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今天读文网小编要与大家分享的是外语翻译论文:从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的相关因素。具体内容如下,欢迎参考阅读:
The Relation between Translation and Culture from the Aspect of Idioms and the Factors which Influence the Culture
(从习语中看翻译和文化的关系以及影响文化的因素)
This thesis concludes my postgraduate study in Henan Normal University. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the professors in the College of Foreign Language, whose preciseness and strictness set a good example for me in the future academic career. I felt gratitude especially goes to my supervisor , Guo Yingzhen ,whose illuminating instruction and endless assistance have greatly conduced to the accomplishment of this thesis.
I’m also very grateful to the teachers who have taught me in various ways during the course of my study for the bachelor’s degree.Especially I would like to thank Professor Guo Yingzhen and other professors in the Faulty of Foreign institution who inspired me a lot.
Last but not least, I contribute this article to my dear family for their help during my college life.
翻译是一个复杂的过程,对于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义的重点到底是不同国家的人。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。
翻译是一个复杂的过程,它是关于文化翻译尤其如此。一般来说,翻译涉及语言以及文化。译者应该知道外国文化以及文化自己的人民。此外,译者应连续比较两种文化之间的等价获得意义。翻译的主要任务是翻译源语言到目标语言。如何消除不同文化之间的语言障碍,如何传达源语言的意义。本文说明了不同文化的影响已经在翻译。文能从不同的方面分析:如思维的差异,心理学的文化之间的差异,不同的宗教、环境和生活环境不同的人,等等。 关键字:翻译;文化意识;文化和思维;文化差别;习语
Translation is a complex process, especially when we translate the cultural text. Generally speaking ,translation involves language as well as culture. A translator should know foreign culture as well as the culture of his own people. Moreover ,a translator should make continuous comparisons between the two cultures for getting the equivalence meaning . The major task of translation is to translate the source language to the target language How to get rid of the language barrier between different culture, how to convey the meaning of the source language exactly is the focus of the people in different countries. This thesis illustrate the influences of different cultures have upon translation. Wen can analysis it from different aspects: such as the difference of thinking, the psychology of culture, the difference between different religion, the environment and living surroundings of different people, and so on.
Key Words: translation; the consciousness of culture; culture and thinking; cultural difference; idioms
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments I
Abstract III
Table of Contents IV
Introduction 1
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE 2
1.1 The concept of translation 3
1.2 The concept of culture 5
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE 7
2.1 Religion 7
2.2 The psychology of culture 8
2.3 The way of thinking 9
2.4 different ways of life 10
2.5 Geographical environment 14
2.6 Geographical environment 15
PART THREE BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 16
CONSLUSIONS 18
Bibliography 19
Introduction
This article contains the concept of translation and the concept of culture. The aim of translation is to making communication. Human’s social development and process need translation and human’s social development and progress should make communication between different nations, and during the process of communication, translation is indispensable. Translation, as an cultural phenomenon, thinking activity, related to the era and social background all in all. Translation is to render the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text. Translation is an art that involves the re-creation of a work in another language for readers with a different background. Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline. However, so far it still has not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definition. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, which is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon and is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc. When we translate something, the background of the culture and the background of history should be considered. The relation between culture and translation is very close in a great extent. In this context, we analysis this problem from different aspects: the way of thinking, the psychology of thinking, and the customs and habits in different nations. If the background of culture and history is ignored, the truly meaning of the context will be lost.
PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF TRANSLATION AND CULTURE
One linguist in China has said: “what is the most difficult thing during the process of translation , it is the differences between two cultures.” Nida has mentioned this too: “translation is the communication between two different cultures.” And we can not ignore the importance of the background of culture and the background of history if we want to translate a piece of text which contains the information about culture or some thing else. When translating some thing, mastering the knowledge of culture and history is indispensable. There are too much factors which can influence the culture of the source language.
Zhu Guangqian, one writer in modern times, thinks the associate meaning is the most difficult thing when we translate one language into another language. Because in the dictionary you can not find the truly meaning under a certain context.
But for literary study, it is one important factor you can not ignore. This requires us to know the custom and habit of the country we want to translate the language of it. Or we will find we do not know how to translate when we are given a piece of text. We can take a poem as an example. For example the poem:
《静夜思》 “窗前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月。低头思故乡。”
Using English, we can not convey the essence of this poem without the background of old Chinese and the thought when the author write this poem. And there are so many versions of it. For instance:
(1) In the still of the night : I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed. I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor. I watch the bright moon, as I tile back my head. Yearn, while stooping, for my home land more.
(2) A tranquil night: before my bed I see a silver light, I think the ground is covered with hoar frost. Raising my head, I find the full moon bright; and bowing down, in thought of home I’m lost. And there are lots of other versions translated by other translators. No matter which version , the emotion of the author must be considered, or they will ruin the essence of the poem. Tyler, one anthropologist in England, whose book primitive culture raises the concept of culture and describes it as “culture is a kind of complex abilities and habits, which includes knowledge, faith, art, moral, law and custom”. Thus we can know the wide coverage of culture, it is a complex system. Language, as a component of culture, reflect the phenomenon of a resourceful culture.
Translation is so difficult as language reflect the culture, which conveys to much cultural content and limited by culture. Once language entered the human’s life as a tool of communication, the problem of cultural connotation and the ability of express something will arise. This not only requires the translator master the knowledge of bilingual ability but multilingual ability, especially they must know the consciousness of two different culture, religious culture and the geographic features, the historical customs and traditions, the process of forming culture, etc. For these factors, the language cultures of different nations reflect their own national features and the background of the nation.
1.1 The concept of translation
There are many different definitions of translation, in The Oxford English Dictionary it means “to turn from one language into another ”. Or recreating according the original text. Webster’s Third New International Dictionary of the English Language gives us the definition of translation is “to turn into one’s own or another language”. While the definition in Columbia Encyclopedia is that translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor. “Translation is the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual in another language.(J.C.Catford, 1994)”. “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene Nida, 1969)”. Translation is an old and young work, which come into exist since the old times and it becomes so hot in modern times.
Translation is the need of human’s development and progress. The concept of translation can be defined from two aspects: broad sense and narrow sense. Generalized translation refers to the language and the language, language variation and language variants, such as language and nonverbal code conversion which convey the basic information. Extension of the concept is quite broad, including his translation between different languages, translation between language variation, language and other symbols of the communication conversion, etc. The contents of translation rules only emphasizes the "basic information", does not emphasize "completely loyal". Some translation theorists put forward the understanding and translation theory, so the language and thinking are also included in the general translation.
Narrow sense translation is a linguistic activity, which is a kind of language to express the content of the faithfully expressed in another language. This definition emphasizes "translation is a language activity". The nature of translation determines the narrow sense ,which indicates that it is a human’s communicative approach in language communication, which emphasis on "one language to another language",which ruled out unification between different variants of translation between languages, which emphasis on "faithfully", avoiding the confusion of the translation and interpretation or rewrite. For example:"Sent someone to Coventry" refers to “reject someone”. The Coventry is a small town in UK, where the people hate soldiers very much, so when the soldier
was sent after Coventry, there will be people from the group. Look at this sentence “1 will be with you from the egg to apples”, if translated into "I will eat eggs and apples with you”.It sounds obviously puzzling. Be translation should "I will always be with you"? This is because "in the west, people always eat eggs, bread and drink milk for breakfast, and finally a dish always ended up with desserts including apple". Then, from the egg to the apple, from dawn to dusk, from the beginning until after the most. Again, such as, "fishery occupies an important position in the British Isles, so that the British fish (fish) is commonly used to represent all kinds of people, poor fish (poor), a strange fish (eccentric)". If the translation were translated into the big fish, small fish and poor fish, can every person can really understand the meaning of it, sometimes may even make a joke.
Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with similar meaning but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Different languages, may use different linguistic forms. Translation is also the social and psychological activities. One should be familiar with one’s own culture and be aware of the source language culture before the attempting to build any bridge with an alien culture that requires that its message be conveyed in anything but a alien way. That culture expresses its idiosyncrasies in a way that is “culture-bound”cultural words, proverbs and of course idiomatic expressions, whose origin and use are intrinsically and uniquely bound to the culture concerned. So we are called upon to do a cross - cultural translation whose success will depend on our understanding of the culture we are working with.
1.2 The concept of culture
In dictionary the definition of it is the quality in a person or society that arises from a concern for what is regarded as excellent in arts, letters, manners, scholarly pursuits, etc. Or a particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain nation or period. Or the development or improvement of the mind by education or training. Or the behaviors, beliefs or characteristics of a particular social, ethnic, or age group.
Culture is a very broad concept, to give it a rigorous and precise definition is a very difficult thing. Many philosophers, sociologists, anthropologists, historians and linguists have been trying to define the concept of culture from the perspective of the respective discipline.
However, so far it still did not have a recognized and satisfactory definition. According to statistics, about "culture" at least, it has more than two hundred kinds of different definitions. Broadly speaking, culture is a social phenomenon, is the creation of the products for a long time. But it is also a kind of historical phenomenon, is the social history remains. Rather, culture refers to a state or national history, geography, local conditions and customs, traditions, lifestyles, literature and art, behavior standards, way of thinking, values, etc.
About the relationship between translation and culture, Bassnett think the relation between culture and translation is the relation between the body and heart., culture is the body, language is the heart. As surgeons do surgery can't ignore the body surrounding tissue, the translator can not ignore the factors of culture when they translate some material. Hatmi and Mason believe that translation is a dynamic communicative process, the translator should not only understand two languages themselves,they should have two more cultural horizons, the translator should be acted as the role of the coordinator (mediator) between the original author and the reader .
Anyhow, the translators emphasize the cultural factors of translation scholars stressed. The translator should be familiar with two cultures, introduce the primitive cultural factors in the translation activity. Whether translators' understanding of the original is correctly or not, largely depends on his understanding of the culture, the success of translation, is mainly related to culture .
PART TWO THE FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE CULTURE
2.1 Religion
Everyone knows, Bible plays the role of the source in western’s life. Some statistic shows most Americans still have faith in the church. The British law protects religious freedom. Everyone has the freedom to believe any church, or not to believe any religion at all. There is no interference from the state or the community.
Most of the world’s religions have followers in Britain, but the majority of the British people believe Christianity. The first Christian church was established at Canterbury in 597. While the Chinese are under the influence of Confucian School in great extent. Though the Buddhism, which spreads very well in China, is till a polytheism. This is different from westerners’ religious faith.
In China, people have faith in the Buddhism and Taoism, so there phrase arises, such as “YuDi” “FoZu” and so on. While the westerners have faith in Christian, so there arises the word “God”. In Chinese, “谋事在人,成事在天”, In English there are two different versions, (1) “man propose, heaven disposes” or “man dropose , god disposes”. Their difference lies in the different translations of the word “天”。“天”has the strong color of Buddhism and Taoism. While the word of “God” has the oblivious color of Christian. The latter translation version is easy to understand and accept for the westerners, but can not convey the essence of connotation of it in China. The religion has great influence on English, it expresses in such phrases as “It is in God’s hand”(听天由命), etc.
When translation, it is very necessary for us to master the basic knowledge of religion. We can take the example of “临时抱佛脚”. If we translated it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need”. It is very eccentric for the westerner. Why we need to embrace the Buddha’s feet sometimes? What is the use of this strange act? If we can deal it a little, it is another meaning for the westerner. We can translate it into “to embrace Buddha’s feet in one’s hour of need ----seek help at the last moment”. So the westerners always say “God” “Holy” “Goddess” etc. While we Chinese choose to take the Heaven as our faith. This truly gives us another example of the different religious belief.
Religious culture is an important part of human culture, which is made up of ethnic culture which is formed by the religious beliefs, awareness, etc. Fang Wenhua thinks different religion penetration and melt in their own language to express, only a deep understanding of many of the differences between Chinese and western culture, unique cultural connotation of understanding language, to avoid wrong translation, mistranslation, making the translation really play the role of cultural exchange. Chinese culture is extensive and profound, has a long history, in China's traditional culture, owing to the popularity of Taoism and Buddhism, there are many "the jade emperor, the view sound, bodhisattva." terms. Westerners believed in Christ thought that god created everything, many religious "god, the bible, the church, nuns," and other words.
2.2 The psychology of culture
As different nations use different language, and their history and culture are different too. So during the process of development in every nation, they formed their own national features owning to the unique historical background and cultural background. It is very important for the forming of a nation’s psychology state. The difference of history and culture mainly reflect on the aspect of some history stories , many taboos and preferences, and so on. We can take the number of “9” for an example, the number has special meaning in the culture of China, no matter in old times or in modern times, for it stands of the high position-- “jiujiu gui yi--the meaning of ruling the world”. While most Chinese do not like the number of “4”, for the pronunciation of it is similar with the pronunciation of “死--which means death”, especially in the number Of telephone, most people do not like the number “4” ended as the ending. As for another number “8”, which have the similar pronunciation of “发--which means fortune”.
While in the eyes of the westerners’, “4” “8” “9” is only the common signs, which do not has special meaning. As we all known, “13” is a bad number for the westerners, which means bad luck. So the number are absent in the daily life. Especially, the number of seat, the number of the floor, and so on. But in China, this number do not have this kind of meaning. For the cultural connotation of these nonlingual words represent, the translators can understand and translate them well after knowing the historical culture of every nation.
When talking about Chinese culture, people always come to the word “龙”. Because in old times, the emperor always describethemselves as “龙”,which is a symbol of “God”, which can consolidate their power, nation and land. But for the westerner, “龙” is another symbol, “a large fierce fabulous animal with wings and a long tail , a crested head and big claws, that can break the outfire ”. So it is very strange for the westerner to see the meaning the dragon. And they will not wish their children to be the Dragon. So to avoid misunderstanding the word of dragon, we can translate the phrase “望子成龙” into “long to see one’s child succeed in life ”.
2.3 The way of thinking
Different district, different physiology, different psychology and the difference of culture will form different ways of thinking, especially the difference of culture decides the way of thinking in great extent. When translating, the translator must know the the barrier of the different culture and overcome it , then grasp the two different thinking moods. The Chinese will take a whole thing as a organic part. While the westerner are good at logical thinking, they will take the whole thing into different part. The difference between Chinese doctor and western doctor can illustrate this point very well. Chinese doctor emphasize the measures according the whole symptom. While the western doctor emphasize headache is an illness, foot ache is another disease, they will separate the whole thing into different part.
2.4 different ways of life
Different ways of life influence on translation: from the history tradition and the real life, China has a long history of farming life, which formed the “farming”in Chinese is traditional, and is associated with the large number of idioms. If we meet the Chinese,they will ask "eat?" And according to the tradition of western English habits. They often talk about the weather.So we can only translate it into “how do you do” or “hello”.
Three different influence of custom on translation in social life and cultural exchange, different countries will be formed in the process of its peculiar customs. The differences of English custom is various, such as in the attitude to the dog, the dog in Chinese is commonly used to describe the bad things, such as "evil, a coward, bailiffs, brutal and cold blooded" etc.The British people usually use “dog” to express good meanings. however, they often be used to describe people, such as "lucky dog" (lucky), "top dog" (VIPs), "love me, love my dog" (love me, love my dog). Again, such as, "dead and marriage", if we translate them into "weddings, funerals," is inappropriate. Chinese symbol red festival, when they get married in red color, and the funeral to wear white, so the Chinese idiomatic "red" said "marriage", "white" means "death". Westerners, however, think the white represents purity, loyalty, bride wears white,when there is a funeral they should wear black. So "funerals" is not accurate for people in British or American. And there is another example, when talked about dragon. British people often takes it as an bad word. They often refer it as “evil” or something related. But for our Chinese, we thinks that dragon is our ancestors. So they are totally different between our Chinese and the English.
Historical allusions in different countries.They have different influence on translation between English and Chinese.Two languages have been formed by historical allusion, language acquisition. These idioms simple structure, profound, often come from a single literal meaning to understand and translation. Such as "meet one's Waterloo” means totally failure for somebody in western countries.But in Chinese we cannot understand this phrase without the background it concerned.And there is another example.”一个臭皮匠,顶个诸葛亮”, they can translate it into “three cobblers equal to Zhu Geliang -----the master mind”. When we translate it, if we don’t consider the background in China, the westerners even don’t know what is Zhu Geliang. Let alone the truly meaning of the sentence. In western countries , they don’t know the truly meaning of the sentence for the deficiency of cultural background. However, in China, even a little child can understand it with his mind abstracted.
Chinese and English, two languages are produced in different cultural background. This will lead to two languages existed in the expression of difference it the views of people. To deal with the culture differences during the process of translation, we should focus my mind on the two cultures, comprehension ability. We should also improve our cultural accomplishment. To overcome the differences between Chinese and western culture in the translating process into obstacles, make the translation vivid as possible.
Understanding the meaning of the original text while translating is not simply a matter of understanding. The language is a component of the culture, which is affected and limited by culture. In the course of translating, whether the translator has the right understanding or not, depends on his knowledge of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, without the comparison of two culture, whether he can understanding the spoken and written language well is unimaginable. That is why we say, “learning a language is kind of learning the culture and habit of the country where the language is spoken”. So long as we study the culture behind the language during the process of studying a language, a large amount of culture information can be transmitted equivalently. These are comparatively simpler in translation.
Besides similarities, there are also many differences between two cultures, which from the most difficult part in translation. We must keep in mind that translation is a cross - cultural activities. When we face an original text, it may be well written, attractive, tempting and aesthetic. But if one does not know the difference between two cultures, it would be rather difficult for him to achieve the same effect in the translated work.
National culture and long history and develops with the time. Although they are very short sometimes ,their significance is far-reaching. However the thinking modes of different notions are very different sometimes . We need to make some conversion while translating the idioms.
路遥知马力,日久见人心。 A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man’s heart
飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。Down it cascades a sheer thousand feet, as if the Silver River were falling from Heaven!
树倒猢狲散。 Once the tree falls, the monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter.
穷棒子闹翻身,是八仙过海,各显其能? The way we poor folks try to emancipate ourselves is just like the way the Eight Fairies crossed the sea each displaying his own talent......Note: The Eight Fairies are the eight immortals of Taoism in Chinese folklore.
成也萧何败萧何 To meet one’s Waterloo
逼上梁山 Watergate Scandal
杀手锏 Lame duck
一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃,三个和尚没水吃。 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.
杀鸡取卵 Kill the goose to get the eggs.
鱼米之乡 Milk and honey
青出于蓝而胜于蓝 The master is surpassed by the apprentice.
贪字变贫字 Grab all, lose all.
人不可貌相 You can not judge a horse by its saddle.
As for the ways of cohesion, English will choose hypotaxis, namely in the syntactic form using the connection words connect sentences or causes; While Chinese intentions Darataxis, which depends on the sense of cohesion rather than relying on connectors. English grammar is quite closely, pay attention to hypotaxis, precise shape. Each sentence, paragraph or paragraphs usually consists of some function words and some specific phrases, clauses. These features can represent different function or a word or phrase ideas, such as cause and effect, comparison, concessions, conditions, twist, etc. Each clause in complex sentences, distinct, clause must be guided by the subordinator. In the compound, coordinate clauses are usually connected by some punctuation marks. As we all know, Chinese is heavy parataxis, regardless of primary and secondary relationship between a lot of sentences or clauses, only through meaning for cohesion. There are some sentences which we can compare them with each other.
It is so cool that we decide to go out for a walk. 天气凉爽,我们决定出去散步。
Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
The difference between the overall thinking and individual thinking. Chinese culture emphasizes the overall thinking pattern no matter in old times or modern times .Harmony and unity is good embodiment of thought.
So, In Chinese as the main body of the behavior subject, often omitted, is often said that without the main clause. But western culture is different, which emphasizes the opposition of subject and object. In the embodiment of the language is what is called a subject-predicate two points. In addition to the imperative sentence, every English sentence should have a subject, or the sentence is incomplete. In the english-Chinese translation, therefore, for many Chinese sentences we need to according to the specific context for them to add the subject. There are an example of it: “眼看天就要下雨,又没有带雨伞,都很关着急,真不知该去哪里。 It is raining; we do not have no umbrella with us. We are all worried about it, because we do not know where to go at the moment ”.
We can see that the original words of description is not a word which can be made as the subject. But here, according to the context and context of the specific environment, when we translated into English, adding “ it “ and “ we “ as different clauses of the subject, so it make the state of the person’s mind be in harmony with the environment at the time, and totally reached the realm of "harmony between man and nature". After added the subject, which is in conformity with the English sentence --it must have a subject requirements. Also, it is in line with the European and American culture known as the separation of the subjective and the objective mode of thinking. The whole structure of the target language is complete and distinct.
2.5 Geographical environment
As we all known, England is an island country, more than one thousand kilometers from south to north and 500 kilometers from east to west. Its coastline runs about ten thousand kilometers, making it one of the countries with a long coastline in the world. In Britain no place is over kilometers away from the sea. British people are sensitive to privacy and they do not like to talk of personal affairs such as money, wage, age, or wealth, but they are fond of discussing the weather. Sometimes they even argue heatedly over what the weather is going to be like. Perhaps it is nothing more than a habit.
The weather in England is changeable, even the weather is raining at most times. Britain has a maritime climate and changeable weather. So the people in England have special feelings about the weather and then they want to talk the weather when they meet each other. There are some examples: “a lovely day. Is not it ?” “What is the weather like today?” and so on. This is the common phrase they use when they meet. And England is a typical maritime nation. So there are a lot of idioms and phrase about the ocean. While the land of China is interior. The resource of culture have relation with the farmland and the Chinese have a special feeling with the land. For example: we can express spend money very quickly and without limited. In English, we can say “spend money like water”. And in Chinese, we can say “挥金如土”.
2.6 Geographical environment
Geographical environment has great influence on climate. At the same time, geographical environment have great influence on the the language or clause used by the local people. For example: in Chinese culture, "dong feng" is "spring wind", summer often and intense heat relates in together, hot "scorching sun" is often used to describe the summer. And British in the western hemisphere, north temperate zone, oceanic climate, report message but is west wind in spring, a famous poet Shelley's "ode to west wind" is the song of spring. The British summer is a pleasant season, commonly used "lovely, gentle, beautiful" to describe.
PART THREE THE RELATION BETWEEN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION
Different nationalities in greeting, appellation, thanks, compliments, apologies, farewell, phone calls etc are different. Customs is with corresponding national characteristics. As Chinese people meet each other , they often say "hello" to each other or "where are you going?" , "what do you do?" or "have a meal?" and so on. In Chinese culture, these words do not have any meaning. these words is just a courtesy meet, a way of greeting. For westerners, however, it is sensitive to this kind of problem. Because in their view, it is a purely private matter, which can't be casually asked. Meet greeting, like that in the western world should do according to the specific circumstances corresponding culture conversion, convert in English idioms, such as "Hi!" , "Good morning" or "How are you?.
In terms of title, and allegations of a concepts in different languages have different application scopes. This is also decided by beauty, such as different cultural background. Because Chinese pay attention to the concept of family and the system of family is very big, so the system becomes more developed to distinguish different relations between family members. Like “sister”, “brother” and “sister” and “brother”, they are distinguished clearly between the lines. In western countries because of focus on so-called nuclear family, so family members is not too much and appellation vocabulary is not rich. Sister and brother in English can be respectively used to say sister and brother and sister and brother. So many Chinese feel they don't understand about this appellation very much. In many cases, the translation of this kind of text must be quoted so as not to cause misunderstanding. Also Cousins is also not the same in both English and Chinese kinship terms, all require that we should be careful in Chinese and foreign communication, so that communication can be re-scheduled accordingly.
To sum up, a kind of language is the product of this kind of specific culture. In cross-cultural communication, the "cultural conflict" (culture shock) phenomenon is inevitable. However, if you want to overcome these conflicts , it may be very difficult in a short time. Because taking a language from the surface meaning to all of the ingredients in the symbolic meaning by translation all accurate expression is almost impossible. Translation of translatability is restricted by many factors, like differences in people's thinking, the different culture and regional culture differences and so on. In the process of translation, therefore, how to deal with the cultural factors becomes the translator is very important task. As a responsible for the translator, the translator should be able to accurately grasp the cultural meanings of the original, if necessary, to the original because of the cultural background in translation properly, for easy to make readers misunderstanding in the alien culture concept to make the necessary clarification, which can help the readers across the cultural divide, to achieve the best understanding.
CONSLUSIONS
All in all, any translation can not be separated from culture. Culture is a complex collection of experiences, which includes history, social structure, religion,traditional customs and everyday usage. This is difficult to comprehend completely. Especially in relation to a target language, one important question is whether the translation will have any readership at all, as the specific reality being portrayed is not quite familiar to the reader. Whether the translator can express the original meaning or not depends on his understanding of the relevant culture to a great extent. For a translator, it is impossible for him to do so if he does not possess the knowledge of the two cultures. Cultural transfer requires a multi - pronged approach. It is concerned with the author’s relationship to his subject matter and with the author’s relationship to his reader. These should be reflected in a good translation. The translator has to transmit this special cultural quality from one language to another. So we should pay much attention to the relationship between culture and translation when we are doing translation.
“Translation and Culture”, Translation Journal C. Thriveni, Volume 6, No. 1 January 2002
Translation Journal Gabe Bokor, Volume 5, No. 4 October 2001, “Translation and International Politics”,
Translation Journal Mathieu Guidere, Volume 5, No. 1 January 2001, “Translation Practices in International Advertising”,
Translation Journal Nida, E. A. “language, Culture, and Translation”
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王逢鑫. 英汉文化. 北京大学出版社. 2004: 48--69.
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摘 要:外宣翻译是为了传递信息和促进交流,让外国人更好地了解中国的过去和现在以及未来发展。为了更好地发挥对外宣传在我国社会生活中的重要作用,促进国际交流有效的开展,本文浅析了外宣翻译的特点,并结合外宣翻译的受众效果,提出了相关建设性的翻译策略和要求。
关键词:外宣翻译;文化;翻译策略
随着我国改革开放的不断深入和对外经济和文化交流的日益频繁,对外宣传工作的重要性愈显突出,而这些“让中国走向世界,让世界了解中国”的对外宣传活动无法离开翻译这一媒介。因此,“翻译工作是对外宣传的一部分”。(沈苏儒,1992)
外宣翻译是“把大量有关中国的各种信息从中文翻译成外文,通过图书、期刊、报纸、广播、电视、互联网等媒体以及国际会议,对外发表和传播。”(黄友义,2004)
为了更好地发挥对外宣传在我国社会生活中的重要作用,促进国际交流有效的开展,本文浅析了外宣翻译的特点,并结合外宣翻译的受众效果,提出了相关建设性的翻译策略和要求。
外宣翻译(C-E translation of Publicity Materials)可以从广义和狭义的角度去理解。
广义的外宣翻译包罗万象,几乎涵盖所有的翻译活动,包括各行各业、各级部门从事对外宣传有关的翻译活动,即人们常说的“大外宣”的翻译概念。
狭义的外宣翻译包括各种媒体报道、政治、文献、政府文件公告、政府及企事业单位的介绍、公示语、信息资料等实用文体的翻译。
外宣翻译是翻译的一种特殊形式,有其自身的特点:
外宣翻译,顾名思义,是要完成那些对外宣传材料的翻译任务,所以“有一个突出的特点,即基本上都是中译外。”(黄友义,2004)外宣翻译的一个显著特点就是把大量有关中国的信息翻译成外文,并通过各种媒介,对外发表和传播,让外国读者准确地理解译文所传递的信息,从而更好的了解中国。
在我国,外宣翻译的主要任务就是要将中文译成英文,或者是其他外文,向世界传播来自中国的声音。凡是同外国人有来往、有接触,影响到外国人在中国的吃住行等方方面面的翻译都可称为外宣翻译。外宣翻译是一种具有鲜明文化特性的(Culture specific)交际现象,译者在翻译外宣材料的时候,其实就是在进行跨文化的交流工作。
外宣翻译的性质和任务决定了外宣翻译的目标读者是“外国人,不是中国人”。所以外宣翻译工作者只有充分认识和牢记其目标读者的不同,才能很好地完成“让中国走向世界,让世界了解中国”的任务。
翟树耀曾说“把外国人当作对中国的知识一无所知准没错。”赵浩生先生也曾说过“美国一般的人民,包括大多数国会议员、政府官员对中国所知有限。”(赵浩生,2001)
关联理论的创始人Gutt指出,不考虑背景知识,而想把同样的思想传达给任何人,这是办不到的。面对不同的受众,我们往往不仅要改变说话方式,还要改变我们想表达的内容。所以,中国外宣翻译同其他类型的翻译不同的是,一定要首先采用读者易于接受的策略,以确保在宣传内容方面获得认同。
在遵循翻译的共性原则的前提下(所有翻译工作都需要遵循 “信、达、雅” 的标准),外宣翻译工作者还要熟知并运用“外宣三贴近”的原则。(贴近中国发展的实际,贴近国外受众对中国信息的需求,贴近国外受众的思维习惯)(黄友义,2004)
对外宣传的任务就是“让世界了解中国”,因此外宣翻译要最大程度地保证其交际功能。交际翻译要求译者要潜心研究外国文化和外国人的心理思维模式,善于发现和分析中外文化的细微差异和特点,时刻不忘要按照国外受众的思维习惯去把握翻译。在充分了解原文的基础之上,进行跨文化意识转化,在翻译过程中有所取舍,调整文体,满足受众的接受心理,选择通顺易懂的语言,以保证交际目的的实现。(于杰,2010)
英汉两种语言有着各自不同的语言规范,在词法、句法和修辞等方面差异较大。从用词方面看,汉语表达趋于雅,英文趋于白;从句式结构方面看,英语注重形合(hypotaxis),汉语侧重于意合(parataxis);英汉两种语言在表达风格上也存在巨大的差异。汉语的宣传材料相对来说通常含有过多的华丽辞藻和修饰语,而英语比较注重客观事实,平铺直叙。外宣翻译时,译者要去掉那些不必要的修饰词,以保持外宣译文简洁直观的特点。
(祁世明, 2009)
例如,每场会议召开时总会出现“胜利召开”的说法,若直译成“ the meeting is now successfully convened”,而外国读者则会以为会议之前有许多阻碍。又如,“不切实际的幻想”若直译为“impractical illusion”就不是很恰当,因为幻想本来就不切实际。再如,“不幸的悲剧”若直译成“unfortunate tragedy”也是不合适的,因为悲剧本身就是不幸的。(林本椿,2004)
因此,汉语中被认为是必不可少的、富有文采的表达在英语中都变成了非常客观简洁的表达“smash”(彻底粉碎)、“Travel a lot”(走南闯北)、“overjoyed”(欢天喜地)、“spotless/pure white”(洁白无暇)、“featureless/ordinary”(平淡无奇)。
一些拼写正确、语法也看似通顺、十分“忠实”原文的译文,因为其话语构建方式没有考虑译文语读者的接受心理,违背西方受众的习惯传统,同样在英语语境中格格不入,难以得到英语受众的认同,从而无法取得译文的预期效果。
例如:创造绿色饭店,倡导绿色消费(莆田东方国际大酒店)译文为: Establishing Green Hotel Initiating Green Consumption。
上述翻译改为Green Hotel Green Consumption足矣。
再如翻译“地大物博”、“团结与进取”时,译为“vast territory”和“unity”, 采用了舍形保义的方法,使用简练的语言有效地传递了信息。以上翻译都遵循了英语的表达习惯,避免了文字的堆砌,因此符合了读者的接受心理。
中西方文化上的差异,导致思维习惯和表达方式上有着显著的不同。许多中文里约定俗成的词句原封不动地翻译成英文后,不但难以达到忠实地传达中文原意的目的,反而会引起不必要的误解。
著名对外传播专家段连城先生也曾指出:“我们不可低估外国读者或听众的能力,但也切勿高估一般外国人对我国的了解水平。”(段连城,1992:123)因此,对于汉语外宣稿件中的历史事件、地理名称、专门机构、政治术语和口号、行话和俚语、传统节日、特有的饮食文化等等,必须加予注释说明,这样外国受众看了才不会云里雾里,不知所云,才能达到对外宣传的目的。
如:“五·四”运动 the May 4th Movement of 1919 against foreign imperialism and domestic feudalism; 西安 Xi’an, the place of the world-renowned Terracotta Warriors; 全国人民代表大会 the National People’s Congress(NPC), China’s top legislature;希望工程 Project Hope, a program to collect money from all sectors of society to support education in poor areas ; 春节 the Spring Festival, the Chinese New Year’s Day等等。
在外宣英译中,有时可借用国外熟知的典故、人物或地名等来比喻汉语中出现的相似属性的典故,即采用归化的方法。归化是指以原文化为归宿,要求译者向读者靠拢,用读者所习惯的表达方式传达原文的内容。如我们常将中国古代的凄婉爱情故事中的梁山伯与祝英台比作莎士比亚笔下的“Romeo”和“Juliet”。
张健教授在《新闻翻译教程》一书中指出:“归化是文化特性的诠释,而异化则是文化特性的保留,即译文不仅要忠实地传达原文‘说了什么’,而且要尽可能展示原文是‘怎么说’的,以便最大限度地再现原文在语言文化上的特有风味。外宣就是要向国外宣传中国、介绍中国,为此,异化翻译和直译无疑是最好的选择。
综上所述,根据外宣翻译的特点,要求译者应具备“外国人不是中国人”的意识,注意内外有别,注重中外读者的思维和心理差别,根据英文表达方式及国外受众的思维习惯和接受心理,对中文原文进行适当的加工,即通过删减、增添、编译或重组等方法策略,增强译文的可接受性,从而达到对外宣传与交流的目的,真正使中国走向世界,使世界了解中国。
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[3]段连城.呼吁:请译界同仁都来关心对外宣传[M].《中国翻译》编辑部.中译英技巧文集.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1992:123.
[4]范锋.浅谈外宣翻译中“译前处理”的运用[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版),2010(6):125-127.
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商务英语的作用是在国际商务中不同国家的双方进行交流的通用语言,比起一般的英语,更加严肃也更加规范。它是一种功能性的语言,对比一般的英语,官方性的应用更为广泛一些,特别是在国际商务交流上,商务英语的应用显得尤为重要,所以对翻译的要求就更严格。由于中西方历史和文化的截然不同,导致中外的英语应用是存在着一些细微差别的。不注重这些差别的话,不仅不利于双方的交流,也是对对方文化的不尊重。所以我们有必要对中外的文化差异进行探究,讨论文化语境对商务英语翻译实践的影响。
语境,顾名思义指的就是语言环境,是指在不同的情形下对同样的事物进行表达,内容是不尽相同的,语言的产生也是依存于一定的语言环境,不同的环境下,语言的却别比较明显。通常情况下语境分为三类:语言整体的结构和逻辑、进行语言交流时所处的时间地点和交流双方文化背景的差异。后者就是我们这里要探讨的文化语境。近些年来,国际交流日益频繁,国际商务活动也越来越多,此时,中外的交流就愈加频繁。如果不能对西方的文化背景和社会生活习惯进行了解,很可能会影响交流的效果和商务活动的成败。当然,除中国之外世界上的190多个国家与地区的文化也是不尽相同的,我们本文谈的主要是以英美语言为母语的英美系国家。
商务英语通俗来说就是在商务情境下所要用到的英语,其本质还是英语,跟英语的一般特性并没有太大的差异。它不能够脱离了英语而存在,唯一的不同是比起普通的英语内容更多、要求更严格。它具有以下的特点:第一,有很多的专用词汇。一般场合的英语用不到那么多的专业词汇,很多英语专业词汇仅出现在各种专业的场景之中。商务英语就有很多专有的商务词汇;第二,语气更为正式。商务英语中,口语和俚语虽说不是禁忌,但是也是在交流中应当避免的;第三,要有确定性。商务英语服务于商务活动,所表达出的东西不能够是模糊的,而必须是清晰的、明确的。
文化语境的不同,对于商务英语的翻译能够产生极大的影响,产生的影响极其原因如下文:
第一,空间地理上的差异,不同国家所处的地理位置不同,导致了翻译的不同。举一个最简单的例子,英国和中国的地理位置不同,所以导致了气候也会有很大的差异。所以在中国和英国的表达中,不同方向的风所带来的含义是不同的。中英的海风分别是从东边海洋和西边海洋吹来,这就导致了中英对于温暖的风的风向表达是截然相反的,所以中国有东风品牌,英国有西风品牌。
第二,由于历史因素的影响,中西方在语言表达方式上有巨大的差异。中国人讲求的是委婉,无论是语言表达还是求人帮忙,都要做好很长的铺垫;而英美国家则讲求直截了当,开门见山,不喜欢遮遮掩掩和欲擒故纵。这样的文化背景也造就了中西方的风格是不同的,中国人更注重情感,而西方人更注重利益和效果。所以在翻译中西方国家常常将商务活动的目的、要求放在文件的前部,而中文往往需要先论述可行性,再进行具体建议和要求的书写。
第三,自古以来,在中国人眼中,集体的利益都是要高于个人利益的。当然,在封建王朝,至高无上的是皇帝的意志,但是皇帝是一个群体的代表,皇帝代表的还是地主阶级整体的意志,一旦对整个地主阶级的利益有损害,皇帝的意志也会遭到人们的抵抗。在英语翻译中最直接的例子就是关于信件的地址,中国人自上而下,国家-省市-县区-街道-个人,而西方人恰好相反。
第四,由于历史的积淀,导致中西方对于某些词汇的理解不同。举例来说,关于老和old,在中国,老不仅不是贬义词,还透着一股亲近,例如叫老张、老王,就显得亲热;而在西方,old一词中内含的却是过时、不能与时俱进等等含义。另外,中西国家对于颜色偏好是不同的。例如黑色,在中国一般表示的是一种悲哀的气氛,而在西方black则是邪恶的象征。如果在翻译的时候不注意这一点的话,极容易引起对方的反感。
第五,中西文化语境下,对于同样词汇表达的隐喻含义是截然不同的。例如最常见的就是狗和dog,狗在中国人心目中除了是忠诚的象征之外,运用的具体词汇中却有贬义的色彩,例如狗仗人势、狼心狗肺等等;而在英美国家中,狗就是忠诚的代表,不存在贬义的情况甚至还将幸运的人称之为lucky dog。再比如最常见的数字背后带来的隐喻也是不同的。对于中国人来说,4与死谐音,8与发谐音,18往往跟十八层地狱相联系,所以中国人对待这几个数字的态度是不同的,虽然这是迷信的思想在作祟,但是毕竟也是中华文化中的一部分;而在西方,因为耶稣的第13门徒犹大背叛了耶稣,所以西方人对于13特别反感。那么在翻译的时候就应当特别注意这一点。
基于上述文化语境对于商务英语的重要影响,在商务英语的翻译中应当特别注意下面的几个要点:
首先,在商品和商标翻译上,应当充分考虑到上面所说的影响,避免一些避讳事物的出现。例如,对于中国商品带有13等数字的,应当以音译或者其他的译法来避免该数字在国外出现,否则将会极大影响西方人对该商品的认同。要适当迎合对方的一些习惯。当然,这个前提是不能够损害国家的利益和集体的利益,不能够拿中国的形象去刻意迎合。例如,东风品牌在中国是非常重要的汽车业的象征,在翻译的时候不必照顾西方人的习惯翻译为西风。但是若是中国的某商品品牌为南风的话,为了迎合英国人的习惯,大可以翻译为西风。当然,这个要在不侵犯对方商标权的情况下进行。
其次,翻译过程要合理的运用一些技巧。例如直译、音译或者移译。直译是说在某些情况下其词汇内涵的隐喻在我们看来或者在对方看来是不恰当的,那么此时就应当忽视其隐喻的内容,直接按字面意思译出即可。音译则是指根据发音来翻译。翻译者往往忽视音译,其实音译运用恰当,能够产生意想不到的效果。例如,Coca Cola在中国翻译为可口可乐,这就是根据读音来翻译,但是效果却极好,这是因为翻译者既关注了音译,又兼顾到了产品的内涵,可口和可乐都是直接表达商品的特性的好的翻译。移译则是通过对中西方文化的对比和研究,进行一些技巧上的变化,例如,英文中的black tea并不是指的中文中的黑茶,而是表示红茶。
商务英语以其功能性和实用性在英语应用中占有十分重要的位置。它不仅仅具有中外两国的人进行交流的属性,还具有商业交流和谈判的性质,所以就更加重要。语言的学习不能够仅学习语言本身,那样的语言是僵化的也很容易在交流过程中出现一些自己意识不到的错误,从而影响双方的商务活动。双方对于英语的理解和应用不同是基于文化语境不同的,所以翻译者不仅应当有牢固扎实的英语基础和翻译功底,还要潜心研究各国的文化背景,以期达到在翻译中更为准确,在商务活动中更好表达的目的。
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英汉两种语言的表达方式、语言习惯的不同,决定了它们所表达的相同事物之间存在着明显的差异性。然而,由于语言之间的相通性、相融性,也决定了不同语言的相同事物之间又在某些方面存在着必然的共同性。英、汉姓名的异同就是其差异性与共同性的具体体现之一,而在其中所蕴涵的深远的文化底蕴是值得我们回味与咀嚼的。本文就英汉姓名的文化内涵及其翻译方法进行粗浅探讨。
姓名的翻译要遵循两个原则:“名从主人原则”和“约定俗成原则”。“名从主人原则”是指在翻译姓名时,要以该姓名所在国语言的发音为准,而不管该姓名是直接从原文译出的,还是从其他文字转译的。换言之,就是译哪个国家的姓名就要以哪个国家的音为准。如Skolovski“斯克沃夫斯基”(波兰语发音),而不译作“斯科路夫斯基”(英语发音)。“约定俗成原则”是指有些姓名在长期的翻译实践中,已经有了固定的译法,就应该继续使用下去,即使有的不够妥帖,甚至错了,但因多年来已为人们所公认和熟悉,这样的译名也该继续沿用,无须另定译名。如英国著名作家George Bernard Shaw正确的汉译名应是“乔治·伯纳·萧”,但过去该作家的名字一直被译作“萧伯纳”,变成了一个典型的汉名,我们也只有错误地沿袭下去了。
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随着我国社会的飞速发展,经济全球化,商务英语翻译在全球经济领域的重要地位逐渐上升。商务英语主要应用于国际贸易往来当中,属于特殊用语,所以商务英语翻译与其他翻译形式存在较大的差别。商务英语在经济环境中的应用已成为现阶段发展的趋势,由于商务英语在应用当中多以贸易信函的形式出现,因此在翻译过程中应更加注重其实用性,切合实际,从整体出发,从而确保其在翻译进行过程中遵循一定的原则与策略。
商务英语翻译的功能性在于根据不同的商务文本采取不同的形式,是依据贸易发送者的不同的贸易往来的目的、采取不同的贸易策略的形式。最常见的形式比如在经济交际过程中的信函、商务合同、贸易双方的会议纪要以及产品的广告信息等等。商务翻译属于应用翻译的范畴,与传统的文学翻译形式具有较大的区别,其翻译的目的在于最终译文在其文化环境中达到的一种或多种形式的交际功能。在翻译过程中,翻译者应在原文的基础上确保翻译的标准化,通过原文在商务交往中存在的交往目的,以此来作为翻译的基础、核心标准。在翻译时找到合适的方法对其进行翻译,使其终于原文、不脱离原文,从而实现交往的最终目的。商务英语翻译的功能性打破了传统的翻译模式,并推翻了“对等翻译理论”的制约,将翻译工作呈现在新的文化语境当中,从而进行有效的传播。
针对于商务英语翻译具有的功能性特征,从国内外商务英语翻译现状进行分析,以此将商务英语翻译的重要性呈现出来。商务英语翻译的研究工作以迅猛的发展速度呈现在学术领域当中,其研究角度多、研究领域广而且分布不均匀的特征使得各大专家、学者争相对其进行研究,以力求在商务英语翻译研究中的学术地位。国外的一些国家对于商务英语翻译重视程度较高,其研究者认为商务英语翻译的有效性可以确保其在实践中的有效运用,比如说美国最大的手机销售商苹果公司,其在全球的授权门店非常多,在从事贸易往来的过程中多以商务信函的形式出现,有效的商务英语翻译可以为其提供更多的合作机会,从而提升经济效益。而在我国商务英语翻译研究上,许多专家学者进行了参与研究工作,就研究论文的数量而言是以往的几倍,在研究质量上更加趋于国际化水平。
1.商务英语词汇专业化。商务英语文本的特点最主要的特点是词汇的专业化形式,在商务英语翻译过程中往往会使用较多的专业术语、具有商务含义的普通词汇以及复合词汇、缩略语等等。专业术语,是商务英语中独特的词汇,数量庞大,而且具有较强的专业性,这种特殊词汇在词义表达上比较专一、没有过多的引申意思。如repeat order,这个词在商务英语翻译中只能是重复订购,而confirmed irrevocable 这个词汇在商务英语中的翻译为保兑不可撤信用证;具有商务含义的普通词汇以及复合词汇主要指在商务英语中出现的一般性的词汇,以及由一般词汇组合而成的词汇形式,在其运用过程中,比较容易翻译,而且不存在引申意义,可以有效的确保商务英语翻译的可行性;而缩略词汇就是讲具体的词汇以简洁的首字母代替形式,如B/L在商务英语翻译中译为提货单。这种形式在贸易往来中比较常见,因此,在实施商务英语翻译的过程中,运用率较多。
2.商务英语句法模式化。商务英语句法模式化也是其特点之一,在实施翻译过程中依据固定句式或套用句式的形式。不仅如此,在商务合同文本中常常使用长句,因此,长句的频繁性显得尤为重要,长句一般以陈述为主,这样的表现形式可以有效的表达合同本身具有的完整性,更具逻辑性。而商务信函中表达的句子往往呈现出短小精悍的形式,在使用商务英语翻译过程中语言更加简洁,从而在某种程度上降低了翻译的错误率。其句法简洁,体现在口语与书面语的有效运用上,采取一定的手段尽可能的避免拖沓、繁琐的句式。之所以这样说是因为商务活动本身讲究时间和效率,而商务文本是其最好的表达形式,简单的表达形式与表达内容进行有效把握显得尤为重要。在句法上面,多呈现长句形式,是因为其具备长句多的特点,在商务文本中优势会出现整个大段的长句,在长句中多存在定语从句与状语从句的形式。
3.商务英语语篇简短精悍。在商务英语语篇上呈现的特点是简短精悍,并且在文本中存在一定的固定格式,文本展现出简明、紧凑的形式,从整体把握而言其本文正式性是商务英语最鲜明的特征。在商务英语语篇当中可以分为以下几种:商务信函、会议纪要、广告形式、报告说明书、招投标意向书、商务合同以及其他相关的商务单据等等。特定的语篇在体裁上呈现出不同的要求、在结构上存在特定的形式。如,在商务合同当中,具有篇章结构格式化的特征,其表达条目化、用词规范、内容完整、具有针对性,从而使得篇章更具严密性。而合同协议在贸易往来当中具有法律法规的约束力,具有一定的制约性,因此,在对其进行翻译过程中为避免产生不必要的误解以及行文歧义,在文本形成过程中呈现严谨、准确的特征。从而体现出商务英语语篇的简短精悍。
1.商务英语翻译理论与实践结合遵循的原则。对于商务英语翻译理论来说,西方国家中的尤金·耐达的等值翻译理论是最具权威性的,对指导商务英语翻译具有指导性原则。其认为商务英语翻译的重点不要仅仅体现在语言的表现形式上,应当突出行文特征,突出读者对译文的反应。言外之意,要求语言功能上与原文对等,这种理论研究对于商务英语翻译具有很大的指导意义。在本文的研究过程中,依据商务英语中正式的特征,为达到商务英语翻译的准确性、功能性,要遵循以下原则:
(1)要遵循文本完整原则。也就是说,在进行商务英语翻译过程中要保持忠于原文的原则,不仅要体现出原文所呈现的思想内容,还应考虑到呈现原文在叙述过程中的语言风格。之所以遵循这样的原则,是因为在商务文本当中多用于商务信函、商务合同、保险、金融等方面的应用,在这些应用上面表现出内容的具备一定的严肃性,杜绝翻译者在翻译时随意表现。一旦原文信息出现错漏或造成遗漏的现象,对于经济贸易造成的损失不可估量。
(2)遵循规范统一原则。遵循规范性原则是指译文的在行文过程中的语言要求以及行文方式必须依照商务文书的规范,言外之意,翻译者所呈现的文章就像经济贸易领域内的专业人员所写的一样。在文章中的应用术语以及句式的表达,都要符合商务文书的规范要求。在翻译过程中一旦遇到难以理解的专业术语,要第一时间进行查阅、理解等。
2.商务英语翻译的策略技巧。商务英语翻译遵循一定原则以外,还应具有一定的策略技巧。首先,准确地翻译专业术语是最重要的策略之一。准确而规范的翻译商务文本中的专业术语是在翻译过程中需额外注意的问题。商务文本当中多用于商务信函、商务合同、保险、金融等方面的应用,所涉及的领域比较广泛,包括经济、贸易、法律等,而这些领域中所存在专业术语不同,翻译时需更加注意。比如说,confirm这个词在译文中就存在不同的意思,有确认和保兑信用证两种含义。
商务英语翻译的策略技巧不仅是体现在准确的专业术语方面,还包括翻译过程中依据原文的语言风格。在翻译商务文本过程中要把握住商务文本的原文语气风格,通过整体把握,将原文语气风格呈现的过程,从而再现原文的特色特征。如,商务信函,其文本属于正式语体,在本文的应用当中更应该注重严谨的措辞,把握委婉的语气风格,加强礼节的重视程度。因此,在进行商务英语翻译过程中,要格外注意体现原文的礼节性语气。如,在我国国内的商务信函信函中,多用贵公司、承蒙、烦请等敬辞。而在商务英语信函中,礼节性用语比较频繁,在信函往来中多注重彼此的有效联系,从而促进贸易往来,因此,恰当、有效的还原原文礼节性用语极为重要。
通过本研究的具体内容可以了解,商务英语翻译呈现的必要性,并通过国内外商务英语翻译的现状分析其具体应用。在这个过程中,将商务英语文本的特点一一呈现,可以有针对性的进行研究,并保证在商务英语翻译过程中,遵循一定的原则。从而不难发现功能理论是商务英语翻译的理论基础,具有指导意义,可以有效的指导商务英语在翻译时的实践应用,呈现出从功能角度研究商务英语翻译的原则和策略,从而有效的提升商务英语翻译的重要作用。
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商务英语翻译是一种语际转换。它不仅包括语言符号的转换,更涉及不同商业文化之间的沟通。文化信息的传递是完全可能的,主要是通过翻译了解他国文化。文化信息的对等也是可能的,我们可以遵循奈达先生的“功能对等”(Functional Equivalence)原则,这里的“对等”不能理解为数学意义上的等同,只能是近似的等同,即以功能对等接近程度为依据的近似。他认为翻译的目的应该是原文和译文在信息内容 、说话方式、文体、文风、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等。为了达到这些对等,必须在翻译中进行调整。
1.探究词语的历史、社会背景意义及文化内涵,准确把握文化信息的对等。文化翻译既要考虑历史、社会背景,又要注重那些有同有异,大同小异,同中有异的词语,译者要保持清晰的思维,既要注重文化深层的蕴含,又要了解语言表层含义的异同之处。
2.恰当使用汉语中的习语和规范语,以最佳的方式展视文化信息。文化翻译实践的过程,可以说是对原语文字与文化内容进行深刻剖析,得其义,悟其神,然后用锤炼过的译语文字将其表达出来的过程。译语不仅要保持前面所说的“原味”,而且必要时还要具有“本土味”,即采用规范的汉语和被中国人接受的习惯表达方式,否则同样也达不到“传真”效果。
3.不要给“洋人”穿上“长袍马褂”,原汁原味地体现文化。鲁迅先生在谈翻译时特别强调要注意异国情调,也就是所谓的洋气。此处“洋气”是指保存原语所蕴含的异域文化特色,不要使英语说法带上特有的中国色彩。例如:英语成语(a region) flowing with milk and honey 来自《圣经》,牛奶和蜂蜜是西方人熟悉的食品,这一成语如译成汉语的“鱼米之乡”,虽然意思相近,但未免有些不伦不类了。故还是译成“物产富饶之地”比较合适。
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摘 要:商务英语翻译是一种语际转换。它不仅包括语言符号的转换,更涉及不同商业文化之间的沟通。进行国际商务英语翻译时必须特别注意文化差异,必须在外国文化和本国文化中找到一个切合点。
关键词:商务英语翻译 文化差异 思维方式
Abstract: Business English Translation is a Interlingual conversion. It not only includes the conversion of linguistic signs, but also involves communication between the different commercial cultural. International Business English translation must pay special attention to cultural differences, must find a relevant point between foreign culture and national culture.
Key Words: Business English Translation ;cultural differences ;mode of thinking
综上所述,要准确地进行翻译,就必须考虑这三个要素:不同语域的民族文化传统、文化内容和文化心理。各民族有着其独特的文化。东西方人有不同的哲学 、文化传统,所以,文化差异就必然存在。此外,差异的原因还在于东西方民族地理、历史、风土人情等的不同。正是这些文化差异的存在使得文化翻译的可译性受到限制。进行国际商务英语翻译时必须特别注意这些差异,必须在外国文化和本国文化中找到一个切合点。如果这个切合点是两种文化的交融,那就是最理想的了。
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随着国际化时代的到来,企业的跨国经营成为常态,国际间沟通和交流正呈现不断发展和扩大的态势,在国际商务活动不断增加的今天,国际商务英语翻译工作显得越来越重要,熟练应用自身水平于能力,准确地翻译商务用语成为商务英语翻译的关键,对于一个企业顺利地进行商务活动来讲更是具有重要的意义。而在商务英语的翻译中,各国的文化差异有着重要的影响,是商务英语翻译过程中不可忽视的因素,中西方国家的文化背景、宗教信仰、风俗习惯和文化传统等有着一定的差异性,因此,商务英语翻译人员必须充分了解各国的文化差异,掌握翻译中的技巧,在交流中准确翻译,促进商务活动的进展,加速全球一体化的进程。
中国和英美国家分处不同的文化圈,文化的核心和重点存在着显著的差异,中国文化重视人伦、强调道德、重在会意、提倡综合,在天地人三者之间主张和谐同意,力图以集体主义和群体意识来实现整个社会的发展。而英美文化更加重视物质,利益是价值观的出发点,对个人的权利和感受更加注重,在人与社会和人与自然的关系上,英美文化更加强调"人"的因素,在一定程度上割裂了人与其他方面的关系。
每种文化都有其独特的文化符号,这是由于不同文化对事物的认知差异造成的,龙是中华文化的瑞兽,象征着吉祥、神圣、威严,这是几千年中国文化不断沉淀,历史不断发展而形成的独特现象。而在英美国家龙被看作是邪恶的代表,在很多国家的传说中都有勇士杀死恶龙的作品,在苏格兰和爱尔兰地区龙还是暴徒和恶妇的代名词。从上面的例子我们可以得出,商务英语翻译中应该根据国家、文化的不同有针对性地选择替代词汇,这样才能避免因文化跨越而阐述的沟通障碍,加速国际商务更为全面地沟通。
中国地处亚洲,英美分处欧美,在地理上存在着位置上的巨大差异,因此,在文化中很多关于地理知识的名词具有本质上的不同,例如:中国人对"东风"有着积极的意愿,"万事俱备只欠东风"就是这一认知的基本代表,在中国文化看来东风有及时、有效、温暖的含义,因此,第二汽车制造厂出产的品牌以"东风"为核心。而在英国由于受到大西洋暖流的影响,同样的含义被"Zephyr(西风)"这一单词替代,这是由于大西洋吹过来的西风给英国带来干爽和温暖的季节,如果不重视此类差异势必给商务英语翻译和深度沟通工作带来巨大的障碍。
英美在宗教信仰上属于基督教文明范畴,文化中基督教和圣经的影响十分明显,特别在英美文化形成和发展的过程中基督教文明起到了决定性的作用,导致英美国家在习惯和思维上对基督教文化都有着不同深度的体现。而中国文化主要受儒家、道家和佛教的影响,汉语中很多耳熟能详的词汇都来自于上述的学说、信仰和宗教,这一现实性差异要在商务英语翻译中加以重视,既不能机械性简单直译,也不能任意拼造,否则会阐述商务活动的障碍,失去英语翻译的价值。
中国文化源远流长,其语言表述的方式也非常复杂,在汉语中的"太阳"一词就有:金轮、大盘、金乌、赤日等称为,不同的地点存在着不同的用法。同样情况在英美文化圈也有相同的现象,"抱歉"对应的词语有:regret、I'm sorry、apology等不同的表达方式。进行商务英语翻译要考虑到语言表述方面的差异,要将商务英语翻译纳入中国和英美两种语言环境,这样才能有效地提高商务英语翻译的表述能力,将商务英语交流与沟通的精髓展现出来。
商务英语翻译的实质是在两种语言之间进行转换,进而实现商务沟通的目标,在商务英语翻译的过程中既要实现不同文化符号之间的转换,同时也应该做到不同商业文化背景和商业行为之间的有效沟通。在商务英语翻译过程中要以文化信息的沟通作为深层次的手段,通过对双方历史和文化的深层次解读来实现进一步地交流,在促进国际商务发展的同时,加速国际文化的融合。商务英语翻译是一项技巧,没有固定的格式和体系,既不能根据原文进行直译,同时也不能凭空捏造,要对国际商务参与者的文化、宗教、信仰和习俗有深层次地把握,利用对方可以接受的语言习惯于交流方式来实现国际商务的沟通,在做好商务英语翻译的基础上,促进国际商务的顺利开展,避免因文化、语言和习惯上的差异给国际商务带来的不便。在国际商务英语翻译中应该讲求方式和方法,这样才能实现更为有效地沟通,在提升商务英语翻译技巧的前提下,使商务英语翻译发挥出应有的作用。当前应该从如下几个方面提升商务英语翻译的技巧:
商务英语翻译质量提升的一个重要前提使对原文的深刻理解,只要将原文所要表达的意图做深层次地研究,才能够了解国际商务活动的实质和真正想法。因此,在商务英语翻译中不能单一观察和理解原文的意义,要进一步挖掘原文的思想和表达的关键,这样才能更好地针对不同国家的文化差异而做到对精神和思想实质的把握,进而利用恰当的词语来实现商务英语翻译工作。
国际商务沟通有着约定俗成的规范,在商务英语翻译过程中应该善于使用这些规范,进而形成商务英语翻译的技巧,这是以为成功商务英语翻译者应该做到的。商务英语翻译工作者要正确认知自身工作的意义,从翻译、传播、渠道等方面借鉴国际商务活动的惯例与习惯,迅速对商务英语翻译工作进行调整,建立起适于商务英语翻译,有利于国际商务交往的相关技巧,通过素质的提升来武装自己,实现对商务英语翻译工作更深层次地发展。
在不同的商务英语翻译活动中应该把握语言的艺术,通过不同的风格来提高商务英语翻译的有效性,实现国际商务交往的深化。与英美人士进行国际商务沟通中要注重用词的恰当和礼仪的周到,在口头沟通中,商务英语翻译要突出礼貌用于,在信函交往中要重视语气的委婉和用词的准确,既要给人礼貌的印象,同时也要做到严谨而周密。
在国际商务交往中应该注重对方的文化背景和个人特质,不能擅自用本民族和本文化圈中的认知来杜撰商务英语翻译,要理解个人是文化的组成部分,个人深受文化影响的深刻含义,要在商务英语翻译中体现出目标语言的文化背景,反映出目标语言的社会特性,从更艺术、更合理的角度对商务英语翻译进行结构,在应用文化和社会相关知识的基础上,平复广大文化间的差异,实现更为有效地商务英语翻译和国际商务沟通。
中国和英美国家在文化、习俗、宗教等方面存在着巨大的差距,这会给商务活动造成诸多的不便,若在英语翻译中没有把握各国的特点,不能够对文化和意识差异进行沟通,则会形成商务英语翻译的困难于问题。商务英语翻译人员应该加深对中国和英美国家习俗、背景、信仰等方面的研究,做到对文化深层次地展示,在提高商务英语翻译准确性和恰当性的基础上,有效实现商务的沟通于交流,在基础上促进国际商务活动的进一步发展,为全球化商务活动的不断深化提供文化与交往的空间和氛围。
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摘要文化渗透于社会生活的各个方面,英文翻译不可避免地受到文化因素的影响。英文翻译不仅是一种语言翻译,更是一种文化翻译。翻译过程中的文化因素:思维方式、习俗文化和宗教信仰等,一直是翻译工作者关注的问题。只有深刻把握不同文化背景知识、不同民族思维模式的差异,以及英汉两种语言风格的异同,才能进行成功的翻译交际。
关键词:文化因素 翻译 影响
近些年来,翻译中的文化问题越来越受到人们的关注。人们重视翻译中的文化问题,源于对背景知识的作用的正确认识。在翻译实践中,由于文化不解与误解导致误译和错译的例子屡见不鲜。于是文化因素对英文翻译的影响,便成了众多学者的研究对象。正如美国著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达所说:“就真正成功的翻译而言,译者的双文化(bicultural)功底甚至比双语(bilingualism)功底更重要,因为词语只有在起作用的文化语境中才有意义。”翻译并不像许多人想象得那么容易,深层次的思想意识方面的“文化鸿沟”时常难以逾越。由此可见,文化因素在翻译中占有重要的地位。
一 翻译与文化释义
1 翻译与文化的内涵
翻译的诞生给说不同语言的人们带来了很大的方便,它是人们彼此之间进行信息交流的桥梁。所谓翻译,就是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具,它的目的是要促进本语言社会的政治、经济和社会文化进步。
何谓文化?英国学者泰勒(E.B Tylor,1871)给“文化”下的定义是:“所谓文化或文明,即知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗以及其它作为社会成员的人们能够获得的包括一切能力和习惯在内的复合性整体。”文化并不是抽象的,它是我们所感知的一切。人类以自己的情感、技能和智慧创造了自己的文化,更新了自己的文化。不同民族语言不同、文化各异,但人类的能力本质是相同的。因为人类所创造的文化在深层意义上反映了人类的共同能力。各民族的文化都有同一性,不同国家、不同民族活动的多样性和观念的多元化使其文化内容和形式出现多样性,这就是文化差异的渊源。翻译则是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动,是两个语言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具。
2 翻译与文化的关系
任何翻译都离不开文化,许多有经验的译者或翻译研究者都比较注意文化与翻译的关系。谭载喜说:“翻译中对原文意思的理解,远远不是单纯的语言理解问题。语言是文化的组成部分,它受着文化的影响和制约。在翻译过程中,译者对某段文字理解的正确与否,在很大程度上取决于他对有关文化的了解。对于译者来说,没有两种文化的对比知识,就无从谈起对语言文字的正确理解与表达。”
在翻译过程中,表面上存在着中外文字表达上的差异,仅仅从文字技巧上来着手是难以解决含义差异的,必须要从文化背景上来处理中外文字在表达内涵上的差异,因为这些差异源自生活上的不同而形成。文化背景对翻译是极其重要的,缺乏文化元素的译文等于缺乏了灵性的翻译。所谓“文化元素”其实也包括了译者对原文化背景、译文、译文文化背景、原文作者的气质和风格的了解、译者的气质和风格的混合体。
3 语言和文化的关系
瑞士语言学家Saussure把语言看成是社会现象。他认为,语言史和文化史总是交织在一起,彼此之间相互联系;民族的风俗习惯常反映在语言之中,阐明了不同民族间不同的语言与文化差异。美国语言学家Sapir认为,“语言不能离开文化而存在”。“语言不仅包含着该民族的历史和文化背景,而且蕴藏着该民族对人生的看法、生活方式和思维方式……应该指出,语言和文化互相影响、互相作用;理解语言必须了解语言。”可见,不了解目的语的文化,便无法正确理解和运用该目的语,更无法进行沟通。当今,不同文化背景下的交流日益增多,密切的跨文化交流成了当今世界的主流,这就要求我们在了解相关国家的语言的同时,还必须要了解他们的文化知识,做到二者同步发展。
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二 文化因素对英文翻译的影响
1 思维方式方面
翻译是语言的翻译,而语言是思维的外壳。迥然不同的自然、社会条件使人们在思维习惯和表达方式上自然不同。西方民族惯用抽象性、由一到多的分析型思维方式,句子常以主语和谓语为核心,统摄多个短语和从句,由主到次,但形散而意合。而东方民族的综合思维方式,使得中国人注重整体和谐,强调“从多到一”的思维方式;句子结构上以动词为中心,以时间顺序为逻辑顺序,横向铺叙,层层推进,归纳总结,形成“流水型”的句式结构。英汉民族熟悉和思维方式的不同决定了其在翻译过程中句式选择、遣词造句、词句省略等的不同。例如:
“It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those who would lose thEir youth,and some of them thEIr lives,before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.”
如直接译成:
“那是一个夸姣的金秋,在离别了那些可能丢失他们的青春甚至生命的人之后,树叶才慢慢地落下。”
这种翻译显然受到了语言形式的拘束,译句结构混乱、呆板、没有条理性,且语言支离破碎。如将译文译成:
“那是个天色晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,夸姣的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年们已经失去了青春,有的甚至丧失了生命。”
就比较符合中国人的思维方式,不失为一段出色的翻译。再如奥运口号“北京欢迎您!”表达了中国人民欢迎世界各国人民到北京的心情,我们常见的译文为“welcome to Beijing!”翻译中句式的改变,使用英语祈使句,恰当地表达出中国人期盼奥运的热情。如译为 “Beijing is welcome you”,则语气过于清淡,效果大打折扣。
2 文化背景和社会习俗方面
不同的国家具有不同的文化背景,文化背景差异对翻译实践产生很大的影响,并对翻译实践提出了更高的要求。民族文化背景对语言的发展有极大的影响,每个民族的语言都会带有各自历史文化的痕迹。英汉民族的历史发展不同,因而语言中沉积的文化内涵也不相同。历史文化的一个重要内容体现为历史典故和习语;要译好不同语言中的习语和历史典故,就必须对该语言所反映的历史文化有所了解。Cowboy在汉语中常译为“牛仔”,所以很多人把“He runs a business as a cowboy”译为“他像牛仔一样管理企业。”其实“cowboy”在美国人心目中的真正形象是“独来独往、无拘无束、我行我素”。因此这句话应译为,“他办企业态度不诚实,缺乏经验技术,工作也大大咧咧。”汉语中常说:“说曹操,曹操到”,曹操是中国历史上的著名人物,但许多英语读者就不知他为何人。不过英语中有类似的说法:“Talk of the devil,and he’s sure to appear.”
社会习俗更是如此,它影响和制约着翻译的精确性。在英语国家对一个经过长途旅行后的人可以说“You must be tired from such a long trip.”、“Did you have a good trip?”,表示“路上辛苦了”、“一路好吗?”之类的问候。对正在进行或刚完成一项艰难任务的人,可以说“Well done,That was a hard job”。不同的文化有不同的表达方式,因此在翻译时,一定要考虑两种文化间的差异,决不能望文生义,更不能机械地直译。又如,bread and butter这两样东西在英语国家历史悠久,面包是他们生活中不可缺少的一部分,也是日常的主要食品,所以在语言中的转义也较多。如“bread and butter”还有“生计,谋生之道,靠山”等含义,美国《新闻周刊》评论家大卫·安森说过:“As ever,politics,vulgarity and senti mentality were the bread and butterof the Academy Awards.”(政治、粗鄙和感伤一度成为奥斯卡奖的支柱。)
3 宗教信仰、宗教意识方面
宗教是人类思想文化的重要组成部分,它是由一个民族的宗教信仰、宗教意识所形成的。不同的宗教体现了不同的文化特色和文化传统。__认为,上帝创造了人,人来自尘土,又回归尘土。如:
“BEing a teacher is bEIng present at the creation when the clay beginningto breathe.”
有些人译为,“教师一直在创造中,当土地开始呼吸。”这是由于他们不了解西方人的宗教信仰所致。因为,英语中的“creation”常指“上帝创造”,而“clay”常指“上帝创造的人”。这句话的译文应该是:
“教师是创造的见证人,目睹生命呼吸成长。”
又如,“红色”在汉文化中象征着“喜庆、吉祥、胜利、好运、受欢迎的东西”。而西方则因为耶稣甘愿被钉在十字架上流血牺牲,用生命来拯救世人以及中世纪教派之间的相互残杀,使英民族文化中的“red”总是同流血、牺牲、殉难等不好的事情联系起来,因此“red hands”译为“沾满鲜血的手”,“a red battle”译为“血战”。
4 生存环境方面
因为各民族所处地理位置、天然前提和生态环境等的不同,就形成了不同的地域文化。这不仅影响着各民族语言的表达方式,也直接影响着人们对同一事物不同的理解、语义联想和情感,这就对翻译提出了进一步的要求。英国是一个岛国,历史上航海业曾一度领先世界;而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍,人们的生活离不开土地。比喻“花钱浪费,大手大脚”,英语是“spend money like water”,而汉语是“挥金如土”。李白《江上咏》中有“功名富贵若长在,汉水亦应西北流。”此处翻译的枢纽就在于如何理解“西北流”。我国地形特征是西高东低,李白用“西北流”喻指功名富贵如过眼烟云,不可能与江河永流。这一比喻是基于我国的地理特征,但因为英美国家处于不同的地理位置,地形特征相异,如采用直译法,很多英国人可能并不解其真正含义,这就要求翻译“西北流”时应做适当的变通,于是译成:
“But sooner could flow backward to is fountains;This stream,than wealth and honor can remain.”
这样译文顶用flow backward(倒流)的方式表达了原文中“西北流”所蕴含的“不可能”之意,但却不能体现原文的工整对仗及中国的地域特征。
5 习语方面
习语的翻译可算得上是难中之难了,因为习语不仅是一种语言现象,更是一种文化产物。如“黔驴技穷”可译为英语中的习惯说法“at one’s wits end”,也可翻译为“The proverbial donkeyin ancient Guizhou has exhausted its tricks,and it can do nothing more.”这种翻译,既传播了汉文化、保存了原汁原味,也符合英语读者的阅读习惯,达到使文化交流贯穿于语言交流的目的。如:“Love me,love my dog”,译为“爱屋及乌”;“A loss may turn out to be a gain”,可译为“塞翁失马,焉知非福”。
同样英汉习语中有大量是由历史典故形成的,这些习语结构简单、意义深远,往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译的。如汉语中的“名落孙山”、“叶公好龙”等;英语中的“meet one’s waterloo”(一败涂地)、“a Pandora’s box”(潘多拉之盒—灾难、麻烦、祸害的根源)等。
三 结语
总之,文化与翻译关系密切,不可分割。翻译离不开文化因素的影响,翻译不仅是语言表面上的题目,更是文化层面上的题目。因为“翻译实质上是文化翻译”,终极目的除了传递原信息外,更要传递文化,促进文化间的交流和理解。在翻译的过程中,译者要让目标文成功地表达源文的内涵,不但要求译者有扎实的语言功底,而且还要熟悉和了解两种语言的文化背景。因此归根到底,语言的翻译就是文化的翻译,其根本任务不仅是翻译文化,而且是翻译容载或蕴含着文化信息的意义,达到中西文化相互交流、融合的目的。
参考文献:
[1] Eugene A.Nida.Language Culture And Translating[M].1993.
[2] 刘宓庆:《文化翻译论纲》,湖北教育出版社,1999年版。
[3] 谭载喜:《新编奈达论翻译》,中国对外翻译出版公司,1999年版。
[4] 王婧媛:《浅谈翻译中的文化因素》,《中国校外教育理论》,2008年版。
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