、汉语中最为常见的委婉语总是和人的生、老、病、死等相关,下面就此类委婉语的文化性进行分析探讨。
人会变老是自然规律,但在不同的文化背景下,人们对 “老”这个词会有不同的心理反应。在中国 “老”是智慧和经验的象征,如 “老骥伏枥”、“老马识途”等。对年长者,我们称呼时也往往冠以“老”字,如:“老寿星”、“老先生” 等。这类称呼中的 “老” 字,其语用功能主要是体现对长者的尊重,“年老”之意被淡化。但在英美人中“老”意味着“不能再为社会做贡献”、“不中用了” ,所以 “old” 是忌用词,要用elderly或senior来代替。
“死” 字几乎在所有语言中都是避讳语,英汉语中死的委婉语,各有特色,反映了不同民族的不同宗教信仰与文化。例如中国佛教把“死”婉称为“入寂”、“圆寂” ;道家却称之为“仙去”、“仙逝”等。老者死亡称为 “寿终”、“谢世”;少年死亡称为 “夭折”;中年死亡称为“早逝”等等。由此可以看出,从死者的社会地位到年龄、性别,生者与死者的关系,生者对死者的态度等无一不体现在所使用的委婉词语中。
英语中的to go west ,to be taken to paradise , to be asleep in theArms of God等习语均出自圣经。__认为,在最后的审判日人人都要把记载自己在世上所作所为的账本交给上帝加以审判。上述关于“死”的英语习语,充分体现了西方人的信仰观念。
二、委婉语的翻译对策
由于汉、英委婉语从属于不同文化背景下的民族语言,在翻译过程中如何处理二者之间的文化差异成为译者的棘手问题。作者认为,译者应在 “和而不同” 的原则下,不拘一法,灵活处理。人们常用的翻译方法有以下几种。
(一)直译法
直译就是指在译文条件许可时,在译文中既保持原文的内容,又保持原文的形式,特别是保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。汉、英虽属两个不同的语言系统,但二者之间仍有某些共同属性。汉英委婉语互译时,在能够确切表达原义和不违反译文规范的前提下,直译应是我们首选的翻译方法。请看以下例句:
1.The old man lay taking his rest after a life of biter hardship.译文:这位老人含辛茹苦了一辈子,现在安息了。英语“take one’s rest” 是“die”的委婉语,译文用 “安息”表达“死亡”恰好对应。
2.瘦死的骆驼比马大。译文:As tarving camel is bigger than a horse.翻译委婉语,采用直译法既能比较完整地保持原文的比喻和语言特色,又能保持形式的统一。
(二)意译法
对译语读者来说,如果直译模糊或难以理解,我们可以采纳意译的方法。意译法是指译者在受到译语文化差异的局限时,不得不舍弃原文的字面意义,以求译文与原语的内容相符和主要语言功能相似的方法。由于汉英语言文化背景不同,一些委婉语如果直译可能会造成读者的费解或误解,这时,我们可以忽略委婉语的表面意思而直接翻译其隐含意义。例如:An old white pimp named Tony Roland who was known tohandle the best looking working girls in NewYork.该句中的 “working girls”的本义是“工作妇女或劳动女性”。后来,那些靠卖笑的烟花女子将自己美称为“工作一族” ,言下之意是她们也是靠劳动来生活的。如果这里将其直译为 “工作妇女或劳动女性” 就会使人产生误解。有鉴于此 ,这里采用意译法将其翻译为“窑姐”,既忠实原文 ,又明白晓畅。
(三)变通超越法
以上三种翻译方法都是以委婉语译委婉语,而变通超越法是对于那些没有对应词语的委婉语,而采取的一种变通方法。不一定是以委婉语译委婉语。这种翻译方法往往舍弃了委婉语的文化特性,用普通概念词表达真实意义。例如:The boy’s laziness all summer go to his father’s goat .那男孩整个夏天都很懒,这使他父亲很生气。(《圣经?旧约》说上帝命撒旦去烧Job的羊群以激怒他,考验他对上帝的忠诚与忍耐。Got one’sgoat 意为“使某人生气”。)
三、结语
由于中西方社会习俗、历史发展、文化传统、价值观念等诸多方面存有明显差异,不同语言中的委婉语其语用功能不尽相同。 在英汉委婉语翻译中,译者应始终坚持从文化角度去思维,准确把握委婉语的语用功能意义,结合语境“对症下药”,将委婉语所蕴含的文化内涵忠实无误地传达给读者,从而使跨文化交际得以顺利进行。
参考文献:
[1]彭增安.语用? 修辞? 文化[M].上海:学林出版社,1998.
[2]姜风华.从委婉语看中西文化差异[J ].聊城大学学报(社会科学版)2006
[3]胡文仲.文化与交际[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1994
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语言基本上是一种文化和社会产品,要理解它就应该从文化和社会的角度出发。英汉两种语言之间的文化差异给其在语义层面上的转换带来了巨大的障碍,其差异首先表现为价值观念的不同。汉文化是一元文化,强调“社团价值论”;英文化是多元文化,崇尚“个人价值至上论”。除了价值观念差异之外,英汉文化差异还与两个民族所处的地理环境与社会环境、气候条件和风俗习惯等息息相关。
英汉民族由习俗引起的文化差异在一些与动物有关的词汇短语上体现得非常明显。英国人喜欢马,养马、骑马、赛马成为其风俗,英国文化就属于典型的的“马文化”,所以英语中有关马的说法极其丰富,诸如talk horse(吹牛)、 get on one’s high horse(趾高气扬)、horse and horse(并驾齐驱)等等。然而中国是传统的农业国,世代的牛耕生活使汉语囤积了大量的“牛文化”。牛是“吃苦耐劳,勤奋踏实”的象征,“俯首甘为孺子牛”就是体现的这种情结。相反在英语中却用马来代替,汉语中的“老黄牛”翻译成英语也就成了“a willing horse”。
不光如此,英汉语言中的一些表示颜色的词汇也沉淀了不同民情的文化。“红色”在汉语中含有极强的褒义色彩,“大红大紫”显示的是成功和富贵、喜庆和吉祥。与此相反, “red”却常常让西方人想起流血、战争、恐怖、愤怒和危险,含有较强的贬义。
伴随着二十世纪六十年代以来西方翻译的科学理论化进程,我国自八十年代后期,翻译研究呈现出突飞猛进的发展势头。与此同时,随着经济与文化等各方面全球化的影响,无论是翻译理论研究还是翻译实践都展现出一派蓬勃发展的面貌。
在我国,翻译的对象领域被人为的划分为“非文学”的和“文学”的。“非文学”的主要是指一般的实用性文体,如政治、经济、科技、金融、商贸、旅游、体育等,其中最主要的要数“科技翻译”;“文学翻译”则是与科技翻译并行的翻译的门类和方法论。随之也便产生了“非文学”研究和“文学”研究。“非文学”翻译被认为是一种技术性的活动,在翻译活动中长期处于优势地位,与此同时,我们不能否认,文学翻译研究在翻译研究这一领域中占了主导地位,一直是人们关注的焦点。
20世纪80年代以来,受文化研究大潮的影响,翻译的历史文化研究日益受到重视,中西翻译的语言和文化思维的差异表现得极为突出,基于对语境、语气、含蓄等的敏感度及广泛运用各种修辞手法等方面的关注,翻译的文化因素被更多地加以考虑。
语言不仅是人类思想感情表达与交流的工具,而且是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体。语言能真切地反映一个国家、一个民族的生态地域、政治经济、物质文化、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等。不同的语言决定了不同民族不同的思维方式、行为方式以及语言表达方式。然而语言的个性与共性是共存和并重的,洪堡特曾经说过:“比较语言研究是对语言差异的准确探索。”可以说,寻找差异的目的是达到统一,其中必须特别关注的,则是语言的音形、词句、文体等形式中所内涵的精神文化实质。
翻译的实质是将一种语言转换成另一种语言,其目的在于把原语的全部信息输入译语,同时取得最大限度的等值效果。英汉两种语言分属于印欧语系和汉藏语系,不同的语系特点,决定了各自的构词法和词义表达差异很大,要想确切地表达原作内容,在翻译过程中就要应用各种技巧。
有时为了使译文更加符合汉语的表达习惯和规律,在忠实于原文的前提下,必须选词、增词、省略、把词类适当地加以转换,才能使译文通顺自然。当然翻译并不是纯语言本体的转换,它与社会文化等有着各种关系。每一个民族都有自己的社会文化特色,文化是使人们凝聚为一个共同整体的一系列共享的意义、信仰和价值,有其特定的时空范围,因此,一些话语的正说与反说、句型和习语等在翻译时也要考虑到它们各自的特点。
在中国文化和历史中,有许多辉煌成就令外国学者向往,他们认为中华文化博大精深、多姿多彩,其历史源远流长,因此形成了构思方式和语言组织上的重视意合和悟性,区别于西方思维差异上的重形合和理性。汉语的意合无须借助词汇语法的衔接手段,仅靠词语与句子内涵意义的逻辑关系或借助语境、语义、语用的因素,便能构成连贯的语篇,这一特点集中体现在古汉语文学作品中;而英语在语言形式上把词语句子结合成语篇整体时则少不了词汇语法的显性衔接。
德国思想领袖哈贝马斯倡导的“交往行动理论”以理解与沟通为现代社会最高目标,认为翻译研究应该成为人类交往实践的一项基本训练,从他人的角度出发,建立起主客体间的有效联系。这对不同文化背景下的交往甚至是相同背景下的交往都是必要的,这样可以改变现实生活中单向的思维模式,建立一种新的主客体认识模式。
中国人的传统思维讲究天人合一、人法自然、万物皆备于我,所以主体参与意识很强,在语言表达上表现为多以“人”作主语。西方人由于理性的分析而偏重于主客分离和区别,所以有时以“人”这个主体为主语,有时以客体为主语,视情况需要而定,但更多的是抱着客观审视的态度,以事物为主语并进行客观、冷静的剖析和描述,这就导致了英汉语篇主语、主位或是重心上的差异。
从根本上讲,这是中西方各自重综合与重分析思维习惯的表现。中国人喜欢螺旋式的展开方式,先宣称主题之重要,继而进行反复的论述和强调,最后回归到主题;西方人喜欢直线形逻辑思维,就是先表达出中心意思,由此展开,或层层推演或逐项分列,后面的语句由前面的语句自然引出。在一句含有时间、地点、事件的通知性的话语中,中国人的习惯表达是“我们将在什么时间什么地点做什么事情”,西方人的表达是“要进行的事件+地点+时间”。
例如,中国人习惯上说:我们明天早上去看姑妈,7∶00在院子门口集合。西方人的表达是:We will meet at the courtyard gate at 7 O’clock tomorrow morning in order to visit our aunt.
翻译是传译两种相异的语言与文字,总需要将译者与被译者两方面的语言文字做一番深刻的研究,看中文与外文究竟有哪些相异之处。这些相异之处有文法上的、修辞上的、习惯上的和表现手法上的。
如:由于英语重句子的建构,英语句型多,尤其长句多,西方人习惯于使用“叠床架屋”式结构的长句子,在进行翻译时,都要关照到。
在某种意义上说,翻译活动中准确和流利的表达就是在理解原文的基础上,通过深入的逻辑分析和推理,不断冲破原文词义或句法结构的强制范畴,把原文精髓用规范、通顺的译文语言全息再现出来。由于这样的译文不是原文的机械复制品,它往往需要创造性劳动,亦即语言艺术。而表达的艺术主要体现在理解翻译法以及对于原文用词、句法结构、叙述顺序等问题的恰到好处的处理上。由“直译”与“意译”引发出“异化”和“归化”,在翻译实践中都不能不采用。没有哪一种译文是完全异化或完全归化的,在翻译过程中若能使二者相得益彰,那么就会收到意想不到的效果。
西方美学有着悠久的历史和许多优良的学术传统,尤其是近几十年来它的飞跃发展,对译学影响越来越大。在进行文学翻译时,不能忽略作品的比较美学价值,不拘泥于表层结构和形态,不注重译作语言质量的高下。现代翻译需要我们对译品所蕴含的代表不同文化系统的审美特征,乃至于对不同国家和民族所持有的不同的审美理论和思维方式,做出美学价值上的判断,以探索其审美本质和规律。
比较文学的翻译研究不能局限于某些语言现象的理解与表达,也不参与评论其优劣,而是把翻译文学作品作为既成事实加以接受,不仅要对其进行一般意义上的价值判断,还要在此基础上展开对文学交流、影响、接受、传播等问题的考察与分析。
研究文学翻译,研究翻译理论,可以拓展新的角度、新的方法,不再单纯评价译品的优劣高下,而是将各类译品作为审美对象,从美学角度进行鉴赏、品味、对比、分析,使文学作品及其译品所蕴含的美学因素及其价值得到淋漓尽致的揭示,使读者在研读文学翻译作品的同时,充分领略原作与译作的审美价值。
英汉互译实践与技巧翻译是一门实践性极强的学问,需要长期下苦功夫才能真正学到手。译者的翻译能力的形成不能单靠学习理论知识、强化技巧训练,而是需要扎扎实实的双语功底及大量的翻译实践。
无论什么翻译,都不可避免地带有交流的目的。在国际文化交流日益繁荣,在中国与国际各领域接轨日益加速的时代,为使翻译学得以更好的发展,在注意到中西语言文化思维差异性的同时,必须打破翻译研究的地域、学科、流派的限制,形成跨学科综合、多元互补的研究格局,在译学领域加强交流,跨越不同的传统与体系,进行中西译论体系间的双向互补、借鉴和相互渗透,以达到中西译学的交融与共生。
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网络文化是现代社会标志性的革命成果,是通过当下的科技手段来认识和改造世界,对于大学生的思想政治教育,网络文化不仅创造了现代化的教育方式,更创造了现代化的教育观。高校学生思想政治教育的方法与内容正伴随着网络文化的发展而创新,作为高校学生思想政治教育的新载体,网络文化凭借着丰富而又全面快速的文化信息影响着高校学生思想政治教育的快速发展。
与此同时,网络文化随着网络的快速发展,衍生并传播着一些负面的信息,对于大学生思想政治教育工作产生了一定的影响,诱导着大学生的世界观、价值观与人生观。因此,网络文化的发展对于大学生思想政治教育既带来了机遇,同时也带来了挑战。
网络文化作为新时代大学生思想政治教育的载体,不仅具有较高的影响力,也有着很高的覆盖面,让大学生在课余时间通过网络获得大量信息,了解最新的时事新闻,最前卫的文化思想,也可以对自己的思想政治教育观念进行改良变迁,从而使大学生自己的思想道德素质不断的提高,对大学生思想政治教育的影响作用转变为互补与补充的作用。
(一)网络文化为提高高校学生思想政治教育的人文素养提供了动力。新时代网络文化的快速更新与发展让思想政治教育更加具体化、形象化。其通过多媒体技术让单纯的图片、声音完美的结合,构造出一幅幅形象的画面,让高校学生有着身临其境的感觉,让思想政治教育知识精彩而完美的展现在学生眼前,让大学生群体成为真正意义上的教育主体。与此同时,网络文化凭借着多种多样的传播渠道引导着高校学生,这让传统的教育方式方法无可比拟。
(二)网络文化为高校思想政治教育工作提供了一个新的平台。网络文化对高校思想政治教育提供了一个全新的环境,它不但为高校学生带来了丰富多彩的信息,同时也为高校学生带来了沟通上的方便,由此出发,介于网络文化的交互性、隐蔽性和开放性,使得高校思想政治教育工作者可以更加全面的了解学生的思想状况,有利于高校师生之间进行双向交流。网络文化的隐蔽性和开放性往往可以促进高校学生坦率的去吐露真心,将自己的见解、情感以及诉求真实而有力的吐槽出来。高校思想政治教育工作者可以通过观察及了解学生的这些诉求,借助网络工具进行交流引导,在沟通中鼓励积极向上的思想意识,有针对性的对那些消极而悲观的思想状况进行疏导,及时了解与解决学生提出的问题和关心的问题,从而实现高校思想政治教育工作者与学生之间联系的实时性和高效性。
(一)网络文化的发展是对高校主流文化的一种挑战。网络文化的发展丰富了高校学生与外界联系沟通的路径,是校园文化变得更加有趣充实,而网络世界的绚烂多彩极大地诱惑着高校学子的好奇心,这种无拘无束的网络文化满足着高校学子的各种兴趣和爱好。从而导致传统校园主流文化的内容和传承的载体受到极大地冲击,加之西方文化思想的大量掺合,使得东西方文化进一步融合,高校校园主流文化的繁荣和发展受到从未有过的威胁。因此,高校学子对网络文化的支持与参与同网络文化对高校学子思想政治状况形成冲突,深化了高校思想政治教育的矛盾性与复杂性。
(二)网络文化的发展是对高校思想政治观念、行为价值取向的一种挑战。网络文化的发展打破了原有的时空概念,让传统意义中空间和时间所涵盖的文化、经济、政治概念发生转变与偏移。西方意识形态与西方社会价值观对我国的社会主义核心价值观产生极大地冲击,同时也对我国高校社会主义德育观念产生极大地影响。导致高校学子在思想观念上有所懈怠,以及在道德观念上和行为规范上产生懈怠。同时,网络文化的虚拟性与现实生活形成鲜明的差别,让高校学子沉溺于网络文化,而网络文化中不健康思想的趁机而入,让缺乏自律性的学子对自己的世界观、价值观、人生观形成冲击,从而导致高校学子的社会意识、集体意识下滑,对高校思想政治教育形成极大的挑战。
(一)从思想上疏导大学生对网络文化的认识。当代大学生群体是一个思想活跃,有着较强接受力的群体,对社会新事物、新思想充满着好奇心。随着新时代网络文化的发展带动了新时代的大学生思想政治教育的发展,凭借着各种媒介的传播,对大学生思想政治教育产生了极大的影响。要从根源上认识到新时代网络文化已经成为信息化与现代化背景下思想政治教育工作的新领域,高校思想政治教育工作者要让高校学子从思想上去认识区分网络文化中的精华与糟粕,学会如何汲取网络文化中积极向上的思想来武装自己,也要学会在新时代的大环境中探索和学习。
(二)借助网络文开展大学生思想政治教育工作。当今社会是一个信息化的时代,网络文化的发展日新月异。高校思想政治教育工作者应将传统思想政治教育方式同网络文化有效的结合起来,探索发现适合现代教育模式的授课方式方法,让高校学子在不排斥传统思想政治教育的同时也可以很好的汲取现代网络文化,增进师生之间的互动。把新时代世界观、人生观、价值观教育结合网络文化推广到高校学生群体中去,从而有效的减少传统高校思想政治教育阵地被网络文化阵地侵占或者取代的危险。
新时代网络文化的快速发展是社会经济快速发展的必然产物,而网络文化的丰富性与实时性对于目前我国高校思想政治教育工作有着非常重要的引导作用。网络文化日新月异的发展,对于加强对大学生正面思想的引导与构建新时代的世界观、价值观、人生观,既有着良好的机遇,也带来了许多的挑战。高校思想政治教育工作者在引导的同时也要加强学习,主动的掌握学生思想动态,构建和谐的校园文化,开展富有成效的高校思想政治教育工作。
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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随着全球化的进展,世界各国的文化交流也日趋频繁。胡文仲认为“文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的,是社会的遗产;价值观念是文化的核心,可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。”不同文化的人们需要了解他国的图书、音像作品,因此需要将这些文化作品从一种语言转换到另一种语言,即翻译。美国翻译理论家奈特认为,所谓翻译就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。因此翻译的本质是将一种语言以最为贴切恰当的对等方式转换成另一种语言。由于文化差异的存在,不同的语言之间的翻译往往是一件非常困难的事情。在一种文化中被人所熟知的事物可能在另一种文化中成为鲜为人知的事情,因此要做到对等翻译需要翻译者对目标语文化具有足够的了解,能够恰当地找到两种文化之间的对等语言。总的来说,中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响主要有以下几点:
宗教文化作为西方国家重要的社会文化和人们日常生活的重要组成部分,已经渗透到西方人们的日常行为习惯和民族风俗等各个方面中去了。宗教是西方人们的精神支柱,宗教文化对英语词汇的影响也是非常大的,英语中的很多词汇和典故都出自宗教中记录的一些民间故事和传闻,例如很多派生词、格言、习语都出自《圣经》。相对应的,在中国汉语文化中也有很多语言文化出自佛教。由于中西文化的差异,具体是宗教文化的差异,商务英语翻译者需要准确了解中西文化的背景,保证翻译的准确性,提高商业活动的效益。
谚语的流传都带有一定的小典故,其中蕴含着浓厚的民族气息,也可能是历史文化或者人物传记演变而来,所以在商务英语的翻译过程中,关于谚语的翻译一定要注意文化差异。关于谚语的翻译有三种方法,下面来一一介绍:to be on thin ice 和burnone’s boats 这一类的谚语可以采用套译法,翻译为:如履薄冰和破釜沉舟;to turn a blind eye to 可以采用直译法,翻译为熟视无睹;to ride one’s high horse 可以采用意译法,翻译为趾高气扬;对于有一定典故的谚语,需要熟悉典故的出处,例如Achilles’s heel 这个谚语,直译过来就是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,然而这样的翻译没有太大的意义,首先我们要了解阿基里斯的出处。在希腊神话里面阿基里斯是一位勇士,从没有被打败过,但是敌人找到了他的弱点,就是他的脚踵,然后通过攻击他的脚踵打败了阿基里斯。所以Achilles’s heel 在中国文化里面,翻译为“致命弱点”。
思维方式即人们思考和认识外界事物的方式,它是人类在漫长的历史发展中所形成的。由于欧美和中国所处地区环境不同,因此而形成的风俗习惯、生活条件各不相同,由此而形成了该语言所特有的思维方式。一般说来,西方人比较重视抽象思维。英语在表达思想时,逻辑严谨,由主到次。如英语句子通常先给出主要信息,然后再介绍辅助信息,如时间、地点等等。而汉语言则是散点思维,表达按照多种关系排列,如时间顺序,因果关系等等。同样,英语重视形式逻辑,即形和,在表达时使用各种形式连接词以表示其连接关系;而汉语恰好相反,“汉语句法结构重意合,句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的的贯通、语境的映衬,而少用连接词语”。②例如,“早知今日,何必当初?”翻译过来为“If I had known itwould come to this, I would have acted differently.”。上面的汉语句子是由两个分句构成的而没有连接词,但是从逻辑上是从属关系,因此表达意思简洁明了。而翻译成英语时则使用连接词来表达条件和结果的逻辑关系,这符合英语的形和的特点。
翻译中,人们不仅需要注意词的准确性,而且要了解词的内涵意思,而词的内涵意思又是其所承载的文化所决定的。因此如果不了解目标语言的文化,就有可能在翻译中造成理解错误或者语用失误。例如在美国的大街上可以偶尔看到一辆红色或者黑色的小汽车上面喷涂着“I am yellow”的句子。如果直译过来就是“我是黄色的”。而这样的翻译通常让中国人很困惑,在中国人眼里,说一个人是黄色的代表其低俗与下流。其实美国文化中出租车通常是黄色的,因此yellow通常有出租车的意思。因此正确的翻译应该是“这是出租车”。又如美国文化中涉及到狗的成语很多,狗在美国文化中被视为是人的忠实的朋友,因此涉及到狗的成语一般是褒义的,如a lucky dog(幸运儿),Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌),Give a dog a bad name and hang him. (欲加之罪,何患无辞)等等,而狗在中国人眼里一般含有贬义,如走狗、狗仗人势、狂犬吠日等等。又如中国人常说“惧内”为“气管炎”(谐音“妻管严”),因此中国开玩笑中的“他有气管炎”如果翻译成“He suffers from trachEitis”在外国人眼里一点也不好笑,外国人会疑惑的问:“So what? Why are you laughing so hard when heis suffering from tracheitis?”这显然是一种翻译的语用失误。如果翻译成“He is an obedient husband.”虽然可以基本表达意思,但是丢失了原话的幽默。因此如果翻译成“He is a henpecked man.”则会在效果上更加惟妙惟肖。
总而言之,语言是人类交流的桥梁,英语和汉语虽然拥有近似的表达方式,但其表达方式的个性特征却不尽相同。正是这些因素,导致了中西方文化差异,让人们在英语翻译过程中产生了许多错误和困惑。因此我们在翻译过程中必须对与中西方文化差异所导致的风俗与礼仪、思维模式以及文化差异引起的词汇歧义加以考虑,多了解西方的风土民俗、文学艺术、宗教信仰及历史背景,透过语句的表面看本质,以达到更加良好、还原度更高的翻译效果。
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近年来,中日文化交流日益频繁,书法家互访也很活跃。今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是:简论中华书法及其对世界文化艺术之影响相关论文。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
摘要:书法艺术是中华民族独有的艺术瑰宝,具有鲜明的民族特色。其吸收了江河山川草木、飞禽走兽的形象美,借鉴音乐、舞蹈、戏曲的节奏美、旋律美,使文字的形象与人的艺术表现力化为一体,抽象化为一种“神态”和“意向”,并极大的丰富了世界文化艺术的宝库。
关键词:书法艺术、历代书法之流变,及其对世界文化艺术之影响;职称论文
论文正文:
简论中华书法及其对世界文化艺术之影响
中国的书法艺术历史悠久,源远流长。数千年来,产生了灿若群星的书法家和浩若烟海的书法作品,为后人留下了无数精湛的艺术珍品,为祖国的艺术宝殿增添了光彩,为人类的艺术宝库增加了财富。
我国的书法,自先秦时期就形成了百花争妍的局面,秦代李斯为全国书写了不同于原六国大篆的小篆范本,程邈整理了隶书,他们都是古代杰出的书法家。到了两汉、魏晋南北朝时期,书法艺术又向前迈进了一大步。北方的魏碑体日臻成熟,而南方东晋时期的王羲之经过刻苦努力,终于登上了当时书法艺术的最高峰,创立并完善了楷书和行书,被人尊称为“书圣”。而陈隋间大书法家“智永”和尚是王羲之第七代孙,继承祖法,精勤书艺,成为一代草书大家。
到了唐代,更是书艺发展,书法家辈出的黄金时代。著名杰出书法家有欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权、虞世南、褚遂良、薛稷等,史称“唐代六大家”。而唐代张旭、怀素的草书更是风格独特,潇洒飞动,达到了炉火纯青的地步。由于这些书法巨匠们的努力,将我国书法艺术推向了历史的顶峰。欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权的楷书端庄浑厚,各臻妙境,成为后世之宗,他们的作品,成为历代青年学子们临摹学书的范本,直到现当代,还对我国的书法艺术产生着广泛而深远的影响。
到了宋代,是我国书法艺术在写意方面的又一发展时期。著名“宋代四大家”,苏轼、黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄的成就极为辉煌。元代是以复古而开新的文人书风发展时期,其代表人物是赵孟頫。他真、草、隶、篆皆精,独创一种柔和流畅潇洒的艺术风格,对后世影响很大。明代是个性化文人书风时代,文征明、董其昌的书法较为著名,其“淡墨书”在日本书道界颇有影响。清代的邓石如,郑燮、何绍基等人的书法较有影响。现当代书法也是百花齐放群星闪烁。如沈尹默、张大千、启功等人的书法就很著名。
我国书法艺术是中华民族独创的一种艺术形式,具有极其鲜明的民族特色,随着历史时代的变迁而不断变化着自己的精神风貌。书法作品的创作,书法形象的塑造,更是一种造型活动。先是以文字的点画、线条为主,而后融合进各种江河山川草木,飞禽走兽的形象美,借鉴音乐、戏曲、舞蹈的旋律美、节奏美,在吸取这些美的因素的同时,糅合进人的主观意念,从而使文字的形象与人的表现能力化为一体。自然美在这里被加以改造、变形,抽象化而成为一种“神态”和“意象”。所以,中国书法就是一种似画非画,而又充满哲理性的、动态活泼的“意味”形象。长久以来使世界各国、各民族对它产生了仰慕、神奇的感觉。中国书法对日本、韩国、朝鲜、越南、新加坡等东亚、东南亚、东北亚国家的影响最大。尽管各国语言各有不同,但却共同以汉字为基础,开拓出世界东方的书法园地。直至今日,书法在日本、新加坡、韩、朝等国,依然是艺术门类中具有高尚情趣的艺术。
在日本,人们以中国汉字的偏旁部首为基础,创造了日本的片假名,以中国汉字的草书为基础,创造了日本的平假名,加上直接使用中国的汉字,这就创造形成了独具特色的日文。日本学者伊东参州就指出:“一部日本的书法史,就是中国书法不断影响日本的历史……我国书法不断发展变迁到今天,是在中国书法的不断影响下造成的。”日本汉字学家、书法史学家中田勇次郎说“中国书法的流变,随着王朝的更替,不断如同一股波浪似的向日本蜂涌而来。”他并按历史的前后,把日本书法史分为八个时期,即“大和时代的百济书法;飞鸟时代的隋唐书法;奈良时代的晋唐书法;平安时代前期的唐朝书法;镰仓时代前半期的宋朝书法;镰仓时代后半期至南北朝时代的元朝书法;室町时代的明朝书法;江户时代的北碑派书法等。
从历史的记载来看,几乎每个时代的日本书道的代表人物多数得到中国书法的直接熏陶,受到中国书法家的影响。不是如此,很难想象日本书道能有今天的巨大发展。例如:我国唐代高僧鉴真和尚东渡日本时,就随船带去了许多王羲之及其他书法家的墨宝真迹。而同时代的日本遣唐僧海空和尚就将中国孙过庭的《书谱》这一有高度美学价值的书法专著传入日本。在停止派出遣唐使以后,宋、元、明时期的中国书法继续因中日僧人的相互来访而传入日本。如日本荣西和尚在南宋孝宗时两次来华,而他的书法则宗风黄庭坚。中国的名僧隐元和尚应邀去日本定居,在京都宇治建了万福寺,把明代文人书风带到了日本。
江户时代,在日本翻刻过大量字帖,其中的赵子昂、祝允明、文征明、董其昌等的墨迹为最多。这一时期给予日本书法的影响十分巨大,以致日本的书法家将之称为“江户时代唐朝体”,或称“中国样式书体”。清朝时期,中国书法界由于碑学派的产生,而导致与“馆阁体”——帖学派的对峙。这一时期在书法上的复古趋向,注重金石气味,也深深地浸染了日本书道界。公元一八八O年,杨守敬作为外交人员和金石家东渡日本,经他带去的书法作品竟达一万三千多件。日本书道界的下部鸣鹤等直接受到他的传授指点。而中林悟竹,北方心泉等人则更进一步到中国拜师,游访了金石名家吴大徵、俞樾、张裕钊、徐三庚等人。如此,就为日本书道界弥补了汉魏书风,丰富了日本书道的表现色彩.
近年来,中日文化交流日益频繁,书法家互访也很活跃。象日本方面的饭岛春敬,柳田泰云,渡边寒鸥等代表团体和个人都曾到中国访问。中国书法家和日本书法家还相互举行集体和个人书法交流展,轮流在中国或日本巡回展出。笔者的书法作品就曾在日本展出过。其中一九八五年十月在日本举行中日政治家书法展览,中曾根首相和许多大臣以及众参两院议长等负责人出席参观,盛况空前。
中国书法对朝鲜、韩国的影响也很大。我国唐代一些最有影响的书法家的字迹就很受到朝韩人民的热爱。据史书记载,新罗国来长安的使节就曾专门收集欧阳询的书法名迹,欧书作为楷书的范本在朝韩被学习,吸收和流传。如江原道原州郡就有安民厚书作碑刻,碑文端庄,刚劲险劲,法度森严,完全得力于欧书,其本人也是一位杰出的书法家。朝鲜李朝时代的李齐贤曾出使中国,他喜爱金石文字,曾造了一座“万卷楼”。在中国时,经常与赵孟頫交往,书风饶有晋唐风味。朝、韩书法艺术在发展过程中,在研习晋唐书风的传统下,又及时吸取中国书法的最新成果。如元代赵孟頫,明代文征明、祝允明等都成为对朝韩古典书风最有影响的书法家,使朝韩书法形成了气象清新,规矩严谨,重在气韵,擅长行草的书风。
中国书法对越南,新加坡等东南亚国家也有巨大影响。如越南最高领导人胡志明、黄文欢等就十分喜爱中国书法。胡志明对中国书法造诣很深,经常研究和挥毫中国书法。在中国安徽黄山人字瀑前,就留有胡志明亲笔所题“观瀑亭”几个古朴苍劲有力的毛笔大字。而在新加坡,中文是法定文字,中国书法更被视为高雅艺术,中新两国书法界人士(包括笔者本人)经常互访和举办书法展,交流书法技艺。
中国书法对欧美的影响也是很大的。从十九世纪后期到二十世纪初,到过中国的一些欧美考古学者、汉学家,将书法作品当作考古文物携运回去。一九一三年,美国的艺术史学者费内洛沙就撰写了《东方艺术史》一书,介绍中国书法并注意到东方书法艺术的独特性。而西班牙著名艺术家毕加索就曾经向我国著名书法家张大千讨教过用笔技巧。而后,他成功地运用中国书法的提、按、顿、挫、转、及笔断意连的运笔技巧做艺术创作。
笔者的书作就曾在国外展出,所接触的许多欧美、大洋洲人士和朋友对中国书法的欣赏兴趣就很浓,踊跃参观在所在国举办的中国书画展览,他们希望不断增加书画展出,并要求举办讲座或演讲,介绍中国书法艺术。今天,许多不远万里来中国考察的学者、留学生中,亦有来研讨书法的。象法国的柯乃柏写了《卫桓四体书势之研究》。这些都表明中国书法不但在艺术实践上,在艺术理论上近年来也取得了新的长足发展。随着近年来我国综合国力的增强,我国政府在世界上越来越多的国家中相继开办了传播中华文化的孔子学院,中华文化及中国书法在世界文化艺术界的影响也将越来越广泛。
通过不断相互学习,相互交流,共同创新发展,我坚信,中华书法艺术将极大地丰富世界文化艺术的宝库。
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义;数字"九"涉及面在我国所有数字中最广。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译相关论文。仅供大家参考!
东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译全文如下:
"数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998)
东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。
在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。
根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。传说古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。
中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。
此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从冬至起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的成语。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。
在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出
钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有:
1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。
其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:
a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation)
____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often)
be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion)
____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty.
in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times.
从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九";高尔夫球球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。
总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性:
1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。
2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。
3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。
数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。
罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。
可采取的翻译方法主要有:
(一)保留原数字
e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives.
我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。
(二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字
e.g.nine out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。
(三)增舍数字
比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。
应遵循的原则主要有:
(一)民族性原则
比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。
(二)习语性原则
比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。
(三)形象性原则
数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与其它的词结合后所产生的形象意义。
比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"
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建国初期,中国与苏联签订了《中苏友好同盟互助条约》,双方建立了战略同盟关系。以此为契机,在1956年双方又签订了《苏中文化合作协定》,目的是推动两国间广泛的文化交流。这一时期在文化艺术领域中,苏联音乐文化对中国音乐教育产生了积极的影响。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:苏联音乐文化在中国建国初期时的传播与影响相关论文,内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】本文立足于新中国成立至50年代末60年代初这一时期中国的音乐文化,从音乐文化思想和传播在中国的苏联歌曲两个方面研究这一时期苏联音乐文化对中国的影响。
【关键词】苏联音乐文化;中国音乐文化;1950-1960
(一)社会主义在音乐上的创作:1933年的一篇题为《关于社会主义现实主义》的文章,对“社会主义现实主义”一词进行了分析,认为该称谓具有文学色彩。斯大林认为社会主义现实主义是民族主义形式方面的文化。诞生于文学领域中的“社会主义现实主义”将丰富多样的文学创作手法变成了迎合时代的单一创作。强调以社会主义现实主义为原则来创作音乐是有一定哲学理论思想基础的,可以保证音乐为无产阶级服务。
(二)批判资产阶级音乐:1950年,苏联代表社会主义国家与资本主义国家进行全球争霸,形成了两极对垒的世界格局。苏联和资本主义国家,不仅在军事上、在经济上,甚至在文化上都视彼此为宿敌。苏联对20世纪出现的音乐――以勋伯格为代表的表现主义音乐、序列音乐、印象派音乐以及偶然音乐等现代音乐门类都进行批判。苏联音乐的创作目的决定了苏联音乐代表了资产阶级形式主义音乐的对立面。
(三)对传统音乐风格的继承:苏联音乐要想发展,必须紧紧依靠传统民族文化,但只是在形式上的继承,而在内容上则是要以人民群众和苏联的社会主义建设等政治问题为主。对音乐创作的要求是要承认古典音乐文化遗产,尤其是俄罗斯音乐文化进步的作用,以这些宝贵的文化资源继续推广苏联音乐。
随着1949年新中国的成立,中国社会也发生了巨大的变化。中苏两国的交流,尤其是音乐文化交流也随之变化。首先,20世纪上半叶最显著的变化是两国友好的外交政策为两国音乐文化交流提供了比较稳定的外部环境。中苏两国亲密的关系以及中国一边倒的外交政策使得全国上下掀起了一股“苏联热”,当时值得追捧的就是学唱苏联歌曲。其次,中国派遣了大量的专业音乐人才赴苏联进行系统化、专业化的学习。他们肩负起了文化传习的责任,更承担起了文化传播的功能,极大地促进了中国音乐文化事业的建立。
(一)中国有大量的留学生在苏联学习,留苏学生成为新中国成立时期各个领域的领头人,不仅对自己的专业领域,而且对文化交流也起到了至关重要的作用,音乐也是其中的一部分。留学生对革命的热忱以及崇高的理想使他们愿意去接受苏联歌曲,在上山下乡期间,他们将苏联歌曲带到了广大人民群众中。
(二)书刊、媒体等对音乐文化的推广也起到了很大的作用。1951年,上海万叶书店出版了由涅斯契也夫撰写的《论苏联群众歌曲》,这是我国建国后的第一本介绍苏联歌曲的译著,介绍了苏联20世纪上半叶群众歌曲的发展情况。
(三)1933年,苏联歌舞团首次到上海表演新兴革命艺术,而这种形式在50年代更为常见。1952年,来访的苏联各文艺团体大多都要演唱苏联歌曲,特别是合唱类的。
(一)中国音乐美学中的“反映论”
“反映论”的观点阐述了音乐艺术体现的内容是客观与实际现实的反映,同时也是各种音乐思想的基础,是现实的一切声音在人脑中的反映。1950年,中国在对苏联音乐的批评与译介中对“反映论”的观点已经悄然接受。斯大林在1936年1月17日的讲话中提到:苏维埃人民现实主义歌剧必须是社会主义题材、音乐语言必须是现实主义、歌剧中的角色从当代人中选取。从以上特征,我们可以发现中国50年代创作的《洪湖赤卫队》、《刘胡兰》、《小二黑结婚》等歌剧受苏联“反映论”音乐思想的影响是显而易见的。
(二)音乐的社会功能
苏联音乐非常注重其音乐的社会功能效用。其本质就是要利用音乐自身的教化功能构建一种异于资本主义音乐文化体系的思想统治工具来发展和巩固其社会主义政权。1949年新中国成立之后全国百废待兴,此时的音乐所充当的角色同文字一样,都是呼吁和倡导建设祖国。
尽管在50年达末至60年代中苏关系日益紧张,但外交关系上的急刹车并没有中断两国音乐文化思想的交流,中国依旧按着苏联音乐思想理论运行和发展着。整个20世纪50年代,是中国作为学生向苏联学习各种文化的一个时期,从苏联借鉴与融合来的音乐理想思想体系需要很长的时间在理性中批判的继承的。
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1.2014高一历史期末水平调研试题及答案
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特发性矮小症,即不伴有潜在病理状态的身材矮小,生长激素水平正常,是儿童期导致身材矮小的最常见原因;又包括家族性身材矮小、青春期发育延迟。特发性矮小症状对于不同年龄阶段儿童心理行为都有所影响,以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:特发性矮小对不同年龄阶段儿童心理行为的影响相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘要】目的:探讨特发性矮小对不同年龄阶段的儿童心理行为有无影响。方法:采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL),对研究对象一次性进行心理行为评估,根据年龄分4~5岁组、6~11岁组、12~16岁组,并将各组的评估结果和全国常模进行比较。结果:4~5岁组和6~11岁组与常模比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),12~16岁组和常模比较差异有统计学意义(P
【关键词】矮小; 特发性; 儿童; 心理行为
特发性矮小(ISS)是指目前尚无可认知的原因引起的身材矮小,在矮小门诊中占绝大多数,也是儿童内分泌门诊常见的疾病之一。ISS虽然没有器质性的疾病,不影响儿童的躯体健康,但对儿童的心理行为有着不同程度的影响[1]。尤其是随着儿童年龄的增长,自我意识和辨别能力的提高,对自己身体的感知心态也会发生很大的变化,这种改变对其心理行为和家庭均带来不良的影响,且在不同的年龄阶段影响将有所不同,随着年龄的增长这种影响将会越来越明显。因此本研究可以发现ISS儿童的心理行为开始发生改变的年龄段,把握其不同年龄段心理行为变化的状态,结合恰当的时机,从心理上进行适时的干预,使得儿童身心得到同步健康发展。
1.1 一般资料 选取2012年5月-2014年10月来本院矮小专科门诊就诊的4~16岁儿童作为研究对象,且符合ISS诊断标准[2]:身高低于第3百分位或两个标准差,生长激素激发实验中生长激素激发峰值>10 μg/L,排除慢性系统性疾病、骨骼疾病、内分泌疾病、染色体病、宫内生长迟缓及营养不良等已知原因引起的身材矮小儿童共613例。
1.2 方法 采用Achenbach儿童行为评定量表(CBCL,家长用)[3],在专人指导下由家长根据儿童年龄和近6个月来的行为表现填写相应年龄的表格。按年龄分为4~5岁、6~11岁、12~16岁组别。调查表包括一般项目、社会能力及行为问题三部分,按量表的评定方法计分。ISS病因尚未明确,可能由于多种潜在因素共同作用所致,2003年6月10日美国药品监督管理局(FOA)正式批准将基因重组人生长激素(rhGH)用于治疗ISS[4]。就目前国内市场流通的几种rhGH,有粉剂和水剂,但价格昂贵,用药周期长,而且基本上每天都要皮下注射,需要家长良好的基础和儿童持之以恒的信心来支持。但由于激素替代毕竟占矮小儿童的很小比例,大部分儿童仍需要关注心理行为的变化而进行实时的干预。
1.3 统计学处理 数据统计由专业人员对每张量表进行评分录入。结果用SPSS 11.5 for windows进行数据分析,计量资料用(x±s)表示,比较采用u检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
在4~5岁组和6~11岁组儿童在社会能力、行为问题上与全国常模比较均无明显差异(P>0.05),见表1~2。在青春期前这个年龄段的儿童,对自己身体的在身高方面的自我意识不明显,在活动、社交、学习能力等因子分以及“退缩”、“抑郁”、“多动”等方面与正常身高儿童比较均无显著差异(P>0.05)。而12~16岁组男生在社会能力方面的“活动能力”、“社交能力总分”、“敌意-退缩”、“交往不良”、“行为问题总分”等因子项上,与常模比较均有显著差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);在“学习能力”、“不成熟”、“体诉”、“攻击和违纪行为”等因子表现与常模无显著差异(P>0.05)。而12~16岁女生组在“不成熟”、“体诉”、“行为问题总分”等项上表现出与常模的差异(P<0.05或P<0.01);在“学习和社交能力”、“抑郁”、“攻击和违纪行为”、“强迫”、“残忍”等因子项表现为与常模均无差异(P>0.05),见表3。
自2003年6月美国FDA批准rhGH治疗ISS以来,国外众多临床研究rhGH治疗ISS有促生长作用,长疗程治疗能显著增加患儿的终身高[5-6]。尽管rhGH在临床的正规使用对ISS的治疗取得了一定的效果,但由于该药价格昂贵,疗程长,相对于生长激素缺乏儿童来说,大多数ISS家长尚不能及时接受治疗或已治疗的矮小儿童不能长期坚持,依存性较差。这部分儿童随着年龄的增长及身高的落差,他们在自信心、社交能力与异性接触方面均较健康人群差。患有矮小症的儿童自信心缺乏,且患儿身材愈矮,心情愈焦虑,更加抑制了其生理性生长激素的分泌[7]。因此临床工作中除了对矮小儿需进行常规诊断与药物治疗外,还需进行必要的心理诊断,使用规范化的心理量表对其进行测试,以便及早发现其抑郁和个性异常等心理症状,进行早期相应的心理支持治疗[8]。在CBCL测试中,本文发现特发性矮小儿童在4~11岁相对小年龄段未发现明显社会能力或心理行为问题。
在青春期前这个年龄段,儿童对自己身体的关注力不强,在身高方面的要求更多期待于青春期的快速增长期,对心理行为的不良表现有着明显的缓冲,因此临床未出现明显心理方面问题。而随着年龄的增长,进入12~16岁青春期年龄段,如果身高没有出现期待的快速增长或与快速长高的同伴出现新的更大的落差,随之出现活动能力下降,存在交往不良及社会退缩现象。女生则因为生理心理方面与男生的差别,主要在不成熟、体诉等心理行为方面出现偏差,与Sandberg等[9]报道一致,可能与常受到家长过分保护及身材矮小运动受限有关。而Sandberg等[9]报道矮小儿童除有交往不良、退缩、体诉外还存在违纪、注意力缺乏等问题与本研究不完全一致。
此外,Yvonne等[10] 则报道矮小儿童存在更多的行为障碍,Zlotkin等[11]亦报道ISS儿童心理行为功能与正常对照儿童比较出现异常,且伴有行为失调如表现为攻击、违纪等。造成这些结果不一致的原因可能与研究对象不完全一致及地区差异引起社会、经济文化不同有关。也有国外学者研究发现矮小儿童智商及学习能力明显降低[12],但本文未发现ISS儿童学习能力下降的情况。Siegel等[13]使用广泛成就测试(Wide Range Achievement Test,WRAT)评估矮身材儿童学习成绩,发现矮身材儿童的平均测试分数虽在学业成绩行为正常的范围内,但学习成绩偏低的情况更易出现。还有学者认为矮小儿童由于自信心、社交能力与异性接触方面均较健康人群差,就业、受教育水平均受影响[14],因此,建议应对矮身材儿童进行教育行为干预。
关于矮身材是否影响学习成绩,在本研究中虽然未对研究对象智能测试进行数据分析,但从他们的学习成绩显示与正常儿童并无明显的差距,因为他们的智商水平与正常儿童并无差异。相反,大多数ISS儿童学习成绩良好,在学校得到老师和同学肯定。综合上述,大年龄组男童存在交往不良及社会退缩现象,以致社交能力的下降,而女童则以体诉、不成熟等依赖性倾向的心理行为问题为主。目前关于使用重组人生长激素治疗特发性矮小是否有利于儿童的心理健康,尚无定论[15-16],因此,对于ISS儿童除积极寻找病因,排除影响长高的不良因素的干扰外,尤其随着年龄的增长,及时了解儿童青春期的心理变化,根据男女儿童的不同个性特征及出现的不同的心理行为问题,进行及时、恰当的干预,保障ISS儿童身心健康发展。
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音乐作为一种在生活中随处可遇见的无形事物,无时不刻不在影响着我们。美国著名发展心理学家、哈佛大学教授加德纳提出,人生来就具有音乐智能,婴儿很早就可以对音乐表达的情绪进行识别,有无音乐训练经历,对于情绪的知觉,并没有差异。毋庸置疑,音乐对于人情绪的诱发是与生俱来的。且音乐对于人类情绪的影响十分鲜明和常见。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:不同类型音乐对大学生情绪的影响研究相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】音乐对人的情绪是有影响的,它通过音调来影响人的情绪。不同类型的音乐也会导致不同的情绪。轻松欢快的音乐能够改善一个人的整体神经功能,可以让大脑更加轻松。节奏较为欢快的音乐可以让人精神愉悦,减轻压力,消除身体劳累;音调优美的曲子能够让人情绪稳定,集中思想,另外,音乐在生活当中还给人带来了一定的美好情趣,帮助人们的身心健康发展。
“音乐疗法”和我们的生活息息相关。人们有着不同的情绪,而这些情绪也反映着我们每个人每个时段不同的心态。阴晴不定的情绪和起起伏伏的情感,使我们的生活增加了很多味道,并形成了一个个错综复杂的内心世界。人们的社交关系可以通过适当的情绪反应来有效建立,较为正性的情绪更加能够使我们的人际关系变得牢固。另外,观察一个人社会化和个性化发展的标志,最直接的方式就是看他表达自己的情绪是否成熟。
音乐是人类最能够表达情感的语言,其本质就在于传达人类内心深处的情感,音乐对我们心理的影响主要通过对情绪的影响来实现。换言之,听到不同的音乐,人们的情绪也会有着相应的变化。音乐是一种释放自我和表现情绪的特殊方式,它有着非常多不可思议的力量。音乐的情感特质,对大学生情绪、情感的发展有着重要影响。
学者李念红认为,音乐对人的情绪、情感的影响是显着的,也是其他艺术形式所无法取代的。人有喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪,这些感情都可以通过音乐进行表述,音乐实际上是人宣泄感情的一种巧妙方式。自从人类进入文明时期以来,出现了很多的音乐种类,按照最多的分类大致分为严肃音乐、流行音乐和民族音乐三种。
严肃音乐,即古典音乐,又称作经典音乐。西方严肃音乐诞生于巴洛克时期(1600年-1750年)到十九世纪早期,经历了岁月的考验长盛不衰,其意义可说是当代欧洲文化的缩影。它主要指海顿、巴赫、贝多芬、莫扎特等人的作品。例如《蓝色多瑙河圆舞曲》是奥地利着名作曲家小约翰?施特劳斯创作的古典音乐名作,被誉为“奥地利第二国歌”。约十分钟的音乐,包括序奏、五首小圆舞曲和尾声组成,其中五首圆舞曲的旋律优美、节奏轻快、气氛欢愉,当人们欣赏圆舞曲时,情绪就会越来越高涨,进而会随着音乐翩翩起舞,让自由的心灵在那蓝色多瑙河上旋转。尾声中现了第三、第四和第一首圆舞曲,然后,响起序奏中多瑙河水波荡漾的美妙回声。在清澄的色彩中,长笛颤动跳跃的鸟语,让人们沉浸到田园诗境之中。忽然,一阵急风骤般的音流汹涌而至。全曲在火热的狂欢高潮中结束。这段尾声,更突出显示了施特劳斯的高超技巧。
西方约从二十世纪五十年代后开始出现了流行音乐。这类音乐简洁明快、形式活泼、深受大众喜爱,具有较高的传唱度和流行性,但通常都没有什么规则性和持久的价值。主要包括:民谣、节奏蓝调、新世纪音乐、HIP-HOP、乡村音乐、摇滚乐、世界音乐、流行美声、电影音乐、爵士乐、电子乐等等。
流行音乐是非常能够表现当下情绪的音乐类型,很大一部分流行歌曲的主要内容,都是在抒发着自己的情感。也因此,流行音乐能够与学生的内心世界产生更多的共鸣,使得流行音乐成为了调节学生情绪情感的调味料。流行音乐的题材和生活密不可分,尤其是一些校园民谣就像是在描写自己身边的事情,比如《同桌的你》《光阴的故事》等等。这些歌曲会让学生感觉很放松很亲切,他们能够通过听音乐来释放自己的心情。相较于高雅音乐的专业性,流行音乐更加简单易懂,无需付出多少精力来做针对性的学习,就可以在学习之余,尽情地放松心情。流行音乐花样繁多而且简单易学,学生们无论是对于彼此友情的珍惜还是对未来生活的憧憬,都可以通过歌唱流行歌曲来完美地诠释,有悲伤情绪的释放,也有对幸福生活的愿望,还有就是对美满爱情的向往。当学生们有不方便直接用语言表达的情感和问题,都可以通过唱流行歌曲的方式来表达。
流行音乐也并不完全都是正面的,其中也有小部分反叛情绪的歌曲存在。客观的说,出现这种现象的原因,很多是小部分成年人对于情感生活不顺利的发泄,但是对于心智还没有发育完全的学生来说,这些歌曲的负面因素,很可能成为学生走向极端化的催化剂。部分学生由于学习上的挫折,以及因成绩下滑而被家长给予的压力,致使他们的情绪动荡不安,意志力变得薄弱,假设这时能有一些其他因素对他们进行调整,变压力为动力,重拾学习态度,到时不仅可以感受成绩进步时的喜悦,还可以收获克服困难的成就感。但相对的,如果学生的意志力不足,再加上外界影响,会让学生更加容易出现极端化的情绪。
民族音乐就是产自于民间流传在民间的表现民间生活生产的歌曲或乐曲。中国的民族音乐艺术是世界上非常具有特色的一种艺术形式。在音乐的表现形式上,民族音乐注重音乐的横向进行,即旋律的表现性。传统的中国民族音乐作品在旋律进行上常常以单旋律的方式进行,对和声的运用较少。如人们熟悉的中国古代的十大名曲,基本上都是某一种乐器的独奏曲目。民族音乐强调声音的明亮与甜美,语言生动与感情质朴,强调行腔的圆润和咬字吐字的清晰,讲求气息的运用,并以真声演唱为主。
从音乐的构成上来说,民族音乐是以五声调式为基础的音乐。一般都是由五声音阶写成的,《茉莉花》《小河淌水》《五哥放羊》《春江花月夜》《梅花三弄》等等。过去经常有人把唱歌不准的人称为“五音不全”,这里说的“五音”就是指五声调式中的这五个音。
《二泉映月》是中国民间音乐家华彦钧(小名阿炳)创作的二胡曲,由一个短小的引子和六个段落构成,开头便是断肠音,旋律哀怨、凄凉,随着音乐的进一步的深化,把阿炳由沉思而忧伤,由忧伤而悲愤,由悲愤到怒吼,由怒吼到憧憬的种种情感表达得淋淋尽致。这首乐曲情感悲伤压抑,这样的音乐往往引起消极的情绪体验。这主要是与乐曲以及欣赏者的个性差异与经历有关。 四、结语
由此可见,不同类型的音乐对大学生情绪的影响也是不尽相同。不同的音乐对情绪有着不同的调节作用,应根据自己的情绪状态,选择合适的音乐进行欣赏。心情烦躁不安的时候可以选择旋律优美的音乐,能够使人心情平静、放松;心情抑郁消沉的时候可以选择有节奏感有力量的音乐,可以鼓舞士气、振奋人心;心情激动亢奋的时候则选择节奏较慢的音乐,这样能够使心情变得安定从容。
大多数人在情绪高涨的时候,认知能力较为积极,反之亦然。音乐既然能够对人的情绪造成影响,那么,音乐同样也对认知有着很大的影响力量。由此可见,音乐对于人的影响,主要在于情感及认知两方面,并且有着很大的潜力。不同风格的音乐会给人们带来各种影响。高尚、健康的音乐有助于培养我们早日成为有理想、有道德、有文化、守纪律的合格大学生,适当地把学生时代的宝贵时间,用于音乐欣赏,也有助于早日实现社会的和谐。
不同类型音乐对大学生情绪的影响研究相关
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通过对赛博文化的概念及其特点的分析与阐释,探讨了在网络社会条件下,赛博文化对青少年思想品德形成与发展的积极作用与负面影响,提出了加强赛博空间法制建设、营造网络道德环境、形成赛博空间个体道德自律,进而促进青少年思想品德在赛博文化环境下健康发展的对策。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:赛博文化对青少年思想道德的影响及对策相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】随着信息高速公路在全球的延伸,一种新的文化形式——赛博文化以其独特的虚拟性、自由开放性、和多元互动性等特点,对青少年思想道德形成产生积极影响的同时也带来了很多负面效应,出现这种状况的原因是多方面的,要想尽可能减少赛博文化对青少年思想道德形成的负面影响,离不开青少年自身、父母、学校、社会及国家的共同努力。
上世纪90年代,随着计算机技术的发展,以cyber为前缀的词汇风靡全球,“赛博”即是这一英文前缀的音译。最早见于加拿大科幻小说家威廉?吉布森《神经人》中所创造出的“赛博空间”。它是一种“‘交感的幻觉’,人们可以把自己的神经系统直接插入网络,使大脑和网络矩阵间的关系更加亲密。也即人和非人的一切,交织在一起,创造出赛博空间。”发韧于这种超越现实社会规范的赛博空间,形成了具有虚拟性、自由开放性、多元互动性为基本特征的赛博文化。
第一,虚拟性。这种虚拟是相对于现实物理空间而言的,在赛博空间中,网上邮局、网上医院、网上银行、网上公园等应有尽有,虽不真实但又确实存在,人们可以过一种与现实物理空间既相似又不同的虚拟生活,进行网上交友、网上办公、网上贸易等。
第二,自由开放性。目前世界上所有的网站,除了关系国家安全的网站修了防火墙以防御非法入侵者外,其他网站则无一例外地对每一个网民门户大开,其敞开度对谁都一样大,提供的文化产品都一样多。
第三,多元互动性。赛博空间不是静态的,而是相互作用的,它可以实现一对一,一对多,多对多的互动,“是在信息交流系统中发送、传播和接受各种信息时表现为实时交互的操作方式。”
(一)积极方面
1. 有利于青少年拓宽眼界、促进德性成长
在虚拟、自由的网络社会中,青少年一代不再遵从成人群体传统的生存规则,而是创造新的生存规则。开放的网络能以宽容的态度认可和接受青少年群体特有的道德心理、道德规范、道德价值观及道德理想,同时,异常丰富、多元的网络世界,无疑开阔了青少年的价值视野,并进一步作用于他们的道德层面,使其认识到道德生活的多元性、相对性和情境性,促进其依据自身亲历的网络社会的种种境遇,不断搭建自身的道德体系。
2. 有助于青少年道德价值观创新
在网络世界里,不同民族、国籍、宗教信仰、文化背景的人,都可以大显身手,他们可以在赛博空间里毫无顾忌地提出自己的一些“奇思妙想”。有学者认为:“这是一个标举创新的时代,更是一个富有创新的时代,网络社会将人类创新的意念和行为推行到更高的起点,专家们创造了网络技术,而以青少年为主体的一代新人则创造了网络社会。”创新是一个广义的范畴,覆盖生活的各个方面,当然也包括德性的创新。全新的网络社会需要年轻一代去开发、创建,处在创新中的年轻一代更需要适应网络生存中的道德规约,这种规约不是社会主流道德的“硬性规定”,而有赖于年轻一代的自创、自建。
(二)消极方面
1. 容易导致道德“相对主义”
较之实存社会中的真实、实在性,虚拟、开放的赛博空间使人们更容易回避对自身行为后果责任的承担,从而为道德相对主义(“想怎样就怎样”或“怎样都行”)的盛行提供了土壤。赛博文化的自由开放性使网络世界成为信息传递的“万花筒 ”,不仅会引起不同价值观的冲突,也为青少年访问一些不良、不健康网站提供了便利,很容易导致青少年道德意识弱化,甚或还可能走上犯罪的道路。
2. 容易消解青少年道德的民族性
道德具有鲜明的民族特点。不同民族往往具有不同的道德价值观、不同的道德规范要求。正如德国著名伦理学家费里德里希?包尔生所言:“同一民族的不同团体都是服从于自己的特殊的道德准则的。”全球性、开放性的赛博文化一方面有利于民族性的道德融入全球性的普世道德体系之中,同时又可能使民族性的道德遭到西方国家某些道德价值观的侵蚀而走向瓦解,如此,也可能导致青少年道德价值混乱或民族精神的丢失。
3. 容易带来青少年道德的非秩序
赛博文化的自由开放、多元性使信息在网络传递过程中不存在实存社会中的中央管理控制,网络行为表现为一种非中心的自主性行为,推崇自由、平等、无拘无束的交流方式,网络行为的自由化、个性化有利于信息的广泛传播,但容易导致青少年道德发展的非秩序、随意性及极端个人主义。在缺乏管理与监督的状态下,网络色情与暴力是网络无秩序化对青少年品德影响最广、危害最大的网络社会问题,是造成青少年品德不良问题的主要“杀手”。
(一)赛博文化本身所具有的特点
网络的传播具有速度快、信息量大、受众面广等特点,完全摆脱了地域和传统媒介的局限性,这也使不良信息的传播手段越来越隐蔽,难以控制。加上目前计算机信息网络的管理与经营还不太成熟,特别是国际互联网的管理方式比较松散,造成对网上不良信息的打击难度大,也使网络不良信息的泛滥成灾,大行其道成为了可能。
(二)青少年身心发展的特点
从总体上来看,青少年群体是非辨别能力弱、社会经验缺乏、对网上大量不良信息缺乏应有的识别能力,同时,他们的心智尚未完全发育健全、好奇心强、容易接受新鲜事物,也更容易受到不良信息的负面影响。而他们的自控力和选择力还不足以抵御这些不良影响的侵害,因而在不知不觉中成为“污染”对象。
(三)家庭和社会的监督教育力度不够
当今,网络设备正渐渐成为每家每户生活的必备品,作为家长,在给孩子购置电脑、手机等工具之后,很少再去花时间指导其该如何正确使用,有的是受限于家长本身也并不精通于正确使用网络,但更多的是出于观念上的忽视或者说家长并没有意识到这是一个问题。社会尤其是网络运营机构没能积极地对青少年的上网行为进行合理的引导,没有很好地控制不良信息传播等,致使其应承担的监督教育功能没能有效地发挥出来。 (四)学校网络道德教育的缺位
在我国的中小学信息技术课程中,学生学的是理论和技能,基本不探讨网络道德问题,即使教材中有所涉及,往往也被教师所忽视,思想品德课程所讲内容同样很少涉及网络道德这一道德研究的新领域,所以网络道德对学生而言基本上出于“道德任意”的状态。
(五)国家网络立法不到位
尽管我国政府和法律界早已清醒地认识到网络安全的重要性,建立了有中国特色的网络法律体系。然而,长期以来,我国对于网络上青少年权利的法律保护却重视不够。综合来看,以下几个原因不容忽视:一是我国网络信息技术发展相对落后,有关此项立法尚缺乏必要的技术基础;二是我国网络的社会化程度还不够高,信息产业尚属初级阶段,职能部门还缺乏必要的网络管理经验;三是我国的网络法制观念和意识还不够强,绝大多数人尚未意识到网络不良信息会给青少年带来的巨大危害,这也给此项立法活动带来了阻力。
(一)社会积极主动地承担其监督教育青少年网上行为的重任
应建立更多服务于青少年的健康网站。互联网上信息的传递被视为“争夺眼球的战争”,即谁能吸引住网民的注意力,谁就会在互联网上取得获胜的优势。因此,建立青少年网站首要考虑的就是如何吸引住青少年的“眼球”,没有点击率的网站是没有生命力的,增加吸引力就是要加强服务力度,可以通过开发学习、交友、就业、心理咨询等青少年感兴趣的栏目切实为青少年服务。此外,研发抵制不良信息的安全软件,为青少年进入网络世界筑起一道防火墙,使其能够对各种色情、暴力等不良信息具有屏蔽作用。
(二)提高青少年道德自律能力
道德认知是道德情感和道德行为的基础和内在动力,是促进道德信念形成的认知基础,是道德自律的先导。一个缺乏正确道德认知或道德认知低下的人,不可能自发地产生自律意识和行为。传统社会中以服从为主的道德范式在网络社会中已部分失效,只有上升到道德习惯和道德信念的高层次上的自律性道德,才能有效地规范个体的行为。因此,要加强青少年自我保护能力、分析辨别能力的培养,教会青少年自主保护自己的身心健康,自主辨析网络信息,面对丰富多彩的文化信息做到自控、自律、自我约束。
(三)要充分发挥家庭的教育作用
父母是保护青少年上网的第一道防线。在尊重的前提下,家长应该对青少年浏览的网上内容进行监督,引导他们理智地处理上网娱乐和上网学习的关系。家长更应营造一个好的家庭氛围,主动与孩子谈心,了解他们、帮助他们,拉近与孩子的心灵距离,增进感情,鼓励他们参与社会、学校以及亲朋好友间的各项活动,培养他们的多种兴趣和爱好。
(四)教育者要成为网络道德教育专家
网络时代的教育工作者要适应信息时代的变化,以高度的责任感和使命感努力学习信息技术,适应并开创网络时代道德教育的新模式和新方法,成为网络时代的“行家里手”;要有科学的价值观和道德观,模范地践行网络道德规范,不断探索网络德育工作的新途径、新方法;要善于发现学生网上的不良行为,善于做教育和说服引导工作:晓之以理,动之以情,与此同时,要开展大规模的有针对性的系列宣传教育,提高青少年的安全和自我保护意识、增强其防范和鉴别能力。
(五)国家要加强完善网络立法工作
为了尽量减少网络不良信息可能产生的消极影响,为广大青少年提供更优良的服务,迫切需要建立健全网络运行的法律机制:明确网络管理和经营机构的权利、义务与责任;规定行之有效的实施细则及相关法律规范,使人们有章可循、有法可依,尤其要强调经营网络业务的企业要承担相应的义务与责任,让那些通过网络传播有害青少年内容的网络管理与经营者受到应有的惩罚,不能让互联网成为传播色情和反动思想的场所,使青少年免受不良信息的伤害;另外,要加强执法力度,司法部门也要发挥应有的作用。
赛博文化是一把“双刃剑”,为青少年思想道德教育创造发展空间的同时也有其潜在危险性;国家、社会、家庭要和青少年凝聚在一起形成强有力的合力,以便更好地引导青少年形成正确的网络道德观,成为新时代合格的网络公民。
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新闻中文化负载词的翻译关系到新闻能否完整准确地传达作者意思,吸引读者注意。因此,译者必须充分考虑译入语读者的接受情况,努力在完整传达信息的同时,使译文更能被译入语读者所接受,达到成功交际的目的。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:本文阐述了文化负载词在汉语新闻中的表现,提出了直译、音译加解释、意译等汉语新闻中文化负载词的翻译策略。
关键词:新闻;文化负载词;翻译
进入新世纪以来,随着经济全球化以及科技文明的不断发展,人类的信息传播主要是借助于新闻媒体来实现的。而在不同的文化之中,受到民族特色、地域因素的影响,使得不同文章其对于文化负载词的运用差异导致了文章自身的趣味性与可读性受到了影响,这也就给从事于新闻翻译工作的我们带来了巨大的挑战。如何做到准确合理地将这些文化负载词进行翻译的同时,保留其自身的趣味性、文化特性,这已然成为了翻译工作开展的一大难题。在我国,从事新闻翻译工作的人员在对新闻文稿进行翻译的时候,一般是通过对翻译观念、词义表达以及文化差异等多方面进行思考后来实现的。在本文中,笔者将着重于对翻译活动开展的功能与目的的重视,做到翻译活动的完整性与简洁性,能够在不同的语境中,做到灵活地翻译。
语言作为文化传播的基础,是实现文化记录、反映、传播的重要形式,同时,也是文化自身的载体。词汇作为语言的基本组成部分,是实现文化传播活动得以顺利进行的基础,也是出现差异化的影响因素。在所有的语言中都存在着大量的文化负载词,它们是文化自身在历史发展的过程中不断演变而产生的,其内容主要包括了:特定的文化词、词组以及习语,这是民族文化的重要体现。
在对翻译原则进行制定的时候,译者需要根据翻译的策略与标准来实现对其的准确翻译,进而将文化负载词更好地进行表现。虽然,要找到完全相对应的文化负载词的难度较大,所以,作为新闻翻译工作者需要对翻译的方式进行灵活的运用,实现对翻译材料的准确生动表达,进而更好地完成翻译工作。根据笔者自身的工作实践经历来说,想要对新闻翻译活动中出现的负载词进行有效地处理,可以采用以下几种翻译方式。
(一)直译
在汉语言的新闻稿中,当其出现大量的政治、经济专有名词的时候,译者往往是通过直译的方式来实现对其字面意思的表达,进而实现对中国文化的展示。例如:2a.当前,全党全国各族人民正紧密团结在以胡锦涛同志为的党中央周围,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗巾只,全面贯彻党的十七大和十七届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观。在例文当中,出现了大量带有中国特色的政治专属名词,这些名词有许多已被外国读者所了解,因此,面对这类词组的时候,可以直接通过直译的方式来实现对原文内容的还原与形式的统一,做到对翻译信息准确性的保证。
(二)音译加解释
音译即是指的通过对原文语音的表现,在另一种语言中将其发音相同或者相近的部分进行表现,其表达的内容大多数是中国文化中所特有的元素。这部分元素,在一般情况下作为中国独特的文化表现形式是很难在译语中进行体现的。为了做到对中国特色的最大化保留,将这些词进行“音译”是十分可行的方式,可是,由于外国读者自身的文化背景与认知存在不足,如若仅仅是采用单纯地音译将会使得读者不知所以然,进而无法实现对信息的有效接受,向外国读者展示中国的特色文化也就更加无从谈起。因此,对新闻文稿进行音译的时候需要添加合适的解释性内容。比如“Yuanxiao”――“元宵”这一食品为中国所特有,在
(三)意译
在汉语中有许多的熟语、习语以及习惯用语,这类语言词汇作为语言系统中的特殊存在。由于读者的文化差异存在,使得这类的文化负载词会产生不同的意思显现。在这个时候,如若简单地采用直译进行表达,很有可能会带来对意思理解的误读。在这个时候,就需要通过意译来进行翻译工作活动了。例如:提倡红白事理性消费,实现移风易俗的时候。其基本原则在于,当村里办白事的时候,不能请吹拉弹唱的戏班子,做到凡事从简的原则。就如同“就坡下驴”这一说法一样,当骑在驴子身上的时候由于驴子比较高,所以容易摔倒,因此,最好先找个路坡,让驴子停在此处,人从这个地方上驴、下驴就不容易摔跤了。这个比喻形象地说明了需要找个合适的借口才能下台不至于工作的难堪与难办。这样的文化负载词,在其进行翻译的时候,如果仅仅是对翻译内容进行整体翻译将会使得整个翻译活动的内容冗长,翻译语言??嗦,导致读者难以做到对翻译内容的有效理解。
(四)直接加解释
解。歌曲《青春之歌》、《我和我的祖国》、《七子之歌》、《幸福在哪里》,舞蹈《孔雀》、《火红的日子》,昆曲《牡丹亭》选段,京剧《三家店》,歌舞《丝绸霓裳》,钢琴合奏《金色狂舞》、杂技《五光十色》等。各类节目,形式多样,内容丰富,表达了中华各族儿女对伟大祖国的深切情感与对美好生活的无比向往。“京剧“作为中国的四大国粹之一而得到了广大外国友人的认可与认知。但是,就”昆曲“而言,其作为中国传统古典曲目之一,在对其进行翻译的时候,需要有意识地增加一些和“昆曲”有关的背景知识。如,“Kunqu Opera”――通过适当的解释性词语,译者有效地将我国的文化精粹传播给外国读者。由以上例证可见,汉语新闻中一些文化负载词蕴含着一定的文化背景,单纯的直译并不能充分传达出其中的文化内涵。
再比如,笔者曾经看到一则新闻,说是:英译的京剧剧本,其中一些唱词的翻译不够准确,说到底还是对京剧所蕴含的中国文化理解不深,甚至是一种误读。以《四郎探母》为例:杨四郎的唱词里有“失落番邦十五年,雁过衡阳各一天,高堂老母难相见,怎不叫人泪涟涟……”等等。其中“雁过衡阳各一天”一句,被译作:Awildgoose flied over the border.(英文意思是:一只野雁飞过边界。)这显然是理解有误。“雁过衡阳各一天”是说南北相隔,杳无音讯。杨四郎沦落北番,隐姓埋名,十几年来与亲人失去联系,可谓天涯各一方。身为人子,让老母日日悬望,苦苦思念,怎不黯然神伤?所以深入理解唱词,准确把握人物内心活动,是做好京剧翻译工作的前提。因此,要保证信息的完整性,充分实现新闻翻译的价值,译者应在直译的基础上增译一些解释性文字,补充其中的文化背景知识,促进民族间的文化交流。
具有着中国特色的文化负载词,对其的翻译将会影响到世界对中国文化的认识,也会影响到中国文化自身与世界文化之间的交流与融合。由于,它代表着中国的民族文化与地域文化,是中华民族文化的重要表现形式之一,也是文化传播的重要形式。当中外文化存在较大差异,这些蕴含着中华文化特色的词汇也就给汉语新闻翻译带来了一定的障碍,但文化负载词的准确传译又是保证新闻翻译准确性的重要一步。因此,新闻翻译工作者应该引起高度重视。在功能目的论中,对于翻译活动的目的进行设定的时候需要对其采用的翻译方式进行明确。
即做到,一方面实现原文作者翻译目的的真实表达,另一方面,也要与译文读者的需求期盼相适应,促使新闻报道活动中出现的新闻负载词可以显得准确新颖又充满乐趣,借助于对音译、直译、意译等各种方法的运用,吸引译入语读者的目光,从而最大限度提高传播效果。为了实现文化负载词的准确传译,译者需要在一定的翻译标准之下,通过对实际情况进行具体的分析,以此来使得外国友人能够更好地理解翻译内容,使得汉语新闻的翻译质量得到显著提升,进一步地减少由负载词所带来的文化交流障碍,实现中外文化的更好交流。
略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关
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旅游资源的开发与营销有赖于其在国内外知名度的提升,而旅游资料作为一种宣传工具在吸引游客方面有着举足轻重的作用。随着当今越来越多的外国游客来中国观光旅游,优质的旅游资料翻译迫在眉睫。研究者会发现旅游文本的翻译中存在着诸多包括语言学、语用学和文化等各个层面的问题。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:旅游文本是外国游客了解、选择景点的重要参考资料。旅游文本的翻译是一种跨文化交流活动,其翻译过程不是单纯的语言转换过程,而是文化间的交流活动。旅游文本英译中文化缺省现象的存在,更加凸显了翻译补偿策略研究的重要性。通过对江西省几个著名景点的宣传文本进行探讨,分析文化缺省现象,并提出翻译补偿策略,以实现旅游文本的宣传效果。
从广义上讲,旅游文本包括一切与旅游相关的文本资料,它主要具有两项功能:一是传递信息,二是施加影响、诱导行动(朱灿灿,2013:12)。换言之,旅游文本作为宣传类文本,不论是中文还是英文,都需要让潜在的游客了解旅游目的地的基本情况、相关服务和特色文化,以达到信息传递和吸引游客的目的。对于游客来说,他们希望通过阅读文本获得游览目的地的信息。但不同文化背景的游客对所提供的信息有不同的需求,这就决定了英汉旅游文本的差异性。主要表现在以下两个方面。
(一)语言风格的差异
东西方在社会历史、文化传统、思维方式和审美情趣等方面截然不同,旅游文本在语言风格上自然要考虑双方读者的感受,采取恰当的表述方式。
汉语旅游材料在表述上注重辞藻、韵律,结合景点的文化历史背景,多采用四字成语以及排比、对偶句式,读起来琅琅上口。其中,对自然景观的介绍,重视优美的写意,或者采用丰富的想象力给景观增添神秘色彩,读起来或诗意盎然或浮想联翩。英文旅游材料重视“人情味儿”,常常会出现诸如“您现在所处的位置……”“最佳观赏时间是……”此类贴心的提示,用词和句法偏口语,简洁朴素,避免??嗦重复;其在介绍景点具体情况时,通常采用简单叙述法,三言两语道清楚,对景点介绍追求客观、中肯,达到信息传递的目的即可。
除此之外,中西方人民对待宣传材料的态度也是决定其内容的因素之一。不难发现,英语旅游文本突出信息的客观性,汉语旅游文本在撰写时加入主观色彩,呼吁性极强。
(二)信息容量的差异
中国经典故事层出不穷,许多历史人物、历史事件对中国人来说耳熟能详,但是外国游客并不一定了解。我国的旅游景点,不论是自然景观还是人文景观,大多与神话传说、历史故事和社会风俗有关,借用古文,引经据典,中国游客固然能轻而易举地理解其中奥妙,但是外国游客可能会因为错综复杂的人名、地名、朝代等因素而感觉晦涩难懂,降低他们旅游的积极性。
所以,英汉旅游文本并不一定包含相同的信息内容。旅游材料在英译的过程中,译者有必要在尊重原文的基础上,适当修改,对其中特殊的内容进行特殊的翻译。
中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,数不胜数的自然景观和人文景观承载了深厚的历史文化气息。旅游文本和文化紧密相关,在翻译过程中,文化信息的转换往往会因为中国人自身的文化背景而忽略了外国游客的认知。这就是文化缺省现象。它是指同一文化背景的人在交流中对双方共有的文化背景知识的忽略,这种现象是跨语言交际的一大障碍。在翻译旅游文本时,由于源语读者和目标语读者生活在不同的社会文化环境中,具有不相同的文化背景知识,因此,对原文读者来说是显而易见的文化背景知识,对于目标语读者就构成了文化缺省成分(王大来,2004:69)。汉英文本之间可能会存在大量的文化缺省因素,可归类为:历史景点和历史人物、传统概念和信仰、社会风俗和文学作品。这些缺省内容可能导致翻译文本缺失民族特点,损害旅游景点的形象,切断文化的关联意义,影响汉语旅游资料信息的传递和潜在游客的兴趣(张富庄,2013:6)。
鉴于目标语读者文化背景知识的差异性,以及英汉旅游文本本身的差异性,如果译者不针对文化缺省现象进行翻译补偿,游客就不能完全理解原意,将无法达到旅游文本预期的目标。所以,译者在对旅游文本进行翻译时,要充分挖掘文本内文化缺省现象的深层含义,以采取相应的翻译补偿策略。
针对英汉旅游文本的差异性以及东西方文化背景下读者的理解差异,翻译补偿策略是解决文化缺省现象的理想方法。Newmark认为,补偿是翻译的一种手法,补偿主要是用来弥补译文在语义、声音效果、修辞及语用效果等方面的缺省,而且译文可以在不同于原文的语句中再现这种效果。在英译旅游文本时,译者通过运用多种补偿策略将缺省的背景知识恰当地传递给译语读者,同时又可以保持原文的真实性。通过分析江西省的几处景点和文化人物简介的英译文本,得出具体策略如下:
(一)归化法
文化在输入时,应该倾向于归化,以保护本族文化的纯洁性;但文化的输出应该倾向于异化,以促使本族文化的外介,扩大本族文化的影响(李建军,2012:107)。英译旅游文本,属于文化的输出,在翻译具有中国特色的词汇和社会风俗上,应该在简单易懂的基础上积极采取归化法。例如:
(1)江西历史悠久,有着深厚的文化积淀,加上地处南方,处处山清水秀,是一个典型的“鱼米之乡”。
译文:Jiangxi,the province with a long history and profound culture;it is located in the south of China with picturesque scenery.Thus it has been aptly termed:“the land of rice and fish”.
该例句中的“鱼米之乡”直接将“鱼米”等文化意象移植到了目的语文本中。实际上,在英语表达中,“a land of honey and milk”同样具有“鱼米之乡”的意思。但为了更好地传播源语文化,“the land of rice and fish”更能真实地反映中国文化,更有利于外国游客体会到中国文化的奇特之处。随着跨文化交流的进一步发展,越来越多的外国游客会理解并接受中国文化。 (2)龙虎山,位于江西鹰潭,道教发源地,中国道教四大名山之一。
译文:Longhu Mountain,which is located in Yingtan of Jiangxi Province.It is known as one of Four Taoism Mountains because of its position――the birthplace of Chinese Taoism.
龙虎山,东汉中叶,正一道创始人张道陵曾在此炼丹,传说“丹成而龙虎现”,此山因此得名。有人建议将“龙虎山”翻译成“Mt.Dragon-Tiger”才能对外展示其深刻含义。作为世界自然遗产之一的龙虎山,以道教发源地著名,如此具有代表性的中国文化遗址在翻译时,采用归化翻译方法能更真实地反映中国文化。如:“龙虎山 Longhu Mountain”“道教 Taoism”。
(二)释义法
汉语旅游材料中,文言文出现频率高,在英译过程中,译者要充分考虑外国游客的理解能力和文化背景,进而考虑原文信息翻译之后,读者能否明白并喜闻乐见。释义法针对此类情况,在翻译过程中,对原文的历史知识、社会风俗、地理位置等因素采用加注法、同位语解释等方式进行说明,以方便外国读者理解。例如:
(3)南昌地处长江中下游,濒临鄱阳湖西南岸,自古就有“粤户闽庭,吴头楚尾”之称。
译文:Nanchang,bordering the Poyang Lake in the northeast,lies south of the lower middle reaches of the Yangtze River.It has been enjoying obvious advantages geographically. Since the ancient times, it has been known as the favorable place bordering Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north.
“粤”和“闽”分别是广东省和福建省的简称,“吴”和“楚”则是春秋战国时期江浙一带的诸侯国。对于外国游客,这些都不是熟悉的“中国常识”。在英译旅游文本时,应该将它们具体到现在的省份“Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north”,外国游客才能真正明白南昌所处的地理位置,从而理解它的重要地位。
(4)素有“江南三大名楼之首”美誉的滕王阁,雄踞南昌抚河北大道,坐落于赣江与抚河故道交汇处。依城临江,瑰伟绝特,因“初唐四杰”之首的王勃一篇雄文――《滕王阁序》,脍炙人口,传诵千秋。
译文:Tengwang Pavilion has long been ranked first among the three famous pavilions in the south of Yangtze River. Standing by the North Fuhe Avenue in Nanchang,the magnificent pavilion is located at the convergent point of Ganjiang River and the Old Fu River,taking the city as its background and the river as its mirror.Its splendor and majesty was lauded by Wang Bo,the leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty,in one of his masterpieces,Preface to Tengwang Pavilion,and thus has been famous throughout the world as well as maintained the glory with the years going.
“江南三大名楼”是中国有名的历史文化遗迹,但是外国游客不一定都清楚,正如王佐良所说:“在一种文化里有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”(郭建中,2000:20)。同时,对于“初唐四杰”的概念,译者将王勃的身份加以解释:“The leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty”。通过释义法,译者详细而自然地介绍了滕王阁的背景知识和王勃的诗人地位,有利于外国游客更好地了解滕王阁的历史价值。
(三)省略法
省略法是指译者在翻译过程中,根据源语所承载的文化内容,结合目标语的语言特色,并以传递基本信息为目的,对源语做出适当的缩略、删减的一种翻译方法。译者通过对原文中的文化信息进行甄别,分出主要信息和次要信息,在翻泽过程中抓住主要信息,对无关紧要的、目的语读者又很难理解的次要信息进行删减。这样做有助于保持目的语读者理解的连贯性,同时也让他们获得了主要信息(吴秀群,2012:162)。例如:
(5)陶渊明(约365年~427年),名潜,号“五柳先生”,东晋时期诗人,浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。世人敬重他,他“不为五斗米折腰”的故事流传至今。公元405年秋,他为了养家糊口,来到彭泽当县令……陶渊明再也忍受不下去了。他长叹一声,道:“我不能为五斗米向乡里小人折腰!” 说罢,辞官离去。
译文:Tao Yuanming(365~427),a poet in Dongjin Dynasty,also called Mr.Wuliu and Tao Qian,was a native people of Jiujiang City.We all respected has spirit that he wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time. 对中国古代称谓稍微了解的人都知道,在古代,同一个人除他的姓名之外,往往又有字、号,有时还不止一个号,且不同的场合,有不同称呼。陶渊明号“五柳先生”,这对于外国游客来说,并非重要的讯息,没有必要赘述“号”这个概念。另外,“不为五斗米折腰”的故事为中国大众所熟知,但是为了略去复杂的因果关系,避免外国游客坠入五里雾中,英译文本时删除了具体故事,用简单的句子“He wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time”向游客阐述世人敬重陶渊明的原因,达到了信息传递的目的。
(6)白鹿洞书院始建于公元940年,唐贞元年间,江州刺史李渤隐居这里读书,养一白鹿自娱,人称“白鹿先生”,后书院几经衰败。到南宋朱熹重建书院,并亲自在此讲学,当时名人正士均乐于在此求学,其成为了“中国四大书院之一”(其他三所为湖南长沙岳麓书院、湖南衡阳石鼓书院、河南商丘应天书院)。
译文:Bailudong Academy was built in 940 AD. Zhuxi,the great educator of the South Song Dynasty,turned the place into Bailudong Academy, which rivaled the other three famous academies in China.It was a school for some famous people reading there.
如上所述,白鹿洞书院的前身和其他三大书院的名称在英译时被译者删除略去,直接提及南宋伟大的思想家、教育家朱熹,为避免信息量过于庞大,有选择性地将重要信息保留、提取,帮助外国游客理解书院的历史。此时,省略法能够给外国游客留下深刻印象,并且有利于景点的宣传。
(四)增译法
增译法和省略法殊途同归,都是指译者在翻译过程中,根据实际情况对源语做出适当的调整。翻译过程中,若能将省略法和增译法处理得当,互为依据,交错使用,就能够使得译文顺畅明了、通俗易懂。例如:
(7)世界自然遗产地、世界地质公园、国家AAAAA级旅游区、国家级风景名胜区――三清山,位于江西省上饶市东北部。
译文:Mt.Sanqingshan,located in northeast of Shangrao city,is a World Natural Heritage, National Scenic Area,World Geo-park and State AAAAA Tour Zone,which is the highest level of Chinese tourist attractions issued by China’s National Tourism Administration.
中华人民共和国旅游景区质量等级划分为五级,最高级别为AAAAA。但是,外国游客对中国5A级旅游景区的定义不一定都了解,所以在英译本中增加了对“AAAAA”的解释,加深了外国游客对三清山旅游景区的印象,使外国游客意识到该景区的游览价值,达到了旅游文本的宣传目的。
针对文化缺省这一现象,译者需合理运用不同的补偿策略,对源语中的文化背景知识做出补偿,弥补缺省,最大限度地传递原文所蕴含的文化信息。旅游文本的跨文化翻译促进了不同民族文化之间的交流,因此既要尊重源语文化,又要顾及目的语文化。
旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关
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