为您找到与数字的文化内涵与中西翻译相关的共200个结果:
在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义;数字"九"涉及面在我国所有数字中最广。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译相关论文。仅供大家参考!
东西方数字九的文化对比分析与翻译全文如下:
"数是人类思维发展到一定阶段,为适应社会生产活动的需要,在符号的帮 助下产生的。"(苏金智,19 91)"数字是语言学中的一个特殊的领域。在科 学的数字世界里,它的功能是计算,秩序严谨,职司分明,是 实数;而在人类 心灵的数字世界中,它的功能是表义,许多数字经过“神化”后成为“玄数”、 “虚数”、“ 天数"。它们有着极其丰富的外延和内涵。"(王秉钦,1998) 由于受东西方文化传统、宗教信仰、语言崇拜、地理环境等方面的影响,数 字的神化存在着东西方的差异 ,但也存在着共性,有着共同的规律。在"数的 灵物崇拜"上各民族都有普通性。东方人有自己心目中的"天 数",而西方人 也有自己心目中的"神数"。神秘数字的演化规律一般经过"神化—泛化—虚 化"的过程。( 王秉钦,1998)
东西方已有不少有关数字科学的专著和论文, 如毕达哥拉斯(phythagoras) 学派的T·丹齐克的《数 科学语言》(商务印书馆,1998),英国人伦拉德·法 拉的《七的探源》;国内也有不少学者就数字写过著作 和论文,并开展过学术探 讨。如,王秉钦教授在其《语言与翻译新论》的中篇第六章就以"数的语义范围 比较 与翻译"为专题;苏金智曾写过《数的灵物崇拜》(载〈语言、社会、文化》 440页, 语文出版社,1991,1) 等。在1998 年南昌大学主办的"中国英汉语 比较研究会第二届年会暨第三次学术研讨会"上,英汉文化对比专 业委员会会 员曾就中南工业大学外语学院吴玲英老师的《中西文学中"以三为法”的文化模 式》展开了激烈的 讨论。本人认为东方人,尤其是中国人,自己心目中的天数 是"九"而不是"三",也并非完全是因为"九" 是"三"的倍数。
在我国,人们之所以把"九"看成是自己心目中的"天数"和最富有神奇色 彩的数字, 是因为"九" 这个数字的象征意义(symbolicmeaning),在我国可 以说历时最久,涉及面也最广。 "九"作为数不同于一 般数字,在中国古代被 认为是一种神秘的数字,它起初是龙形(或蛇形)图腾化之文字,继而演化出"神 圣" 之意,于是中国古代历代帝王为了表示自己神圣的权力为天赐神赋,便竭 力把自己同“九”联系在一起。如天 分九层,极言其高,天证/诞日为正月初 九,天子祭天一年九次。更有趣的是连皇宫建筑都与"九"有关。例 如,北京 城有九门,天安门城楼面阔九问,门上饰有九路钉(即每扇门的门钉纵横各九排)。 汉语词汇中也常 用"九"来形容帝王将相的称谓,如"九五之尊"(imperial throne);称官位仅次于皇帝的王爷为"九千岁 "等。
根据阴阳五行与数的关系,万物之根均为数,宇宙也是数。数始于1而终于 10,五行也是数,按传统的五行 理论来划分,则1、2为木:1为阳木,2为阴 木。以3、4为火:3为阳火,4为阴火。以5、6为土:5为阳土,6为 阴土。 以7、8为金:7为阳金,8为阴金。以9、10为水:9 为阳水,10为阴水。这 就是将"象"、"数"与五行 结合起来推演变化,用以显示事物发展变化的内 在联系。由此看来,"九"是最大的阳数,象征着天。传说古 代中国人把天分 为九层,九层天是天的最高处,汉语中有关词汇有"九重霄"(指极高的天空, "九霄云外" ,"九天揽月","九天九地"等。另外,天坛,这个明清两代 祭天的场所,其建筑无处不体现着“九”的象 征意义。 民间传说中还有"九头 鸟"(nine-headed bird: a fabulous bird whose appearance was f ormerlyregarded as a bad omcn)的故事。
中国人以"九"为大数,刘师培在《古书疑义举例补》一书中写道:"凡数 指其极者,皆得称之为'九' ;"《素问》中说:"天地之数,始于一,终于 九。"因此,汉语中有"九九归一"或"九九归原"之说。因 从"九"为数之 极而引出人生之限,故"明九"或"暗九"均为人生之"坎",避讳有“九”之 岁。例如:“ 老太太因明年八十一岁,是个暗九。"(《红楼梦》)。日本人一般 认为"九"是"苦命和痛苦"的象征,因 为"九"与"苦"同音,因此忌讳 "九"。然而,《外语与外语教学》曾报道过国内一位学者曾为考证这一点 ,采 用"全选法"将日本某地电话号码其中的几千个姓和名分别进行统计,结果发现 将"九"作为姓的只占极 少数(约占0.35%),而将"九"作为名的却不少(约 占35%)。看来,日本人忌讳"九"也并非绝对。
此外,《词源》中说:"九:虚指多数。""九"作虚数解时,是数的一种 语义模糊现象。《现代汉语词 典》中,"九"的意思有三个:(1)数目,八加一 后所得;(2)从冬至起每九天是一个"九",从一"九" 数起,二"九"、三 "九",一直数到九"九"为止。冬练三九,夏练三伏;(3)表示多数或多次: 九泉,三 弯九转等。因此, 汉语中有不少和"九"有关的成语。如:"九牛一 毛"、"九死一生"、"九牛二虎之力" 、"九流宾客"等等。
在我国,数字"九"涉及面在所有数字中最广。含有数字"九"的词汇也十 分丰富。如,"九州"是指传 说中的我国上古行政区划,后用作"中国"的代 称。因此,有的全国性的电视节目就取名为“九州方圆”;“ 九族"(the nine degrees of kindred: either thenine generations from one's great-great-gr andfather down toone's great-great-grandson;or four generations of one'spatemal relations, three generations of one's matemalrelations, and two generations of noe's wife's relatio ns),古代有一种残酷的刑法叫"诛灭九族";古代传说 "龙生九子,各有所好"。因此,《红楼梦》第九回 中用"一龙生九种,种种各 别"来比喻贾氏家族族大人多,龙蛇混杂,好坏不一,各种各样的人都有。还有 " 九龙杯"等。此外,在文娱、体育等词汇中,数字"九"也比比皆是。如, 许多歌名都以"九"开头:"九妹 "、"九九艳阳天"、"九百九十九朵玫瑰" 等;乐器中也有"九音锣";在体育活动中,"九柱戏"(nine pins),兵器中 有"九节鞭"[但这与西方文化中的"九尾鞭”(cat-o '-nine- tails: an instrurnent of punishment so calledfrom the nine pieces of leather or cord which compose it)意义不大一样]。 地名中也有一些以"九"开头的,如"九 寨沟"、"九华山"、"九江"和"九龙"等。此外,中国人常把" 九"看成 为吉祥数字之一。在申请电话号码时,人们宁愿多出
钱去买一个尾数为"8"或 "9"的吉祥号码。比 如,湖南有线电视台的"欢乐热线"号码为"16899919"。 在西方,数字"九"也是人们心目中的"神数"之一。对西方人来说, "九"的象征意义是"神性"、 "神圣之至"。 英语权威字典Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary and Webster's ThirdIntema tional Dictionary 中 对"九"所解释的意义比《现代汉语词典》所解释的意义还多,分别有:
1)one more than eight, three threes, the square of three;2) nine units of objects (a tota l of nine) ; 3) a: thenumerable quantity symbolized by the arabic numeral 9; b: thefigure 9 ; 4) nine o'clock——compared Bell table, timeillustration; 5) the ninth size in a set series: as a; aplaying team of nine members,esp.a baseball team; b:the firstor last 9 hol es of an 18-hole golf course…。
其中收入与"九"有关词语和成语多达近二十条。常用的有:
a nine-day's wonder (an object or event that creates ashort-lived sensation)
____Those political expositions…that make a nine day'snine wonder till something fresh c omes alone——Mary Deasy. nine times out of ten(very often)
be dressed up to the nines(elaborately dressed, as for aformal occasion)
____She dressed herself up to the nines and went to theparty.
in the nineholes:in the difficult situation nine-men's morris: morris played with nine counters A cat has nine lives: A cat can move so fast and jump sowell that he seems to escape being killed many times.
从以上的解释还可以发现一个规律:数字"九"及其倍数在西方也被广泛运 用于文娱和体育活动中。如, 保龄球(bowling )中的瓶状木柱数(ninepins) 为"九";高尔夫球球场有一十八个洞:跳子棋的棋板上各 方均为九个孔; 古 时英国还有一种九个男人一起跳的舞蹈(morrisdance)等。由此看来,数字"九" 也倍 受西方人的青睐。
总之,在东西方文化中,数字"九"含有以下主要共性:
1)东西方大多数人把数字"九"看成神秘的数字, 其象征意义均有"神 圣"之意。
2)在东西方文化中,数字"九"均可虚指多数。
3)数字"九"被广泛运用于文体项目中。
数字“九”在东西方文化中的个性恐怕主要在于:对中国人来说,其神奇色 彩要比西方人更浓;其象征意 义的历史在东方文化中比西方文化中更悠久;其 涉及面在东方文化中比西方文化中更广泛。
罗马西塞罗说过:"翻译不是字当句对,而是保留语言的总风格和力 量。""按分量而不是按数量译词" 。此处所说的数字是指经过神化、泛化、 虚化了的"虚数","实数"的翻译不在此例。根据这一理论,结合 东西方文 化的共性与个性,可采用如下的翻译方法,并遵循以下的翻译原则。
可采取的翻译方法主要有:
(一)保留原数字
e.g. We thought our cat would be killed when he fell fromthe roof of the house. He was not, he used up one of his ninelives.
我们以为我们的猫从屋顶掉下来会死了,它并没死,只失掉九条命中的一条。 这样翻译过来,人们很容易接受,因为人们已熟悉"猫有九命"这个成语, 并能够促进东西方文化的融合 。
(二)转换成各民族喜爱的数字
e.g.nine out of ten——十之八九 nine days' wonder———可翻译为"昙花一现", 这样翻译可以加深对奈 达的"对等"和纽马克的"转 换"翻译理论的理解。
(三)增舍数字
比如,"九死一生"可翻译成"a narrow escape from death;survival after many hazards";又如 ,"九九归一,还是他说的话对。"可翻译成"All things considered,what he says is right."其译文均 舍弃了数字,转译其 形象意义。
应遵循的原则主要有:
(一)民族性原则
比如,汉语中的"费了九牛二虎之力",《汉英词典》(外研社,1996)的译 文有三个:"strain onese lf to the limit; use everyounce of one's strength; make herculean efforts"。笔者认为第二种译文 "use every ounce of one's strength "更符合"民族性原则”,成功地将东方文化中该成语的比喻意义转 化成了西方文化语言中的形象意义。
(二)习语性原则
比如:"匡超人此时恍若亲见瑶宫仙子,月下嫦娥,那魂灵都飘到九霄云外 去了。"(《儒林外史》), 其译文为"Kuang felt that he was gazing at a goddess and his spirit had flown to heaven."这种译 文因遵循了"习语性原则", 充分地体现了人类交际行为的一个最根本原则——语言——符号的经济原则。
(三)形象性原则
数字用于模糊意义时,一般都失去了其数量意义而具有形象意义。翻译时, 必须越出其理性意义而捕捉其 与其它的词结合后所产生的形象意义。
比如:"飞流直下三千尽,疑是银河落九天(李白)。"此句诗中的"九天" 的形象意义为"极高的天空 ",因此,可翻译成"Down itcascades a sheer three thousand feet—As if the Silver River [i.e. the Milky. Way]were falling from heaven!"
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英汉两种语言的表达方式、语言习惯的不同,决定了它们所表达的相同事物之间存在着明显的差异性。然而,由于语言之间的相通性、相融性,也决定了不同语言的相同事物之间又在某些方面存在着必然的共同性。英、汉姓名的异同就是其差异性与共同性的具体体现之一,而在其中所蕴涵的深远的文化底蕴是值得我们回味与咀嚼的。本文就英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法进行粗浅探讨。
姓名的翻译要遵循两个原则:“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”。“名从主人原则”是指在翻译姓名时,要以该姓名所在国语言的发音为准,而不管该姓名是直接从原文译出的,还是从其他文字转译的。换言之,就是译哪个国家的姓名就要以哪个国家的音为准。如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”(波兰语发音),而不译作“斯科路夫斯基”(英语发音)。“约定俗成原则”是指有些姓名在长期的翻译实践中,已经有了固定的译法,就应该继续使用下去,即使有的不够妥帖,甚至错了,但因多年来已为人们所公认和熟悉,这样的译名也该继续沿用,无须另定译名。如英国著名作家George Bernard Shaw正确的汉译名应是“乔治·伯纳·萧”,但过去该作家的名字一直被译作“萧伯纳”,变成了一个典型的汉名,我们也只有错误地沿袭下去了。
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随着全球化的进展,世界各国的文化交流也日趋频繁。胡文仲认为“文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的,是社会的遗产;价值观念是文化的核心,可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。”不同文化的人们需要了解他国的图书、音像作品,因此需要将这些文化作品从一种语言转换到另一种语言,即翻译。美国翻译理论家奈特认为,所谓翻译就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。因此翻译的本质是将一种语言以最为贴切恰当的对等方式转换成另一种语言。由于文化差异的存在,不同的语言之间的翻译往往是一件非常困难的事情。在一种文化中被人所熟知的事物可能在另一种文化中成为鲜为人知的事情,因此要做到对等翻译需要翻译者对目标语文化具有足够的了解,能够恰当地找到两种文化之间的对等语言。总的来说,中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响主要有以下几点:
宗教文化作为西方国家重要的社会文化和人们日常生活的重要组成部分,已经渗透到西方人们的日常行为习惯和民族风俗等各个方面中去了。宗教是西方人们的精神支柱,宗教文化对英语词汇的影响也是非常大的,英语中的很多词汇和典故都出自宗教中记录的一些民间故事和传闻,例如很多派生词、格言、习语都出自《圣经》。相对应的,在中国汉语文化中也有很多语言文化出自佛教。由于中西文化的差异,具体是宗教文化的差异,商务英语翻译者需要准确了解中西文化的背景,保证翻译的准确性,提高商业活动的效益。
谚语的流传都带有一定的小典故,其中蕴含着浓厚的民族气息,也可能是历史文化或者人物传记演变而来,所以在商务英语的翻译过程中,关于谚语的翻译一定要注意文化差异。关于谚语的翻译有三种方法,下面来一一介绍:to be on thin ice 和burnone’s boats 这一类的谚语可以采用套译法,翻译为:如履薄冰和破釜沉舟;to turn a blind eye to 可以采用直译法,翻译为熟视无睹;to ride one’s high horse 可以采用意译法,翻译为趾高气扬;对于有一定典故的谚语,需要熟悉典故的出处,例如Achilles’s heel 这个谚语,直译过来就是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,然而这样的翻译没有太大的意义,首先我们要了解阿基里斯的出处。在希腊神话里面阿基里斯是一位勇士,从没有被打败过,但是敌人找到了他的弱点,就是他的脚踵,然后通过攻击他的脚踵打败了阿基里斯。所以Achilles’s heel 在中国文化里面,翻译为“致命弱点”。
思维方式即人们思考和认识外界事物的方式,它是人类在漫长的历史发展中所形成的。由于欧美和中国所处地区环境不同,因此而形成的风俗习惯、生活条件各不相同,由此而形成了该语言所特有的思维方式。一般说来,西方人比较重视抽象思维。英语在表达思想时,逻辑严谨,由主到次。如英语句子通常先给出主要信息,然后再介绍辅助信息,如时间、地点等等。而汉语言则是散点思维,表达按照多种关系排列,如时间顺序,因果关系等等。同样,英语重视形式逻辑,即形和,在表达时使用各种形式连接词以表示其连接关系;而汉语恰好相反,“汉语句法结构重意合,句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的的贯通、语境的映衬,而少用连接词语”。②例如,“早知今日,何必当初?”翻译过来为“If I had known itwould come to this, I would have acted differently.”。上面的汉语句子是由两个分句构成的而没有连接词,但是从逻辑上是从属关系,因此表达意思简洁明了。而翻译成英语时则使用连接词来表达条件和结果的逻辑关系,这符合英语的形和的特点。
翻译中,人们不仅需要注意词的准确性,而且要了解词的内涵意思,而词的内涵意思又是其所承载的文化所决定的。因此如果不了解目标语言的文化,就有可能在翻译中造成理解错误或者语用失误。例如在美国的大街上可以偶尔看到一辆红色或者黑色的小汽车上面喷涂着“I am yellow”的句子。如果直译过来就是“我是黄色的”。而这样的翻译通常让中国人很困惑,在中国人眼里,说一个人是黄色的代表其低俗与下流。其实美国文化中出租车通常是黄色的,因此yellow通常有出租车的意思。因此正确的翻译应该是“这是出租车”。又如美国文化中涉及到狗的成语很多,狗在美国文化中被视为是人的忠实的朋友,因此涉及到狗的成语一般是褒义的,如a lucky dog(幸运儿),Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌),Give a dog a bad name and hang him. (欲加之罪,何患无辞)等等,而狗在中国人眼里一般含有贬义,如走狗、狗仗人势、狂犬吠日等等。又如中国人常说“惧内”为“气管炎”(谐音“妻管严”),因此中国开玩笑中的“他有气管炎”如果翻译成“He suffers from trachEitis”在外国人眼里一点也不好笑,外国人会疑惑的问:“So what? Why are you laughing so hard when heis suffering from tracheitis?”这显然是一种翻译的语用失误。如果翻译成“He is an obedient husband.”虽然可以基本表达意思,但是丢失了原话的幽默。因此如果翻译成“He is a henpecked man.”则会在效果上更加惟妙惟肖。
总而言之,语言是人类交流的桥梁,英语和汉语虽然拥有近似的表达方式,但其表达方式的个性特征却不尽相同。正是这些因素,导致了中西方文化差异,让人们在英语翻译过程中产生了许多错误和困惑。因此我们在翻译过程中必须对与中西方文化差异所导致的风俗与礼仪、思维模式以及文化差异引起的词汇歧义加以考虑,多了解西方的风土民俗、文学艺术、宗教信仰及历史背景,透过语句的表面看本质,以达到更加良好、还原度更高的翻译效果。
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《易经》中说:“谦谦君子,卑以自牧”。这句话的意思是,谦虚有道德的人,总是以谦逊的态度,自守其德,修养其身。儒家思想也告诫我们“三人行必有我师”。自古以来,在中国社会的人际交往中,人们极为重视“谦虚”,可以说“谦虚”是中国人的美德。谦虚是做人的一条基本要求,一个人如果没有内在的谦虚品质,就无法具有外在的真诚恭谨表现。所谓“谦虚”就是较低看待自己,而较高看待他人的心理和行为,是低己高人,以人为师的心理和行为。而谦逊的含义在英文化中就是“减少对自己的表扬,而不是根本不要自我表扬”,因为西方式的谦虚是把自己放在平等的位置上的。由此可以看出,中国人的“谦虚”与Leech提出的“谦虚准则”有所不同,中国人之“谦虚”主要体现在“贬己尊人”。“贬己尊人”是中国特定环境下“礼”在交际中的具体体现,意味着贬低自己,抬高别人。西方社会人们惯常遵循的“尽量贬低自己,尽量缩小对自己的表扬”的“谦虚准则”在中国社会不仅不适合,却常常构成对中国人面子的威胁之力。
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文化会影响人们对外界事物的看法和认识,不同的国家存在不同的文化,因此在思维模式方面必然存在差异,这一点在东西文化之间表现得尤为明显。造成中西文化冲突现象的原因多种多样,究其根本,就是因为中西双方有着不同的文化、不同的历史背景,必然带来人们思想、行为等多方面的差异,甚至是冲突,
下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:跨文化交际与中西文化冲突相关论文。仅供大家参考!
跨文化交际与中西文化冲突全文如下:
【摘要】在中西跨文化交际中,文化冲突的事例屡见不鲜,严重影响了交往的顺利进行,因此我们很有必要找出其深层次的原因,并采取一定的措施来培养跨文化交际的能力,避免文化冲突。
【关键词】跨文化交际、文化差异、文化冲突
随着中国对外开放程度的逐渐深入,西方社会的人和事物越来越多地走进了我们的视野,在这种情况下,跨国域、跨民族、跨文化的经济和社会交往将会与日俱增,这就为我们提供了许多与西方人接触和交往的机会,这对于加深我们的西方社会的理解是一件好事,但这并不是一件简单的事情,因为我们所面对的是来自陌生的文化和国家,思维方式、生活习惯和行为方式与我们迥然不同的人,在与之交往的过程中不可避免的会出现文化冲突的现象。
在中西跨文化交际中会出现的文化冲突有很多种,在这里我们不可能一一叙述,只能列出比较常见的几种。
1.1隐私方面的冲突
中国人的隐私观念比较薄弱,认为个人要归属于集体,在一起讲究团结友爱,互相关心,故而中国人往往很愿意了解别人的酸甜苦辣,对方也愿意坦诚相告。而西方人则非常注重个人隐私,讲究个人空间,不愿意向别人过多提及自己的事情,更不愿意让别人干预。因此在隐私问题上中西双方经常发生冲突,例如:中国人第一次见面往往会询问对方的年龄,婚姻状况,儿女,职业,甚至收入,在中国人的眼里这是一种礼貌,但在西方人眼里则认为这些问题侵犯了他们的隐私。
1.2时间观方面的冲突
西方人的时间观和金钱观是联系在一起的,时间就是金钱的观念根深蒂固,所以它们非常珍惜时间,在生活中往往对时间都做了精心的安排和计划,并养成了按时赴约的好习惯。在西方,要拜访某人,必须事先通知或约定,并说明拜访的目的、时间和地点,经商定后方可进行。而中国人则属于多向时间习惯的国家,在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性,一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行,西方人对此往往感到不适应。
1.3客套语方面的冲突
中国人注重谦虚,在与人交际时,讲求“卑己尊人”,把这看作一种美德,这是一种富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。在别人赞扬我们时,我们往往会自贬一番,以表谦虚有礼。西方国家却没有这样的文化习惯,当他们受到赞扬时,总会很高兴地说一声“Thank you”表示接受。由于中西文化差异,我们认为西方人过于自信,毫不谦虚;而当西方人听到中国人这样否定别人对自己的赞扬或者听到他们自己否定自己的成就,甚至把自己贬得一文不值时,会感到非常惊讶,认为中国人不诚实。
1.4餐饮习俗方面的冲突
中华民族素有热情好客的优良传统。在交际场合和酒席上,热情的中国人常常互相敬烟敬酒。中国人宴客,即使美味佳肴摆满一桌,主人也总习惯讲几句“多多包涵”等客套话。主人有时会用筷子往客人的碗里夹菜,用各种办法劝客人多吃菜、多喝酒。而在西方国家,人们讲求尊重个人权益和个人隐私,所以他们不会做强人所难的事。吃饭的时候,绝不会硬往你碗里夹菜,自己想吃什么就吃什么,他们也不会用各种办法劝客人喝酒,不会非要你喝醉了为止。
造成中西文化冲突现象的原因多种多样,究其根本,就是因为中西双方有着不同的文化、不同的历史背景,必然带来人们思想、行为等多方面的差异,甚至是冲突,下面我们就来具体看一下有哪些主要的原因。
2.1思维模式存在差异
文化会影响人们对外界事物的看法和认识,不同的国家存在不同的文化,因此在思维模式方面必然存在差异,这一点在东西文化之间表现得尤为明显。西方文化的思维模式注重逻辑和分析,而东方文化的思维模式则表现出直觉整体性,这一点也是中国传统文化思维的特征。由于这种传统文化的影响,中国人往往特别重视直觉,注重认识过程中的经验和感觉,在交往中也往往以这种经验和感觉去“以己度人”。与西方人的思维模式相比,中国人的这种思维模式具有明显的笼统性和模糊性,久而久之,会形成一种思维定势,可以解释为识别和简化对外界事物的分类感知过程。从本质上说,思维定势往往忽视个体事物的差别,夸大与另外某一社会群体相关的认知态度,常常带有感情色彩,并伴有固定的信条。在所有的定势中,有些定势是正确的,而有些则是错误的,会直接影响跨文化交际,造成交际失误。
2.2行为规范各不相同
行为规范的具体含义就是指被社会所共同接受的道德标准和行为准则,简单的说,就是告诉人们该做什么和不该做什么的一种规范。不同文化背景的人们在交际时,经常出现的一个现象就是套用自身所在社会的行为规范来判定对方行为的合理性,由于双方的行为规范存在差异,常常会产生误解、不快甚至更坏的结果。比如说中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好,而在西方国家,这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法,父母会对此非常愤怒。所以说在跨文化交际中是否能够正确地识别和运用行为规范是保证跨文化交际顺利进行的重要因素。要保障跨文化交际的顺利进行,就必须理解对方的行为规范,尤其是什么行为是被禁止的,最好的办法就是遵循入乡随俗的原则。
2.3价值取向不同
人们的交际能力是在社会化的过程中产生的,必然与价值观念联系在一起。每一种文化都有自己特有的价值体系,这套体系能够帮助人们区分美与丑、善良与邪恶,这就是人们的处世哲学、道德标准和行为规范。但是它不能脱离具体的文化而存在,每一种文化的判断标准是不同的,这种文化认为是好的,另一种文化可能认为不好,但是它们在自己的文化体系内都有其存在的合理性,绝不可以理解为一种价值标准先进,而另一种价值标准落后。以中西文化为例,在中国文化中,人们推崇谦虚知礼,追求随遇而安,不喜欢争强好胜,同时社会风气也往往封杀过于突出的个人,正所谓“行高于众,人必非之”。在中国文化中,集体取向占据主导地位,追求个人发展被视为是一种严重的个人主义,必然会受到谴责。而西方文化则非常崇尚个人主义,“随遇而安”被看作是缺乏进取精神的表现,是懒惰、无能的同义语,为社会和个人所不取。人本位的思想根植于他们心中,人们崇尚独立思考,独立判断,依靠自己的能力去实现个人利益,并且认为个人利益至高无上。
2.4语用迁移造成影响
人们对遇到的现象、事物和行为的评价和解释是建立在本身文化的基础之上的,在跨文化交际中也同样如此,因此往往会造成交际的障碍,其根源就在于忽略了语用的迁移。文化不同语言的使用规则就会不同,一种文化的标准规范只能在自身中按其特定条件加以解释,而不能以此为规范来描述另一种文化,否则必然会导致跨文化交际的失败,其深层原因就在于人们缺乏对社会语言差异的敏感性,会无意识地进行语用迁移,而这种后果有时会很严重,甚至会招致巨大经济损失。我国的羊绒制品在国际上评价颇好,北方某厂曾出口一种“双羊”牌高档羊绒被,商标被译成英文Goats,结果销路特别不好,原因就在于在英语中goat这个词除了本意“山羊”外,还有“色鬼”之意。有了这样的英文商标,无论这种羊绒被的质量有多好,用起来多舒服,那些妙龄女子、家庭主妇也不会愿意把它铺上床的。
从以上的分析可以看出,在我们与西方的交往过程中,确实存在着很多文化方面的冲突,直接影响到了跨文化交往的效果,为了改变这一状况,我们极有必要在实际教学中培养学生的跨文化交际能力,具体措施如下:
3.1授课教师要转变观念
在我国目前的教学体系中,外语教学多半只在课堂上进行,教师起着绝对的主导作用。如果教师只把重点放在语法和词汇教学上,学生就不可能学会语言的实际运用,也无法获得跨文化交际的能力。因此,授课的教师必须要转变自己的观念,切实认识到文化冲突的危害性和培养学生跨文化交际能力的重要性。同时,教师还要加强学习,提高自身的综合文化素质,只有这样,才能全面把握英语文化知识教育的量与度,以及教学的具体步骤和方法,以达到预期的教学目的。
3.2改进现有的教学方法
一直以来,大学的英语教学侧重点都放在了语言知识的传授上,而忽略了跨文化交际能力的培养。为了改变这种情况,我们必须改进教学方法,在质和量两个方面对课堂教学中的文化教学加以控制,并充分利用现代化的教学手段(电影、投影仪、互联网等)来调动学生的学习积极性。此外还可以举办一些专题讲座,以满足学生的求知欲望,培养出具有较高跨文化交际能力的人才。但是值得注意的是,在改进教学方法时,一定要使新的内容与学生所学的语言知识紧密联系,并与语言交际实践紧密结合。
3.3重视非语言交际能力的培养
非语言交际也是一种重要的交际方式,指的是在特定的情景或语境中使用非语言行为交流和理解信息的过程,它们不是真正的语言单位,但在生活和交际中有时候却能表达出比语言更强烈的含义,一些特定的非语言行为往往代表着特定的含义,在跨文化交际中必须加以重视。中西文化背景下的非语言文化内涵差异非常大。例如,中国人信奉“沉默是金”,认为沉默里含有丰富的信息,甚至“此时无声胜有声”,而英语国家的人对此颇感不舒服。西方人交谈时,听者一般都会长时间注视对方的眼神,以示听者的认真和对说话者的尊重,但是在中国人看来,这是一种不礼貌的行为,因为中国人不习惯于对方长时间地盯着自己看。
3.4引导学生广泛接触西方文化材料
在大学里,英语教学的课时非常有限,但学生在课余有充分的可支配时间,因此不能仅仅依靠教师在课堂上的教学来培养跨文化交际能力,教师要引导学生利用课外时间广泛阅读西方英语文学作品、报刊杂志和时事评论等材料,从中吸取文化知识,增加文化素养,拓宽西方文化视野,提高跨文化交际能力。另外,有外教的学校还应充分发挥外教在西方文化传播中的作用,他们是活的文化教材,让学生直接与外教交流,听外教做报告或讲课,其言传身教会对学生起到一种潜移默化的作用。
[1]许果、梅林,文化差异与跨文化交际能力的培养。《重庆大学学报》(社科版),2002年第8卷第6期,121-123
[2]顾江禾,东西方文化对比小议。《太原重型机械学院学报》,2001年第22卷第4期,279-282
[3]华厚坤,试论跨文化语境下的大学英语教学。《黑龙江高教研究》,2003年第6期,153-154
[4]吴锋针,中西习俗文化“冲突”。《绥化师专学报》,2003年第1期,90-92
[5]程晓莉,英语跨文化交际教学的思考。《安徽农业大学学报》(社会科学版),2003年第5期,105-107
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孔子认为:“父母在,不远游,游必有方。”孔子不赞成父母健在时儿子离家远游,如果因故非远游不可,必须有明确的方向。孔子这种思想是怕儿子远行在外,老人无人照顾。西方人一般不会这样,他们为了事业不会过多地考虑父母,也没有必要考虑父母。今天读文网小编将与大家分享:中西方孝文化探析相关论文。具体内容如下:
摘 要:通过对中西方孝文化的对比分析,认为中西方孝文化有着显著的不同。中国孝文化经过几千年的发展,博大精深,涉及方方面面;而西方孝文化在历史进程中却没有得到发展,内容也很单一。这些不同主要源于文化差异。?
论文关键词:家庭;孝文化;文化差异;养老模式?
中西方孝文化探析
中西方的孝文化都是伴随着家庭的产生而开始出现的。从新旧石器时代到父系氏族的建立,人类自身的力量十分弱小,因此这个阶段的人时刻也离不开氏族这个集体,当然更不可能独立生存。随着生产力水平的不断提高,人们对于氏族集体的依赖逐渐减少,但孤立的个体劳动仍不足以满足人们对于物质及精神生活的需要。因此,家庭(家族)核心制成为最直接与最佳选择。孝同样是随着生产力的发展和社会的进步,特别是由于个体家庭和私有制的产生,人们对与自己相关的血缘亲族关系的认识逐步得到提高而慢慢产生。
家庭是人类由于客观的原因迫不得已的选择,同时又是历史发展的必然。由于中西方家庭产生的不同步性,中西方孝文化也不是同时出现的,但最初形态的孝文化却是一样的,即善待长辈。而随着历史的发展,中国的孝文化逐渐发展成为一个博大精深的体系,而西方的孝文化却成了只在文献中出现的很狭义的概念,甚至连最初的孝文化的一些观念也发生了改变。中西方孝文化有较大的差异。
为了对中西方孝文化的差异有更清楚、更全面的认识,我们先从文献的角度对中西方的孝文化进行考证研究,然后在此基础上对中西方孝文化进行对比分析。
(一)中国孝文化
中华民族的孝文化历史悠久,源远流长。在中国五千年灿烂辉煌的文明记载中,中华民族的传统美德涉及方方面面,内容极其丰富,其中“孝”不仅是家庭观念中孝敬父母的问题,也是几千年来统治秩序中重要的社会规范。中华民族有着一整套关于孝的理论。中国历史上,“孝”是进入家庭观念中最早的伦理道德范畴。传说尧时,“虞舜,性至孝”,感天动地,“帝尧闻之,遂以天下让焉”。这可能就是中华孝文化的雏形。肖群忠认为,“孝”当产生或大兴于周代,其初始意指尊祖敬宗、报本返初和生儿育女、延续生命;至孔子,使“孝”从其宗教与哲学意义转化为“善事父母”的纯粹伦理意义,从宗族道德转化为家族道德;至《孝经》,“孝”这个反映家庭亲子关系的道德观念被全面政治化了。[2]
孝文化在中国文化中有着举足轻重的地位。孔子提出了“孝为仁之本”,而儒家思想也就是以“仁”为中心的道德思想,可见“孝”在儒家思想中的重要地位。在《孝经》中,“孝”被置于道德规范的最高地位,“孝者,德之本也,教之所由生也”,意思说,孝是道德的根本,一切教化都从此产生。同时,《孝经》还认为:“夫孝,天之经也,地之义也,民之行也。”就是说,“孝”是天经地义的事,是人民固有的自然的行为。“孝”,作为中华民族传统道德的本位,可以说是一切传统道德规范的核心。
中国孝文化对“孝”有明确的规定,并强调“孝”与“顺”的一致。曾子认为:“孝有三,大孝尊亲,其次弗辱,其下能养。”“尊亲”不仅指尊敬,更有一系列礼仪规定;“弗辱”就是要安分守己,不许玷污祖上的名声和家族的尊严,还要珍爱父母给予的身体;“能养”并非一般的供养,而是敬养。在中国的孝文化中,还强调“顺”,即顺从父母的意愿,孔子对孝的简洁解释是“无违”,儒家所提倡的“孝”从本质上来说,就是服从长上的意志。
中国孝文化有着重要的政治内涵。“孝”本是规范家庭内部亲子关系的伦理道德,主要指子女对父母的道德义务,是家庭伦理的范畴之一。但传统的中国社会是家国同构、君父同伦,正如孔子所言“君君、臣臣、父父、子子”,“孝”也就具有了重要的政治意义。“普天之下莫非王土,率土之宾莫非王臣。”君为天下父,行孝道就是行忠道,忠孝是一体的。在统治者看来,忠孝观念是每个社会成员必须遵守的规范。无论家与国,其权力配置都是严格的父家长制,而皇帝通常被称为君父,皇帝派遣的官吏、地方行政官员则被视为老百姓的“父母官”。“以孝治天下”成了历代君王成功施政的经验总结。可见,在传统的中国社会,孝文化不仅仅局限于单纯地敬养父母,已经明显地扩展和泛化了。《孝经•开宗明义》认为:“身体发肤,受之父母,不敢毁伤,孝之始也;立身行道,扬名于后世,以显父母,孝之终也。夫孝,始于事亲,中于事君,终于立身。”孝敬父母只是孝的开始,进德修业才是孝之终。这与儒家伦理“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”的思想相一致,与儒家“身—家—国”的模式相统一。可见,“孝”已经同时向个体道德领域和政治领域扩展,它起源于个体道德修养,贯穿于家庭中赡养父母和家庭和睦,终于进德修业,对国家和社会履行职责。
同时,中国孝文化对“不孝”有明确的规定,即“孝”与“不孝”是有衡量标准的。《孝经•五刑》认为:“五刑之属三千,而罪莫大于不孝。”在应受大辟等五种极重刑罚的三千罪行中,“不孝”是最大最严重的罪行。在《孟子•离娄章句上》中,孟子提出:“不孝有三,无后为大。舜不告而娶,为无后也。君子以为犹告也。”赵岐为其做了如下注解:“阿意曲从,陷亲不义,一不孝也;家贫亲老,不为禄仕,二不孝也;不娶无子,绝先祖祀,三不孝也。”“阿意曲从,陷亲不义”从精神层面提出致亲于义则为“孝”,陷亲于不义则为“一不孝”。可见,孝不是简单的恭敬顺从,而是以“义”作为“孝”的评判标准。“家贫亲老,不为禄仕”则从物质层面,即温饱与否和是否为考取功名而努力提出“孝”的标准。最后,“不娶无子,绝先祖祀”又从发展的层面,即后继是否有人的角度提出“孝”的标准。此处的“无后”并不是侧重“不娶无子”,而是强调“绝先祖祀”,即无人继承衣钵才是真正的无后,真正的大不孝。
(二)西方孝文化
西方文化有三个源头:一是以苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德为代表的古希腊文明;二是古希伯来犹太教文明;三是古罗马文明。这三大源头后来融会起来并以____的形式构成了西方文化体系。[3]因此,要探讨西方的孝文化必须研究《圣经》。《圣经》一直被认为是西方文学和艺术创作的源泉,很多西方社会中的道德规范亦源于此。据《圣经》记载,_所信奉的耶和华上帝给人类社会颁布了十条必须谨守遵行的戒命,其中的第五条就要求“当孝敬父母”。基督____要求基督_孝敬父母,使你得福,在世长寿”。
在对中西方孝文化进行对比研究中,笔者发现除《圣经》外,西方对孝进行系统阐述的文献几乎没有,这与中国的情况正好相反。西方哲学家们所关注的并不是家庭养老,而是社会养老。这导致了西方的孝文化发展缓慢,但却使社会养老理论得到了充分发展。
(三)中西方孝文化比较
中国的孝文化已经渗透并流动于中国社会生活的方方面面。很多地方都以“孝”而闻名,孝子会受到全社会的尊重。董永是中国古代有名的“二十四孝”之一,其“性至孝,家贫,父死,卖身贷钱而葬”的事迹感天动地,传为佳话。但是,西方的孝文化却远没有这么发达,不仅没有什么地方以“孝”而闻名,也没有哪个地方因“孝”而引以为荣,更没有“二十四孝”这样闻名的人物。中国有很多关于“孝”的谚语,如“百善孝为先,行孝当及时”、“孝顺公婆自家福,勤种天地自家谷”、“在家孝父母,强如远烧香”、“不孝有三,无后为大”,等等。而在西方,这方面的谚语却很少,在《英汉双解英语谚语应用词典》所收录的谚语中,居然一条都没有。
中国的孝文化有双重意义,即家庭意义和社会意义。“孝”在家庭中主要体现在子女对父母的行为和态度上。在中国传统的孝文化中,父母在家庭中是绝对的权威,服从父母被视为孝顺的一种体现。孔子认为:“事父母几谏,见志不同,又敬不违,劳而不怨。”即子女侍奉父母时,对父母不对的地方要婉转地规劝,若自己的意见不被接受,要仍然保持恭敬,不能生气,也不能去触犯他们,虽然自己感到苦闷,也不要流露出埋怨。“孝”的社会意义在于维持一种社会和谐,即对长者和统治秩序的敬畏和基于敬畏的服从。在西方,“孝”主要并不体现在子女对父母的行为之中,而是更多地体现在宗教文化中。西方的孝文化也没有多少社会意义,而其家庭意义仅表现为对父母的尊敬。这种尊敬也并没有导致对父母的服从,而是更多地强调独立,强调家庭成员之间彼此平等。
传统的养老模式极大地丰富了中国的孝文化。在中国,几千年来,赡养的义务主要由子女完成;而在西方,不强调子女有赡养老人的义务,父母年迈后,赡养的义务主要靠国家通过社会保障制度来完成。因此,中国的孝文化包含赡养的义务,而西方孝文化中并不包含赡养的义务。在中国,赡养的义务如同自然界中的“反哺”;而在西方,赡养的义务则如同“接力棒”,由子女或父母本人将自己转交给社会。
中国人家庭观念非常强,父母对子女的付出也是最大的,这一点令西方人无法想像。而在西方,一旦成年,都会自食其力,不需父母过多付出。中国人一般都与父母住得比较近,即使到外地工作,一般也要把父母接到身边。
孔子认为:“父母在,不远游,游必有方。”孔子不赞成父母健在时儿子离家远游,如果因故非远游不可,必须有明确的方向。孔子这种思想是怕儿子远行在外,老人无人照顾。西方人一般不会这样,他们为了事业不会过多地考虑父母,也没有必要考虑父母。而且西方人并不像中国人有很深的故土情结,相反,他们喜欢不停地变换居住地,尤其是美国人,他们一生通常会搬好几次家。这种父母与子女之间互相付出的差异,也部分地解释了中西方在财产继承方面的不同。在中国,父母的财产毫无疑问是由子女继承的,这不需要任何书面的证明,子女也认为这是理所当然的。而西方人则通过遗嘱决定财产的归属,他们可以根据自己的想法把自己的财产给任何人或机构,甚至给自己的宠物,而他们的子女也不会觉得不可接受。
中国人将“孝”同生儿育女相结合,强调不能绝先祖祀。“不孝有三,无后为大”,时至今日这种传统的观念依然根深蒂固,这是数千年来形成的一种民族心理[4]。西方人强调自由,为了自由可以选择DINK(double income, no kids)家庭,甚至独身。在中国,由于孝文化的原因,“断子绝孙”是最恶毒的咒语;而在西方,“断子绝孙”却没有这样的文化含义。正因如此,当“断子绝孙”被直接翻译成“sonless”时,西方人觉得莫名其妙,根本无法将其与贬义词联系起来。
中西方孝文化的不同在于文化差异。中国文化是重农文化,这是因为中华民族的生存环境最适宜农业生产。几千年来,农业生产也一直是中国经济的主要形式。重农文化是群体本位的沃土。群体本位注重群体价值和人际和谐,个人价值依赖于社会和他人,把个体看成是社会的一员,强调个体对社会、对他人的责任,强调人与人之间相互关心和相互爱护,以集体利益为重。西方文化发源于爱琴海地区,由于多山且不适宜农业生产等生存环境的限制,人们很早就从事手工业和商业活动,并生活在城邦中,经常迁徙和流动。西方文化强调重商主义,重商主义是个体本位的温床。个体本位以个体为本位,强调个体利益高于一切,即使在家庭关系中也是以个体利益为中心。
群体本位使中国人时刻把自己看作是某一集体的一员,体现在家庭中就是每个人都很看重家庭,都很注重以亲子关系为主的家庭成员之间的关系。几千年来一直如此,因此造就了中国丰富的孝文化。个体本位使西方人更加看重个体的价值,认为社会价值在于每个个体价值的实现,他们并不像中国人那样提倡集体主义,有些社会学家甚至称西方人尤其是美国人为“离群”,在家庭中也不像中国人那样在处理家庭成员之间的关系上花大量的精力。相反,由于离婚率偏高,西方的家庭相当不稳定。在这样的家庭模式中,孝文化是不可能得到全面发展的。因此,虽然与《论语》同时代的《圣经》已经有了最早的关于“孝”的阐述,但西方的孝文化并没有在家庭中得到发展,更没有在社会上得到广泛认同。
经过以上分析,我们不难发现,中西方孝文化截然不同。这些不同源于文化差异。但是在跨文化交流的今天,中西方的孝文化正在彼此影响、互相吸收。在中国,随着社会保障制度的发展,“养儿防老”和“家庭养老”的观念正在逐步发生改变,DINK家庭的数目也在增加。在西方,当越来越多任感情泛滥的“少女母亲”已经成为全社会舆论焦点的时候,人们开始探讨中国极少有这种现象的原因,中国孝文化中子女对父母“不违”的观念受到了许多社会学家的关注。随着全球化广度和深度的不断发展,这种相互影响的趋势还将继续,因此对中西方孝文化研究有着深远的现实意义。?
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描述色彩的颜色词除了本身固有的物理属性外,还具有深厚的文化内涵。由于文化历史背景的差异,各种颜色在中西方文化中所蕴含的寓意不尽相同,同中有异,异中有同。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:浅谈中西方颜色词的文化差异相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要语言中的颜色词丰富多彩,且与社会文化有着密切的联系,具有深刻的文化内涵。由于英汉两民族在文化上差异较大, 同一颜色词在这两种语言中所表达出的文化内涵有时相去甚远。对于英语专业的学生来说,了解其中的差异相当重要。本文讲着重探讨三大主要颜色:黑色、红色、黄色中的中西文化差异。
关键词中西方 颜色词 文化差异
每一个民族的语言都有自己的颜色词系统。英汉颜色词有着不同的文化内涵。中国古代学者认为:水生木,色青,代表东方;木生火,色赤,代表南方;火生土,色黄,代表中央;土生金,色白,代表西方; 金生水,色黑,代表北方。中国古代所说的正色(青、赤、黄、白、黑) 和间色(绿、红、碧、紫、骝黄) 基本上包括了现代光学对颜色的分类。在英语中黑色表示深谋与坚定,红色表示信仰与博爱,黄色表示智慧与光荣,蓝色表示高雅与忠诚,白色表示纯洁与真实,绿色表示愉快与永存。作为文化语言学习者,我们有必要对颜色词在人类文明发展史中所具有的独特文化内涵进行研究。
在我国古代,黑色是一种尊贵和庄重的颜色,是夏和秦代所崇尚的正色。缁衣(黑色帛做的衣服) 是卿士听朝的正服。“戈绨”、“皂衣”和“玄衣”是上至国君下至大臣朝贺的礼服和祭服。在中国,黑色陶瓷、黑色漆器和水墨画发展较早,在人们日常生活中占有特殊地位。在汉族传统文化中,“黑”有时与“白”相对而言,如:黑白分明,颠倒黑白,黑白电视;有时“黑”又与“红”对举,例如“黑心”(阴险狠毒之心) 就是“红心”(忠诚之心) 的反义词。汉语中的“黑”,其引申含义主要是指“昏暗”(黑咕隆咚、黑灯瞎火) 、“秘密”(黑幕、黑话) 、“非法”(黑货、黑市) 和“邪恶”(黑帮、黑店、黑手) 。但是在中国戏剧中的一些黑脸人物(如包公和李逵) 却是刚直不阿或憨厚的形象。
黑色在英国的纹章艺术中表示深谋远虑、智慧和坚定,如:Jack knew black f rom white. (杰克精明老练) 。在美术作品中表示邪恶、谎言和谬误;在教堂装饰中表示“耶稣受难日”;在丧葬中表示悲哀、绝望和死亡。在英格兰民族传统文化中,“black”有时与“white”相对而言,如call black white ( 颠倒黑白) , put down inblack and white ( 见诸文字) , swear black iswhite (强词夺理) 。“black”有时又与“blue”对举,如beat sb. black and blue (把某人打得遍体鳞伤) 。英语中“black”的引申含义,主要指“阴郁”(be in a black mood ,情绪低落) 、愤怒(lookblack 怒目而视) 、“不妙”( black sheep 害群之马) 和“非法”( black market 非法市场) 。英语中的“black guards”或者“black”是指受雇佣穿黑衣的殡葬人员,也指“流氓”或者“恶棍”。
战国时代“五德”的创始人邹衍认为:南朱雀,属火,色赤。因此,在中国红色是火与血的颜色。中国人除了用它表示物体的颜色外,还把它看作喜庆、吉祥、胜利、好运或受欢迎的象征。汉语中的“红白喜事”是指婚事和丧事。“开门红”是指工作一开始就取得了好成绩。“走红运”指走好运,“大红人”指受器重的人。“事业红火”指事业兴旺。红色也象征着革命和进步,中国历史上多次出现过反抗暴政的组织,以红巾包头或以红旗为号,如“红巾军”以及穿红衣提红灯的“红灯照”。解放后五星红旗成了中国的国旗。在文学作品中,“红”也用于指年轻女性,如“红妆”(女子盛装) ,“红颜”(少女) 。戏剧中的一些红脸人物(如关羽) 被看作是忠心耿耿的英雄。英国人认为,红色表示为信仰和博爱献身,在某些圣餐仪式上穿红色表示圣爱,在纹章艺术中红色表示高兴,血红色是坚毅不拔的象征。在教堂装饰中红色用于圣神降临节或用于怀念殉教先烈。在英语习语中,go into ( the) red 意为“出现赤字”、“发生亏损”,see red 指“气得发疯”、“大发雷霆”,paint it red 意为“把某事物描绘成骇人听闻的样子”、“把某事物弄得引人注目”。go red 是资本主义国家反动集团用以称呼共产党人的字眼“赤化”。
黄色在中国历史上被视为神圣、正统的颜色,其主要原因是华夏祖先生活在黄土高原,华夏文化发源于黄河流域。《诗经集传》说“黄,中央土之正色”。隋唐以后,皇帝都穿黄色龙袍。钺原是周天子的专用武器,后世为帝王之仪仗。东汉道教推崇黄老之术,所以道袍都是黄色的。历代皇帝所下的圣旨均写在黄色的布上。历史上黄纸还用于书写官方文告、编造簿册,刊印御准历书、画驱鬼避邪的符咒或用于祭祀。在汉民族传统文化中“, 黄”主要指“吉利”“、好”,如:黄道吉日,黄花晚节;有时“黄”也指“失败”、“落空”,如:那笔买卖黄了,黄梁美梦。在英国的纹章艺术中,黄色代表忠诚、智慧、坚贞和光荣。在____艺术作品中,出卖耶稣的犹大总是身穿黄色衣服。在英语成语中,turn yellow 意为“胆怯起来”,yellow around thegills 指“(因病或害怕而) 脸色发白”;yellow dog是“胆小鬼”。
就颜色词而言, 由于英汉颜色词在文化伴随意义上存在很大的差异, 在许多情况下, 很难做到既保留源语的颜色意象, 又传达源语颜色词的文化伴随意义。如果译者想在形式上忠实于原文, 保留源语的颜色词, 他就可能会在意义上有所损失。反之, 如果他想在意义上完全忠实于原文, 就不得不在形式上, 即颜色意象上有所变动。作为译者, 在处理具有丰富文化内涵的颜色词汇时应在深入了解自己民族文化的同时, 也要深入了解外国文化, 能真正理解原文的意思, 将附加在源语上的超语言信息, 即文化信息传递过去。同时, 应尽力使源语与译语在各自文化里的含义相当。
[1] 林纪诚.语言与文化[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1990.
[2] 张培基.英语声色词与翻译[M].北京:商务印书馆,1979.
[3] 连淑能.论中西思维方式[J].外语与外语教学,2002(2).
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从科学的定义来说,颜色是由物体发射、反射或透过一定光波所引起的视觉现象,是人眼视觉的一种基本特征。这是全世界都基本认同的一个观点,而在颜色词语的象征意义上,中西文化显示出来的差异却是很大!
下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:试论中西文化中颜色词语的象征意义相关论文。仅供大家参考!
摘要:汉英语言中表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词语都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义,更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义,因为它们的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点,有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。这种不同文化之间颜色象征意义的差异是由于各自民族的文化历史背景、审美心理的不同而产生的,是在社会的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的,是一种永久性的文化现象。本文试图从中西文化对比的角度,去分析、探究各民族文化发展对颜色词的象征意义的影响。
在人类语言中,颜色词语表现出的独特魅力,令人刮目相看。在汉英语言中,表示各种不同颜色或色彩的词都很丰富。我们不仅要注意观察它们本身的基本意义,更要留心它们含义深广的象征意义,因为颜色的象征意义在不同民族语言中往往有不同的特点,有些特点甚至构成了人们对经过引伸、转义以后颜色的崇尚和禁忌。由于我国与绝大部分英语国家相隔万里,地理位置、自然现象、历史背景、审美心理等千差万别,人们对于颜色的感受和表达不尽相同。这样,颜色的象征意义在中西文化之间自然又会产生很大的差异。本文拟就中西文化中词语的颜色、词语的象征意义作一些对比和探讨,以求教于同行和读者。
从科学的定义来说,颜色是由物体发射、反射或透过一定光波所引起的视觉现象,是人眼视觉的一种基本特征。颜色生成的这种定义,对经历封建社会时间相对短,且在近代和现代教育和科学得到普及和飞速发展的西方来说,是比较易于为他们所接受的。西方从文明一开始,就比较注重科学理性的教育和科学方法的发现,对客观世界和客观认识采取现实的科学态度。因此,西方文化中颜色的象征意义往往比较直接,一般是用客观事物的具体颜色来象征某些抽象的文化含义,所以更易追溯其语义理据和逻辑理据。例如:西方文化中的红色(red)主要指鲜血(blood)颜色,而blood在西方人心目中是奔腾在人体内的"生命之液"。一旦鲜血流淌下来,生命之花也就凋谢。
所以red使西方人联想到"暴力"和"危险"产生了一种颜色禁忌。美国学者阿思海姆在他的《色彩论》中说:"色彩能有力的表达情感。……红色被认为是令人激动的,因为它能使我们想到火、血和革命的含义。"著名汉学家霍克斯在翻译"红楼梦"时,由于意识到red可能使现代英语读者联想到“暴力"、"流血",所以采用小说原来曾使用的书名《石头记》,译为The story of the stone。但是由于中国经历了几千年的封建社会以及教育和科技的相对落后,在中国文化中,颜色的生成具有强烈的神秘色彩,它的发展受到中国社会文化发展的较大影响。在先秦,颜色词就已经与古人的世界观、哲学思想联系在一起,后来又与政治挂钩。
所以中国文化中的颜色内涵和象征意义十分丰富,而且颜色词的象征意义是多元 的。例如,从文化人类学角度来讲,中国文化中的红色源于太阳,因为烈日如火,其色赤红。我们的初祖在祭祈巫舞的过程中,对阳光有一种本能的依恋和崇拜,红色的喜庆和吉祥之意自然而然地产生了。古人还认为"日至而万物生" (《淮南子·天文训》)感到阳光下万物繁茂,生机勃勃,令人振奋,因而对代表太阳的红色产生了特别亲切的感情。
再以白色为例,在人类初始阶段,我们的祖先弱小而无力,无法抗拒凶恶猛兽的攻击、光天化日的白昼使他们暴露无遗,有一种随时都有被食肉猛兽扑食的危险,因而对白色有一种本能的恐惧感;另外,我们的初祖还观察到"月到中秋分外明",因而认为明月与萧煞的秋季连在一起,而代表秋天的颜色也就是白色了(银白色的中秋之月)。这样白色在中国文化里就成了一种颜色禁讳。可见颜色的象征意义在漫长的历史进程中的约定俗成的,体现出某种心理功能。下面我们就中西文化中颜色的不同象征意义进行具 体描述。
1、红色
红色是我国文化中的基本崇尚色,它体现了中国人在精神和物质上的追求。它象征着吉祥、喜庆,如把促 成他人美好婚姻的人叫"红娘",喜庆日子要挂大红灯笼、贴红对联、红福字;男娶女嫁时贴大红"喜"字,把热闹、兴旺叫做"红火";形容繁华、热闹的地方叫"红尘";它又象征革命和进步,如中共最初的政权叫“红色政权”,最早的武装叫“红军”,把政治上要求进步、业务上刻苦钻研的人称为“又红又专”等;它也象征顺利、成功,如人的境遇很好被称为"走红"、"红极一时",得到上司宠信的叫"红人",分到合伙经营利润叫"分红",给人发奖金叫"送红包"等;它还象征美丽、漂亮,如指女子盛妆为"红妆"或"红装" ,把艳妆女子称为"红袖",指女子美艳的容颜为"红颜"等。
西方文化中的红色(red)则是一个贬意相当强的词,是"火"、"血"的联想,它象征着残暴、流血,如(1)The red rules oftooth and claw残杀 和暴力统治,(2)red revenge血腥复仇,(3)ared battle血战 ;它又象征激进、暴力革命,如(1)red hotpolitical campaign激烈的运动,(2)a red revolution 赤色革命,(3)red activities左派激进活动;它也象征危险、紧张,如(1)red alert空袭报警,(2)a red adventure story一个令人紧张的冒险故事,(3)a red flag危险信号旗;它还象征着放荡、淫秽,如( 1)a red waste of his youth他那因放荡而浪费的青春,(2)ared light district花街柳巷(红灯区),( 3)Is she really sored as she is painted?难到她真的象人们所描绘的那样放荡吗?
至于红色的褒义,如red—letter day喜庆的日子,the red carpet隆重的接待等,则得益于不同文化之间 的交流和融合。据考证,red的褒义是从远东经波斯传到西方的。
2、白色
在中国文化中,白色与红色相反,是一个基本禁忌词,体现了中国人在物质 和精神上的摈弃和厌恶。在中 国古代的五方说中,西方为白虎,西方是刑天杀神,主萧杀之秋,古代常在秋季征伐不义、处死犯人。所以白色是枯竭而无血色、无生命的表现,象征死亡、凶兆。如自古以来亲人死后家属要披麻戴孝(穿白色孝服)办 "白事",要设白色灵堂,出殡时要打白幡;旧时还把白虎视为凶神,所以现在称带给男人厄运的女人为"白虎星"。白色的心理功能在其发 展过程中由于受到政治功能的影响,又象征腐朽、反动、落后,如视为"白专道路";它也象征失败、愚蠢、无利可得,如在战争中失败的一方总是打着“白旗” 表示投降,称智力低下的人为"白痴",把出力而得不到好处或没有效果叫做 "白忙"、"白费力"、"白干"等,它还象征奸邪、阴 险,如"唱白脸"、"白脸"奸雄;最后,它还象征知识浅薄、没有功名,如称平民百姓为"白丁"、 "白衣 "、"白身",把缺乏锻炼、阅历不深的文人称作"白面书生"等。
西方文化中的白色象征意义主要着眼于其本身色彩,如新下的雪、新鲜牛奶及百合花的颜色。西方人认为 白色高雅纯洁,所以它是西方文化中的崇尚色。它象征纯真无邪,如(1)a white soul纯洁的心灵,(2)wh ite wedding新娘 穿白礼服的婚礼;它又象征正直、诚实,如(1)a white spirit正直的精神, (2)white m en高尚、有教养的人,(3)white hand廉洁、诚实;它也象征幸 运、吉利,如(1)one ofthe white days o f sb's life 某人生活中的吉日之 一,(2)whitemagic有天使相助的法术;它还有合法、无恶意的意思,如( 1) whitemarket合法市场,(2)white list经过批准的合法明单,(3)awhite lie 无害的谎言。
3、黑色
古代黑色为天玄,原来在中国文化里只有沉重的神秘之感,是一种庄重而严肃的色调,它的象征意义由于 受西方文化的影响而显得较为复杂。一方面它象 征严肃、正义,如民间传说中的"黑脸"包公,传统京剧中的 张飞、李逵等人的黑色脸谱;另一方面它又由于其本身的黑暗无光给人以阴险、毒辣和恐怖的感 觉。它象征邪 恶、反动,如指阴险狠毒的人是"黑心肠",不可告人的丑恶内 情是"黑幕",反动集团的成员是"黑帮"、 "黑手",把统治者为进行政治 迫害而开列的持不同政见者的名单称为"黑名单",它又表示犯罪、违法,如 称 干盗匪行径叫"走黑道",称杀人劫货、干不法勾当的客店叫做"黑店",违禁 的货物交易叫"黑货"、" 黑市",用贪赃受贿等非法手段得来的钱叫"黑钱" 等。
黑色(black)是西方文化中的基本禁忌色,体现了西方人精神上的摈弃和厌恶。它象征死亡、凶兆、灾难 ,如(1)BlackMass安灵弥撒,(2)to wear black for hcr father为她父亲戴孝,(3)blackwords不吉利 的话,(4)a black letter day凶日;它象征邪恶、犯罪,如(1)Black Man邪恶的恶魔,(2)a black de ed极其恶劣的行为,(3)black guard恶棍、流氓,(4)blackmail敲榨、勒索;它也象征耻辱、不光彩,如 (1)a black mark污点,(2)black sheep败家子, (3)a black eye丢脸、坏名声,它还象征沮丧、愤怒, 如(1)black dog沮 丧情绪,(2)The future looks black前途暗淡,(3)He gave me a black look。 他怒气冲冲地看着我。
4、其他颜色
黄色在中国文化中是红色的一种发展变异,如旧时人们把宜于办大事的日子 称为“黄道吉日”,但是它更 代表权势、威严,这是因为在古代的五方、五行、五色中,中央为土黄色。黄色象征中央政权、国土之义,所以黄色便为历代封 建帝王所专有,普通人是不能随便使用"黄色"的,如"黄袍"是天子的"龙 袍","黄钺 "是天子的仪仗,"黄榜"是天子的诏书,"黄马褂"是清朝皇 帝钦赐文武重臣的官服。至于现在流行的与" 性"有关的"黄色"观念,有一种说法是中西文化交流融合的一种现象。据说美国纽约的《世界报》用黄色油 墨 印刷低级趣味的漫画以争取销路,人们便称这一类不健康的刊物为“黄色刊物”,还有《纽约新闻》以夸大 、渲染的手法报道色情、仇杀、犯罪等新闻,人们也称这一类的新闻为"黄色新闻"。
其实中国古代的黄色已 与"性"有关。东汉末年黄巾起义时有《黄书》,现书虽之佚,便确知该书重在"房中之术";另有唐代孙思 邈在其《千金要方》之"房内补益"中有"赤日黄月"之说。张清常 据此在他的《汉语的颜色词》一书中指出 :"则中国古代之'黄'与'性'有 关系。此说甚是,只不过中断千余年,人们早已忘记而已"。西方文化中 的黄 (yellow)使人联想到背叛耶稣的犹太(Judas)所穿衣服的颜色,所以黄色带 有不好的象征意义,它除了表示低级趣味的报刊、毫无文学价值的书籍(如 yellow press黄色报刊,yellow journalism黄色办报作风,y ellow back廉 价轰动一时的小说)外,主要表示卑鄙、胆怯,如(1)yellow dog卑鄙的人, (2)yellow str eak胆怯,(3)yellow-livered胆小的。
在中国传统文化中,绿色有两重性,它除了表示义侠外,还表示野恶。这是 因为在人类初始时代以及其以 后的漫长生活过程中,人类借助绿色保护自己,赖以生存下来;但同时,绿色也保护着人类的天敌及其它猛残 的食人动物。这样一来,义狭是正义的,如人们泛指聚集山林、劫富济贫的人为"绿林好汉"; 恶野是邪恶,所以旧时也指"绿林"为占山为王、拦路抢劫、骚扰百姓的盗匪; 绿色还象征低贱,如汉朝时的仆役着绿帻,元朝以后凡娼妓都得着绿头巾,以示地位低下,因妻子有外遇而使丈夫脸上无光,低人一等,叫给丈夫戴"绿帽子"。西方文化中的绿色(green)象征意义跟青绿的草木颜色有很大的联系,是植物的生命色。阿思海姆说 :"绿色唤起自然的爽快的想法。"它不仅象征着青春、活力,如(1)in the green wood在青春旺盛的时代,(2)inthe green 血气方刚,(3)a green old age老当益壮;而且表示新鲜,如(1)green recollectio n记忆犹新,(2)keep the memorygreen永远不忘,(3)a green wound新伤口; 但是它也表示幼稚、没有经 验,如(1)a green hand生手,(2)as green as grass幼稚,(3)a green horn容易上当的糊涂虫;它也象征妒忌,如(1) thegreen-eyed monster妒忌,(2)green with envy充满妒嫉,(3)agreen eye 妒嫉的眼睛。
在中国民间传说中,天帝居于天上的"紫微宫"(星座),故而以天帝为父 的人间帝王(天子)和以天帝 为信凶的道教都以紫为瑞。紫色作为祥瑞、高贵 的象征,更多地被封建帝王和道教所采用,如称吉瑞之气为" 紫气"、"紫电", 皇宫叫做"紫禁宫"、"紫禁城"。历代皇帝为了笼络人,往往将"紫袍"赐予 品位低的 臣下,而"著紫"则成为封建文人奋力追求的荣禄;人们还把道书称为"紫书",把神仙居所称为“紫台”。 无独有偶,英语中的紫色(purple)象征意义也跟帝王将相和宗教有关,这是一个有趣的文化巧合,如(1)t he purple 帝位、王权,(2)be born in the purple生在王侯贵族之家,(3)marryin the purple嫁到显贵人家,(4)be raised to the pruple升为红衣主教。
蓝色(blue)在中国文化中几乎没有什么象征意义,相对而言,它在西方文 化中的象征意义稍多一些。阿 斯海姆在评析蓝色时说:"蓝色象水那样清凉。" 是“阴性或消极的颜色”。
它能象征高贵、高远、深沉、严 厉,如(1)blue blood 名门望族,(2)blue ribbon最高荣誉的标志,(3)blue nose严守教规的卫道 士;( 4)blue laws严格的法规;它又象征忧郁、沮丧,如(1)feel blue不 高兴,(2)a blueoutlook悲观的人生 观。(3)Things look blue。事不称心, (4)blue Monday不开心的星期一,
它也象征猥亵、下流,如(1) bluemovie 色情电影,(2)blue revolution“性解放”,(3)blue talk下流言论;它还有 突然迅速的意思,如(1)out of the blue突爆冷门,(2)have the blue晴 天劈雳,(3)blue streak一闪即逝的东西。
粉红色(pink)是红色的一种变异,可以将其视为红色的一种应合或复归。 在中国文化中,粉红色又叫桃 花色。唐代诗人崔护写下"人面桃花相映红"的诗句,以桃花与女人相比,究其根由,是女子为修饰自己而施 用粉红色胭脂,脸色白中透红,可与美丽的桃花相比之故。粉红色(桃色)可以象征女性,如白居易《长恨歌 》中有:“回眸一笑百媚生,六宫粉黛无颜色”,青年男子把心爱的女子称为“红颜知已”。称男女之间不正当的性关系为"桃色事件"。在西方文化中,粉红色象征精华,极致,如(1)the pink of perfection十全十美的东西或人,(2)the pink of politeness十分彬彬有礼;它又象征上流社会, 如(1)pink lady高格调鸡尾酒,(2)pink tea上流社交活动,(3)apink-collar worker高层次女秘书。
颜色词的象征意义在不同的民族文化里有着很大的差异。从根本上讲,在中国文化中,颜色的象征是基于 过去中国的封建统治、封建迷信及其原始、落后的科学、教育状况而形成的,所以颜色的象征意义有相当强烈 的政治化和神秘化倾向。而西方文化中的颜色象征则更多地得益于西方民族开放性及科学、教育的普及程度,其象征意义少了神秘,多了些理性,使其语义、词义理据更易追踪。不同文化之间颜色象征意义又都是在社会 的发展、历史的沉淀中约定俗成的,是一种永久性的文化现象。它们能够使语言更生动、有趣、幽默、亲切, 所 以我们应该予以足够的注意。
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旅游资源的开发与营销有赖于其在国内外知名度的提升,而旅游资料作为一种宣传工具在吸引游客方面有着举足轻重的作用。随着当今越来越多的外国游客来中国观光旅游,优质的旅游资料翻译迫在眉睫。研究者会发现旅游文本的翻译中存在着诸多包括语言学、语用学和文化等各个层面的问题。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:旅游文本是外国游客了解、选择景点的重要参考资料。旅游文本的翻译是一种跨文化交流活动,其翻译过程不是单纯的语言转换过程,而是文化间的交流活动。旅游文本英译中文化缺省现象的存在,更加凸显了翻译补偿策略研究的重要性。通过对江西省几个著名景点的宣传文本进行探讨,分析文化缺省现象,并提出翻译补偿策略,以实现旅游文本的宣传效果。
从广义上讲,旅游文本包括一切与旅游相关的文本资料,它主要具有两项功能:一是传递信息,二是施加影响、诱导行动(朱灿灿,2013:12)。换言之,旅游文本作为宣传类文本,不论是中文还是英文,都需要让潜在的游客了解旅游目的地的基本情况、相关服务和特色文化,以达到信息传递和吸引游客的目的。对于游客来说,他们希望通过阅读文本获得游览目的地的信息。但不同文化背景的游客对所提供的信息有不同的需求,这就决定了英汉旅游文本的差异性。主要表现在以下两个方面。
(一)语言风格的差异
东西方在社会历史、文化传统、思维方式和审美情趣等方面截然不同,旅游文本在语言风格上自然要考虑双方读者的感受,采取恰当的表述方式。
汉语旅游材料在表述上注重辞藻、韵律,结合景点的文化历史背景,多采用四字成语以及排比、对偶句式,读起来琅琅上口。其中,对自然景观的介绍,重视优美的写意,或者采用丰富的想象力给景观增添神秘色彩,读起来或诗意盎然或浮想联翩。英文旅游材料重视“人情味儿”,常常会出现诸如“您现在所处的位置……”“最佳观赏时间是……”此类贴心的提示,用词和句法偏口语,简洁朴素,避免??嗦重复;其在介绍景点具体情况时,通常采用简单叙述法,三言两语道清楚,对景点介绍追求客观、中肯,达到信息传递的目的即可。
除此之外,中西方人民对待宣传材料的态度也是决定其内容的因素之一。不难发现,英语旅游文本突出信息的客观性,汉语旅游文本在撰写时加入主观色彩,呼吁性极强。
(二)信息容量的差异
中国经典故事层出不穷,许多历史人物、历史事件对中国人来说耳熟能详,但是外国游客并不一定了解。我国的旅游景点,不论是自然景观还是人文景观,大多与神话传说、历史故事和社会风俗有关,借用古文,引经据典,中国游客固然能轻而易举地理解其中奥妙,但是外国游客可能会因为错综复杂的人名、地名、朝代等因素而感觉晦涩难懂,降低他们旅游的积极性。
所以,英汉旅游文本并不一定包含相同的信息内容。旅游材料在英译的过程中,译者有必要在尊重原文的基础上,适当修改,对其中特殊的内容进行特殊的翻译。
中国历史悠久,幅员辽阔,数不胜数的自然景观和人文景观承载了深厚的历史文化气息。旅游文本和文化紧密相关,在翻译过程中,文化信息的转换往往会因为中国人自身的文化背景而忽略了外国游客的认知。这就是文化缺省现象。它是指同一文化背景的人在交流中对双方共有的文化背景知识的忽略,这种现象是跨语言交际的一大障碍。在翻译旅游文本时,由于源语读者和目标语读者生活在不同的社会文化环境中,具有不相同的文化背景知识,因此,对原文读者来说是显而易见的文化背景知识,对于目标语读者就构成了文化缺省成分(王大来,2004:69)。汉英文本之间可能会存在大量的文化缺省因素,可归类为:历史景点和历史人物、传统概念和信仰、社会风俗和文学作品。这些缺省内容可能导致翻译文本缺失民族特点,损害旅游景点的形象,切断文化的关联意义,影响汉语旅游资料信息的传递和潜在游客的兴趣(张富庄,2013:6)。
鉴于目标语读者文化背景知识的差异性,以及英汉旅游文本本身的差异性,如果译者不针对文化缺省现象进行翻译补偿,游客就不能完全理解原意,将无法达到旅游文本预期的目标。所以,译者在对旅游文本进行翻译时,要充分挖掘文本内文化缺省现象的深层含义,以采取相应的翻译补偿策略。
针对英汉旅游文本的差异性以及东西方文化背景下读者的理解差异,翻译补偿策略是解决文化缺省现象的理想方法。Newmark认为,补偿是翻译的一种手法,补偿主要是用来弥补译文在语义、声音效果、修辞及语用效果等方面的缺省,而且译文可以在不同于原文的语句中再现这种效果。在英译旅游文本时,译者通过运用多种补偿策略将缺省的背景知识恰当地传递给译语读者,同时又可以保持原文的真实性。通过分析江西省的几处景点和文化人物简介的英译文本,得出具体策略如下:
(一)归化法
文化在输入时,应该倾向于归化,以保护本族文化的纯洁性;但文化的输出应该倾向于异化,以促使本族文化的外介,扩大本族文化的影响(李建军,2012:107)。英译旅游文本,属于文化的输出,在翻译具有中国特色的词汇和社会风俗上,应该在简单易懂的基础上积极采取归化法。例如:
(1)江西历史悠久,有着深厚的文化积淀,加上地处南方,处处山清水秀,是一个典型的“鱼米之乡”。
译文:Jiangxi,the province with a long history and profound culture;it is located in the south of China with picturesque scenery.Thus it has been aptly termed:“the land of rice and fish”.
该例句中的“鱼米之乡”直接将“鱼米”等文化意象移植到了目的语文本中。实际上,在英语表达中,“a land of honey and milk”同样具有“鱼米之乡”的意思。但为了更好地传播源语文化,“the land of rice and fish”更能真实地反映中国文化,更有利于外国游客体会到中国文化的奇特之处。随着跨文化交流的进一步发展,越来越多的外国游客会理解并接受中国文化。 (2)龙虎山,位于江西鹰潭,道教发源地,中国道教四大名山之一。
译文:Longhu Mountain,which is located in Yingtan of Jiangxi Province.It is known as one of Four Taoism Mountains because of its position――the birthplace of Chinese Taoism.
龙虎山,东汉中叶,正一道创始人张道陵曾在此炼丹,传说“丹成而龙虎现”,此山因此得名。有人建议将“龙虎山”翻译成“Mt.Dragon-Tiger”才能对外展示其深刻含义。作为世界自然遗产之一的龙虎山,以道教发源地著名,如此具有代表性的中国文化遗址在翻译时,采用归化翻译方法能更真实地反映中国文化。如:“龙虎山 Longhu Mountain”“道教 Taoism”。
(二)释义法
汉语旅游材料中,文言文出现频率高,在英译过程中,译者要充分考虑外国游客的理解能力和文化背景,进而考虑原文信息翻译之后,读者能否明白并喜闻乐见。释义法针对此类情况,在翻译过程中,对原文的历史知识、社会风俗、地理位置等因素采用加注法、同位语解释等方式进行说明,以方便外国读者理解。例如:
(3)南昌地处长江中下游,濒临鄱阳湖西南岸,自古就有“粤户闽庭,吴头楚尾”之称。
译文:Nanchang,bordering the Poyang Lake in the northeast,lies south of the lower middle reaches of the Yangtze River.It has been enjoying obvious advantages geographically. Since the ancient times, it has been known as the favorable place bordering Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north.
“粤”和“闽”分别是广东省和福建省的简称,“吴”和“楚”则是春秋战国时期江浙一带的诸侯国。对于外国游客,这些都不是熟悉的“中国常识”。在英译旅游文本时,应该将它们具体到现在的省份“Guangdong and Fujian in the south and Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Hubai in the north”,外国游客才能真正明白南昌所处的地理位置,从而理解它的重要地位。
(4)素有“江南三大名楼之首”美誉的滕王阁,雄踞南昌抚河北大道,坐落于赣江与抚河故道交汇处。依城临江,瑰伟绝特,因“初唐四杰”之首的王勃一篇雄文――《滕王阁序》,脍炙人口,传诵千秋。
译文:Tengwang Pavilion has long been ranked first among the three famous pavilions in the south of Yangtze River. Standing by the North Fuhe Avenue in Nanchang,the magnificent pavilion is located at the convergent point of Ganjiang River and the Old Fu River,taking the city as its background and the river as its mirror.Its splendor and majesty was lauded by Wang Bo,the leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty,in one of his masterpieces,Preface to Tengwang Pavilion,and thus has been famous throughout the world as well as maintained the glory with the years going.
“江南三大名楼”是中国有名的历史文化遗迹,但是外国游客不一定都清楚,正如王佐良所说:“在一种文化里有一些不言而喻的东西,在另外一种文化里却要费很大力气加以解释。”(郭建中,2000:20)。同时,对于“初唐四杰”的概念,译者将王勃的身份加以解释:“The leader of the four excellences in the early Tang Dynasty”。通过释义法,译者详细而自然地介绍了滕王阁的背景知识和王勃的诗人地位,有利于外国游客更好地了解滕王阁的历史价值。
(三)省略法
省略法是指译者在翻译过程中,根据源语所承载的文化内容,结合目标语的语言特色,并以传递基本信息为目的,对源语做出适当的缩略、删减的一种翻译方法。译者通过对原文中的文化信息进行甄别,分出主要信息和次要信息,在翻泽过程中抓住主要信息,对无关紧要的、目的语读者又很难理解的次要信息进行删减。这样做有助于保持目的语读者理解的连贯性,同时也让他们获得了主要信息(吴秀群,2012:162)。例如:
(5)陶渊明(约365年~427年),名潜,号“五柳先生”,东晋时期诗人,浔阳柴桑(今江西九江)人。世人敬重他,他“不为五斗米折腰”的故事流传至今。公元405年秋,他为了养家糊口,来到彭泽当县令……陶渊明再也忍受不下去了。他长叹一声,道:“我不能为五斗米向乡里小人折腰!” 说罢,辞官离去。
译文:Tao Yuanming(365~427),a poet in Dongjin Dynasty,also called Mr.Wuliu and Tao Qian,was a native people of Jiujiang City.We all respected has spirit that he wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time. 对中国古代称谓稍微了解的人都知道,在古代,同一个人除他的姓名之外,往往又有字、号,有时还不止一个号,且不同的场合,有不同称呼。陶渊明号“五柳先生”,这对于外国游客来说,并非重要的讯息,没有必要赘述“号”这个概念。另外,“不为五斗米折腰”的故事为中国大众所熟知,但是为了略去复杂的因果关系,避免外国游客坠入五里雾中,英译文本时删除了具体故事,用简单的句子“He wouldn't bend his waist for the salary from the dark government at that time”向游客阐述世人敬重陶渊明的原因,达到了信息传递的目的。
(6)白鹿洞书院始建于公元940年,唐贞元年间,江州刺史李渤隐居这里读书,养一白鹿自娱,人称“白鹿先生”,后书院几经衰败。到南宋朱熹重建书院,并亲自在此讲学,当时名人正士均乐于在此求学,其成为了“中国四大书院之一”(其他三所为湖南长沙岳麓书院、湖南衡阳石鼓书院、河南商丘应天书院)。
译文:Bailudong Academy was built in 940 AD. Zhuxi,the great educator of the South Song Dynasty,turned the place into Bailudong Academy, which rivaled the other three famous academies in China.It was a school for some famous people reading there.
如上所述,白鹿洞书院的前身和其他三大书院的名称在英译时被译者删除略去,直接提及南宋伟大的思想家、教育家朱熹,为避免信息量过于庞大,有选择性地将重要信息保留、提取,帮助外国游客理解书院的历史。此时,省略法能够给外国游客留下深刻印象,并且有利于景点的宣传。
(四)增译法
增译法和省略法殊途同归,都是指译者在翻译过程中,根据实际情况对源语做出适当的调整。翻译过程中,若能将省略法和增译法处理得当,互为依据,交错使用,就能够使得译文顺畅明了、通俗易懂。例如:
(7)世界自然遗产地、世界地质公园、国家AAAAA级旅游区、国家级风景名胜区――三清山,位于江西省上饶市东北部。
译文:Mt.Sanqingshan,located in northeast of Shangrao city,is a World Natural Heritage, National Scenic Area,World Geo-park and State AAAAA Tour Zone,which is the highest level of Chinese tourist attractions issued by China’s National Tourism Administration.
中华人民共和国旅游景区质量等级划分为五级,最高级别为AAAAA。但是,外国游客对中国5A级旅游景区的定义不一定都了解,所以在英译本中增加了对“AAAAA”的解释,加深了外国游客对三清山旅游景区的印象,使外国游客意识到该景区的游览价值,达到了旅游文本的宣传目的。
针对文化缺省这一现象,译者需合理运用不同的补偿策略,对源语中的文化背景知识做出补偿,弥补缺省,最大限度地传递原文所蕴含的文化信息。旅游文本的跨文化翻译促进了不同民族文化之间的交流,因此既要尊重源语文化,又要顾及目的语文化。
旅游文本英译中的文化缺省和翻译补偿相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
“Translation and Culture”, Translation Journal C. Thriveni, Volume 6, No. 1 January 2002
Translation Journal Gabe Bokor, Volume 5, No. 4 October 2001, “Translation and International Politics”,
Translation Journal Mathieu Guidere, Volume 5, No. 1 January 2001, “Translation Practices in International Advertising”,
Translation Journal Nida, E. A. “language, Culture, and Translation”
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冯庆华. 英汉翻译基础教程. 高等教育出版社. 2008: 350--360.
胡庚申. 翻译与跨文化交流. 嬗变与解读上海外语出版社. 25-26.
李青新. 英汉汉英翻译教程. 翻译技巧与误区评析. 北京出版社. 45-47
来安方. 英美概况. 河南人民出版社 2004: 5--9
孙迎春. 汉英双向翻译学译林. 济南山东大学出版社. 2001: 74-76.
王逢鑫. 英汉文化. 北京大学出版社. 2004: 48--69.
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张爱琳. 跨文化交际. 重庆大学出版社. 2003: 25-30.
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新闻中文化负载词的翻译关系到新闻能否完整准确地传达作者意思,吸引读者注意。因此,译者必须充分考虑译入语读者的接受情况,努力在完整传达信息的同时,使译文更能被译入语读者所接受,达到成功交际的目的。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:本文阐述了文化负载词在汉语新闻中的表现,提出了直译、音译加解释、意译等汉语新闻中文化负载词的翻译策略。
关键词:新闻;文化负载词;翻译
进入新世纪以来,随着经济全球化以及科技文明的不断发展,人类的信息传播主要是借助于新闻媒体来实现的。而在不同的文化之中,受到民族特色、地域因素的影响,使得不同文章其对于文化负载词的运用差异导致了文章自身的趣味性与可读性受到了影响,这也就给从事于新闻翻译工作的我们带来了巨大的挑战。如何做到准确合理地将这些文化负载词进行翻译的同时,保留其自身的趣味性、文化特性,这已然成为了翻译工作开展的一大难题。在我国,从事新闻翻译工作的人员在对新闻文稿进行翻译的时候,一般是通过对翻译观念、词义表达以及文化差异等多方面进行思考后来实现的。在本文中,笔者将着重于对翻译活动开展的功能与目的的重视,做到翻译活动的完整性与简洁性,能够在不同的语境中,做到灵活地翻译。
语言作为文化传播的基础,是实现文化记录、反映、传播的重要形式,同时,也是文化自身的载体。词汇作为语言的基本组成部分,是实现文化传播活动得以顺利进行的基础,也是出现差异化的影响因素。在所有的语言中都存在着大量的文化负载词,它们是文化自身在历史发展的过程中不断演变而产生的,其内容主要包括了:特定的文化词、词组以及习语,这是民族文化的重要体现。
在对翻译原则进行制定的时候,译者需要根据翻译的策略与标准来实现对其的准确翻译,进而将文化负载词更好地进行表现。虽然,要找到完全相对应的文化负载词的难度较大,所以,作为新闻翻译工作者需要对翻译的方式进行灵活的运用,实现对翻译材料的准确生动表达,进而更好地完成翻译工作。根据笔者自身的工作实践经历来说,想要对新闻翻译活动中出现的负载词进行有效地处理,可以采用以下几种翻译方式。
(一)直译
在汉语言的新闻稿中,当其出现大量的政治、经济专有名词的时候,译者往往是通过直译的方式来实现对其字面意思的表达,进而实现对中国文化的展示。例如:2a.当前,全党全国各族人民正紧密团结在以胡锦涛同志为的党中央周围,高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗巾只,全面贯彻党的十七大和十七届三中、四中、五中、六中全会精神,以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导,深入贯彻落实科学发展观。在例文当中,出现了大量带有中国特色的政治专属名词,这些名词有许多已被外国读者所了解,因此,面对这类词组的时候,可以直接通过直译的方式来实现对原文内容的还原与形式的统一,做到对翻译信息准确性的保证。
(二)音译加解释
音译即是指的通过对原文语音的表现,在另一种语言中将其发音相同或者相近的部分进行表现,其表达的内容大多数是中国文化中所特有的元素。这部分元素,在一般情况下作为中国独特的文化表现形式是很难在译语中进行体现的。为了做到对中国特色的最大化保留,将这些词进行“音译”是十分可行的方式,可是,由于外国读者自身的文化背景与认知存在不足,如若仅仅是采用单纯地音译将会使得读者不知所以然,进而无法实现对信息的有效接受,向外国读者展示中国的特色文化也就更加无从谈起。因此,对新闻文稿进行音译的时候需要添加合适的解释性内容。比如“Yuanxiao”――“元宵”这一食品为中国所特有,在
(三)意译
在汉语中有许多的熟语、习语以及习惯用语,这类语言词汇作为语言系统中的特殊存在。由于读者的文化差异存在,使得这类的文化负载词会产生不同的意思显现。在这个时候,如若简单地采用直译进行表达,很有可能会带来对意思理解的误读。在这个时候,就需要通过意译来进行翻译工作活动了。例如:提倡红白事理性消费,实现移风易俗的时候。其基本原则在于,当村里办白事的时候,不能请吹拉弹唱的戏班子,做到凡事从简的原则。就如同“就坡下驴”这一说法一样,当骑在驴子身上的时候由于驴子比较高,所以容易摔倒,因此,最好先找个路坡,让驴子停在此处,人从这个地方上驴、下驴就不容易摔跤了。这个比喻形象地说明了需要找个合适的借口才能下台不至于工作的难堪与难办。这样的文化负载词,在其进行翻译的时候,如果仅仅是对翻译内容进行整体翻译将会使得整个翻译活动的内容冗长,翻译语言??嗦,导致读者难以做到对翻译内容的有效理解。
(四)直接加解释
解。歌曲《青春之歌》、《我和我的祖国》、《七子之歌》、《幸福在哪里》,舞蹈《孔雀》、《火红的日子》,昆曲《牡丹亭》选段,京剧《三家店》,歌舞《丝绸霓裳》,钢琴合奏《金色狂舞》、杂技《五光十色》等。各类节目,形式多样,内容丰富,表达了中华各族儿女对伟大祖国的深切情感与对美好生活的无比向往。“京剧“作为中国的四大国粹之一而得到了广大外国友人的认可与认知。但是,就”昆曲“而言,其作为中国传统古典曲目之一,在对其进行翻译的时候,需要有意识地增加一些和“昆曲”有关的背景知识。如,“Kunqu Opera”――通过适当的解释性词语,译者有效地将我国的文化精粹传播给外国读者。由以上例证可见,汉语新闻中一些文化负载词蕴含着一定的文化背景,单纯的直译并不能充分传达出其中的文化内涵。
再比如,笔者曾经看到一则新闻,说是:英译的京剧剧本,其中一些唱词的翻译不够准确,说到底还是对京剧所蕴含的中国文化理解不深,甚至是一种误读。以《四郎探母》为例:杨四郎的唱词里有“失落番邦十五年,雁过衡阳各一天,高堂老母难相见,怎不叫人泪涟涟……”等等。其中“雁过衡阳各一天”一句,被译作:Awildgoose flied over the border.(英文意思是:一只野雁飞过边界。)这显然是理解有误。“雁过衡阳各一天”是说南北相隔,杳无音讯。杨四郎沦落北番,隐姓埋名,十几年来与亲人失去联系,可谓天涯各一方。身为人子,让老母日日悬望,苦苦思念,怎不黯然神伤?所以深入理解唱词,准确把握人物内心活动,是做好京剧翻译工作的前提。因此,要保证信息的完整性,充分实现新闻翻译的价值,译者应在直译的基础上增译一些解释性文字,补充其中的文化背景知识,促进民族间的文化交流。
具有着中国特色的文化负载词,对其的翻译将会影响到世界对中国文化的认识,也会影响到中国文化自身与世界文化之间的交流与融合。由于,它代表着中国的民族文化与地域文化,是中华民族文化的重要表现形式之一,也是文化传播的重要形式。当中外文化存在较大差异,这些蕴含着中华文化特色的词汇也就给汉语新闻翻译带来了一定的障碍,但文化负载词的准确传译又是保证新闻翻译准确性的重要一步。因此,新闻翻译工作者应该引起高度重视。在功能目的论中,对于翻译活动的目的进行设定的时候需要对其采用的翻译方式进行明确。
即做到,一方面实现原文作者翻译目的的真实表达,另一方面,也要与译文读者的需求期盼相适应,促使新闻报道活动中出现的新闻负载词可以显得准确新颖又充满乐趣,借助于对音译、直译、意译等各种方法的运用,吸引译入语读者的目光,从而最大限度提高传播效果。为了实现文化负载词的准确传译,译者需要在一定的翻译标准之下,通过对实际情况进行具体的分析,以此来使得外国友人能够更好地理解翻译内容,使得汉语新闻的翻译质量得到显著提升,进一步地减少由负载词所带来的文化交流障碍,实现中外文化的更好交流。
略论新闻中文化负载词的翻译问题相关
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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儒学思想对中华民族有着巨大的影响,在相当长时间里构成了民族共同心理和主要的思维方式。今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是 :中国传统文化内涵及其发展过程的论文,具体内容如下,希望能帮助到大家!
中国传统文化内涵及其发展过程
改革开放三十多年来,在党的领导下社会主义精神文明建设呈现出积极、健康、向上的良好态势,中华民族的传统美德与体现现代精神的道德观念相融合,成为我国公民道德的主流。但由于商品经济和外来文化的冲击,在一定范围和一定程度上存在社会道德滑坡和对传统文化忽视的现象。是非、美丑界限混淆,不讲信用、欺骗欺诈以及渐渐失去自己传统的文化底蕴成为一个棘手的问题,如果不能及时解决这些问题,必然会对正在成长中的我们大学生思想造成极大的负面影响。作为一名入党积极分子,对这样的问题我感到非常痛心并为此着急!迫切想为传统文化尽一份力,但首先,我们应该了解中国传统文化的精神和内涵及其发展过程。
中国传统文化是中华民族从古至今发展起来的文化形态,是中华民族智慧的结晶,是中华民族的历史遗产在现实生活中的展现。这个思想体系蕴涵着丰富的文化科学精神,是内部凝聚力的文化,把个人与他人、个人与群体、人与自然有机地联系起来,形成一种和谐,一种天人合一的境界。但是中国传统文化并不是一个封闭的系统,尽管在中国古代对外交往受到限制的条件下,还是以开放的姿态实现了对外来文化的兼容。中国传统文化突出理学知行合一的学风,它以研究天人之际为出发点,落脚于修身、齐家、治国、平天下的豪迈情感,所谓,达则兼济天下,穷则独善其身,这影响了几千年饱学之士的价值观,成为一双无形的手牵动着文明的进步!
中国传统文化包含着自强不息的奋斗精神,中国文化历来关注现实人生,孔子曰:“未知生,焉知死”,《经》有云:“天行健,君子以自强不息”。正是这种人世的人生哲学,培育了中华民族敢于向一切自然与社会的危害和不平进行顽强抗争。中国人自古以来就有不信邪、不怕“鬼”的精神,强调人生幸福靠自己去创造。要实现现代化,这种自信自尊的精神是决不可少的;传统文化体现了知行合一的观念,中国儒家文化所讲的“力行近于仁”,在一定程度上体现了“行重知轻”的认识论思想,实践是认识的源泉。实现现代化,当然要努力学习外国的先进的东西,但更重要的是自己的社会主义实践,这又与马克思唯物主义完美契合在一起了;中国传统文化也非常重视人的内在修养与精神世界,鄙视那种贪婪与粗俗的欲望,孟子认为“富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈”,这是对人格的根本要求,这种传统美德,对现代人格的塑造,是非常可贵的。但我觉得最可贵的就是爱国主义精神。爱国主义,就是千百年来筑起来的对自己祖国的一种最深厚的感情,古人云:天下兴亡,匹夫有责。在今天,一个国家只有走上现代化,国家才会繁荣富强。而实现现代化,靠全国人民团结一致,共同奋斗。团结互助则反应了尊老爱幼的伦理规范,孟子曰:“老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼。”一个社会只有严于律已,宽以待人,形成团结互助,尊老爱幼的社会风气,社会才能充满温馨与和谐,才能给人带来希望与力量。上述种种仅是中华传统文化精华的一部分,仅此就足以体现中国传统文化的博大精深。
但是,时光切换到近现代。鸦片战争失败使国人对自己的器物产生怀疑;甲午中日战争惨败使国人对自己的制度产生怀疑;巴黎和谈的屈辱让国人对自己的思想也开始怀疑!对中国屹然存在两千多年的传统文化采取了全盘否定的态度,国魂此时经历第一次浩劫。中国传统文化第二个衰落时期是在新中国成立后,“”十年浩劫和改革开放更上加速了传统文化的衰落。改革开放后,西方文化大量涌入中国,传统文化由于没有做到“趋时更新”,饱受冲击;在1992年经济体制改革后,我国引入了竞争机制,传统文化没有适应市场经济,竞争力下降,受到了更大冲击,衰败的速度加快。
文化,尤其是对一个民族的特点和历史走向产生过明显影响的有形文化是一种有机的活体,有她或她们的历史生命和灵魂。看一个文化是不是活着的,就要看她的基本精神是否还能打动现实的人群,与实际生活和历史进程有呼应。
不少人有这样一个幻觉,以为只要中国还在,中国人还在,普通话还在,关于中国的学问和文化遗产还在,中国的传统文化就还安安稳稳地存在着。但现在的问题在于,中国传统文化活生生地存在着,但是就要被我们遗忘了,中国传统文化的主流正面临断子绝孙、无以为继的重大危机。 自新文化运动、“文化革命”和改革开放以来,中国的传统文化遭遇了什么异变呢?其实传统文化已经在很大程度上被横行而来的西方文化顶替掉了,而且其残存的部分也正在被全球化过程进一点一点扫荡干净。现在已经基本上没有以团体的方式、以自己自觉地继承儒家的道统或文化精髓的传人了,像儒家这样,影响曾经那么根深蒂固,却在不足一个世纪的时间中其传承团体荡然无存的情况可谓绝无仅有。
但是儒家乃至传统文化中的独特是否还活在人们心中呢?情况似乎是:尽管还有残存,但已岌岌可危。经过白话文运动和以拼音文字为目标的简化字异变,再加上民国后禁止在学校中读经,以及语文教学中的西式“科学化”的影响,当今的年轻人极少能够直接进入传统文化的语言世界,即能够直接阅读传统经典并能用古文写作散文和诗词。传统语言目前只能以“成语”、“引语”一类形式残存于人们的话语。呜呼哀哉!
看看他国的做法吧,印度人在建国后,花大气力复活梵文这个早已死去的古代文字,法国政府为了维护纯洁法语、对抗英语的话语霸权也是不惜工本,而中国人何以对维系祖宗文化的语言龙脉就如此绝情,非认定它是落后的根源而务必铲绝?在成年累月地阅读和体会通俗文和英文之后,偶一读到古文,那种领会的透亮、亲切和理解的丰富入微让人如饮仙酿。中文的悠久、丰厚和灵性在世界文字中是无与伦比的,摧残它真比砍伐原始森林、变草原为沙漠还充满罪过。
最近例如韩国申遗,法国拍卖圆明园文物等事件开始撼动国人的文化大厦。有些人认为端午节本来就是中国自己的文化记号,韩国的申遗滑稽又可笑,但是这些看起来荒谬的做法却是一声警钟,说明中国传统文化已经四面楚歌了。看来,弘扬传统文化迫在眉睫!
但是,在高喊抢救和弘扬传统文化的今天,我们依然有必要回答一下“什么样的传统文化才有弘扬的必要”这个老问题,也就是传统文化的扬弃。只有对旧事物进行阐释、辨认、甄别、取舍、改造和推进,才能完成对历史垃圾的清除和对文化精髓的弘扬。著名学者朱大可说:“传统文化应当接受普世价值的检验。所谓普世价值,就是被全人类所共同认可的核心价值,像爱、民主、自由、平等、公正、正义和教养等。凡是符合这些普世价值的传统文化,就可以被继承和弘扬,相反,凡是违背这些价值的,当然要予以抛弃。”中国传统文化无疑是博大精深的,想要一下就通晓或者无论是谁都通晓,肯定是不切实际和苛刻的。所以,像近期“京剧进小学”和某专家呼吁的的“论语100遍”之类,才会招来那么大的骂声。
所以传统文化的保护与复兴是一个长期而且艰苦的过程,需要广大大学生的积极配合,因为他们才是弘扬和扬弃传统文化的骨干力量。
儒学思想对中华民族有着巨大的影响,在相当长时间里构成了民族共同心理和主要的思维方式。单就儒学思想中的“修”、“仁爱”、“礼仪”、“信”、“义”、“廉耻”、“忠”、“孝”、“自省”、“慎独”、“勿以恶小而为之,勿以善小而不为”等类似相关内容而言,如果剔除其阶级的功利色彩,对培养当今大学生基本生活准则、遵守日常社会规范的态度以及自我控制的教育,无疑是正面而有益的。孔子教育思想的核心是“有道”。所谓“有道”有两个特点:其一、所有的人都按照礼制规定,上下有序、各出其位、各称其事。其二、不要使礼之“分”走向破裂和对立,社会道德规范基本一致在对学生进行思想教育时,就可以用“有道”的思想强化学生对于遵守基本社会生活规范、养成的良好行为及礼节、礼貌习惯等,帮助学生树立良好的社会公德意识。
大学生除了养成正确的社会公德意识外,还可以丰富完整的校园文化氛围,将传统文化寓于形式多样的校园活动中,如可开展如经典诵读、礼仪践行、乐音怡情、丹青妙笔等活动。学生既喜闻乐见又能广泛参与,既耳濡目染又潜移默化,通过深深体味浓郁的文化气息,最终使文化活动所蕴含的传统文化精髓,在每个人的身上得到内化和升华。
中华民族优秀传统文化与时代精神的结合,它包括了自强不息、奋发有为、乐观向上的人生追求;社会与历史责任感以及爱国主义情操;把握现实,面向未来的胸怀和眼光;义利兼顾以义为上的价值取向;尊重、理解和关心他人、宽容合作及互助奉献的精神。大学生正是要树立这样的富有鲜明时代感的文化精神!有了坚实的人文底蕴就会牢固地构筑起精神支柱,而正确的精神支柱的构筑对崇高的思想品质的形成和发展具有重要作用。
罗素曾说过:“中国文化的长处在于合理的人生观”。这是对中国文化的一种深刻认识和概括。传统文化是中国古圣先贤几千年经验、智慧的结晶,其核心就是道德教育。在整个中国传统文化中,伦理思想贯穿始终。褒善贬恶、追求崇高的思想品德,向往理想的道德人格,涵养美好的精神情操,是中国传统文化的一个主导思想,是大多数思想家所一贯追求的。在人和人的相处中,一个人既要有自强不息、奋发有为的创造精神,又要有设身处地为他人着想、爱人如己的博大胸怀。只有“与天地合其德”,才算是一个道德高尚的人。这才是一个21世纪高素质人才应该具有的境界。
弹一弹《渔舟唱晚》吧,听听古筝和二胡的完美演绎;品一品《牡丹亭》吧,感受古老爱情的唯美;来一笔瘦金字体吧,体会丹青妙笔的大气磅礴;看一看《本草纲目》吧,了解了解中医的智慧;我们可以折风筝、泥人面、对弈围棋;我们可以品龙井、吃饺子、操练太极。在历史的风尘里,在岁月的长河中在我看到了伟大的中华民族手握镰刀收割自己的灵魂,周而复始的命运,一轮又一轮的涅盘,使得炎黄的智慧以及繁衍得以生生不息……有生命力的民族,一个强大或追求强大的国家,无论经受怎样的磨难总是可以从坎坷中奋起.。正在这不断的涅槃中,形成发展并传承着中华民族的浩然正气!
新中国成立后,在共产党建设有中国特色社会主义事业的领导核心带领下,领导并长期推动传统文化的保护与复兴,坚持并完善科学执政方式,健全民主集中制,推动党在推进传统文化的保护与复兴上的决策的科学化和民主化。作为一名入党积极分子,我恳请党组织听听我的想法:
我想政府要积极引导传统文化与市场经济制度相适应,培养能够传承传统文化的人和民间团体。要制定传统文化的保护、开发与复兴战略路线。要加强宣传扫清制约传统文化保护与复兴的观念瓶颈。打击假借传统文化之名宣传封建、西方落后意识和价值观的行为,大学生应该在传统文化上保持清醒的头脑,抵制西方浮华思想的诱惑,扬弃传统文化。要形成以中国传统文化为荣的观念,坚持了解传统文化,自觉抵制西方落后思想和意识的侵蚀。要积极宣传传统文化,提升传统文化认可率。自觉学习并推广、传播传统文化,坚持用传统文化约束自己的行为,切实做到“立德立功立言”。
国门逐渐向世界打开,使得大学生的心胸与眼界也逐渐开阔,中国发生了的日新月异的变化也让成长中的大学生看到民族复兴的希望,但是我们更应该清醒地认识到,中国传统文化正逐渐被西方同化。要知道国家灭亡了不可怕,可怕的是民族失去国魂,失去几千年来相互传承的核心价值体系。拾起国人的精神食粮比基础设施建设更重要;重塑国人的核心价值观比GDP增长的高能消耗更有意义;扬弃传统精神文化,树立中国特色的新文化精神,学习老祖宗的优秀品质和天人合一精神比盲目照搬摄取西方文化更有意义!
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