为您找到与希腊神话对现代英语文化的影响相关的共200个结果:
古希腊神话是古希腊人民智慧的结晶,它的想象力丰富多彩,激发了人们探求古希腊文明的欲望和热情。马克思曾经指出:“希腊的神话和史诗是发展的最完美的人类童年的产物,具有永久的魅力”。希腊神话是西方文化宝库里的璀璨明珠,对西方国家社会生活和人们的思维方式等各个方面均产生了极其深远的影响。它不但是西方文化的源泉,而且深深地根植于西方各国的语言文化之中。因此,对希腊神话的深入研究是了解和研究英语语言文化的关键。
英语语言文化有两个主要源头——古希腊罗马神话和圣经。英语的词汇从神话故事中吸取精髓,将神话故事中的词汇、神名、传说故事演化,由此大大地丰富了英语语言。希腊神话以其丰富的想象力、丰富的故事情节流传于世。
希腊神话对英语词汇的影响主要体现在词汇和习语方面,主要形式有直接引用、转义借用、派生新词和词根化。这方面的例子有:Flora是古希腊神话中的花神。她嫁给了西风之神Zephyr,婚后她的丈夫送给她一座满是奇花异草的花园。Flora和Zephyr生活幸福,感情甜蜜,每当他们一起在花园散步时,沿途的百花都会竟相开放。Flora 在现代英语里指代“植物”,衍生词有flower,flour,flourish,floral,florist等;神话中人间的王子那喀索斯(narcissus)是个长相英俊的美少年,经常喜欢独自一人在森林中漫步,他脱俗的外表和气质吸引了森林女神艾蔻(echo)的注意,渐渐的她爱上了这个王子,每天都跟随在王子的身后,但是却无法表白,因为她遭到了天后赫拉的诅咒终生只能重复别人话语的后三个字。艾蔻本是天后赫拉的侍女,活泼爱动且多嘴多舌,在赫拉和天神宙斯的婚礼上,因为艾蔻的原因导致宙斯在结婚誓言中没有说愿意一生一世只爱赫拉一人而遭到了赫拉的恨意,婚后的宙斯没有收敛拈花惹草的天性令赫拉头痛不已。传说赫拉在天宫中正为此郁闷,拨开云雾看到了人间森林中艾蔻跟踪那喀索斯的一幕,遂心生一计,惩罚艾蔻永远得不到所爱人的心。后来那喀索斯忍不住问艾蔻“你是谁呀?”,艾蔻只能不断的重复“是谁呀,是谁呀……”而遭到那喀索斯的讨厌,最后艾蔻抑郁而终,死后变成了山谷中的“回声”,而那喀索斯也被赫拉施以诅咒,爱上了自己水中的倒影,而变成了一株“水仙花”,后来的他的名字还引申为“自恋,自我陶醉”的意思;著名运动品牌耐克的商标也来源于希腊神话故事,耐克(Nike)是神话中的胜利女神,这一品牌正是源于女神名字的引申含义。
源自于希腊神话中的习语更是不胜枚举,如Pandora’s box(潘多拉的宝盒),天神普罗米修斯心地善良同情人间疾苦,不顾众神的反对,偷偷教给人类许多生存技巧和知识,后来甚至把圣火火种带到了人间造福千千万万的平民百姓。这让一直持反对意见的主神宙斯知道了,宙斯勃然大怒而对普罗米修斯和人类都施加惩罚。宙斯先是把普罗米修斯捆绑到了高加索山峰上,日夜折磨他的身心,每天白天都让鹰啄食他的内脏,然后又施加法术,让其夜晚再长出来,日以继夜。宙斯为了报复人类,亲自创造了只有美丽的外表但是却没有头脑思想又充满了好奇心的美女潘多拉,然后他又制造了装满邪恶、苦难、疾病、战争等的盒子让潘多拉带到人间,但是希望女神在盒底偷偷放入了希望的种子。宙斯让普罗米修斯的弟弟爱上了潘多拉而结婚,但是却在新婚之夜诱惑潘多拉打开了盒子,潘多拉惊慌失措连忙把盒子合上,却把希望留在了盒中,后来这个习语意为“灾难的根源”;Achilles’ heel(阿喀琉斯之踵),阿喀琉斯是神话中海洋女神忒提斯和人类的孩子,是半人半神的英雄,故事源于荷马史诗《伊利亚特》。因为是人和神的孩子,所以他不能像神那样可以永生,所以她的母亲忒提斯在他刚出生即把他浸入冥河河水中让儿子成为刀枪不入之身,但是由于脚后跟被母亲双手捏着而没有浸到河水,成为了他唯一的弱点,此事在特洛伊之战中被对手知道而丧命,后来这个习语意为“致命的弱点”;Apple of discord(不和的根源),故事源于不和女神艾瑞斯的一只金苹果,看不惯人们友好幸福的不和女神制作了一只写有“送给最美的女神”的金苹果,引起了天后赫拉,智慧女神雅典娜和爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒的争夺。由于各执一词,她们找到了特洛伊王子帕里斯裁决,为了能获得这“最美女神”的虚荣,她们各自向王子承诺地位、财富、智慧与美女,后来阿芙洛狄忒许诺的美女让王子最为动心。这就是希腊斯巴达王后海伦的被抢夺说导致的特洛伊之战,也是由“一只苹果”而引发的战争,因此apple of discord意思就是“不和的根源,发生纠纷的事端”。而故事中的美女海伦因为是这场战争的导火索也衍生出了“Helen of Troy”这一习语,意为“祸端,红颜祸水,倾城美人”;随着东西方文化的交融,在我国每年过西方“情人节”的人不在少数,人们都对那个胖嘟嘟精灵可爱的身后背着箭篓的小爱神丘比特印象深刻,可是要是问道这个节日的背后的故事恐怕了解的人就会寥寥无几了。丘比特是希腊神话中的私生子,他的身世也暗示了但是社会现状丑陋的一面。他的母亲是希腊神话中的爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒,她在罗马神话中的名字更为著名:维纳斯,他的父亲是战神马尔斯。阿芙洛狄忒与马尔斯都是宙斯的孩子,是兄妹关系,这一乱伦爱情也体现了希腊神话母体之一:乱伦。宙斯风流成性竟然爱上了自己的女儿——爱与美的女神阿芙洛狄忒,但却遭到了女儿的强烈反抗,激怒了宙斯,宙斯遂把她嫁给了天神中相貌最丑陋的神匠赫菲斯托斯。由于对生活的不满,产生了兄妹之间的不伦之恋而生下了盲孩丘比特,因为先天的缺陷,天神怜悯赋予其掌管爱情和婚姻的能力,天神赐予他一只铅箭一只金箭,当他把铅箭射向人们的时候相爱的人就会分开,当他把金箭射向人们的时候人们则会相爱。丘比特爱玩闹是个永远长不大的孩子,经常胡乱射箭,因此产生了习语Love is blind意思就是“爱情是盲目的”。
希腊神话不仅是希腊文学的摇篮,而且对欧美文学有着深远的影响。现代社会被广为流传的希腊神话或传说大多来源于希腊文学作品。古希腊大诗人荷马的两部伟大的史诗巨著:一部是《伊利亚特》,一部是《奥德赛》包括了绝大部分的希腊神话。分别描述了古希腊人和特洛伊人交战攻打伊利亚特城的经过和希腊军队在返回的途中所遇到的许多不可思议的见闻;闻名遐尔的古希腊三大悲剧诗人埃斯库罗斯、索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯流传下来的 34 部悲剧中有 33 部都以神话为题材。这其中著名的作品有《被缚的普罗米修斯》、《俄狄浦斯王》和《美狄亚》;后世的诗人文学家用神话故事作为创作素材的更是恒河沙数,从乔叟到莎士比亚、弥尔顿、济慈、丁尼生、雪莱、拜伦、朗费罗、艾略特、庞德等人,无一不从神话中获得灵感,撷取思想和题材,创作出了许多不朽的名篇。譬如莎士比亚的《特洛伊罗斯与克瑞西达》和长诗《维那斯与阿多尼斯》,弥尔顿的《失乐园》,雪莱的《解放了的普罗米修斯》,济慈的《阿波罗颂》、《希腊古瓮》,艾略特的《荒原》,庞德的《诗章》等等。《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《老人与海》、《基督山伯爵》等现代作品以及极具有影响力的电影《泰坦尼克号》、《特洛伊》、《诸神之战》、《诸神之怒》、《爱丽丝梦游仙境》等也是以神话故事的母题为创作栏板。神话故事曲折丰富的故事在给读者美德享受的同时也激发了艺术家们丰富的想象力。《基督山伯爵》是发货著名作家大仲马的一部脍炙人口的作品,作者用艺术手法表现了希腊神话中报恩与复仇的主题。在故事中男主角埃德蒙·唐代斯是一名聪明善良的年轻大副,有理想有抱负,但同时也遭到了众多嫉妒他的爱情、事业的小人的算计,这些人有社会底层也有所谓的三层社会,他们互相勾结,暗算了少年得志的唐代斯使他无辜入狱,但在入狱后唐代斯机缘巧合结石了神父法里亚,法里亚博学多闻因为政治原因入狱,但是同时他又掌握着一个关于宝藏的惊天秘密。在神父的帮助下唐代斯分析出了自己被迫害的真相。神父在狱中把毕生所学都传授给了唐代斯,使他从外表到气质都发生了彻底的转变。后来在意外中,唐代斯得以离开暗无天日的牢狱并且得到了宝藏开始了他的报仇与报恩,在弘扬人性善良的同时揭露了所谓上层社会虚伪的嘴脸。最后他与爱人一起杨帆远航开拓新生活;《爱丽丝梦游仙境》是由英国作家查尔斯·路德维希·道奇森(Charles Lutwidge Dodgson)以笔名路易斯·卡罗(Lewis Carroll)出版的儿童文学作品。作品体现了希腊神话中的探险和冒险的主题。故事后来被改编成了广受欢迎的3D影片。在故事中主角爱丽丝偶然掉到了兔子洞中,开始一段奇妙的旅行,故事中的动物都能讲话都在做着不可思议的事情,爱丽丝同动物朋友们一起经历了奇妙的探险旅程,故事想象力丰富,成为了一代又一代孩子们在人生中最先接触的文学作品之一。后来故事还衍生出了医学词汇Alice Syndrome,意为爱丽丝综合症,其症状为病患通过自己的观察感觉事物忽大忽小,甚至产生时空扭曲等特殊视觉效果,多发于儿童时期。要充分了解英美文学,熟读希腊罗马神话是很有必要的。希腊神话以丰富的哲理和想象力在文学史上划下了绚烂的符号。
作为一名英语教师,本人在多年的教学中发现,在词汇的学习中,学生往往感觉枯燥乏味,而且易于遗忘,最后会对词汇的记忆产生烦躁情绪和抵触心理。如若在讲授过程中添加语言文化知识,不仅提升学习趣味性而且也加深了词汇学习的记忆,让学习者在知其所以然的情况下接受语言知识,促进跨文化交际。希腊神话的故事性、哲理性对英语语言文化,甚至西方语言文化都产生并将继续产生深远影响,对西方生活的方方面面的影响也是非常值得研究及深入探讨的,她深深的植根于西方文化的血液中,是每一名语言学习者不可逾越的文化源头。
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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随着全球化的进展,世界各国的文化交流也日趋频繁。胡文仲认为“文化是人们通过长时间的努力所创造出来的,是社会的遗产;价值观念是文化的核心,可以根据不同的价值观念区分不同的文化。”不同文化的人们需要了解他国的图书、音像作品,因此需要将这些文化作品从一种语言转换到另一种语言,即翻译。美国翻译理论家奈特认为,所谓翻译就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。因此翻译的本质是将一种语言以最为贴切恰当的对等方式转换成另一种语言。由于文化差异的存在,不同的语言之间的翻译往往是一件非常困难的事情。在一种文化中被人所熟知的事物可能在另一种文化中成为鲜为人知的事情,因此要做到对等翻译需要翻译者对目标语文化具有足够的了解,能够恰当地找到两种文化之间的对等语言。总的来说,中西文化差异对英语翻译的影响主要有以下几点:
宗教文化作为西方国家重要的社会文化和人们日常生活的重要组成部分,已经渗透到西方人们的日常行为习惯和民族风俗等各个方面中去了。宗教是西方人们的精神支柱,宗教文化对英语词汇的影响也是非常大的,英语中的很多词汇和典故都出自宗教中记录的一些民间故事和传闻,例如很多派生词、格言、习语都出自《圣经》。相对应的,在中国汉语文化中也有很多语言文化出自佛教。由于中西文化的差异,具体是宗教文化的差异,商务英语翻译者需要准确了解中西文化的背景,保证翻译的准确性,提高商业活动的效益。
谚语的流传都带有一定的小典故,其中蕴含着浓厚的民族气息,也可能是历史文化或者人物传记演变而来,所以在商务英语的翻译过程中,关于谚语的翻译一定要注意文化差异。关于谚语的翻译有三种方法,下面来一一介绍:to be on thin ice 和burnone’s boats 这一类的谚语可以采用套译法,翻译为:如履薄冰和破釜沉舟;to turn a blind eye to 可以采用直译法,翻译为熟视无睹;to ride one’s high horse 可以采用意译法,翻译为趾高气扬;对于有一定典故的谚语,需要熟悉典故的出处,例如Achilles’s heel 这个谚语,直译过来就是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,然而这样的翻译没有太大的意义,首先我们要了解阿基里斯的出处。在希腊神话里面阿基里斯是一位勇士,从没有被打败过,但是敌人找到了他的弱点,就是他的脚踵,然后通过攻击他的脚踵打败了阿基里斯。所以Achilles’s heel 在中国文化里面,翻译为“致命弱点”。
思维方式即人们思考和认识外界事物的方式,它是人类在漫长的历史发展中所形成的。由于欧美和中国所处地区环境不同,因此而形成的风俗习惯、生活条件各不相同,由此而形成了该语言所特有的思维方式。一般说来,西方人比较重视抽象思维。英语在表达思想时,逻辑严谨,由主到次。如英语句子通常先给出主要信息,然后再介绍辅助信息,如时间、地点等等。而汉语言则是散点思维,表达按照多种关系排列,如时间顺序,因果关系等等。同样,英语重视形式逻辑,即形和,在表达时使用各种形式连接词以表示其连接关系;而汉语恰好相反,“汉语句法结构重意合,句中各成分的相互结合多依靠语义的的贯通、语境的映衬,而少用连接词语”。②例如,“早知今日,何必当初?”翻译过来为“If I had known itwould come to this, I would have acted differently.”。上面的汉语句子是由两个分句构成的而没有连接词,但是从逻辑上是从属关系,因此表达意思简洁明了。而翻译成英语时则使用连接词来表达条件和结果的逻辑关系,这符合英语的形和的特点。
翻译中,人们不仅需要注意词的准确性,而且要了解词的内涵意思,而词的内涵意思又是其所承载的文化所决定的。因此如果不了解目标语言的文化,就有可能在翻译中造成理解错误或者语用失误。例如在美国的大街上可以偶尔看到一辆红色或者黑色的小汽车上面喷涂着“I am yellow”的句子。如果直译过来就是“我是黄色的”。而这样的翻译通常让中国人很困惑,在中国人眼里,说一个人是黄色的代表其低俗与下流。其实美国文化中出租车通常是黄色的,因此yellow通常有出租车的意思。因此正确的翻译应该是“这是出租车”。又如美国文化中涉及到狗的成语很多,狗在美国文化中被视为是人的忠实的朋友,因此涉及到狗的成语一般是褒义的,如a lucky dog(幸运儿),Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌),Give a dog a bad name and hang him. (欲加之罪,何患无辞)等等,而狗在中国人眼里一般含有贬义,如走狗、狗仗人势、狂犬吠日等等。又如中国人常说“惧内”为“气管炎”(谐音“妻管严”),因此中国开玩笑中的“他有气管炎”如果翻译成“He suffers from trachEitis”在外国人眼里一点也不好笑,外国人会疑惑的问:“So what? Why are you laughing so hard when heis suffering from tracheitis?”这显然是一种翻译的语用失误。如果翻译成“He is an obedient husband.”虽然可以基本表达意思,但是丢失了原话的幽默。因此如果翻译成“He is a henpecked man.”则会在效果上更加惟妙惟肖。
总而言之,语言是人类交流的桥梁,英语和汉语虽然拥有近似的表达方式,但其表达方式的个性特征却不尽相同。正是这些因素,导致了中西方文化差异,让人们在英语翻译过程中产生了许多错误和困惑。因此我们在翻译过程中必须对与中西方文化差异所导致的风俗与礼仪、思维模式以及文化差异引起的词汇歧义加以考虑,多了解西方的风土民俗、文学艺术、宗教信仰及历史背景,透过语句的表面看本质,以达到更加良好、还原度更高的翻译效果。
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中国作为四大文明古国之一,拥有着五千年的文明史,历史的积淀和文化的传承造就了中华民族的灿烂和辉煌。中国传统文化的魅力是无穷的,影响力是超乎想象的。现实社会中的每一个领域,每一个行业,每一个角落都渗透着传统文化的智慧和力量,在我们的日常生活,工作和学习中,传统文化所带来的作用更是处处可见。作为室内设计师们,总想在设计自己的作品时推陈出新,打破所谓“中国传统文化”的束缚,搞前卫设计。但实际情况都是无论设计者的作品多么的新颖别致,都还是能够在传统文化中得到解释,始终具有传统文化的种种特性。
因为现代室内设计起源于西方的原因,中国现今的室内设计总是偏向于西方化,当然中式(明清为主)设计除外。但很多中国室内设计师渐渐意识到,中国人出于对西方传统文化的不了解,不能真正体会其设计内涵和寓意,一味的模仿和照搬西方,只会使作品失去其民族性,变得不伦不类。所以要想创造中国室内设计的辉煌,必须要建立在中国传统文化之上,将传统文化融入其中。
什么是传统文化呢?传统文化就是从古到今人类通过社会实践活动所创造的一切文明成果,我们今天创造的文化,到了一定的时间后也就成为了传统文化。室内设计在各个方面始终受到传统文化的影响。一件室内设计作品大致可以分为三个层面——外形(表面特征)、意念、神韵。
设计学是一个十分宽泛的学科范畴,包括装潢设计,装饰设计,景观设计,工业造型设计,服装设计等等。设计学中有一句话叫做“添一笔容易,减一笔难”,其中的含义是指无论是何种类型的设计也包括绘画书法,都秉承“从简不从繁”的创作准则。崇尚运用最少的设计语言或者设计元素,来表达最丰富最精彩的意境,就像是服装设计并不是以服饰上的装饰物的多少来判断优劣; 平面海报的成功与否也不会由线条、图形或者色彩的数量来决定;同样室内设计讲究空间分割合理,空气流通顺畅,反对过多堆砌,过分装修。
“从简不从繁”的创作准则绝不是对细节表现的完全抛弃,相反它是对细节的高度概括和统一,甚至达到了“增一分则肥,减一分则瘦”的地步,对细节的要求惊人地苛刻。其中蕴含着中国传统文化中的精髓“此处无声胜有声”以及“惜字如金”,早在几千年前《道德经》中就有说明:“有之以为利,无之以为用。”可见“由繁入简”受到了中国传统老话“冗繁削尽留空瘦”的影响。
社会在不断进步,文化科技更是发展迅速,室内设计也在不断的发生着变化,但是我们应该认识到,传统文化的影响始终存在于其中,无论室内设计的未来将如何发展,传统文化将永远相伴,也必将发挥其强大支撑和源泉作用,为室内设计的发展提供原动力。我相信,传统文化对室内设计的影响会始终存在,并且发挥更大作用。
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随着英语听力教学的不断深入和发展,文化背景知识越来越受到重视,而且不少学生对英美文化背景知识知之甚少。因此,在听力教学过程中介绍相应的文化背景知识不仅是重要的而且是必要的。在教学过程中,教师应该充分发挥作用,向学生尽可能多地介绍英语文化背景知识,增强学生的英美文化意识,培养学生的英语思维能力;在课外时间,教师还应该组织学生开展形式多样的活动,加深他们对英美文化背景知识的认识。以下是读文网小编今天要与大家分享:大学英语教学中的文化背景知识探讨相关论文,具体内容如下,欢迎阅读!
摘要:英语教学在中国已受到越来越广泛的重视,然而包含于语言教学中的文化知识却没能受到足够的重视,导致了许多学生在没有任何语法和词汇障碍的交际中无法正确表达自己或者理解母语者的意思,甚至形成了文化冲突。为帮助学生更好的交际,就要求英语教育者加强对学生的文化背景知识教育。
关键词:文化背景知识 语言教学 交际 文化障碍。
英语,如其他语言一样,也有许多文化障碍—语言的和非语言的。在此,我们主要探讨包含在语言障碍中的文化背景知识。“众所周知,语言教学不仅是教语言,而且是教文化”(戚雨村,1992)。“没有目的语的文化知识要成功交际是很困难的”(胡文仲,1992)。但在现实中,文化意识无论是在课堂还是在课外都没有被给予足够的重视。就语言和文化而言,要理解其一,就需要另外一个,因此为了促进学生的英语学习,在教语言的同时解释文化就在情理之中。由此可见,教师对文化背景知识的解释有助于学生克服语言学习中的文化障碍并能使其获得较好的交际能力。
文化背景知识是指一个社会与历史,地理,哲学,信仰,风俗习惯等相关的表达方式。Paul D.Coverdell (2001) 认为:
文化是人们共享的且指导他们行为的信仰,价值观,假设等。这些信仰和生活方式代代相传。理解另一种文化包括了从多个方面去了解它的行为方式,习俗,动作,实践。
学生们应该知道:“任何行为都有两种解释:行为发出者赋予它的含义和行为观察者赋予它的含义”(ibid,1989:29)。因此在语言教学的过程中,文化背景知识是对语言点,重点单词和表达方式的一个必要的补充。否则,学生可能有时会发现很难理解上下文或段落。例如,当学生遇到“Every dog has his day.”这句话,笔者首先举例说明美国人对狗的态度,这使得学生很感兴趣,而且很容易就理解了句子。有一篇文章如此描述了狗在美国人心目中的位置:虽然来自其他文化背景的人认为狗是食物,但美国人不吃狗肉。在美国狗作为宠物对人们来说很重要。人们通常认为狗是家庭的一员,有时几乎象孩子一样。
此外,狗还有预防犯罪的作用,窃贼一般不去有狗的人家,因为狗会吠叫而且会攻击企图入室的陌生人。显然,狗作为人们的伴侣有预防犯罪的作用使得食狗在美国成为一种禁忌。通过这段文字,学生知道在英语中“狗”蕴含着嘉奖的意思。通过以上例子,我们可以清楚地看到,在教学中目的语的文化背景知识和语言学习一样重要。语言教学的目的就是帮助学生具有交际能力。当然,实现此目的的最好方法是让学生生活在目的语社区中,以便他们能够讲流利而地道的英语。但事实上只有极少数学生有机会与母语者练习英语,绝大多数学生是从英语老师那里学英语的。问题是,大多数英语教师是在国内培训的,为了更有效地教英语,他们也急需文化方面的培训。
在这种情况下,要使学生更好的理解文章和交际,我们应该做些什么呢?最有效的方法可能是教师应接受社会文化知识培训,在学生需要时随时提供帮助。学生也应通过各种渠道,如,讲座,讨论,角色扮演,录像带,阅读资料等,了解目的语的文化知识,以便在交际中充分利用。文化背景知识有很广阔的覆盖面,包括文化知识,历史哲学,宗教,艺术,科技等。文化背景知识可能会成为交际中相互理解的障碍,有时在阅读和交际中我们发现没有任何语言困难却很难了解语言的确切意思。对目的语文化知识的缺乏可能会导致交际的失败。例如:
①一位在中国教了两年学的英国教师正走在通往学校大礼堂的路上去看电影。在路上他遇见了一位中国学生。按中国人的习惯,学生礼貌的问道,“您要去看电影吗?”这位外国老师感到很惊讶,他想“你明知道我要去大礼堂看电影,为什么还要问这个问题?”因此,他认为:这是一个非常愚蠢的问题(胡文仲,1982)。这个例子说明,在跨文化交际中,中国式的表达礼貌的方式不总是被理解和赏识的。因此,在一定情境下恰当的汉语在英语情境下可能会导致消极的结果。
②学生在交谈时往往相互问一些如此的问题:What's yourname? How old are you? Where do you come from? How many peopleare there in your family? 据说一位美国妇女来上海教英语,在被告知人民公园有英语角后她去了那儿。后来在被问及她对英语角的感受时,她不快的回答道:“我觉得我好象是在海关或警察局。”因为除了以上问题,她还被问及了:“What does your husband do?How much do you earn in China?”(胡文仲,1982)
这些问题语法上都是正确的,但问题是英语国家的人非常珍视他们的隐私。许多问题除了他们的密友和家人外在本族文化中是不会被问及的。更为糟糕的是,有时会以文化冲突而结束.因此,外语教学不仅是教语言而且是教文化。鉴于此,交际能力应包括五个方面:听,说,读,写和社会文化能力。
以上例子不可能将所有案例都概括其中,但有一点是十分清楚的:那就是文化背景知识在大学英语教学中扮演着重要的角色。这就要求教师在教学中充分意识到其重要性并以各种方法来加强学生的文化背景知识学习,以促进学生的语言学习和交际能力。此外,如果学生对文化背景知识了解甚少,蕴含在文化意义中的词和表达方式,成语,习语,禁忌语和委婉语也会成为语言学习者的学习障碍,这有待于英语教育者进一步探讨和研究。
[1]胡文仲。文化教学与文化研究[J].外语教学与研究,1992,(2)。
[2]胡文仲。文化差异与外语教学[J].外语教学与研究,1982,(4)。
[3]戚雨村。语言文化对比[J].外语研究,1992,(2)。
[4]蒲小君。外语教学与跨文化交际技能[J].外语界,1991,(2)。
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未来旅游业的竞争主要是旅游文化方面的竞争,旅游英语专业的学生就要在旅游文化服务上提高竞争力。这就要求学生不仅要有扎实的语言基本功,而且要具备广博的旅游文化知识。英语学习,三分语言,七分文化,语言与文化密不可分,语言承载着文化,又折射出文化的魅力。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:攀枝花旅游文化英语译介研究相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:本文将从攀枝花特有的地理地貌,川菜饮食和民族文化等方面对攀枝花特色旅游文化的英译进行研究。以期提高攀枝花市旅游资源资料的翻译质量,规范攀枝花市旅游资源资料的英译版本,提升城市形象,促进对外交流合作。进而结合旅游资源资料的语篇功能、读者的文化背景和接受心理,积极开展和加强中西文化视角下旅游资源资料的翻译和研究,促进跨文化交际。
攀枝花市,四川省唯一以花命名的城市,被称作阳光花城,座落在四川西南角,金沙江和雅砻江交汇处。自1965年建市以来,城市建设已形成规模,旅游资源独具特色:独特的自然地理环境、独具风味的饮食,浓郁的少数民族民俗风情文化,成为独树一帜的旅游品牌,成为攀枝花市对外开放的重要组成部分。
旅游文化的翻译工作是使对外宣传资料发挥作用的重要环节, 也是一个城市对外交流水平和人文环境建设的重要体现。如何让攀枝花走向世界、让世界了解攀枝花, 有效开展招商引资、扩大对外交流和合作起到了积极作用。在这种情况下,针对目前攀枝花市独特旅游资源的英译问题进行分析、研究,将极大地促进攀枝花的对外交流合作和提高城市的整体形象。但是由于中英旅游文本中的文化差异表现在其不同的审美、价值观及风俗习惯等中英旅游文本在提供信息方面亦有不同的侧重点。因此,在功能理论的指导下,结合中英旅游文本的不同点,,旅游文本的翻译应以游客为中心,以传播中国文化为导向,最终达到旅游文本的诱导目的。可以采取相应的翻译策略:直译、增译、省译、类比等,以期增强旅游文本译文的可读性,最终有效实现译文的预期功能和目的。
攀枝花地处攀西裂谷中南段,属浸蚀、剥蚀中山丘陵、山原峡谷地貌,山高谷深、盆地交错分布,地质构造复杂,森林覆盖面积大,喀斯特地貌分布广,裂谷、温泉、溶洞、瀑布和河流比比皆是,为旅游事业的发展提供了资源基础。对于对于攀枝花特色地理地貌的英译方面,张沉香(2007)对于术语的国际化, 提出应“适当加大音译比例”,“促进国际合作和科技发展”。
音译不仅能够达到简洁和透明的作用,还是保存源语文化的最佳途径。尊重术语体现的文化而采用音译的翻译方法也是现代术语翻译的一个趋势。以攀枝花地理地貌“喀斯特”为例,就是采用的音译方法现已被学界多接受,然而它却曾被中国学界采用意译的方法改译为“岩溶”。另一个类似的例子是世纪初由中国学者确定的“天坑”,即西方地理学学术话语中的“特大型塌陷漏斗”所描述的地理样貌,在攀枝花也是数量众多,大小不一。2005 年起,“天坑”这一定名获得了国际喀斯特学术界的一致认可,汉语拼音 “tiankeng”开始国际通用“喀斯特”在中国和 “tiankeng”在国际学界的最终被接受,这体现了两个属于名词文化内涵的保留,以及音译在学术文化界的认同。
攀枝花非常有名的“格萨拉生态旅游区”主景区距泸沽湖116公里,距丽江376公里,沿省道216线(稻攀路)前行可达稻城、亚丁,景区景观由天坑地漏、岩溶景观、高山草甸和彝家风情等组成。关于“格萨拉生态旅游区”的英译资料“Gesala Ecotourism Area as a part of the Golden Triangular Tourism Area of Daocheng, Lijiang and Panzhihua is located at the juncture of Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces.”该译文首先介绍了格萨拉生态旅游区的地理位置位于稻城,丽江和攀枝花旅游金三角,位于川滇两省的交接处。 “ It is not only the south gate of the Great Shangri-la of China, but also an important component of the Sunshine Ecotourism Area in west Panzhihua City.” 此句则强调了格萨拉生态旅游区的重要性,为中国大香格里拉的南大门, “the south gate”则运用了英语中隐喻的修辞手法 “metaphor” ,非常生动形象。
接下来用添加注解的方法,介绍格萨拉生态旅游区命名的含义和渊源。 “Gesala”, a vocabulary of the Yi Nationality, means “the beautiful heaven where human and nature coexist harmoniously”, “the funniest hillock” and also “the place closest to the Sun”. “格萨拉”是彝族的一个词汇,含义是“人与自然和谐共处的美丽的天堂”,“最的山丘”“离太阳最近的地方”。
关于格萨拉生态旅游区的旅游观念主题的英译:生态旅游――返璞归真,返回到最原始的自然的世界,人与自然是不可分割的整体。 “Its artistic conceptions comply with the theme of ecotourism, that is,“returning to the primitive natural world, and human-nature oneness”。
关于格萨拉生态旅游区发展的重要性:格萨拉风景旅游区的发展,能够丰富旅游产品,增加“攀西大裂谷”的品牌竞争力。Development of Gesala Scenic Area can enrich the structure of tourist products,Panzhihua area, enhance competitiveness of its brand as “Splendid Rift Valley” 关于格萨拉生态旅游区的未来前景:会成为川西南旅游的一个亮点,并且会推动攀西地区的发展。It will become a new tourist highlight in southwest Sichuan Province, and contribute to a more reasonable tourism development layout in west Panzhihua area and Sichuan Province.
2009年底,大型图书《中国川菜》中英文标准对照版由四川科学技术出版社正式出版。该书是受四川省人民政府委托,由川菜发展研究中心组织编撰的“经典四川菜点菜名翻译”项目最终成果。该书对经典川菜的制作方法和翻译方法进行了规范,较好地体现了川菜菜名翻译的传承性,促进川菜的国际化发展。对于川菜名称的英译,总体的原则是烹饪方法+主料+配料,可以采取音译、音译+直译、直译+注解的方式方法。
对川菜的复合味型、烹饪方法,刀工的英语表述,其中的特色元素以音译为主,将川菜中的麻辣、串串( 串串香)、 “担担( 担担面) 、”钵钵( 钵钵鸡) 等广为人知的特色元素直接音译成了 “mala”、“chuanchuan”、 “dandan”、 “bobo” 而回锅肉三大炮 、酱香牛肉等则采取音译 +直译的方法分别译为”Huiguo Pork”、”Sandapao Rice Ball”、“Jiangxiang Beef”。主食则基本采用音译,比如饺子Jiaozi、包子Baozi、馒头Mantou。另外一种有名的食品松花蛋,也叫皮蛋,如果按制作方法翻译,应是lime-preserved eggs,或者译为preserved eggs,意思是经石灰等腌制的,但一方面容易同咸蛋混淆,另一方面制作中出现的化学品会令外国人感到困惑,而且毫无生趣可言,但是另外一种翻译“100-year eggs”,则更容易令人接受,更生动有趣,印象深刻。
川菜英译中采用烹饪方法+主料的典型例子有干蝙肉丝“Dry--fried Shredded Pork”,樟茶鸭子“Tea-smoked Duck”。而以 “烹饪方法+主材料(+配料)”来英译的菜名有“蚂蚁上树”,因为该菜的主料为粉(vermicelli) 和猪肉末 (minced pork),所以英译为“Stir-fried Vermicelli with Minced Pork”。再如“青红牛柳”的烹饪方法为炮炒,主料为牛肉(beef),配料为红椒和青椒,所以英译为 “red and green pepper”英译时加了 “loin”则是为了突出牛肉的特别部位,以体现该菜主料是精选的腰部牛肉而非普通牛肉,所以整道菜名应译为“Fried beef loin with red and green pepper”。
直译+注解的川菜英译的典型例子是“夫妻肺片”,它是川菜中极为有名的一道菜,被直译为 “Fuqi Feipian”,并加上了注解( Sliced beef & offal in chili sauce)意为“辣椒油拌牛内脏”。
中国与英语国家民族特色各有差异。因此旅游资料的某些内容,如地名、人名、朝代、轶闻等。英语注重语言的逻辑、分析和写实,重视表达的一致性。因此,在翻译时,可采取增译法、省译法、类比法,增添解释性文字使译文能够被接受理解。
攀枝花共有42个民族,其中汉族占全市人口的87%,41个少数民族中人口最多的彝族占9%。 阿细跳月是彝族阿细人最具代表性的民族民间舞蹈,即“欢乐跳”之意,因多在月光篝火旁起舞,故名曰“阿细跳月”。用增译法将其英译为 “Axi dancing under the moonlight”。再如彝族的传统节日火把节,如果单用 “ the Torch Festival”是不够的,就需要在其后加上解释,说明这个节日的特征,也可以采用类比的方法,把它比作彝族的新年 “New Year of the Yi People”,可以引起外国游客的共鸣。
旅游资料的文字在形式上绮丽多姿、文采绚烂,修辞手法频频使用。然而这却使文章形式累赘沉重、意义模糊罗嗦、主题含混不清,令外国读者觉得充满了极度夸张,反而对文中内容产生信任危机。与中国旅游资料华美的内容与形式相对的,英文旅游资料在形式上朴素自然,内容上则简洁明了、主题突出。如在描述彝族原始的祭祀舞蹈“老虎笙”中提到:成年的男子装扮成虎态,用“红”、“黑”、“黄”和“白”等色将脸画成虎面,手脚画上虎纹,再穿上用羊皮黑毡制成的虎衣进行表演。汉语描述时,为了取得音韵俱佳的效果,其中“虎态”和“虎面”“虎纹”和“虎衣”分别在“虎”的意义上重复,但翻译时若采取直译的方法,则达不到原文想要表达的意境和效果。因此最好采取省译的方法,将其译为 “Adult men dress like tigers by painting faces red, black, yellow, white, also on hands and feet the patterns, and then putting on the black carpet made with sheepskin”。这种省译的方法是根据外国读者的习惯在,语义、审美等层次与原文在形式上“弃形而求神”的办法,力求既忠于原文内容,又忠而不泥,活而不滥。
汉英旅游翻译的主要功能是传达信息和诱导吸引。汉语旅游文本的英译在译入语语境中能否达到预期的宣传效果,实现吸引国外旅游者的目的,是翻译的关键所在。中英旅游文本中的语言特点和文化差异在行文风格、语篇结构和内容上存在着很大的差异:汉语旅游文本倾向于使用华丽辞藻,修辞手段和引经据典,文本风格正式,追求音形意的完美统一;而英语旅游文本倾向于使用简洁,逻辑性强且亲近读者的语言,行文自然流畅。
攀枝花旅游文化英语译介研究,有助于促进外界对攀枝花市的正确认识和了解。通过分析研究旅游文化资料中存在的英译问题,提高对外宣传资料的翻译质量,从而更准确地向外界展示攀枝花独特的自然风貌和人文民族风情。提升攀枝花市良好的城市形象,进一步促进国际交流和合作,极大地增强攀枝花市的城市竞争力,提高城市在海内外知名度和美誉度施,同时也是在经济全球化发展趋势下加强国际交流与合作的一项基础性工作。
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近年来,中日文化交流日益频繁,书法家互访也很活跃。今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是:简论中华书法及其对世界文化艺术之影响相关论文。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
摘要:书法艺术是中华民族独有的艺术瑰宝,具有鲜明的民族特色。其吸收了江河山川草木、飞禽走兽的形象美,借鉴音乐、舞蹈、戏曲的节奏美、旋律美,使文字的形象与人的艺术表现力化为一体,抽象化为一种“神态”和“意向”,并极大的丰富了世界文化艺术的宝库。
关键词:书法艺术、历代书法之流变,及其对世界文化艺术之影响;职称论文
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简论中华书法及其对世界文化艺术之影响
中国的书法艺术历史悠久,源远流长。数千年来,产生了灿若群星的书法家和浩若烟海的书法作品,为后人留下了无数精湛的艺术珍品,为祖国的艺术宝殿增添了光彩,为人类的艺术宝库增加了财富。
我国的书法,自先秦时期就形成了百花争妍的局面,秦代李斯为全国书写了不同于原六国大篆的小篆范本,程邈整理了隶书,他们都是古代杰出的书法家。到了两汉、魏晋南北朝时期,书法艺术又向前迈进了一大步。北方的魏碑体日臻成熟,而南方东晋时期的王羲之经过刻苦努力,终于登上了当时书法艺术的最高峰,创立并完善了楷书和行书,被人尊称为“书圣”。而陈隋间大书法家“智永”和尚是王羲之第七代孙,继承祖法,精勤书艺,成为一代草书大家。
到了唐代,更是书艺发展,书法家辈出的黄金时代。著名杰出书法家有欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权、虞世南、褚遂良、薛稷等,史称“唐代六大家”。而唐代张旭、怀素的草书更是风格独特,潇洒飞动,达到了炉火纯青的地步。由于这些书法巨匠们的努力,将我国书法艺术推向了历史的顶峰。欧阳询、颜真卿、柳公权的楷书端庄浑厚,各臻妙境,成为后世之宗,他们的作品,成为历代青年学子们临摹学书的范本,直到现当代,还对我国的书法艺术产生着广泛而深远的影响。
到了宋代,是我国书法艺术在写意方面的又一发展时期。著名“宋代四大家”,苏轼、黄庭坚、米芾、蔡襄的成就极为辉煌。元代是以复古而开新的文人书风发展时期,其代表人物是赵孟頫。他真、草、隶、篆皆精,独创一种柔和流畅潇洒的艺术风格,对后世影响很大。明代是个性化文人书风时代,文征明、董其昌的书法较为著名,其“淡墨书”在日本书道界颇有影响。清代的邓石如,郑燮、何绍基等人的书法较有影响。现当代书法也是百花齐放群星闪烁。如沈尹默、张大千、启功等人的书法就很著名。
我国书法艺术是中华民族独创的一种艺术形式,具有极其鲜明的民族特色,随着历史时代的变迁而不断变化着自己的精神风貌。书法作品的创作,书法形象的塑造,更是一种造型活动。先是以文字的点画、线条为主,而后融合进各种江河山川草木,飞禽走兽的形象美,借鉴音乐、戏曲、舞蹈的旋律美、节奏美,在吸取这些美的因素的同时,糅合进人的主观意念,从而使文字的形象与人的表现能力化为一体。自然美在这里被加以改造、变形,抽象化而成为一种“神态”和“意象”。所以,中国书法就是一种似画非画,而又充满哲理性的、动态活泼的“意味”形象。长久以来使世界各国、各民族对它产生了仰慕、神奇的感觉。中国书法对日本、韩国、朝鲜、越南、新加坡等东亚、东南亚、东北亚国家的影响最大。尽管各国语言各有不同,但却共同以汉字为基础,开拓出世界东方的书法园地。直至今日,书法在日本、新加坡、韩、朝等国,依然是艺术门类中具有高尚情趣的艺术。
在日本,人们以中国汉字的偏旁部首为基础,创造了日本的片假名,以中国汉字的草书为基础,创造了日本的平假名,加上直接使用中国的汉字,这就创造形成了独具特色的日文。日本学者伊东参州就指出:“一部日本的书法史,就是中国书法不断影响日本的历史……我国书法不断发展变迁到今天,是在中国书法的不断影响下造成的。”日本汉字学家、书法史学家中田勇次郎说“中国书法的流变,随着王朝的更替,不断如同一股波浪似的向日本蜂涌而来。”他并按历史的前后,把日本书法史分为八个时期,即“大和时代的百济书法;飞鸟时代的隋唐书法;奈良时代的晋唐书法;平安时代前期的唐朝书法;镰仓时代前半期的宋朝书法;镰仓时代后半期至南北朝时代的元朝书法;室町时代的明朝书法;江户时代的北碑派书法等。
从历史的记载来看,几乎每个时代的日本书道的代表人物多数得到中国书法的直接熏陶,受到中国书法家的影响。不是如此,很难想象日本书道能有今天的巨大发展。例如:我国唐代高僧鉴真和尚东渡日本时,就随船带去了许多王羲之及其他书法家的墨宝真迹。而同时代的日本遣唐僧海空和尚就将中国孙过庭的《书谱》这一有高度美学价值的书法专著传入日本。在停止派出遣唐使以后,宋、元、明时期的中国书法继续因中日僧人的相互来访而传入日本。如日本荣西和尚在南宋孝宗时两次来华,而他的书法则宗风黄庭坚。中国的名僧隐元和尚应邀去日本定居,在京都宇治建了万福寺,把明代文人书风带到了日本。
江户时代,在日本翻刻过大量字帖,其中的赵子昂、祝允明、文征明、董其昌等的墨迹为最多。这一时期给予日本书法的影响十分巨大,以致日本的书法家将之称为“江户时代唐朝体”,或称“中国样式书体”。清朝时期,中国书法界由于碑学派的产生,而导致与“馆阁体”——帖学派的对峙。这一时期在书法上的复古趋向,注重金石气味,也深深地浸染了日本书道界。公元一八八O年,杨守敬作为外交人员和金石家东渡日本,经他带去的书法作品竟达一万三千多件。日本书道界的下部鸣鹤等直接受到他的传授指点。而中林悟竹,北方心泉等人则更进一步到中国拜师,游访了金石名家吴大徵、俞樾、张裕钊、徐三庚等人。如此,就为日本书道界弥补了汉魏书风,丰富了日本书道的表现色彩.
近年来,中日文化交流日益频繁,书法家互访也很活跃。象日本方面的饭岛春敬,柳田泰云,渡边寒鸥等代表团体和个人都曾到中国访问。中国书法家和日本书法家还相互举行集体和个人书法交流展,轮流在中国或日本巡回展出。笔者的书法作品就曾在日本展出过。其中一九八五年十月在日本举行中日政治家书法展览,中曾根首相和许多大臣以及众参两院议长等负责人出席参观,盛况空前。
中国书法对朝鲜、韩国的影响也很大。我国唐代一些最有影响的书法家的字迹就很受到朝韩人民的热爱。据史书记载,新罗国来长安的使节就曾专门收集欧阳询的书法名迹,欧书作为楷书的范本在朝韩被学习,吸收和流传。如江原道原州郡就有安民厚书作碑刻,碑文端庄,刚劲险劲,法度森严,完全得力于欧书,其本人也是一位杰出的书法家。朝鲜李朝时代的李齐贤曾出使中国,他喜爱金石文字,曾造了一座“万卷楼”。在中国时,经常与赵孟頫交往,书风饶有晋唐风味。朝、韩书法艺术在发展过程中,在研习晋唐书风的传统下,又及时吸取中国书法的最新成果。如元代赵孟頫,明代文征明、祝允明等都成为对朝韩古典书风最有影响的书法家,使朝韩书法形成了气象清新,规矩严谨,重在气韵,擅长行草的书风。
中国书法对越南,新加坡等东南亚国家也有巨大影响。如越南最高领导人胡志明、黄文欢等就十分喜爱中国书法。胡志明对中国书法造诣很深,经常研究和挥毫中国书法。在中国安徽黄山人字瀑前,就留有胡志明亲笔所题“观瀑亭”几个古朴苍劲有力的毛笔大字。而在新加坡,中文是法定文字,中国书法更被视为高雅艺术,中新两国书法界人士(包括笔者本人)经常互访和举办书法展,交流书法技艺。
中国书法对欧美的影响也是很大的。从十九世纪后期到二十世纪初,到过中国的一些欧美考古学者、汉学家,将书法作品当作考古文物携运回去。一九一三年,美国的艺术史学者费内洛沙就撰写了《东方艺术史》一书,介绍中国书法并注意到东方书法艺术的独特性。而西班牙著名艺术家毕加索就曾经向我国著名书法家张大千讨教过用笔技巧。而后,他成功地运用中国书法的提、按、顿、挫、转、及笔断意连的运笔技巧做艺术创作。
笔者的书作就曾在国外展出,所接触的许多欧美、大洋洲人士和朋友对中国书法的欣赏兴趣就很浓,踊跃参观在所在国举办的中国书画展览,他们希望不断增加书画展出,并要求举办讲座或演讲,介绍中国书法艺术。今天,许多不远万里来中国考察的学者、留学生中,亦有来研讨书法的。象法国的柯乃柏写了《卫桓四体书势之研究》。这些都表明中国书法不但在艺术实践上,在艺术理论上近年来也取得了新的长足发展。随着近年来我国综合国力的增强,我国政府在世界上越来越多的国家中相继开办了传播中华文化的孔子学院,中华文化及中国书法在世界文化艺术界的影响也将越来越广泛。
通过不断相互学习,相互交流,共同创新发展,我坚信,中华书法艺术将极大地丰富世界文化艺术的宝库。
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建国初期,中国与苏联签订了《中苏友好同盟互助条约》,双方建立了战略同盟关系。以此为契机,在1956年双方又签订了《苏中文化合作协定》,目的是推动两国间广泛的文化交流。这一时期在文化艺术领域中,苏联音乐文化对中国音乐教育产生了积极的影响。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:苏联音乐文化在中国建国初期时的传播与影响相关论文,内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】本文立足于新中国成立至50年代末60年代初这一时期中国的音乐文化,从音乐文化思想和传播在中国的苏联歌曲两个方面研究这一时期苏联音乐文化对中国的影响。
【关键词】苏联音乐文化;中国音乐文化;1950-1960
(一)社会主义在音乐上的创作:1933年的一篇题为《关于社会主义现实主义》的文章,对“社会主义现实主义”一词进行了分析,认为该称谓具有文学色彩。斯大林认为社会主义现实主义是民族主义形式方面的文化。诞生于文学领域中的“社会主义现实主义”将丰富多样的文学创作手法变成了迎合时代的单一创作。强调以社会主义现实主义为原则来创作音乐是有一定哲学理论思想基础的,可以保证音乐为无产阶级服务。
(二)批判资产阶级音乐:1950年,苏联代表社会主义国家与资本主义国家进行全球争霸,形成了两极对垒的世界格局。苏联和资本主义国家,不仅在军事上、在经济上,甚至在文化上都视彼此为宿敌。苏联对20世纪出现的音乐――以勋伯格为代表的表现主义音乐、序列音乐、印象派音乐以及偶然音乐等现代音乐门类都进行批判。苏联音乐的创作目的决定了苏联音乐代表了资产阶级形式主义音乐的对立面。
(三)对传统音乐风格的继承:苏联音乐要想发展,必须紧紧依靠传统民族文化,但只是在形式上的继承,而在内容上则是要以人民群众和苏联的社会主义建设等政治问题为主。对音乐创作的要求是要承认古典音乐文化遗产,尤其是俄罗斯音乐文化进步的作用,以这些宝贵的文化资源继续推广苏联音乐。
随着1949年新中国的成立,中国社会也发生了巨大的变化。中苏两国的交流,尤其是音乐文化交流也随之变化。首先,20世纪上半叶最显著的变化是两国友好的外交政策为两国音乐文化交流提供了比较稳定的外部环境。中苏两国亲密的关系以及中国一边倒的外交政策使得全国上下掀起了一股“苏联热”,当时值得追捧的就是学唱苏联歌曲。其次,中国派遣了大量的专业音乐人才赴苏联进行系统化、专业化的学习。他们肩负起了文化传习的责任,更承担起了文化传播的功能,极大地促进了中国音乐文化事业的建立。
(一)中国有大量的留学生在苏联学习,留苏学生成为新中国成立时期各个领域的领头人,不仅对自己的专业领域,而且对文化交流也起到了至关重要的作用,音乐也是其中的一部分。留学生对革命的热忱以及崇高的理想使他们愿意去接受苏联歌曲,在上山下乡期间,他们将苏联歌曲带到了广大人民群众中。
(二)书刊、媒体等对音乐文化的推广也起到了很大的作用。1951年,上海万叶书店出版了由涅斯契也夫撰写的《论苏联群众歌曲》,这是我国建国后的第一本介绍苏联歌曲的译著,介绍了苏联20世纪上半叶群众歌曲的发展情况。
(三)1933年,苏联歌舞团首次到上海表演新兴革命艺术,而这种形式在50年代更为常见。1952年,来访的苏联各文艺团体大多都要演唱苏联歌曲,特别是合唱类的。
(一)中国音乐美学中的“反映论”
“反映论”的观点阐述了音乐艺术体现的内容是客观与实际现实的反映,同时也是各种音乐思想的基础,是现实的一切声音在人脑中的反映。1950年,中国在对苏联音乐的批评与译介中对“反映论”的观点已经悄然接受。斯大林在1936年1月17日的讲话中提到:苏维埃人民现实主义歌剧必须是社会主义题材、音乐语言必须是现实主义、歌剧中的角色从当代人中选取。从以上特征,我们可以发现中国50年代创作的《洪湖赤卫队》、《刘胡兰》、《小二黑结婚》等歌剧受苏联“反映论”音乐思想的影响是显而易见的。
(二)音乐的社会功能
苏联音乐非常注重其音乐的社会功能效用。其本质就是要利用音乐自身的教化功能构建一种异于资本主义音乐文化体系的思想统治工具来发展和巩固其社会主义政权。1949年新中国成立之后全国百废待兴,此时的音乐所充当的角色同文字一样,都是呼吁和倡导建设祖国。
尽管在50年达末至60年代中苏关系日益紧张,但外交关系上的急刹车并没有中断两国音乐文化思想的交流,中国依旧按着苏联音乐思想理论运行和发展着。整个20世纪50年代,是中国作为学生向苏联学习各种文化的一个时期,从苏联借鉴与融合来的音乐理想思想体系需要很长的时间在理性中批判的继承的。
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传统的英语阅读教学注重语言知识的学习,以词、句、语法为主的教学占主要地位,将语言和文化割裂开来,从而导致学生对阅读材料的接收往往因为英语文化知识的欠缺而不够准确。基于此,高中英语阅读教学不能成为脱离文化语境的单纯的语言技能的训练,而应重视语言和文化的关系。这就要求英语教师在教学中要加强对学生文化意识的培养。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:英语阅读教学中文化意识培养的调查与研究相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:在传统的英语阅读教学中,偏重语言知识,即词、句、语法的学习,将语言和文化分开教学,从而使学生缺乏目的语文化意识的培养。随着外语教学的不断发展与深入,文化教学越来越被学术界所重视。所以,英语教师在教学中一定要加强对学生文化意识的培养,把文化意识的培养逐步渗透到英语阅读教学中,能够使学生拓展视野,增强文化底蕴,通过文化背景知识和具体语言环境来正确理解文章,进而提高他们在真实的语言环境下,语言运用和交际的能力。
现如今,英语阅读教学存在着一个非常明显的问题:虽然学生投入了大量的时间与精力,但是普遍表现为阅读速度慢,阅读理解能力弱。但是,很多研究表明:如果教师在阅读教学中进行文化意识的培养,学生就会掌握一定的文化背景知识和具备一定的文化鉴赏能力,从而能够具有合乎逻辑的推理和判断,减小阅读的难度,提高阅读的速度和阅读理解的能力,使知识能够更加有效的输入,并能逐步培养学生学习英语的兴趣和运用知识的能力。
现在英语阅读教材中更加注重题材的多样性,同时逐渐重视对英语文化知识的渗透,注重综合及全面的考查学生分析和整合信息的能力。我们都知道,学生阅读理解能力的好坏直接决定了英语学习的水平,然而文化教学又是培养阅读能力的一个重要环节,所以本文的目的就是要通过在英语阅读教学中加强对学生文化意识的培养所进行的实验研究来进一步说明:在高中英语阅读教学中要重视实施文化教学,通过在教学中对英语国家的文化背景知识的渗透,有效地培养学生的文化意识和跨文化交际意识,来提高英语的综合运用能力。
1.文化的内涵
文化是人类生存的最基本需求,也能给每个个体带来归属感和安全感,可以指导人类的思维方式和行为活动,文化对人类的影响是潜移默化地,人们在潜意识里受文化的支配,并慢慢形成习惯。我们每个人都生活都与我们周围的文化息息相关,我们不仅有自己民族的传统历史文化,也有关系到我们日常生活的饮食起居文化等等。文化在我们人类生活中无处不在,比如说,我们大学生就有社团文化,校园文化等大文化背景下的子文化。随着科技的发展,我们现在又在接受着网络文化,手机文化的影响。正因为各种文化的存在,我们的生活才有了意义与价值,也正因为不同文化之间的交融与沟通,才使我们的生活更加丰富多彩。
对于文化,各个领域不同的学者下过很多种定义。有的人认为文化就是文明,或者文化就是交际。语言学家Hall(霍尔)说:“文化存在于我们生活的方方面面,甚至你本身就是文化的一部分。”Hofstede(霍弗斯特)认为,文化对人类来说就像性格对个人一样的关系。Nolan(诺兰)认为,文化是一种世界观,是组织这个已存在的世界的一种方式。人类学家Havilland(哈维兰德)说,人类利用文化去处理他们所遇到的难题。而Triandis(泰安迪斯)认为文化的功能是帮助该文化中的成员去适应社会环境的变化。
2.文化与语言
语言不仅仅是人类拥有的一项生存技能,可以帮助人们表达自我,分析现实,传承历史,而且还是文化的载体,是文化表达和传播的工具。美国著名的人类学家Sapir在《语言论》中曾有一段名言:“语言不能脱离文化而存在,这就是说,语言不能脱离流传下来的、决定我们生活面貌的风俗和信仰的总和。”一个民族的语言往往能体现出该民族社会文化生活的方方面面。正如马林诺夫斯基所说:“语言基本上植根于该民族的文化、社会生活和习俗。”
不同的文化产生不同的语言形式,文化背景的不同,人们的语言习惯和表达也不同。同样,任何一种语言形式背后必然也存在着一种文化,比如说,十八世纪的英国小说家简?奥斯丁的语言,其中必然有其十八世纪的英国文化的烙印,这种文化的反映肯定不同于二十世纪的英国女性小说家。文化的发展必然能促进语言的丰富和发展,反之,语言的发展也会带来文化的繁荣。比如说,中国近代“五四时期”给文化的发展提供了新鲜的土壤,随之而来的是语言呈现形式发生了多样化,一些语言文化大家的出现,带来语言发展的新局面,像鲁迅的白话文,杂文,郭沫若的新诗体等等。所以,在外语教学中,不仅仅要重视学生的语言的学习,同时也要重视对它文化的输入。让学习者不仅会正确使用语言,同时也能深刻理解语言中的文化内涵。因此,语言的学习不可能离开文化,外语教学从某种程度上来讲就是文化教学。
3.文化意识
早在二十世纪初,一些西方教育学家就发现了语言与文化的密切关系,并展开了一系列的调查与研究。到二十世纪七十年代,语言学家达成了一个共识:即在语言学习的同时,要注重文化意识的培养,语言学习者不仅仅要学习语言与文化,而且应当意识到语言和文化之间相辅相成的关系:语言中有文化,文化中有语言。
在第三次工业革命之后,欧美国家经济,社会,文化都取得了明显的进步,所以很多国家实行了教育改革,希望所培养的人才可以适应这个发展和变化着得社会。所以,美国,法国和苏联等国家相继提出了新的教育发展纲要,在纲要中明确规定了外语的学习要注重文化意识的培养,提高学生的跨文化交际能力。我国现在实行的《英语新课程标准》对我国的外语教学也对文化教学提出了新的要求。
4.阅读的本质
阅读从本质上说,以目的观论,是为了获取知识,获取信息。阅读是现代社会中人们生存和发展所必备的一项社会文化技能,是人类积累下来的文化得以传承的重要手段。威廉斯(Eddie Williams)曾给阅读下过一个非常简单的定义“阅读就是一个人看着并理解所写文字的过程。”在这个定义中最关键的词语是“理解”,“阅读的过程就是理解的过程。”“阅读的速度就是理解的速度。”这些提法在阅读研究界已成共识。只有弄清楚理解过程,才能揭示阅读的过程。阅读的实质就是理解。
阅读是读者与作者的思维沟通与交流的过程,包含着隐形的互动。有的语言学家认为,阅读是一个心理过程,读者通过接触一系列的心理符号开始,而这些心理符号是作者想要表达的思想,如果读者理解了作者所想表达的思想,那么阅读的目的也就达到了。还有些语言学家认为,阅读是一个复杂的综合的认知过程,在这个过程中读者和文章相互作用,创造或再创造了富有意义的表达。在20世纪纪70年代以前,语言学家将阅读看成是字、词、句中构造意义的过程,随着认知语言学的研究与发展,人们发现非语言因素对阅读理解同样起着非常重要的作用,所以,就有人提出阅读是:understand(理解),respond(反应),meaning(意义)这样一个积极的过程,即在阅读教学中,不应该强调学生明白每一个单词的意义或者每一个句子的成分结构,而是鼓励他们加强语篇的理解,即对文章宏观性的把握,并能捕捉到文章所蕴含的隐性意义。
1.实验方法
在本实验的过程中,主要采用的教育科学研究方法包括调查法、比较法,分析法,行动研究法等等。实验班在英语阅读教学中采用文化体验式教学方式,即:在实验班级里,将课文中涉及的中西方传统节日、社交礼仪、生活习惯、民族风俗、价值观念等方面的文化背景知识通过附加法,融合法,互动法,实践法,体验法等多角度、全方位地实施文化教学,调动起学生的学习兴趣和学习积极性,同时搭配阅读训练。与此同时,对照班在英语阅读教学中采用相对传统的教学模式,以讲授阅读材料中的语法、词汇、句型为主。在相同的教学时间和相同的教材内容条件下,实验过程中要及时测评两个班级的学习效果,进行对比分析。
2.结果呈现与分析
班级和对照班级实验前测英语成绩统计分析:
班级 人数 平均成绩 及格率 90分以上 110分以上
实验班级 55 85 61? 15 3
对照班级 55 86 63? 13 4
实验班级和对照班级实验后测英语成绩统计分析:
班级 人数 平均成绩 及格率 90分以上 110分以上
实验班级 55 98 73? 22 7
对照班级 55 89 66? 16 5
从以上实验数据综合分析可以看出阅读中侧重文化融入能够提高学生的阅读理解水平,实验结果基本达到了实验目的:学生更深刻体会到文本的文化内涵和背景,英语考试中实验班比对照班成绩明显提高;实验班学生的学习面貌、内在学习动机、自主学习能力等都比对照班有很大的进步;与对照班比较,实验班整体的阅读能力有显著的提高。大多数学生可以感受到学习英语的乐趣,同时英语成绩也有了一定的提高。教师更是增加了在课堂教学中尝试新的教学方法的信心。
通过本次关于阅读教学中文化意识培养的调查与研究,使教师和学生们开始意识到阅读应关注的不但是文本的字面含义,更要注意其背后的知识。如作者的写作目的、英语文章结构特点及描述情感、性格和经历所使用的修辞手段,尽可能利用上下文理解句意并解释有关词语;利用已有背景知识努力正确把握作者观点和态度;能就文章语境进行推理判断、猜测作者意图、推测故事发展趋向和结果。
其次,阅读能力的提高及文化背景知识的融入,提高了学生学习英语的兴趣。学生学习英语的积极性、主动性通过亲身思维活动的参与得以有效发挥,反过来又培养了学生的英语思维能力、综合文化素质,特别是对概括能力与逻辑思维能力的发展具有明显的促进作用。阅读训练和文化融入的过程中还培养了学生的自学能力及分析问题、解决问题的能力。阅读教学中文化意识的培养,有效地提高了英语教学质量,对英语阅读以及整个英语教学亦具有影响文化价值观及文化碰撞的辐射效应。
本研究还表明:教师教学理念及教师教学态度、行为方式也是影响实验成败的重要因素。因此,英语老师应树立正确的语言文化观。如果英语教师能在英语教学中加强对学生文化意识的培养,那么不仅能丰富学生的文化知识,而且还能激发他们学习英语的兴趣,吸引他们的注意力,使其对英语的文化习俗等感兴趣,大大激发他们的内在阅读动机,达到学生主动阅读的目的。
另一方面,文化意识培养也对教师素质提出了更高的要求。英语老师不仅仅要掌握必要的英语语言知识、教育学、心理学、教学法之外,还应具备英语国家文化的基本知识。因此,在这个瞬息万变的时代,英语教师应时刻具备再学习意识,既能够潜心从事本专业领域的研究;又要同时关注着与英语相关的和相交叉的学科领域、人文社会科学知识及自然科学知识。做一名真正适合于新时代发展的合格英语教师。
英语阅读教学中文化意识培养的调查与研究相关
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随着时代的变迁,我国的设计领域渐渐在被“全球化”遮弥,传统装饰艺术日益被机械化的现代设计所替代,但是传统装饰艺术在现代社会的艺术价值、人文价值和社会价值是不容忽视的,且现代设计如有了传统装饰艺术的融入,则会为设计作品注入更多意想不到的生命力。 以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:论传统装饰艺术对现代设计的影响相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
摘 要:现代社会是一个高度现代化、信息化的社会,对艺术设计而言,国外新观念、新思潮的不断涌入与中国的现代设计思想相互碰撞。中华传统装饰艺术传承发展了五千年,它对于中国整个艺术史的影响是巨大的。因此,我们必须深入了解、认识、探索并传承传统装饰艺术,将其发扬光大。
关键词:传统;装饰艺术;现代;艺术设计;影响
现代设计的“民族化语言”[1]伴随着时代的潮流应运而生,民族文化元素受到高度重视。随着中国在世界上的地位逐渐升高,中国的传统文化也越来越受到关注,并以迅猛的速度被挖掘。
中国传统装饰艺术在中国艺术史上的影响极其深远,在漫长的艺术发展历程中积淀了中华民族的无穷智慧和创造精神,以其生生不息的延续性和包容性而自立于世界并绵延不绝,不论是在过去、现在还是未来,它都会是全世界人民共同享有的文化资源。中国要深入认识中国传统装饰艺术的各方面,并从中挖掘、撷取精华,将传统装饰化元素有机地融入现代设计中,不断创作出既具有中国气派,同时又具有现代感的设计作品来,让中国的设计发扬光大,引领世界潮流。
(一)中国传统装饰艺术概述
从古至今,人类追求艺术的脚步就没有停止过,中国的传统装饰艺术不仅仅记录了当时人们对于自然界的认识及对生活的期盼,更重要的是为后人留下了最宝贵的艺术遗产,直至今天演变成一个有着绝对深度与影响力的中国传统装饰艺术体系。传统装饰艺术在中国的艺术长河中扮演着不可或缺的角色。
(二)装饰的概念
装饰即人类以满足实用性为前提,利用不同材质和工艺技术进行的创造性造物活动。创造的物品具有功能性与审美性统一的特点,起到美化生活的作用,并通过这一创造活动反映社会物质文化和精神文化的风貌。中国工艺美术家陈之佛先生曾提到:“装饰的本意,无论是对于构造的、平面的,都以实现其调和为目的,以能显现调和美的价值便是要着。”
传统装饰艺术所具有的价值体现在多个方面。
(一)传统装饰艺术的生活价值
传统装饰艺术的生活价值体现在它表现了人类生活之美。从原始的艺术中就可以看出,原始人类对图腾和巫术的狂热崇拜。这些现象全都体现了传统装饰艺术的生活价值。
(二)传统装饰艺术的人文价值
装饰是人生存活动的一部分,也是人劳动创造的一种成果,这种活动或成果无疑是人类的文化表现,而且人类的装饰意志、动机,从一开始便是文化性的。中国传统装饰艺术作品里都蕴含着人文价值,对中国人来说,这些意蕴都是特定的,只要出现此类的艺术作品,大家都心领神会,都知道设计者想要表达的思想并达到共鸣。
(三)传统装饰艺术的美学价值
1.意蕴之美
传统的装饰艺术的意蕴之美与中华民族的民族性格和民族精神相一致的。按照性质来分,意蕴之美包括民俗意蕴、伦理意蕴及宗教意蕴等。
2.形态之美
一件艺术品给人们视觉最直观的享受是其形态之美,让人们接受一件艺术品并引起共鸣,首先最重要的一点就是让人们在第一眼看到这件艺术品的时候,能够被其形态所吸引,然后才会关注这件艺术品的内涵等更深层次的理解。这里说的形态包括艺术品的造型、色彩、纹样、虚实变化等表象的诸因素。装饰艺术中的构图需要留白,不求饰满,修饰太多反而给人一种繁琐压迫、呼吸不畅的感觉,所以要适当注意“空”的作用,“空”也是非具象的内涵的补充,这也正印证了传统装饰艺术的本意――装饰的装饰,不装饰的不装饰,这才是装饰的根本。
3.工巧之美
这里所说的工巧主要是指在传统装饰艺术创作中的技术和表现艺术的技巧,前者是具象的外在体现,后者是抽象的创作智慧。其中“工有巧”就是指技术的运用,而“合此四者”中的“合”就是指的表现艺术的技巧,这些因素都具备了,就“为良”了。可见工巧的在传统装饰艺术中的作用之关键。表现技巧经过提炼,使艺术简约化、精粹化、抽象化,表现为以少见多,小中见大,质朴透丰富,单纯浑厚。
随着时代的发展,设计语言日趋国际化,这种国际化产生于多个国家民族文化的交融,民族艺术也越来越受到人们的关注,使传统装饰艺术得到发展,并在现代设计中广泛应用。传统装饰艺术在现代设计中的应用表现在构造传承、图案传承、精神传承等方面。
(一)构造传承
古代的中国人就很讲究整体造型的协调统一,跟周围的环境也要融合起来,室内家具要组合的井然有序,院子里的景物要布置的浑然天成,每一个元素都要服务于整个空间造型,就连天花板都要进行设计修饰以达到整体视觉效果。直至今天的造型设计也深受影响。今天的器物只是为了适应当代人的审美观做了一些外形的改变,但是构造原理是不变的。
(二)图案传承
图案是一种符号,是全世界最直接的沟通桥梁,图案也是最能体现地域、时空特色的符号。中国的脸谱艺术用不同的图案代表了不同的身份,一直传承至今。古人创造的龙纹,帝王的服饰都刺绣着龙的纹样,直到今天我们的设计作品中还经常出现龙的身影,用来表现恢弘的气势,有很多服装上也都刻画着龙的纹样。
(三)精神传承
精神传承主要指的是传统装饰艺术在哲学、宗教、道德、时代风尚、民俗习惯等方面的延续。纵观历史,从原始社会的图形、象形文字、彩陶、青铜纹饰及分门别类的造型艺术,中国文化符号总有一些恒常的主题,而它们的表现形式,即它们的造型方式,却随着每个历史朝代的更替而转变,总是与当时当地的材料工艺、艺术技巧、社会风尚相适应,具有鲜明的时代、地域特色。
每个地域、时代的民族精神文化有很多差异,作为新一代的设计者应该把我国传统文化的精髓与现代设计理念相融合,使之成为具有民族化个性的设计语言,充分体现我们神秘的东方色彩,使中国的平面设计更具有本土化特色,为国际艺术设计的丰富性提供中国本土的智慧和想象力,从而使我们的设计在国际上拥有独特的竞争力。
传统装饰艺术对现代设计的影响是深远的,主要体现在以下四个方面:传统装饰艺术奠定了现代设计的基础,提供了现代设计的元素,丰富了现代设计的内涵,指引了现代设计的潮流。
(一)传统装饰艺术奠定了现代设计的基础
翻开艺术史,不难看出在整个现代艺术发生发展的历程中,传统装饰艺术所给予的深刻影响,可以说,没有传统装饰艺术的启迪和现代艺术家对传统装饰艺术的认识和借鉴,就不会有现代设计艺术的发展和当代面貌,所以说传统装饰艺术奠定了现代设计的基础。
(二)传统装饰艺术提供了现代设计的元素
现代设计创作是由设计元素组成,而传统装饰艺术中的很多元素都传承至今,成为了现代设计中非常重要的设计元素。传统装饰艺术可谓博大精深,古人的智慧也异常高超,创造了许多让处于信息科技发达时代的我们都惊叹的艺术。比如龙的这种形象到今天一直在沿用,为很多设计提供了准确而富有内涵的元素;还有民间的剪纸、刺绣等元素为现代设计提供了丰富的视觉元素。作为当代设计者,只有深入地了解挖掘传统装饰艺术中的内涵,才能在设计中更好地运用它们。
(三)传统装饰艺术丰富了现代设计的内涵
设计的动力来源于人类对美的不懈追求,而传统装饰艺术是体现这一点的最直观的态度。装饰之道就是通过对创作物的色彩、材质、造型、实用功能等各方面协调统一起来,在达到实用性的目的同时给人以美的享受,甚至在个性化的今天,创作物可以舍弃实用性,但不能舍弃其审美价值,可见人类对美的追求达到了另一种高度。传统装饰艺术的目的跟现代设计的目的达到了高度统一,也使得现代设计更加丰富多彩。
(四)传统装饰艺术指引了现代设计的潮流
在现代社会发展下,传统装饰艺术无疑是我们发扬中国特色艺术设计的潮流引线,它代表了中国的古代创作者最原始的设计形态、设计观念、设计元素等,是最能体现中国特色的装饰艺术。近年来,现代设计领域就开始刮起了“中国风”,运用最具代表性的图案、色彩、造型等进行设计,使设计更具有韵味。作为新一代设计者的我们应该继续探索并深入挖掘传统装饰艺术的内涵,发扬具有我们中华民族特色的“中国风”设计,使之成为现代设计的潮流,所以说传统装饰艺术其实引领了现代设计的方向及潮流。我们应该根据现代人们的需求进行进一步的加工制作,使设计更符合现代社会需求。
综上所述,传统装饰艺术在现代设计中的影响很大,在整个艺术长河中占有举足轻重的地位,我们要尽可能地深入了解、探索、挖掘并发扬这些艺术形式与精神,让我们的设计能够为世人所认可、接受,在世界设计领域立于不败之地,让全世界都了解中华五千年的璀璨文明与精神,让先人的创造继续传承下去。
从根本意义上讲,装饰艺术使作为人类特有的艺术秉赋和智慧,使人类追求实现自我价值的一种途径,是最普遍的艺术形式。现代的科学技术日益发达,也影响着设计领域的技术和理念,要想成为一个有价值的设计师,在让自己的设计素养得到更加深厚的同时也应该学习现代设计技术的一些技巧,利用这些技巧,让它们更好地服务于设计创作。
[1]民族化语言在设计领域指的是不同民族创造具有各自民族文化特征的设计。
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:文化对影片翻译的影响。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The influences of Cultural factor on film translations
文化对影片翻译的影响
Thesis Statement: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation, Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Ⅰ. Introduction:
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less atte
nti
on to literary translation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story.
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following
Ⅴ. Conclusion :
The choice of film translation modes largely contributes to the reception of a source language film in a target culture. The influences of culture factor are leading.
the influences of objective factors on film translations
Abstract: Difference in eastern western culture causes a thing different in value orientation,Translation of a work of a movie gets a way of direct translation, and, it's possible to admit for an audience. It’s need to changed the Culture in the movie.
Key word: Translation of a movie Culture gap
China's movie translation enterprise has passed through more than 50 year magnificent course, Movie translator offered many outstanding translated movies to the mass audiences. Through these outstanding translated movies, the audience while understood foreign land local conditions and social customs also to feel the language infinite charm, many splendid dialogues have become the beautiful line which struggled is on everybody's lips. If "there will be bread. All would have. " (the former Soviet Union film "Lenin in 1918") has inspired generations of adversity live audience in China . Evidently, the film as the mass media, its social effects are incalculable. However, in academic fields, Because of the impact of secular bias, the film is certainly very cold : Translation Studies, Translation Studies seem to completely ignore this area for the. To this end, China's famous scholars Television translation Professor Qian Shao wrote that Television translation of the translation is far less attention to literary
tr
anslation. This translation of the Television disproportionate role in the community. This phenomenon frequently This should arouse the attention of the translation industry.
The language is a country culture carrier, reflects this country's the political economy, the material culture, the religious belief, the manners and customs and so on. The language is different, the thinking mode, the behavior way as well as the language expression way is also different. The language in the sound film is the essential constituent, in the movie work the splendid dialogue, the fragment makes one be worth hearing a hundred times, cannot dismiss from mind for a very long time. The culture in the society on like the memory in the individual, was the people all feasible thing precipitation gets down in the past life, turned the language slowly, turns the writing, turns music, turns the custom, turns the construction, turns the clothing, even turned not the obvious thinking mode, did not affect the future thought, the experience and the motion.
Language and cultural interdependent. Language is the crystallization of culture, culture is transmitted through language. Pragmatic exchanges as a medium for the inevitable translation different language deal can not but be with their respective culture communication. Translation understanding of the basic links and expression is subject to the original language and translated phrase structure rules, and their rules for the use of double requirement. Understand the results of the original language is the meaning and bearing the cultural information, It familiar with the original language of the rules and structure of the use of rules of the community, which can not be divorced from the original language of social and cultural factors; expression with the purpose of understanding found in the information with the target language in its social and cultural context for the effective exchange, It consistent with the structure of language translation rules and the rules for the use of the conditions, So in kee
pin
g with the target language the social and cultural factors collide, the integration phase, therefore, the mission of the translation, in the final analysis, is a social and cultural context to get out and then enter a social and cultural context, and its appearance and the language is the language of communication, and the essence of culture and cultural exchanges. Therefore, the cultural translationby the point of view of language is the carrier of culture, culture is the language of the regulation, translation is culture and culture of dialogue, cross-cultural transmission. As such, the translator must be familiar with the two cultures.
Translation cross-cultural communication is the intermediary links, culture and communication with the dual nature. And the dissemination of culture and integration, is like a "wave-particle duality" -- its "tablets" is a cultural, The "wave" is spread. (15) In other words, Culture and Communication each other for the survival of that culture is the spread of content, is culturally. cultural context of communications. Therefore, we can say this is the process of translating culture and the culture of dialogue, the dissemination of culture, translation itself is a culture, is spread occurs in the language exchanges in the process of cross-cultural communication.
This shows that the translation is not as simple as it is not only doing language, in which it stresses culture in the story; We should not only understand one language, one culture, but also links the two languages, two cultures -- This is the minimum condition For this one, everyone is very difficult to do. Cultural Images "a cultural symbol, it has a relatively fixed unique cultural meaning, and some are still rich with meaning Lenovo far-reaching, as long as the people I mentioned them, a tacit understanding between each other immediately, very easy to communicate ideas. "phenomena and the implication of the two images is an important component. Phenomena is the significance of the information carrier, which was formed image of the objective facts; implies is phenomena in a certain language and the cultural environment of the extended meaning. Imagery that is the function in a variety of contexts, with concrete to the abstract performance, known or easy to know the unknown or enlightenment is difficult
to
know. If the Song Dynasty poet Su Shi, in his famous "Ode of Chibi before," using such Ephemeroptera Chaoshengmusi small insects to describe life is short, people are very insignificant : "Ephemeroptera sent to earth, there has been a drop in the proverbial bucket. "English Proverb It is the last straw that breaks th e camel 's back. meaning "camel overloading, with a straw it will be crushed. "Proverbs imagery words the last straw" Finally a rice grass, "and vividly symbolize" of a people or something intolerable to the pole. "
The movie translation namely has the general character with other literary work translation also to have its own particularity. Same is all is expresses in the thought with the language art, different is the movie translation needs simultaneously to achieve manifests in the writing, forms in the sound, expresses in the audience.
But Chinese, English belong the entirely different two big language families, Chinese are the glyph English are the alphabetic scripts. Movie translator must carry on the successful cut between these two kind of entirely different language families is not an easy matter. The cultural reconstruction finds at everywhere in the movie translation.
The English movie 《Red Shoes》 , mainly narrated an England ballerina cannot make the correct choice facing love and the enterprise, finally moves towards the cliff the chilly wan story. At first when domestic showing, the movie is translated “the red dance shoes”, although the literal translation is faithful to English original intention, also threads up the plot, but appears after all writes in a straightforward manner, arouses audience's any association with difficulty. Later period, the identical movie film title is translated on a foreign outstanding movie exhibition tour “the red water chestnut to be colorful”, thin savors thin, although the movie flipped the translator to compare with that double delicate red dance shoes the red water chestnut which the Chinese audience women and children all knew, the implication red water chestnut grew in the muddy water sludge, actually tender and beautiful enchanting, curved red water, justed like China ancient times female's woman's bound feet, the woman's bound
fe
et although exquisite, but condensed how many female's tears of blood, some has even paid the life price for it. Therefore passes “the red water chestnut to be colorful” this film title to cause the audience to associate is putting on like the red water chestnut dance shoes dancing girl gorgeous actually star crossed. Translator's ingenious borrowing “the red water chestnut” a word, the Chinese culture will graft the movie in the implication, the success has restructured one the cultural image which for the Chinese audience familiar, will comprehend, accepts[Www_LunWenData_Com]
The American movie 《Waterloo Bridge》 , described First World War period, young attractive actress Masurium La knew young military officer Luo on the Waterloo bridge to depend on, has combined to make or become the lover. But after, Masurium La learned Luo Yi died in battle the battlefield, is in deep sorrow, in order to survive reduces for the prostitute. When Luo appears according to the miracle, she is unable facing the reality, for love and the reputation, she arrives once more with Luo according to the first love place, got killed on the wheel billowing Waterloo bridge. It is well known, in 1817 England has made the Waterloo bridge in the Thames river bank investment, commemorates the Wellington duke by this to direct the English army to defeat the battle of waterloo victory which Napoleon obtains. If the literal translation film title is “the Waterloo bridge”, as soon as looked for the first time, the audience can think this is one goes to war the related war piece with Napoleon or is the introduction
an
d this building related documentary film. In the Chinese several millennium cultural histories, with the bridge correlation love story, such as, the cowherd and the weaving maidens “meeting of lovers”, the Shanxi Province Lantian “the blue bridge meets” and so on. “The blue bridge meets” plot has places of the many equally good results from different methods with Waterloo the Bridge. Therefore the translator finally translates the film title “the soul to break the blue bridge”, has avoided the audience ingeniously because the city cultural difference, the historical perspective knowledge lacks losing which causes, as soon as borrows “the blue bridge” to cause the audience to see the film title instantly comprehends this is about love movie.
British film "Night Merry" in the conversation:
Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?
White said this is a very representative, because in the meantime, said there were "Jericho walls, Joshua. Israelis "and three" Bible "of the historical story of the words. As we all know, the prevalence of Buddhist East, particularly in China, Chinese viewers can get some idea of Buddhism, and the Western culture, especially the Western religious history knows very little about the culture. Hence the film switch for a moment the Chinese audience of the above three is a link between a difficult matter. They do not understand this, "Jericho wall", "Joshua" and "Israelis" between what is the relationship. Literal translation for the above not only Chinese audiences Lee puzzling. It also lost the film translation of real meaning. To enable the Chinese audience aware of this three terms of relations so that the text of those involved in the special cultural imagery fullness, Translator in the film translation of this text as follows embellishment :
Peter : this? I do not want to break the interference by others, in that regard I am very sensitive, others do not want to be peeped at. You see this as the "Bible" of the Jericho walls, Although not as good as the "Bible" -- Israeli commander Joshua trumpet blown by the thickness, than it much safer. You see, I did not bugle call, in order to express my impartiality, and I put my pajamas happens to the best of you right. You do not want the Israelis? Because of the "Jericho wall", "Joshua" "The Israelis" from the "Bible" of the words added to the story the necessary cultural meaning Xiurun words, audiences not only understand the "story" of the source The next in the Context also realize a final word "Israel" refers to the specific. Xiurun strengthened the language in the context of transparency; Enhance the cultural image in the audience understanding of the definition.
The movie translates the Chinese-adapted reconstruction the significance to lie in it to be able effectively to achieve promptly the movie work the concealed implication, causes the effect which the audience understands.
As a result of the East and West culture difference, movie translator should help the audience to understand as far as possible these with a nationality's history, the region culture, the religious custom and so on have the close correlation language phenomenon. In if the movie translation does not do to certain specific cultural image any touches up processing, considers the matter in and of itself the literal translation, can create this cultural image the damage, the cultural implication is torn to pieces.
American movie Waterloo Bridge, from the very beginning, has this kind of section of offscreen voices:
Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.
Right “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” this concealment culture image geographic name does not give supplement showing the speech, believed the overwhelming majority China ordinary audience meets the uninformed at sea its cloud. First the audience does not know “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in any place. Next, they did not know the radio announcer mentions “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” in here to have what special implication especially. In order to enable the movie translation to reach it in the limited time in the mass audiences. The translator suitably to above translates the document to appropriately supplements touches up, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” will translate English prime minister the mansion. Through supplements “English prime minister the mansion”, causes the audience now at last truly realized “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” true meaning. Here, “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” conceals the image three-dimensional unfolds in audience's front, the audience understood only then truly has typically the terr
ito
ry culture geographic name “Numbeer Ten Downing Street” complete cultural connotation.
Film translation somewhat like two-man, and the dramatis personae-mouth assembly actor voices sound, words and phrase as its mouth. Translation task is to provide a blueprint for the dubbing, asked to guarantee the accurate, vivid, touching premise, in an attempt to length Rhythm, ventilation, pause and even open-mouth, and other aspects of cooperation with the dramatis personae seek to speak expression, consistent tone, finally give the audience heard the sounds, to see people who know Which statement from the mouth. Translation must take into account a standstill, rhythm and movement, the characters, but also improved the formal and resourcefulness language, humor, intended implication, subtext. Finally, you need to think opera is staged, but also "singalong." It is these elements give the scripttranslation stage theater seeks to rebuild the formal beauty of character.
Strictly speaking, the translation of a film like filling a word, thinking the contents can not be altered. Each expression has the "style Melody" has also been strictly limited. If translator neglected "I type" of the law, regardless of the words "priorities", said the mayor short, "meaning the right can be," Well, the voice-over : guns, then there will be the following : For example, too long phrase translation, dubbing can only accelerate the pace of "drive" -- the results become calm mind anxiously. the occurrence of the character shown impetuous lightly; Instead, the translation of long sentences too short, dubbing can only slow down the "stall" -- the results become agitated enthusiasm sluggish indifference able decisive become Had no resolution. and so on and so forth.
Linguists believe that all the world to see the same objective, different ethnic languages will give it "brush different colors." Because of this, the cultural dislocation images will be specific performance as a metaphor for the culture of body image on the difference. In other words, in a cultural tradition implies a positive image of a beautiful culture in another culture podiums become negative implication of the ugly Cultural Images.
British film "Wuthering Heights" has this kind of a fragment
Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young poets.
Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?
Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.
In Translation "dragon" is the key word. In the English language, the "dragon" as a "devil" interpretation. Whenever the term and Western ideologies will immediately showed an ugly face of the devil are threatening manner toward humans, It is not difficult to see the "dragon" in Western language and culture implicitly pejorative. In Chinese culture "dragon" symbolizes the word "elegance, and the supremacy of" Italy, former emperor of the Chinese people to call "the real dragon the emperor." Thus, the "Dragon" related to the majority of terms agreed with great reverence. If the Chinese refer to themselves as "descendants of the dragon"; Long for their children for the future of promising "succeed." "Dragon" in the East and West languages, its cultural image of the natural implication is absolutely contrary. In short, although the phenomena, but the implication is completely different. Evidently "carabiniere" hard Translation "dragon" is clearly inappropriate. When the Chinese audience watching the film Humi
he
ar, "carabiniere" the word They certainly will immediately think of "he" may be "the Royal Cavalry." But Yishabeila answer to allow the audience to the film's elaborate those induced by consciousness altering clouds. Viewers can not help but ask : The upright "Royal Cavalry," is how "a red-hot long-bearded"? In Chinese tradition, history and culture, Only those who have more heads and hands of a terrible monster green eyebrows, red bearded face. Such copying can not handle things to the language and the cultural dislocation Images of the thorny issues, also not translated this vividly the true meaning of dialogue, but to the semantic context of the link set up a language barrier. Therefore, in the cases of China and Egypt and Yishabeila increase in the last paragraph of dialogue might translate as follows : Edgar : Oh, you want a dragon Oh, you do not want to marry a barbarian! ?Isabella : Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache. Yes, also a long-bearded red-hot. As the East-West cultural differences, the film tr
ans
lation of many English words if the hardware directly translated, will make the Chinese audience unacceptable and endorsements. In addition, the film version of the translation of film screen switching time constraints, not as translated literary works, in some obscure's Office to make some notes, so we will have to give white audience : a, a view that is fully understood. The translator should be based on national audience from the audience were dubbed in Tibetan taste to appreciate the art of perspective, Selection of the national language and the original art is most similar to the unit, most close to the national audience for the familiar, readily accept the terms and cultural imagery to the film translation.
In summary, in the Trans-Culture background must accurately express the implication which the movie must reflect, macroscopically, the translator wants to understand the culture contains, the translation elementary theory and the skill, and in on microscopic must observe the different language family carefully the national culture tradition, the cultural content and the cultural psychology difference performs to contrast and the analysis. Only then in considered the foreign land culture under the premise “the letter, reaches, elegant” merges into one organic whole, causes the translation “the god, the shape” and the cyclopentadiene, like this can guarantee the culture “the facsimile” the realization, can complete the cultural translation truly.
1、Huzhengrong,《General Communication》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,1997
2、Zhouyueliang,《Ancient Chinese Culture History》[M], Beijing Broadcasting Institute Press,2000
3、Fanzhongying,《Practical Translation》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1994
4、Dengyanchang、Liurunqing,《Language and culture》[M], Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1989
5、Wangbinqing,《Cultural Translation》[M], Nankai University Press,1995
6、Chendehong、Zhangnanfeng,《Featured Western Translation Theory》[M], City University of Hong Kong Press,2002
7、Guojianzhong,《Translation of cultural factors》[J],《Foreign Language》,1998
8、Hugongze,《Translation Theory of Evolution and Development》[M], Shulin Publishing Limited,1994
9、Wanghongzhi,《Re-interpretation of the "letter Dayaxin" : 20th-century Chinese Translation》[M], Oriental Publishing Center,1999
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通过对赛博文化的概念及其特点的分析与阐释,探讨了在网络社会条件下,赛博文化对青少年思想品德形成与发展的积极作用与负面影响,提出了加强赛博空间法制建设、营造网络道德环境、形成赛博空间个体道德自律,进而促进青少年思想品德在赛博文化环境下健康发展的对策。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:赛博文化对青少年思想道德的影响及对策相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
【摘 要】随着信息高速公路在全球的延伸,一种新的文化形式——赛博文化以其独特的虚拟性、自由开放性、和多元互动性等特点,对青少年思想道德形成产生积极影响的同时也带来了很多负面效应,出现这种状况的原因是多方面的,要想尽可能减少赛博文化对青少年思想道德形成的负面影响,离不开青少年自身、父母、学校、社会及国家的共同努力。
上世纪90年代,随着计算机技术的发展,以cyber为前缀的词汇风靡全球,“赛博”即是这一英文前缀的音译。最早见于加拿大科幻小说家威廉?吉布森《神经人》中所创造出的“赛博空间”。它是一种“‘交感的幻觉’,人们可以把自己的神经系统直接插入网络,使大脑和网络矩阵间的关系更加亲密。也即人和非人的一切,交织在一起,创造出赛博空间。”发韧于这种超越现实社会规范的赛博空间,形成了具有虚拟性、自由开放性、多元互动性为基本特征的赛博文化。
第一,虚拟性。这种虚拟是相对于现实物理空间而言的,在赛博空间中,网上邮局、网上医院、网上银行、网上公园等应有尽有,虽不真实但又确实存在,人们可以过一种与现实物理空间既相似又不同的虚拟生活,进行网上交友、网上办公、网上贸易等。
第二,自由开放性。目前世界上所有的网站,除了关系国家安全的网站修了防火墙以防御非法入侵者外,其他网站则无一例外地对每一个网民门户大开,其敞开度对谁都一样大,提供的文化产品都一样多。
第三,多元互动性。赛博空间不是静态的,而是相互作用的,它可以实现一对一,一对多,多对多的互动,“是在信息交流系统中发送、传播和接受各种信息时表现为实时交互的操作方式。”
(一)积极方面
1. 有利于青少年拓宽眼界、促进德性成长
在虚拟、自由的网络社会中,青少年一代不再遵从成人群体传统的生存规则,而是创造新的生存规则。开放的网络能以宽容的态度认可和接受青少年群体特有的道德心理、道德规范、道德价值观及道德理想,同时,异常丰富、多元的网络世界,无疑开阔了青少年的价值视野,并进一步作用于他们的道德层面,使其认识到道德生活的多元性、相对性和情境性,促进其依据自身亲历的网络社会的种种境遇,不断搭建自身的道德体系。
2. 有助于青少年道德价值观创新
在网络世界里,不同民族、国籍、宗教信仰、文化背景的人,都可以大显身手,他们可以在赛博空间里毫无顾忌地提出自己的一些“奇思妙想”。有学者认为:“这是一个标举创新的时代,更是一个富有创新的时代,网络社会将人类创新的意念和行为推行到更高的起点,专家们创造了网络技术,而以青少年为主体的一代新人则创造了网络社会。”创新是一个广义的范畴,覆盖生活的各个方面,当然也包括德性的创新。全新的网络社会需要年轻一代去开发、创建,处在创新中的年轻一代更需要适应网络生存中的道德规约,这种规约不是社会主流道德的“硬性规定”,而有赖于年轻一代的自创、自建。
(二)消极方面
1. 容易导致道德“相对主义”
较之实存社会中的真实、实在性,虚拟、开放的赛博空间使人们更容易回避对自身行为后果责任的承担,从而为道德相对主义(“想怎样就怎样”或“怎样都行”)的盛行提供了土壤。赛博文化的自由开放性使网络世界成为信息传递的“万花筒 ”,不仅会引起不同价值观的冲突,也为青少年访问一些不良、不健康网站提供了便利,很容易导致青少年道德意识弱化,甚或还可能走上犯罪的道路。
2. 容易消解青少年道德的民族性
道德具有鲜明的民族特点。不同民族往往具有不同的道德价值观、不同的道德规范要求。正如德国著名伦理学家费里德里希?包尔生所言:“同一民族的不同团体都是服从于自己的特殊的道德准则的。”全球性、开放性的赛博文化一方面有利于民族性的道德融入全球性的普世道德体系之中,同时又可能使民族性的道德遭到西方国家某些道德价值观的侵蚀而走向瓦解,如此,也可能导致青少年道德价值混乱或民族精神的丢失。
3. 容易带来青少年道德的非秩序
赛博文化的自由开放、多元性使信息在网络传递过程中不存在实存社会中的中央管理控制,网络行为表现为一种非中心的自主性行为,推崇自由、平等、无拘无束的交流方式,网络行为的自由化、个性化有利于信息的广泛传播,但容易导致青少年道德发展的非秩序、随意性及极端个人主义。在缺乏管理与监督的状态下,网络色情与暴力是网络无秩序化对青少年品德影响最广、危害最大的网络社会问题,是造成青少年品德不良问题的主要“杀手”。
(一)赛博文化本身所具有的特点
网络的传播具有速度快、信息量大、受众面广等特点,完全摆脱了地域和传统媒介的局限性,这也使不良信息的传播手段越来越隐蔽,难以控制。加上目前计算机信息网络的管理与经营还不太成熟,特别是国际互联网的管理方式比较松散,造成对网上不良信息的打击难度大,也使网络不良信息的泛滥成灾,大行其道成为了可能。
(二)青少年身心发展的特点
从总体上来看,青少年群体是非辨别能力弱、社会经验缺乏、对网上大量不良信息缺乏应有的识别能力,同时,他们的心智尚未完全发育健全、好奇心强、容易接受新鲜事物,也更容易受到不良信息的负面影响。而他们的自控力和选择力还不足以抵御这些不良影响的侵害,因而在不知不觉中成为“污染”对象。
(三)家庭和社会的监督教育力度不够
当今,网络设备正渐渐成为每家每户生活的必备品,作为家长,在给孩子购置电脑、手机等工具之后,很少再去花时间指导其该如何正确使用,有的是受限于家长本身也并不精通于正确使用网络,但更多的是出于观念上的忽视或者说家长并没有意识到这是一个问题。社会尤其是网络运营机构没能积极地对青少年的上网行为进行合理的引导,没有很好地控制不良信息传播等,致使其应承担的监督教育功能没能有效地发挥出来。 (四)学校网络道德教育的缺位
在我国的中小学信息技术课程中,学生学的是理论和技能,基本不探讨网络道德问题,即使教材中有所涉及,往往也被教师所忽视,思想品德课程所讲内容同样很少涉及网络道德这一道德研究的新领域,所以网络道德对学生而言基本上出于“道德任意”的状态。
(五)国家网络立法不到位
尽管我国政府和法律界早已清醒地认识到网络安全的重要性,建立了有中国特色的网络法律体系。然而,长期以来,我国对于网络上青少年权利的法律保护却重视不够。综合来看,以下几个原因不容忽视:一是我国网络信息技术发展相对落后,有关此项立法尚缺乏必要的技术基础;二是我国网络的社会化程度还不够高,信息产业尚属初级阶段,职能部门还缺乏必要的网络管理经验;三是我国的网络法制观念和意识还不够强,绝大多数人尚未意识到网络不良信息会给青少年带来的巨大危害,这也给此项立法活动带来了阻力。
(一)社会积极主动地承担其监督教育青少年网上行为的重任
应建立更多服务于青少年的健康网站。互联网上信息的传递被视为“争夺眼球的战争”,即谁能吸引住网民的注意力,谁就会在互联网上取得获胜的优势。因此,建立青少年网站首要考虑的就是如何吸引住青少年的“眼球”,没有点击率的网站是没有生命力的,增加吸引力就是要加强服务力度,可以通过开发学习、交友、就业、心理咨询等青少年感兴趣的栏目切实为青少年服务。此外,研发抵制不良信息的安全软件,为青少年进入网络世界筑起一道防火墙,使其能够对各种色情、暴力等不良信息具有屏蔽作用。
(二)提高青少年道德自律能力
道德认知是道德情感和道德行为的基础和内在动力,是促进道德信念形成的认知基础,是道德自律的先导。一个缺乏正确道德认知或道德认知低下的人,不可能自发地产生自律意识和行为。传统社会中以服从为主的道德范式在网络社会中已部分失效,只有上升到道德习惯和道德信念的高层次上的自律性道德,才能有效地规范个体的行为。因此,要加强青少年自我保护能力、分析辨别能力的培养,教会青少年自主保护自己的身心健康,自主辨析网络信息,面对丰富多彩的文化信息做到自控、自律、自我约束。
(三)要充分发挥家庭的教育作用
父母是保护青少年上网的第一道防线。在尊重的前提下,家长应该对青少年浏览的网上内容进行监督,引导他们理智地处理上网娱乐和上网学习的关系。家长更应营造一个好的家庭氛围,主动与孩子谈心,了解他们、帮助他们,拉近与孩子的心灵距离,增进感情,鼓励他们参与社会、学校以及亲朋好友间的各项活动,培养他们的多种兴趣和爱好。
(四)教育者要成为网络道德教育专家
网络时代的教育工作者要适应信息时代的变化,以高度的责任感和使命感努力学习信息技术,适应并开创网络时代道德教育的新模式和新方法,成为网络时代的“行家里手”;要有科学的价值观和道德观,模范地践行网络道德规范,不断探索网络德育工作的新途径、新方法;要善于发现学生网上的不良行为,善于做教育和说服引导工作:晓之以理,动之以情,与此同时,要开展大规模的有针对性的系列宣传教育,提高青少年的安全和自我保护意识、增强其防范和鉴别能力。
(五)国家要加强完善网络立法工作
为了尽量减少网络不良信息可能产生的消极影响,为广大青少年提供更优良的服务,迫切需要建立健全网络运行的法律机制:明确网络管理和经营机构的权利、义务与责任;规定行之有效的实施细则及相关法律规范,使人们有章可循、有法可依,尤其要强调经营网络业务的企业要承担相应的义务与责任,让那些通过网络传播有害青少年内容的网络管理与经营者受到应有的惩罚,不能让互联网成为传播色情和反动思想的场所,使青少年免受不良信息的伤害;另外,要加强执法力度,司法部门也要发挥应有的作用。
赛博文化是一把“双刃剑”,为青少年思想道德教育创造发展空间的同时也有其潜在危险性;国家、社会、家庭要和青少年凝聚在一起形成强有力的合力,以便更好地引导青少年形成正确的网络道德观,成为新时代合格的网络公民。
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