为您找到与and的用法相关的共14个结果:
it 原意在英语中指代物的第三人称单数。另有其他单词的缩写,例如信息技术:Information Technology;即时翻译 instant translation;创新技术innovative technology等。也指信息技术行业的英文简称。
下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:it在中学英语里的用法相关论文。仅供大家参考!
it 在中学英语里的用法全文如下:
一、作人称代词,可用来代替人、物或事。—Who is knockingat the door?—It's me谁在敲门?是我 。
The ant is not gathering this food for itself alone. Ithas two stomachs in its body.蚂蚁不只 是为自己采食。 它的身体里有两个胃。
When service is interrupted, as it was by last night'sstorm, John has to inform the pu blic what the company isdoing about the problem.每当供电中断时,就像昨夜因暴风雨而造成的那样 ,约翰就必须通知大家,公司为解决这个问题正在做些什么。
二、作非人称代词,表示时间、天气、季节、距离、环境等。
It is tea time. Mrs Tuner goes into the kitchen.到了喝茶的时间了,特纳夫人走进了厨房。
It was winter. it was ten degree below zero.现在是冬天,气温是零下10度。
It is only half an hour walk to the tall tower. 只有半小时的路程就可以到达高塔了。
It will be lovely in the park today.今天公园里一定很好玩。
1.作形式主语。英语中不定式、动名词、主语从句在作主语时主语往往显得很长,使整 个句子看上去有点 头重脚轻,这样就借助“it”来作形式上的主语,而把真正的主语移到句 子后边去,使全句看上去平稳一些。 “it”没有实际的意义。
It is fun for her to study, but it is difficult to studyand work at the same time.对于她来说学 习是有趣的,可是要边工作边学习对她来说是困难的。
It is necessary for them to get an electrician to do thework for them.对他们来说请一位电工来为他们做这项工作是必要的。
It will be no good learning without practice. 学习而不实践是不好的。
It is no use talking to him about it.和他谈这事没用。
It is possible that they're finished the bridge.他们完成这座桥是可能的。
It is important that we should learn from each other andhelp each other.我们应当互相学习,互相帮助,这是很重要的。
2.作形式宾语。这种情况通常只用于能带以名词或形容词作宾语补语的动词后面。
In the 1870's, when Marx was already in his fifties, hefound it important to study the si tuation in Russia, so hebegan to learn Russian.在19世纪70年代,马克思已经五十几岁了,他觉得研 究俄国的形势很重要,便开始学习俄语。
This has made it necessary for agriculture and industryto develop very quickly.这就使得工 农业必须飞速发展。
四、构成强调句型。
为了强调句子的某一成分,把引导词“it”用在句首,这种强调句 的结构是“It is (was )+所强调的成分(主语、宾语、状语)+that…”,表达的意思为“是…, 正是…,就是…”。“it ”在这种句型中本身没什么实际意义。
My temperature! It's my back that hurts.我的体温!是我的背痛。
It is not only blind men who make such stupid mistakes. 决不只有盲人才犯这样愚蠢的错误。
这里需要说明的是:如被强调的是人,则后面用who或that,如被强调的是物或其他 情况,则用that。
It was yesterday that I met Bob in your room. 我就是昨天在你的房间遇见鲍勃的。
It was in your room that I met Bob yesterday. 我就是在你的房间昨天遇见鲍勃的。
It was Bob that I met in your room yesterday. 昨天我在你房间遇见的就是鲍勃。
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it 原意在英语中指代物的第三人称单数。另有其他单词的缩写,例如信息技术:Information Technology;即时翻译 instant translation;创新技术innovative technology等。也指信息技术行业的英文简称。
下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的语言文化论文:and的理解与表达。仅供大家参考!
and的理解与表达全文如下:
and是英语中使用频率极高的连词,用来连接词、短语和句子。 笔者根据九年制义务教育初中英语新教材 ,试就and的用法进行归纳, 以利于读者理解与掌握。
一、表示并列或对称的关系and可以用来连接语法作用相同的词、短语或句子,可译为“和”、“并”、 “又”、“兼”等。如:
Lucy and I go to school five days a week. 我和露西每周上五天学。(连接两个并列主语) You must look after yourself and keep healthy.你必须照顾自己并保持身体健康。(连接两个并列谓语)
They teach us Chinese and we teach them English.他们教我们汉语,我们教他们英语。(连接两个简 单句)
如果连接两个以上的词语,通常把and放在最后一个词语前面;为了强调,可在两者之间分别加上and;把词语连接起来时, 通常把较短的词语放在前面。如:
I like eggs,meat,rice,bread and milk.我喜欢鸡蛋、肉、米饭、面包和牛奶。
All that afternoon I jumped and sang and did all kinds ofthings.那天整个下午我又唱又跳,做各种各样的事情。
The apples are big and delicious.苹果又大又好吃。
有些用and连接的词语,次序是固定的,不能随意改变。如:
men,women and children男人、妇女和儿童;fish and chips 炸鱼加炸土豆片等。
二、表示目的 在口语中,and常用在go,come,try等动词后连接另一个动词,表示目的。此时and相当于 to,不必译出。如:
Go and see!去看看!
Come and meet the famly.来见见这家人。
三、表示条件和结果 在祈使句后,常用and连接一个简单句,表示条件与结果的关系, 它们在语法上是并列关系,但在意义上却是主从关系,也可译为“如果……就……”。如:
Work hard and you will live happily.=If you work hard,you will live happily.如果你努力工作,你就会活得愉快。
Come early and you will see him.=If you come early, youwill see him.如果你早来的话,你就会见到他。
四、表示承接关系 and用在句首,起承上启下的作用, 可译为“因此”、“那么”、“于是”等,也可不译。如:
And what's this?那么这是什么呢?
And the air today is nice and clean.今天的空气真清新。
五、表示动词的先后关系and常用来连接两个动词或动词词组,后一个动词所表示的 动作发生得迟一点 。此时and相当于then, 可译为“然后”。如:
Then he got out of the lift and climbed up to thefifteenth floor on foot.于是他从电梯里走 出来,然后步行爬上第15层楼。
Go along the street,and take the third turning on theright.沿这条街走,然后在第三个路口向右拐。
六、表示动作上的伴随关系 and连接两个动词, 动作同时发生,前一个动词表示姿势 或状态,后一个动 词表示伴随动作, and 相当于while,可译为“边……边……”。如: They talked and laughed happily.他们愉快地边谈边笑。
The baby watched and listened.这个婴儿边看边听。
七、表示因果关系 and连接两个动词或两个分句,带有因果关系,此时and相当于so, 可译为“便”、“ 于是”、“因而”、 “结果”等。如:
She couldn't find her mother and began to cry.她找不到妈妈,于是哭了起来。
It's a fine day today,and everyone is busy. 今天是个好天气,因而人人都很忙。
八、表示意义上的增补 and连接两个分句,第二个分句是第一个分句的补充或进一步说明,可译为“又 ”、“同时”等。如:
If you want to be thinner and healthier,you have to eatless food—and you also have to ta ke more exercise. 如果你想既苗条又健康,你就得少吃食物——同时,你还得多进行运动。
Don't be late—Oh,and put on your old clothes.别迟到——噢,还要穿上你的旧衣服。
九、表示递进与转折and表示转折时,相当于but,但语气较弱,可译为“而且”、“可 是”、“不过” 或不译。如:
I mean you eat too much,and you don't take enough exercise.我的意思是你吃的太多,而且运动得不 够。
They call me Lily sometimes,and I don't always tell themthat they've made a mistake.他们有时叫我莉莉,但我并不总是告诉他们说他们弄错了。
十、表示强调,加强语气 用and 连接两个相同的动词表示动作的反复;用and连接两个相同的副词,表示动作的延续;用and连接同一个形容词或副词的比较级表示程度的逐 步加深。如:
The baby laughed and laughed.这个婴儿笑呀,笑个不停。
They talked on and on very happily.他们很高兴地谈了又谈。
She looked at me and cried harder and harder.她看着我,哭得越来越厉害。
十一、and有时连接两个反义词 and连接的两个反义词在句中作状语或后置定语,这两个词的次序不得颠 倒。如:
He uses a lift to go up and down.他乘电梯上楼下楼。
When C
hrist was born nearly two thousand years ago. manypeople,rich and poor,gave him pres ents.差不多两千年前,耶稣出生时,许多人,无论贫富,都给他礼物。
十二、and连接两个数词或连接百位和十位之间的数词,前者可译为“加”,后者则不译。如:
What's one and two?一加二是多少?
There are three hundred and sixty-five days in a year.一年有365天。
Both John and Ann have got penfriends.约翰和安都有笔友。
The museum is between the post office and the hospital. 博物馆位于邮局和医院之间。
I love autumn because it's nice and cool.我喜爱秋天,因为它很凉爽。
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无线监控系统是监控和无线传输技术的结合,它可以将不同地点的现场信息实时通过无线通讯手段传送到无线监控中心,并且自动形成视频数据库便于日后的检索。无线监控系统的英文名称是Wireless Monitoring System.以下是读文网小编今天为大家精心准备的:浅谈基于Android平台池塘溶解氧信息无线监测软件的开发相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
我国海岸线很长,水产养殖业是我国渔业的重要组成部分。但目前水产养殖的科技化水平还不高,许多参数还是需要大量的人力物力去现场监管,因此,研发出能够尽量在不额外增加设备的情况下,能够远程监控水产状况的系统成为当前水产养殖发展的重要课题。近年来,随着Android 系统的广泛应用,它以短信,上网,多媒体等多功能集于一身,并且携带方便,操作简单受到众多用户的青睐。在这一环境下,本项目以Android 作为开发平台,研究系统能够通过短信的收发在线检测溶解氧,温度等主要环境参数,并根据环境情况实施对增氧机,温度控制器的无线处理软件系统。
基于Android 平台的池塘监控系统可分为信息的采集和远程控制两个部分。信息采集部分由传感器进行对水中参数进行收集处理,然后通过特定短信的形式传到手机客户端,在手机客户端使用SQLite 存储并显示。在本课题中主要研究远程控制客户端的设计,实现用户与远程设备信息的交互,若出现不符合养殖生物生长的溶解氧等环境参数等能从客户端软件进行处理,或是受到报警短信,通过短信回复也可进行报警处理。
在手机客户端中能够实时观察养殖池塘中的溶解氧等参数,并对环境参数可以设置上下限,若出现不在设定范围内的参数会收到短信预警,及时提醒养殖人员对池塘进行管理。管理的同时可选择手动管理和自动管理,以完成溶氧的远程监控。
3.1 参数设置模块
Android 溶解氧远程监控中参数的设置页面包括了检测地点,监测参数的上限和下限组成监测地点是用户添加的检测地点名称,本项目中将监测地点名称放在列表选择框(Spinner)中,通过出现的下拉列表框进行选择相应的地点,选定好各个参数的值点击确定,会自动调用函数通过发送短信向养殖池塘发送命令。方便用户操作。
3.2 在线监测模块
在线监测模块就是接收从传感器传来的溶解氧,温度等参数,接收的溶解氧参数存储在Android 的本地SQLite 数据库中,SQLite数据库容量有限,系统也可以将采集的参数信息以文本方式保存在SD 卡上,为了避免数据的重复读取,影响测量准确性,保存之后将数据全部清空。溶解氧参数通过实时曲线展示,使用户更直观地监测池塘环境变化,即在一个MainActivity 中点击按钮跳入另一个RtChartsActivity,并利用ChartFactory 显示实时曲线。
3.3 远程监控模块
该模块包括控制地点名称,控制设备名称,控制模式,运行状态4 部分。控制地点与控制设备名称均采用Spinner 控件显示,控制模式通过自定义的switch 的滑动开关效果控件实现,运行状态通过Image 控件实现在开通运行的情况下,也是将设置的选项信息以特定的,能识别的短信的形式发出。
3.4 短信收发模块
除了在手机客端可以远程控制外,还可以通过短信收发控制,GSM 模块采用TC35 系列。通信模块主要采用SOCKET (套接字)通信方式,每种服务都打开一个Socket,并绑定到一个端口上,不同的端口对应于不同的服务,应用程序通过它来发送和接收数据。监听SEND 和SEND_TO Broadcast Intent 消息传递应用程序来发送SMS 消息。发送短信通过sendTextMessage ()方法完成,此方法的参数作用如下:
(1)destinationAddress:收件人地址;(2)scAddress:设置短信中心的号码,如果设置为null,则默认为中心号码;(3)text:指定发送短信的内容;(4)sentIntent:当消息发出时,通过PendingIntent 来广播发送成功或失败的信息报告,如果该参数为空,则检查所有未知的应用程序;(5)deliveryIntent:当信息发送到收件处时,该PendingIntent 会进行广播。
软件以联想的A280t 作为系统的测试机型,将系统的APK 安装包装到手机里面并实现对增氧机的控制,以及调节池塘溶解氧的含量。经测试表面,操作界面人性化,实时性,好控制方便,软件系统运行效果良好。
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撰写毕业论文是检验学生在校学习成果的重要措施,也是提高教学质量的重要环节。大学生在毕业前都必须完成毕业论文的撰写任务。申请学位必须提交相应的学位论文,经答辩通过后,方可取得学位。可以这么说,毕业论文是结束大学学习生活走向社会的一个中介和桥梁。以下是读文网小编今天为大家精心准备的:毕业论文数字用法的相关写作要求。具体内容如下,欢迎阅读与参考!
a. 凡是使用阿拉伯数字得体的地方,均应使用阿拉伯数字,如1998年12月16、20世纪90年代;
b. 公历世纪、年代、年、月、日和时刻必须使用阿拉伯数字;
c. 年、月、日可按国标GB 2808-81用全数字式表示,有三种形式:1998-12-20、1998 12 20、19981220,本刊采用第一种;年份用4位数表示,1998年,不能写成98年或’98。 避免使用时间代词,例如“去年”、“上月”、“明天”、“下星期”等。
d. 日的时间采用 GB/T 7408-94 的规定写法,例如15时36分8.5秒写为15:36:08.5;
e. 计数和计量(包括正负数、分数、小数、百分比约数等)的数字一律使用阿拉伯数字;
f. 引文标注中的版次、卷数、期数、页码等用阿拉伯数字;
g. 多位数的阿拉伯数字不能移行;
h. 4位和4位以上的数字,采用三位分节法,节与节之间留适当空隙(空一键);不用“千分撇”(“’”)分节法。年份、部队代号仪号、邮政编码等非计量数字不分节。
a. 数字作为词素构成定型词、词组、惯用语、缩略词或具有修辞色彩的词句应使用汉字,例如:二倍体、三级护理、九五规划、十二指肠等;不是表示科学计量和具有统计意义数字的一位数可以用汉字,例如:两次检查、三本书、四种产品等;
b. 邻近的两个数字(一、二、...... 九)并列连用,表示概数时应使用汉字,连用的两个数字之间不用顿号隔开。例如,三四人、五六斤、四十五六岁、十之八九等;
c. 夏历(即农历,相传此历法始于夏代,故名,又称旧历、阴历)和中国清代以前历史纪年用汉字,如:清咸丰十年正月十五日。
a. 5位数以上,尾数零多的数,可以用“万”、“亿”作单位,不得以十、百、千、十万、百万、十亿等作单位。例如:3 579 000,可写成357.9万,但不能写成357万9千;
b. 纯小数必须写出小数点前面的“0”,数值有效位数末尾的“0”也不能省略;
c. 过去用于处理数目的四舍五入法,影响结果的精确度,不完全适用于实验数据的处理,为使某一总数等于100%,国标要求数值的修约,采用“四舍六入”法(GB 8170-87/GB1-81手册P94 ):“4舍6入5看齐,5后有数进上去,尾数为零向左看,左数奇进偶舍弃”(5后全为零奇进偶不进)。 例如:4舍:2.3456→2.3(保留小数后一位数),6入:3.467→3.5;当被约的数等于5时:如其右边的数不全是0则进:6.0501→6.1)
若其右边的数全为0,则要看5前面的数是奇数还是偶数:奇进(0.7500→0.8)偶舍(0.8500→0.8;0算偶数,如6.0500→6)。注意不得连续多次修约,如25.4769→25.477→25.48→25.5→26是不妥的。但0.95要约到小数点后一位数的话,是非进行两次修约不可了(0.95→0)。
d. 附带有长度单位的数值相乘时,每个数值后单位不能省略。例如:40 mm×20 mm×30 mm,不能写成40×20×30 mm,也不能写成40×20×36 mm3。
e. 分数分号一般用斜线表示,例如“3/4”,不用;数学公式不宜用斜线表示,如由于版面安排需要用斜线时,注意正确使用符号,例如用斜线表示应为(a + b)/(c + d),括号不能省略。
f. 检验结果的构成比统一用小数表示,不用百分号,例如:白细胞分类,中性粒细胞75%,应为0.75。
g. 数字的增加和减少要注意用词的概念,增加可用倍数或百分数,例如:原来为100加现在是200,应为增加了1倍或为增加了100%;减少不能用倍数,只能用百分数或分数表示,例如:原来为100现在是50,应为减少了50%或减少了1/2,不能说减少了1倍。只有浓度的稀释例外,我们可以说某种液体的浓度稀释了多少倍。另外,外国文献中可以看到用倍数表示减少的例句:
The sensor is 100 times smaller than existing glucose optodes.
GACPAT’’a modified commercial particle assay’’ is ten times cheaper than WHO price of ELISAs.
a. 5至10应为5~10;5万至10万应为5万~10万,不能写成5~10万;
b. 3×109至5×109应为3×109~5×109,或(3~5)×109,以采用前者为宜。不能写成3~ 5×109;
c. 63%至70%应为63%~70%,不能写成63—70%或63~70%;
d. 50 mg至60 mg应为50~60 mg,不必写成50 mg~60 mg;
e. 17℃至20℃应为17~20℃,不必写成17℃~20℃,不能写成17。~20℃;
f. 平面角7。至9。11’应为7。~9。11’,不能写成7~9。11’;
g. 公差范围:15.2 mm土0.2 mm可写为(15.2土0.2) mm,但不得写为15.2土0.2 mm; (55.4土4)%不得写为55土4%,也不宜写为55%土4%;(-6土0.5)℃~(6土0.5)℃不得写为(干6土0.5)℃和(土6土0.5)℃。
5 倍数单位的选取,一般应使量的数值处于0.1~1000之间。例如:0.003 94 m可写成3.94 mm;1 401 Pa可写成401 kPa;3.1×10-8s可写成31 ns。
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21世纪水资源正在变成一种宝贵的稀缺资源,水资源问题已不仅仅是资源问题,更是关系到国家经济、社会可持续发展和长治久安的重大战略问题。基于此,采用节水、节能的灌溉方法已成为全世界灌溉技术发展的总趋势,推广节水灌溉也已成为世界各国为缓解水资源危机和实现农业现代化的必然选择。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:基于物联网Android平台的远程智能节水灌溉系统设计分析相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
基于物联网Android平台的远程智能节水灌溉系统设计分析全文如下:
【摘要】:针对农业灌溉中的水资源浪费问题和灌溉远程控制问题,对物联网相关技术进行研究,设计了基于物联网Android平台的农业远程智能节水灌溉系统,实现了对多传感器节点(空气温湿度、光照、土壤湿度、电磁阀、变频器等)远程采集和控制,以及对多个控制器节点的远程监测与控制。系统不受时间地域限制,用户可以通过Android移动终端实现对智能节水灌溉系统的监测和控制。系统采用CC2 5 3 0作为无线传感器芯片、OK6 4 1 0作为控制器节点芯片。实测结果验证了该设计的可行性和有效性,可为远程智能节水灌溉提供平台支持,能够满足农业节水灌溉的需要。
【关键词】: 节水灌溉 远程 智能 物联网 Android
我国是一个干旱缺水严重的国家,淡水资源总量为2. 8 万亿m3 ,占全球水资源的6%,仅次于巴西、俄罗斯和加拿大,居世界第4 位; 但人均只有0. 22 万m3 ,仅为世界平均水平的1 /4,是全球13 个人均水资源最贫乏的国家之一。淡水资源中灌溉用水总量约占全国总用水量的1 /2 以上,而且灌溉用水效率相当低,平均灌溉水利用率仅约40%,发展节水灌溉是缓解我国水资源紧缺和促进农业可持续发展的关键所在。农业要发展,水利要先行,我国水资源缺乏,有效合理地利用水资源就必须要大力发展节水灌溉,同时节水灌溉也是农业现代化的一个标志,其增产增效、节约劳动力和提高土地的利用率等诸多的优越性决定了它是未来发展的必然趋势。
物联网就是通过条码与二维码、射频标签( RFID) 、全球定位系统( GPS) 、红外感应器、激光扫描器及传感器网络等自动标识与信息传感设备及系统,按照约定的通信协议,通过各种局域网、接入网、互联网将物与物、人与物、人与人连接起来,进行信息交换与通信,以实现智能化识别、定位、跟踪、监控和管理的一种信息网络。
随着我国国民经济的迅速发展,农业生产必将采用各种各样先进的技术,以提高农作物产量,节约资源。本研究针对传统灌溉和灌溉控制方式的各种缺点,通过WCDMA 技术和无线传感器网络技术的结合,实现了利用Android 移动终端对灌溉系统的远程控制,并通过基于土壤湿度的控制方式实现对农田进行自动适时适量的灌溉。
智能节水灌溉系统中分布多个环境传感器节点、电磁阀控制节点和变频器控制节点。土壤环境、空气环境参数由环境传感器节点采集,滴灌管道由电磁阀控制节点实施开关控制。为了确保灌溉供水的稳定性和可靠性,达到节水目的,设置一个变频器控制节点来实现全自动变频恒压供水。控制器节点通过Zig-Bee 网络采集环境传感器节点、电磁阀控制节点和变频器控制节点信息,控制电磁阀控制节点和变频器控节点状态; 现场采集的信息通过移动互联网络和Internet互联网由控制器节点负责发送到远程监控中心,Android 移动终端接收远程监控中心传送过来的采集信息,可对智能节水灌溉系统进行实时的监控。远程智能节水灌溉系统的结构组成为: 无线环境传感器节点、无线电磁阀控制节点、无线变频器控制节点、控制器节点、远程监控中心及Android 移动终端。
为了解决智能节水灌溉系统的供电技术问题,系统采用太阳能供电方式对环境传感器节点、电磁阀控制节点、变频器控制节点、控制器节点进行供电。无线传感器模块选用ZigBee 技术的新一代SOC 芯片CC2530。该模块主要负责对空气温度、空气湿度、光照和土壤湿度等环境参数的实时采集,使用ZigBee 协议将采集到的数据发送到控制器节点ZigBee 模块,同时接收来自控制器节点ZigBee 模块的控制命令。土壤湿度传感器采用锦州利诚LC - TS2 型FDR 土壤湿度传感器。控制器节点主要用于收发ZigBee 模块数据并通过Internet 和移动互联网络与远程监控中心进行网络通信。Android 移动终端主要完成同远程监控中心的数据交互及网络通信等功能。
控制器节点作为物联网应用系统网关,功能比较复杂,因此主控芯片采用高性能的ARM11 内核的嵌入式处理器S3C6410。为减低系统设计的复杂性,选用飞凌嵌入式技术有限公司的OK6410 嵌入式模块,该模块已经集成了S3C6410 最小系统以及相应的NOR Flash、NAND Flash、SDRAM、RS232 及USB 接口等常用模块。WCDMA 通信模块选用中兴通讯生产的MG3732 模块,该模块是一款WCDMA/GSM 双模移动互联网通信模块,支持上下行非对称数据传输,MG3732 模块在通信接口上具有比以往无线通信模块更加灵活的特性,可以支持异步串口( UART) 和通用串行总线接口( USB) 两种通信接口,以满足不同主控设备的特性要求。另外,模块内部还集成了标准的TCP / IP 协议栈,支持TCP 协议和UDP 协议传输,可以很方便地连接到Internet 进行网络传输。控制器节点是无线传感器网络的汇聚节点,负责管理节水灌溉系统现场的ZigBee 网络,同时还作为现场的一个主控单元,配有相应的液晶屏和触摸屏,可实时展示节水灌溉系统中的相关信息以及对现场的电磁阀进行控制。
远程监控中心由1 台移动终端可以直接访问的联网微机组成,通过Internet 互联网和移动互联网与现场控制器节点中的WCDMA 模块建立连接进行通信。远程监控中心把现场采集的信息存入数据库中,以便以后分析处理。同时,还能根据需要对现场中的电磁阀进行控制,具有手动和自动两种灌溉控制方式。自动灌溉控制基于土壤湿度,当土壤湿度达到湿度下线自动启动灌溉系统。监控中心软件采用Java语言编写,它是完全面向对象的编程语言。数据库选用MySQL5. 0。远程监控中心的软件包括两部分:WebService 服务器端监控程序和基于Java Web 的智能节水灌溉系统演示网站。
4. 1 Android 客户端功能架构
Android 是美国Google 公司开发的基于Linux 平台的开源嵌入式操作系统,包括操作系统、用户界面和应用程序。该系统采用客户机/ 服务器模式,服务端部分用Java 开发的WebService 和Socket 编程技术来实现,客户端部分是采用基于Socket 通信方式的Android Java 开发技术实现; 编译最终生成在任何Android移动终端都可以运行的APK 文件,直接安装后就可以在Android 移动终端上使用。相比传统的远程节水灌溉系统,该系统不受时间、环境、地理位置等因素限制,在用户移动终端上设计控制界面,操作方便、灵活。
4. 2 Android 客户端界面设计
Android 系统采用XML 可扩展标记语言完成界面设计,本系统主要包含登录界面、主功能界面和主控制界面。在主功能界面中,可以点击进入各级主控制界面。1 号节点的主控制界面如图3 所示。在该控制界面可以实时接收1 号节点的空气温度、湿度、光照、土壤湿度等环境参数并显示,还可以设置自动灌溉和手动灌溉模式。
Fig. 3 1 node main control interface
4. 3 Android 客户端功能设计
Android 客户端系统测试采用联想A750 手机,Android4. 0. 3 版本,内核Linux3. 0. 8 版本; 开发环境为ADT Bundle + Java JDK7,服务器可以同时与多个Android 手机客户端进行通信,为每个客户端分配1个端口号; 用户合法登录进入系统之后首先进入主功能界面,在主功能界面选择某控制节点进入控制节点界面。
本系统主要包含4 个Activity,Activity 与Activity之间通过Intent 进行通信和变量的数据传递,每个文件的属性及权限在全局配置文件manifest. xml 中定义。
4. 3. 1 Socket 网络通信功能
Socket 通信是指双方采用Socket 机制交换数据,常用的通信协议有TCP 和UDP 两种。TCP 协议是可靠的、面向连接的协议; 而UDP 数据报协议是不可靠的、无连接的协议。本文网络编程采用的是UDP 通信协议,通过UDP 协议向远程监控中心发送控制信息。
4. 3. 2 灌溉模式处理模块
主控制界面可以通过按钮设置自动灌溉和手动灌溉模式。自动灌溉控制基于土壤湿度,当土壤湿度达到湿度下线自动启动灌溉系统; 手动灌溉控制由用户通过Android 移动终端进行设置。节水灌溉系统工作模式关键代码如下:
if ( event. getAction( ) = = MotionEvent. ACTION_DOWN) {
if ( v. getId( ) = = ManualButton. getId( ) ) { / /手动灌溉模式
com. riwis. utils. Configuration. isDefend = false; ;
}
if ( v. getId( ) = = AutoButton. getId( ) ) { / / 自动灌溉模式
com. riwis. utils. Configuration. isDefend =
true;}}
为了能有效提高农业灌溉用水的资源利用率、科学实施农业灌溉,开发了基于物联网Android 平台的远程智能节水灌溉系统。同时,介绍了系统总体架构,设计了无线传感器节点、控制器节点的硬件、远程监控中心、Android 客户端。在Android 移动终端上实现了远程智能节水灌溉,具有硬件成本低、性价比高、智能化、低功耗等特点,为精细高效农业信息采集和节水灌溉智能控制提供有效的技术手段。该系统在济源农业科学院进行了原型试验,结果表明: 系统运行效果良好,操作界面人性化,控制方便,实时性好,具有一定的推广价值。
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随着我国经济的飞快发展,对外商务不断扩大,经济和科学技术的发展及世界各国交往的日益频繁,使用英语已经变得十分重要。而英语口语的习惯用法,在商务界应用非常广泛,也很重要。
1. 课堂上所学英语与英语口语习惯用法不相符。例如:
These marten overcoasts are of good quality and nice colour , they are also tastefullypacked.They will surely sell well.
这批貂皮大衣质量高,成色好,包装精致,销售起来一定顺利。
nice 是一个wishy-washy 形容词,在商贸口语中极少使用,用hardword 形容词,如good 更符合商贸口语习惯。为避免重复,可将good quality 改为high quality,把nice colour 改成good colour。由于这摊的是商贸英语,pack 应改成package,因为package 具有为销售而包装的意思。这句话可以改成三个简单句,增强质量、成色、包装;
There marten overcoats are of highquality . They have good colour .They aretastefully packaged. They will surely sellwell.
如果力求句子简洁,避免重复,这句话可以改为:
These marten overcoats are of highquality ,nice in colour,and tastefully packaged.
2.有些句子过长,但从语法上这些句子无懈可击,可读起来与其说是会话,倒不如说是书面语,或者是商务书信。在商贸口语中,习惯上少用分词段语,或介词加动词名词短语,多用简短的句子。例如:
We set great store by our commercialreputation, as we ate serious on the quality
我们对质量认真负责,我们非常重视商业信誉的。
在商贸口语中,甚至在苏棉育种极少使用set great store.外商通常清楚、易懂的词,或者词组。这句话可以改为:
Our commercial reputation and qualitymean a great deal to us.改二:We maintainour commercial reputation a great dealas quality is very inportant to us.
3.在交谈时,外商习惯直截了当,但在与其上不乏委婉客气。我们所用的客气话是外商不常用的,若稍加修改,以下几个句子便显得口语化了。例如:
Now we wish to ask your company tosell these marten overcoats on consignment.
这次,我想请贵公司帮助我们代销这批貂皮大衣。
wish to do sth 常用语朋友间不拘礼仪的客套句型。在商贸交谈中,如果用would like,整句话就显得正式又亲切。这句话可以改为:
Now we woule like to ask your companyto sell these marten overcoats on consignment.
总之,由于商贸英语口语用法具有习惯性用法,教师在商贸英语口语教学中注重语境知识是很必要的;学生在商贸英语学习中也要有意识地去运用商贸英语口语习惯用法。在教学过程中,要充分发挥老师和学生的作用,掌握好商贸英语口语的习惯用法,才能很好地使用语言与外国人沟通。
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生产力经济学是研究社会生产方式统一体中的生产力及其运动规律的经济学分支学科。 研究社会生产力发展运动规律的学科。 把人们对生产力认识的注意力从过去局限于生产力要素分解引导到从生产力要素的构成和结合上来把握生产力,从生产力要素不同的构成和结合方式上去求得最佳的经济效益的一门新兴科学。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的语言文化论文:AGING AND PRODUCTIVITY AMONG ECONOMISTS。仅供大家参考!
AGING AND PRODUCTIVITY AMONG ECONOMISTS(衰老和生产力经济学家)全文如下:
Abstract:-Economists' productivity over their careers and as measured by publication in leading journals declines very sharply with age. There is no difference by age in the probability that an article submitted to a leading journal will be accepted. Rates of declining productivity are no greater among the very top publishers than among others, and the probability of acceptance is increasingly related to the author's quality rather than the author's age.
It is well known that productivity declines with age in a wide range of activities. Lehman (1953) suggests an early peak in productivity in a variety of scientific and artistic endeavors, and Diamond (1986) documents the pattern for several scholarly pursuits. Levin and Stephan (1992) provide clear evidence that this decline exists even after careful attempts to account for individual and cohort differences. Fair (1994) finds declines in physical ability among elite runners, as does Lydall (1968,pp. 113 passim) in physical abilities of the population generally. In this study we examine productivity declines in our own field. The main new results arise from our use of two different types of information, the equivalent of household and establishment data, to study the stone field over essentially the same period of time. Section I discusses the general results on aging and productivity, whereas section II presents evidence of the importance of heterogeneity.
Using the American Economic Association (AEA) Directory of Members, we identified tenured economics faculty at 17 top research institutions and obtained the years of their Ph.D. degrees.[1] With the citation index of the Journal of Economic Literature we replicated portions of the curricala vitae of each of the 208 economists currently in the economics departments of those institutions who received Ph.D. degrees between 1959 and 1983.[2]
To measure productivity we construct three indexes, combining papers published in refereed journals. Prior research suggests that, at least in terms of salary determination, the returns from nonreferred publications are quite low Sauer (1988), so that we ignore such publications in calculating these measures. I1 weights an article by the journal where it appears based on citations to that journal, using values generated by Laband and Piette (1994). This index distinguishes strongly among journals. For example, the Journal of Political Economy has a weight of 59.1, whereas Economic Inquiry has a weight of 7.9. In constructing I1 we use the weights associated with the decade in which the articles were published. I2 distinguishes somewhat less among journals by assigning all articles in the nine "core" journals identified by Laband and Piette a value of 1, whereas all other journals are valued at 0.5.[3] Finally, I3 gives all papers a weight of 1. Coauthored articles were given half credit, consistent with Sauer's (1988) findings on the economic returns to coauthorship.[4]
We measure the change in productivity over the life cycle by the percentage change in the number of publications from 9-10 years past the Ph.D. to the periods 14-15 years and then 19-20 years after. For most of the elite economists the base period is equivalent (accounting for publication lags) to the time of tenure, when one might expect that incentives to produce are at a peak. Using two-year publication records at each point reduces the effects of noise in the performance measures. One might argue that still other scientific life-cycle mileposts (e.g., attaining a full professorship) should be accounted for too (and to some extent the 14-15-year point does this). But our main purpose is simply to provide detailed evidence on the relationship to age, and our data are not sufficient to infer the impact of every possible milepost.
Table 1 contains data on productivity loss by Ph.D. vintage measured by each of the three indexes. If we consider I1 and I2, the two indexes that take journal quality into account, the decline appears to be quite substantial. Between years 9-10 and 14-15 elite economists as a group lose 29 to 32% of their output. From years 9-10 to 19-20 they lose 54 to 60%. In other words, productivity losses are on the order of 5 % per year from the time of peak productivity. However, the losses do not appear to accelerate over these 10 years of the economists' work lives. The loss from year 10 to year 20 is approximately twice that from year 10 to year 15.
Another way to study the age-productivity relationship is to examine journals rather than individuals. The first row in each pair of years in table 2 shows the ages of authors of full-length refereed articles in several leading journals (American Economic Review, Journal of Political Economy, and Quarterly Journal of Economics).[5] The median age of authors in the 1980s and 1990s was 36. Scholars over age 50 when their studies are published are a minute fraction of all authors in these journals. Creative economics at the highest levels is mainly for the young. That is as true in the 1990s as it was in the 1960s, although the age distribution of authors does seem to have shifted slightly rightward in the late 1970s.
The second row in each pair in table 2 shows the age distributions of random samples of the membership of the American Economic Association in years near those for which the authors' ages were tabulated.[6] The distributions are heavily concentrated between 36 and 50. Decadal variations reflect rapid expansion of American universities in the middle and late 1960s, stagnation in the 1970s and much of the 1980s, and a possible fragmentation of the profession in the 1980s as specialized associations expanded. A substantial percentage of AEA members is over age 50 implying that older economists are greatly underrepresented among authors in major journals relative to their presence among those who view themselves as part of the economics profession.[7]
Among the several groups of physical scientists analyzed by Levin and Stephan (1992) the decline of productivity (high-quality publishing) with age was very pronounced. McDowell's (1982) small samples of scholars in a variety of disciplines suggest less rapid declines in productivity with age (in publications unweighted by quality), with the sharpest declines and earliest peaks in the "hard" sciences, and later peaks among English professors and historians. The evidence from our two very different types of samples of economists and economics publishing that account for the quality of publications suggests that, for whatever reason, economics is at least as much a "young person's game" as are the physical sciences.
The evidence in section I documents the decline in productivity at the sample means. Information on the age-productivity relationship at the extremes of the sample is interesting in its own right and might help shed some light on the possible causes of the apparent decline in productivity with age. The simplest test compares productivity losses among the top early performers with that of the entire sample of economists at elite institutions. Among the top 10% of early producers the mean values of I1, I2, and I3 at year 20 were 64, 50, and 22%, respectively. These means are quite close to those listed for the entire sample in table 1. Thus on average early promise seems to be sustained in this sample. Of the 12 top researchers on whom we have 20 years of data, five were still among the top dozen producers at year 20.
These conclusions are confirmed when we examine the entire sample. For each index Ij, j = 1, 2, 3, we estimate b0 and b1 in
Multiple line equation(s) cannot be represented in ASCII text. (1)
Table 3 reports the parameter estimates. For all three indexes productivity in year 20 is positively and significantly related to productivity in year 10. There is also substantial productivity loss. The joint hypothesis that b0 = 1 and b1 = 0 (i.e., no productivity loss) is rejected (F-statistics of 134, 152, and 39, respectively). Productivity loss is least severe in I3, which weights all journals equally, regardless of quality.
If productivity losses were less among economists with high early productivity (high Ij,10), b1 would be negative. In fact, for two of the three indexes the estimated b1is effectively zero. We cannot reject the hypothesis of a linear relationship between late and early productivity. Only for I3 does it appear that productivity loss is higher for top early producers, and even here the effect is quite small. An economist in the top 10% of this sample at year 10 loses only an additional 0.5 (unweighted) paper compared to an average researcher in this sample at year 10. The very top producers in this elite sample keep on producing high-quality research, but at a slower rate. Those who were not at the top early in their careers slow down as rapidly as the top people, but their slowdown leads them to publish increasingly in lower quality outlets.
Another way of examining heterogeneity is to look at how authors of different quality free in the publication process conditional on their efforts. We obtained data on a random sample of initial submissions to a major general journal during a four-month period in 1991. (Some of the data were initially supplied by the journal's office for use in Hamermesh (1994).) Refereeing at this journal is double-blind, so that the chance that referees (though possibly not the editors) were affected by authors' reputations is reduced. The ages of the authors of these 313 papers are measured as of 1993 to account for the probable two-year average lag between the submission of a paper and its publication.
The simple fact in these additional data is that acceptance rates at this journal are remarkably constant by author's age. The probabilities of an article being accepted are 0.122, 0.114, and 0.123 in the three age groups 50, respectively.[8] On average there is no decline with age in the acceptance rate of papers submitted to this journal.[9] Probits on the acceptance of a submission that also included variables indicating whether the author was a member of the AEA, was in a top 20 department (as listed in Blank, 1991), was resident in North America, or was female, and the author's prior citation record yield an identical conclusion. The declining presence of older authors in top economics journals does not occur because older authors who keep submitting papers suffer higher rejection rates.
The probits included interaction terms between indicator variables for age and the extent of citations. (Low-cited economists were defined as those with fewer than 10 citations per year, well-cited with at least 10.) As figure 1 clearly shows, acceptance rates for each age group differ sharply by citation status. Comparing authors age 36-50 to those over 50, it is quite clear that the degree of heterogeneity increases with age. This appears to be less true in comparing the oldest to the youngest group, but that inference is due mainly to a very small sample. (Only six authors under age 36, the future superstars of the profession, were well cited.) The general tenor of the combined results from this sample is that the profession signals to less able scholars that their work no longer meets the profession's highest standards, and most of them respond by reducing their submissions to the highest quality journals.
We have followed the careers of economists and measured the demographic characteristics of publishers in leading journals. The evidence seems quite clear that publishing diminishes with age, especially publishing in leading journals, at rates as rapid as in the physical sciences. Indeed, remarkably few older people publish successfully in the scholarly outlets on which the profession places the highest value. As economists age, those who were the most productive early in their careers are among the few "survivors" still contributing to scholarship through the leading scholarly outlets.
Whether this relationship is due to natural declines in capacity or decreased incentives to produce is extremely difficult to discern. Unlike athletes, where it is likely that pure physical deterioration causes the reduction in productivity with age, among scholars even the fairly subtle facts that we have uncovered can be marshaled as support for each of these competing hypotheses. Without direct observation on how scholars' use of time changes as they age, we are unlikely to be able to distinguish between explanations of the declining ageproductivity relationship in science.
Berger, Mark, and Frank Scott, "Changes in U.S. and Southern Economics Deparment Rankings over Time," Growth and Change 21 (Summer 1990), 21-31.
Blank, Rebecca, "The Effects of Double-Blind versus Single-Blind Reviewing," American Economic Review 81 (Dec. 1991), 10411067.
Diamond, Arthur, "The Life-Cycle Research Productivity of Mathemati cians and Scientists," Journal of Gerontology 41 (1986), 520-525.
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在高考英语试题中,复合句占有较大的比例,复习时应该注意:
1.倡发散思维,忌单向思维,考各种从属句,常常是不同类型的连接词语正误连缀而至,如果不抓住这一点,不从多方面思考选择,就容易以偏概全, 误入歧途。
2.弄清主从复合句中的每一个从属连接词的意思、用法、主句与从句在时态上的呼应、语气、是否需要倒装、固定搭配及逻辑常识等。
3.熟记句型及特殊表达形式。
4.注意各分句之间的特点及区别。
5.注意有些连接词的省略情况及省略后某些语序发生的变化。
总之在做习题时,不能生搬硬套,一成不变,要全方位的思考,摸清出题者的意图,灵活机动,随着不同的语言环境而变化。
定语从句是在复合句中使其修饰的某一名词或代词代表一个(些)或一类特 定的人或东西。在做定语从句 的练习时,首先应该找出先行词,然后再确定选择关系代词或关系副词。能够引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词有 who,whom,whose,that,which,when,why,where。
1.She heard a terrible noise,____brought her heart into ber mouth.(M
A.it B.which C.this D.that
选B.在非限定性定语从句中,关系代词用which不能用that。
2.He paid the boy $ 10 for washing ten wiondows,most of____hadn't cleaned for at least a y ear.(MET'90)
A.these B.those C.that D.which
选D.如果选A、B、C,整个句子不符合语法要求,因为有一个"逗号", 不是并列句,因此只能是一 个非限定性定语从句,在非限定性定语从句中关系代词一般用which。
3.His parents wouldn't marry anyone____family was poor.(MET'88)
A.of whom B.whom c.of whose D.whose
选D.因为whose作family的定语。
4.Finally the thief handed in everything____he had stolen to thepolice.(MET'87)
A.after B.what C.whatever D.that
选D.因为A、B、C不能引导定语从句。先行词everything,关系代词 that在从句中作宾语。当先行词 是不定代词all,anything,nothing,everything,something等,关系代词只能由that引导。
5.All____is needed is a supply of oil.(MET'89)
A.the thing B.that C.what C.which
选B.All作先行词,关系代词由that引导。
6.In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions____were asked in French.(85年 )
A.where B.who C.in which D.which
选D.question是先行词,在从句中作主语,所以应用which引导。
7.The man____talked to you just now is an engineer.(80年) A.who B.where C.which D.what
选A.先行词是man。在从句中作主语,所以选who。
8.The word"write"has the same pronunciation____the work"right". (84年)
A.of B.as C.to D.from
选B.先行词中含有such,the same时,或先行词被such,the same修饰时,关系代词用as引导。
9.Watch the girl and her dog____are crossing the bridge. A.which B.who C.they D.that
选D.当先行词含有"人"和"物"时,关系代词用that。
10.This dictionary,a few pages____are missing,is of no use.
A.among which B.of which C.which D.in which
选B.dictionary是先行词,which是关系代词,a few pages of which(diciotnary)。
11.You may take____book you like.
A.which B.only c.whichever D.what
选C.复合关系代词本身兼有先行词。whichever=anything that,whatever=anything that,whoever=any one who,whomever=anyone whom,whosever=anyone whose。
12.This is the best dictionary____I've ever bought.
A.with which B.that C.which D.when
选B.先行词是dictionary,因为先行词前有最高级、序数词、only,very,any等修饰时,关系代词用tha t。
13.I still remember the day____I first came to Beijing.
A.which B.that C.when D.where
选C.先行词the day,在定语从句中作状语,所以选when。当先行词是时间名词或地点名词时,关系词选 用when或where,that或which,主要取决于在定语从句中所作成份,如果作宾语,用that或which,作状语用wh en或where。 如:
(1)I still remember the days that/which we spent in the countryside.
先行词是the days,spent是及物动词,that/which作spent的宾语。
(2)This is the place where I lived three years ago.
先行词是place,lived是不及物动词,where在从句中作状语。
(3)This is the place that/which we visited three years ago.
先行词是place,visited是及物动词,that/which在从句中作宾语。
14.____,Charles Dickens was an English writetr.
A.It's knownn to all B.It's known that C.We all know D.As isknown to all
选D.as引出非限定性定语从句,表示"正如……那样”。类似的还有:asyou know,as you see,as can be known,as has been pointed out,as is known to all等。
15.I don't like the way____you laughed
at her.
A.which B.in that C.where D.that
选D.先行词是the way,表示方式,可用that(可省)或in which来引导一个定语从句。如果先行词是时 间或原因,也可用that(可省)或when或 why来引导定语从句。如:
(1)This was the reason that/why he was late yesterday.
(2)This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
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英语和汉语是两种不同的语言。每种语言都有各自独立和分明的系统,在形态和句法方面二者存在很大差异。然而,两种语言之间又存在一些相似性。比如在主谓词序和动宾词序上是一致的。正是由于英汉两种语言既有共同点又有不同点,所以在翻译实践中,我们不能千篇一律地使用一种方法进行翻译。直译和意译是重要的翻译理论和基本的研究主题。直译是既保持原文内容、又保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。
意译,也称为自由翻译Free Translataion,它是只保持原文内容、不保持原文形式的翻译方法或翻译文字。直译Literal Translation与意译相互关联、互为补充,同时,它们又互相协调、互相渗透,不可分割。通过对直译与意译二者关系的正确研究,更多地认识了解到什么时候采用直译、什么时候采用意译,在运用直译与意译的时候所应该掌握的技巧、遵循的原则和应该注意的问题,最终达到提高翻译能力及水平的目的。
下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的语言文化论文:Literal Translation And Free Translataion。仅供大家参考!
Literal Translation And Free Translataion(直译和自由翻译) 全文如下:
How to use literal translation and free translation proper?
People often discuss literal translation and free translation. We lay stress on how to handle two different kinds of language. And which way of translation is better to use to translation a sentence. Especially, target language must express what source language meams, distortion is not allowed. Literal translation and free translation are two main forms of translation. They are not repulsive, contrarily, they are complementary. Translation literally,if possible,or appeal to free translation. Literal translation retains original skill. So it is get on for original. When literal translation, encounter some obstades, people often use free translation.
Free translation expresses general idea of the original, and can be accepted by readers. A good translation composition contains literal translation and free translation.
1. What is the conception of literal translation and free translation?
2. How to use literal translation properly?
2.1 Translate literally,if possible.
2.2 Literal translation≠word-for-word translation.
2.3 Some sentences should not translate literally.
3. How to use free translation properly?
3.1 If it has some trouble to understand a sentence in using literal translation, use free translation.
3.2 Don not add personal enmotion to the original works.
3.3 Free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language.
If use literal translation and free translation proper, you will success in translating a composition.
Literal translation/Free translation/Source language/Targer
language/Word-for-word/Original
Literal translation and free translation are two basic skills of translation. Literal translation refers to translate a sentence originally, keep the original message form, including construction of sentence, meaning of the original words, metaphor of the original and so on. Translation would be fluent and easy to comprehend by target language readers.
Free translation refers to, according to the meaning of the original, without paying attention to the details and translation would also be fluent and natural. Free translation need not pay attention to the form of the original, including construction of the original sentences,meaning of the original works, matapher of the original and so on . But free translation does not mean to delete or add content to the original and translators must consider the original carefully, know its stress, translate it natually, express the meaning of the original. Free translation is a skill which translators must know the culture of both source language and target language, and must have extensive knowledge.
When translating, should not use literal translation completely or use free translation completely. According to the passage which you are translating, you should use literal translation frequently and use free translation when neccessary.
But what kind of translation is literal translation? And what kind of translation is free translation?
For example:①
1) Don't lock the stable door after the hourses has been stolen.
Literal translation: 不要等马被盗后,才去锁楖门.
Free translation: 不要贼走关门.
2) Smashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor it is a way to make social problem evaporate.
Literal translation: 砸镜子不能使丑八怪变漂亮,也不能使社会问题烟消云散.
Free translation: 砸镜子并不能解决实际问题.
Form the example 1), free translation is better than literal translation. From the example 2), literal translation is better than free translation. But how to use literal translation and free translation? There is a sentence:"Translate literally,if possible, or appeal to free translation."
2.1 Translate literally, if possible.
Why translate, if possible? What is the advantage of literal translation?
Generally, rhetoric is often used in a passage to make the passage lively. Literal translation retains the rhetoric of the original, so it is lively as the original. But free translation only expresses the general idea of original, lively rhetoric of the original disappeared. So generally speaking, literal translation is a good choice in translation.
For example:②
3) For ma father know and I know that if you only dig enough a pasture can be made free.
Literal translation: 因为我父亲知道,我也知道,只要挖到一定程度,早晚可以在这里辟出个牧场的.
Free translation: 因为我父亲知道,我也知道,功到自然成.
4) For Kino and Juana this was the meaning of morning of their lives, comparable only to the day when the baby had been born.
Literal translation: 在Kino和Juana看来,这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨,只有宝宝出生的那一天,才可以与之媲美.
Free translation: Kino和Juana以为,这一天非常重要.
Free translation of examples 3) and 4), only express the general idea of the original sentences. It is too simple. Metaphor and discribtion of the original sentences hava dissappeared. After free translation, it was inferior and dull. So it is undesirable. But the literal translation of example 3) and 4) is clearer than the free translation. Actually, literal translation is the chief way of translation. It is close to the original, lively and natural. It is acceptable. Acceptableness is very important in translation. From theory of translation angle, translation is a theroy which uses target language to express the idea, content and style of source language.It should accord with the culture and customs of the target language. Translation not only does express the idea and style of the original message, but also need to accord with the culture and customs of the target language, so that the translation can easy be accepted by target language readers. Because the differences of two languages, sometimes it is difficult to retain the idea and style of the source language. The advantage of literal translation is that almostly retain the idea and style of the original. So most of translators like to use literal translation.
From all above, that is the reason of "translate literally, if possible."
2.2 Literal translation≠word-for-word translation.
At first, which kind of translation is word-for-word translation? Word-for-word translation is that: When translating, consider every words. Every words of source language is translated cooridnatly.
For example:③
5) It was an old and ragged moon.
Word-for-word translation: 那是一个又老又破的月亮.
6) Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth.
Word-for-word translation: 他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣.
From the example 5) and 6), we know word-for-word translation does not do any changes to source language. The form is close to the original, but it does not express the meaning of the source language. Strictly speaking, it is not translation. Nevertheless, some translation which did some change to source language and the structure of target language is also the same as source language, the translation is smooth, but the meaning and the style are far from the original, usually, target language readers did not know what it said. This is also word-for-word translation.
For example: ④
7) Every atom of your flesh is as dear to me as my own: in pain and sickness it would still be dear.
Word-for-word translation: 你的肉中的每一个原子,对我来说,都像我自己一样亲;即使在病痛中,仍然是亲的.
8) Being a teacher is being present at the creation, when the clay begin to breathe.
Word-for-word translation: 当一名教师意味着是创造的见证人,他目睹人体开始呼吸,开始了生命.
Translation of 7) and 8) are smooth. But they do not accord with the expressive way of Chinese. It is word-for-word translation.
From all above, word-for-word translation is so starchy, goes after the form of source language that it never think of the effect of target language. Because word-for-word translation does not accord with the expressive way of target language, it is obscure, hard to understand it even makes target language readers did not know what does translator want to express. Word-for-word translation makes target language readers confused. It is unqualified translation.
Literal translation also keeps the general form of source language,and keeps the structure and the metaphor of the original. But literal translation does make some neccessary adjustment, make target language smooth, clean and acceptable. After reading, target language readers can have almost the same feeling as the source language readers. But word-for-word translation only translate word by word, it is stiff and unitelligible. Quality of literal translation is good. Word-for-word translation is inferior. Literal translation and word-for-word translation can give different feeling to target language readers. All translation which is hard to accept, which have bad effect, which message is indistinct, which meaning is far from the original is word-for-word translation. This kind of translation is abortive.
Some translation though that all translation keeps the form of the original is literal translation. That is erroneous. They confuse the conception of literal translation with word-for-word translation. These translators translate like this: first, they look up the meaning of every word of source language in dictionary. Then, they combine the meaning of every word, never do any change. They do not know what translation is, so word-for-word translation emerge. But excellent translators know the meaning of the original. When translating, they do some neccessary adjustment, make target language clearer, smooth and acceptable. They know the difference between word-for-word translation and literal translation. They can use literal translation properly, it is a skill of translation.
All in all. literal translation is not word-for-word translation. Literal translation is acceptable and nimble.
2.3 Some sentences should not translate literally.
Some source language sentences are very difficult to translate literally. It only though of the meaning of surface, translate it literally, the result is unintelligible and indistinct. Some sentences do not accord with expressive way in target language. Different country has different culture,different language, different custom and different way to express the same meaning, different language has different way about metaphors, and has different idioms. In China, people usually use some idioms to describe an event or a person. So do in abroad. But Chinese idioms are unintelligible in western countries. In these suituations, if translate literally, usually, it would have bad effect and be unacceptable. When target language readers read, they could not know the exact meaning of source language. Because the message which target language express was vague.
There are two examples: ⑤
9) Our son must go to school. He must break out of the pot that hold us in.
Literal translation: 我们的儿子一定得进学校,他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子.
Free translation: 我们的儿子一定要上学,一定要出人头地.
10) Their legs mored a little jerkily, like well-made wooden dolls, and they carried pillars of blank fear about them.
Literal translation: 他的腿轻轻痉挛地移动着,像做得很好的木偶一样,他们随身携带着黑色的恐怖柱子.
Free translation: 他们每向前迈一步,腿就抖动一下,好似精制的木偶一样,他们身上带着一股阴沉的杀气.
From the two examples, literal translation is unintelligible even absurd. But after had translated it freely, translation became cleaner, smooth, acceptable and accord with the culture of target language.
But in which suituation translators should not translate literally? How to use literal translation correctly?
Any source language which does not accord with the expressive way of target language should not use literal translation. For example: In example 9), "Break out the pot that hole us in", it is an English idiom, it means do something successful. But how to translate it into Chines?There is also an idiom in China. It almost has the same meaning as"Break out of the pot that hold us in". It is "出人头地". So when translating that sentence translators should not use literal translation, translators should use free translation.
And how to use literal translation correctly? First, know source language and target language culture as much as possible and translators should have extensive knowledge with the problems which the original wrote or talk about, translators should be conversant. We often have experience like that: Because lake of some knowledge that somebody talking about, even after others explained, we still did not know or understand. So before translators translating some materials, especially some proffessional materials translators must grasp some knowledge about the materials. For example, if translate some materials about economy,translators should know some knowledge about economy; if translate some material about news, translators should know some knowledge about news;if translate some professional materials,translators should know some knowledge about that proffession, or be an export of that proffession. If translator was a man who did not know something about the material which he wanted to translate, his translation would be unqualified. Second, comprehend source language message correctly and thoroughly. It is very important. Translators should not only know the surface meaning of the original and translators should read through the surface, know what does the original want to express. If a translator does only know surface meaning of the original and translate it literally, his translation would be correspondingly. After target language reader read his translation, they would be confuse and have different feeling between the original and the translation or even have erroneous comprehension.
Translation is different from reading. When we reading, it no matter how much we understand or can be understand or have erroneous comprehension. Because level of the readers is limited. Reading is only a feeling of himself. But translation affects others. Instead of the original author, translation is a man retell source language massage to target language. So translators should comprehened the source language message deeply and thoroughly, then retell the meaning of the source language correctly and close to the source language message. If a translator comprehened the source language just a little nmbiguiously,translation would be different from the source language message. Therefore, comprehension is very important. If translators had false comprehension to the source language message, his translation could be far from the original. This will lead his translation to be unqualified.
At last, enhance acceptability of translation. From above we know that translation should accord with the expressive way of target language, so that it can be easily accepted by target language readers. Actually, it is not difficult to retain the style of the original. But it is difficult to translate the original accord with target language expressive way. A translator who has abandant experience can surmount obstacle between two language. An excellent translator must have done his best effort on his translation. This is translators' duty. An excellent translator has practised a lot on how to handle the problems in translation. Excellent translation are acceptable.
From all above, literal translation is a basic skill of translation. It keeps the form of source language, including construction of sentences, mataphor. Sometimes it should do some neccessary change to the original, make the translation accord with the expressive way of target language. So make the translation acceptable. A translation which translated literally is close to the original. But literal translation is not omnipotent. Some sentences should not translate literally, because these sentences contained idioms which are different in source language and target language. Translators should have extensive knowledge. Comprehened source language message correctly and thoroughly, enhance acceptability of translation. If translators want to use literal translation properly and skillfully, they must comprehened all above, and have some practice. After all, practise is the most important aspect intranslation.
3.1 If it was some trouble to understand a sentence in using literal translation, use free translation.
In which suituation the translators can not use literal translation? When some sentences that the way of expressive between source language and target language are different, should not use literal translation. If use literal translation, target language readers would have some trouble to understand, then make the translation unacceptable. In these suituation, free translation should in use. Free translation expresses the general idea of the original according to the meaning of the original, and does not pay attention to the details. But translation should be fluent and natural.
There are two examples:⑥
11) I gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave her ( my wife ) my old age.
Literal translation: 我把青春献给海洋,我回家的时候便把老年给了我的妻子.
Free translation: 我把青春献给海洋,等我回到家里见到妻子的时候,已经是白发苍苍了.
12) Maybe Kino has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.
Literal translation: 也许Kino会割掉自己的脑袋,把自己毁了.
Free translation: 也许Kino走了绝路,自己毁了自己.
From the example 12), the original "cut off his head" means have done something badly, felt into predicament. If a translator translated the original literally, his translating would make target language readers confused, after reading, target language readers would feel unacceptable. So translators should use free translation in the example 11) and 12). Because free translation can tell the ture meaning to target language readers.
Some sentences, if translate literally are also fluent and natural that it seems these sentences should translate literally. But translated these sentences literally could not express the deep meaning of the original. If we use freetranslation,effect would be better than literal translation. Free translation could express the deep meaning of the original sentences.
For example: ⑦
13) Cast pearls before swine.
Literal translation: 把珍珠扔到猪面前.
Free translation: 对牛弹琴.
14) Barbara was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.
Literal translation: Barbara嘴里叼着银调羹出生的.
Free translation: Barbara出生最富贵人家.
Example 13) and 14) are metaphor, have deep moral. If translated literally, translations are fluent and natural, but it could not express the deep meaning of the oroginal, it is unadvisable.
There is another suituation which should use free translation: a sentense that use idioms.
For example:⑧
15) Something unexpected may happen ang time.
Free translation: 天有不测风云.
Literal translation: 一些没有预料到的事会随时发生.
In English, this sentence is very common. But if translated it literally into Chinese, it did not accord with the habit of expressive. On the contrarary, it would be unitelligible and would not achive the effect of the original. It would make target language readers inappreciatable. But in the example 15), free translation used a Chinese idioms, after reading target language readers would comprehened and have nice feeling. So free translation is a good choice when literal translation could not be used.
3.2 Don not add personal emotion to the original works.
Translation is a brige between source language and target language. Task of translation is to express the meaning and manifestation of the source language message by target language. The translation should give target language readers almost the same feeling as source language readers. If target language readers and source language readers had almost the same feeling after reading the translation, it was successful. If target language readers and source language readers had different feeling after reading the translation, it showed the translation was unqualified. From the angle of translation, actually, the feeling of readers can judge a translation. So the feeling of readers is the standard of translation.
Tough free translation gives some leeways to translators. Translators should comprehened the original thoroughly, and use the leeways correctly. Some translators usually use the leeways incorrectly. They often add their personal emotion to the original works. So translation was subjunctive and different as the original. It was unqualified translation. Because if translators added their personal emotion to the original works that the meaning of the original message had been changed by translators. After reading, target language readers might have different feeling between translation and the original. Those translations which added translator's own emotion were not according with the standard of translation. Translation should avoid to add personal emotion to the original works.
3.3 Free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language.
Free translation gives translators some leeways. Translators should use then correctly. Not only should translators comprehened the meaning of the original message, but also they should be provided with extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language. Especially, on literature works, translators should be provided with literature training, and they also should know extensive literature knowledge. A translator who wanted to translate a literature composition should do his effort to accumulate something about history, geography, custom, natural style and features, tranditional culture and so on about the literature composition. In additional, translators should know the background of age and the author, style of the anthor. More extensive knowledge the translators have, more thoroughly he can comprehend the meaning of the original.
Free translation is a skill in translation. Translators should first comprehend the original thoroughly, then translate it correctly by target language, and acceptablely comprehend the original thoroughly is on the basis of extensive knowledge and excellent literature training. Some successful translators, when they were translating they did the research on the original author at the same time. After translating, they became on expert to the author and his composition. This spirit is worthly to study.
Let's see some examples:⑨
16) When the going gets tough, the tough getsgoing.
Free translation: 沧海横流方显英雄本色.
The words"going" and "tough" have different meaning. The translator used a sentence in a Chinese poem to translate this sentence.
17) Faults are thick where love is thin.
Free translation: 一朝情义淡, 样样不顺眼.
18) You can fool all the people some of the time and some of the people all the time, but you cannot fool all the people all the time.
Free translation: 骗人一夕一事易,欺众一生一世难.
19) Out of the FULLNESS of the heart the mouth speaks.
Free translation: 盈于心则溢于言.
The example above are all free translation. Translators translated them not only smoothly and fluently, but also acceptable and accordingly with Chinese culture. In addition, translators should know extensive idioms about both source language and target language. Different countries have different idioms. So in translation, some idioms are unable to translate literally. Translators should change the original form into another form which is easy to be accepted by target language readers. Thereby, convey the purpose of the original wanted to express.
For example: ⑩
20) When in Rome, do as the Romes do.
Free translation: 入乡随俗.
21) A cat on hot bricks.
Free translation: 热锅上的蚂蚁.
22) To expect one's son to become an outstanding personage.
Free translation: 望子成龙.
23) The dog that will feech a bone will carry a bone.
Free translation: 以你说别人坏话的人,也会说你的坏话.
Free translation does not strachy the form of the original. If translators want to use free translation proficiently. You'd better grasp extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language.
If using literal translation and free translation proper, you will succeed in translating a composition. The mostimportant in translation is the way in which how to dear with the complex problems of equivalence between the source and target articles. But complete identity of message is important, even use literal translation on the designative level of imformative function one can only aim at the closet approrimotion and in general it is posible to obtain a functionally satisfactory correspondace.
Literal translation is a good choice to translate lively and closely, as the original. It retains the idea, style and rhetoric of the original. Translators should grasp it. Literal translation is not word-for-word translation. Sometimes, translators should do some change in translation so that they can make the translation more acceptable. Word-for-word translation is unqualified. Not all sentences can translate literally. Some sentences, if used literal translation would not be according with the culture of target language. Especially for some idioms. Translators should have extensive knowledge, comprehend the original thoroughly. Especially in translating some proffessional materials.
Free translation is a skill. It need not pay more attention to the form of the original and the details. But free translation should accord with target language culture and customs. Then target language readers can accept translation easily. Though free tranlation gives leeways to translators, they should not add personal emotion to the original works. Because if translators added their own emotion to the translation, target language readers and source language readers would have different feeling. So the translation is unqualified. Free translation also needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language. Translators should be proviede with literature training. Especially knowing some idioms in both target language and source language is very important.
Literal translation and free translation are two different way in translation. An excellent translation includs this two kinds of translation. An excellent translator could use these two kinds of way properly and proficiently. No translators can use literal translation and free translation proficiently at beginning. All successful translators have practised lots. When they were translating, they accumulated experience and knowledge. After they have translated some composition, they accumulate extensive knowledge. So translators needs practise. And both content and style are insparaby linked in any text, and success in translation means dealing creatively with both of these aspect of communication.
① P91 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.
② P92 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.
③ P88 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.
④ P88 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.
⑤ P102 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.
⑥ P92 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.
⑦ P95 Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press.
⑧ From:http://www.si-china.net/schools/maoya.htm
⑨ From:http://www.si-china.net/schools/maoya.htm
⑩ From:http://www.si-china.net/schools/maoya.htm
ABSTRACT
This aretical is about literal translation and free translation and how to use literal translation and free translation properly. literal translation is a good choice to use, it keeps the original message form. But literal translation is not word-for-word translation. Some sentences should not translate literally. Because these sentences contain some idioms or not according with the custom of target language. Then, translaors should use free translation. Free translation is a translation skill which is active. But free translation can not add personal emotion to the original works. Translation must be acceptable which use free translation. And free translation skill needs extensive knowledge and culture of both source language and target language. If a translator wants to use literal translation and free translation proficiently, practise is the most important.
Fanzhongyan 1994 Foreign Language Teaching And Researching Press
1985 Shanghai Translation Press
Nida,Eugene A. 1991 Translation:Possible and Impossible
Elliott,Marion & Peter Strutt. , William Collins Sons and Co.Ltd.,1984
Zhuguangqian
Charlotte Bronte
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副词(Adverb)是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词,用以修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句,表示时间、地点、程度、方式等概念。副词可分为:时间和频率副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词、关系副词、表顺序的副词、常用于完成时的副词。下面是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:英语-ly副词与其同源副词的用法比较相关论文。仅供大家参考!
英语中有一些表示方式、 程度的副词具有两种形式。 如late,lately; high,highly;slow,showly等 等。在这些词当中,两种不同形式所表达的含 义有的完全不同,有的很相似,而有的却完全一致。这就给人们 使用这些词时 带来一定的麻烦。特别是在学生中间,总免不了使用时的混淆。笔者想就此问题 分类作一点探讨 。
(一)本类词有hard,hardly;late,lately;most,mostly等等,这两 种副词形式含义完全不同,所以 ,使用时不易引起混淆。
1.He works hard all day.他整天都在使劲地干活。
He hardly works at all.他很少干活。
2.You have come too late.你来得太晚了。
Have you see him lately?你最近见到过他吗?
3.The person who talks most is often the one who doesleast.说得最 多的人常常干得最少。
The audience consisted mostly of women.观众大部分是女的。
4.The next flight dose not go direct to Tokyo; it goes byway of Shanghai.下趟航班不直飞东京 ,而是绕道上海。
He will be here directly.他马上就来。
5.The rider pulled his horse up short.骑手突然一下把马勒住。
Make a right turn shortly beyond the village. 村前不远处往右拐。
6.Please stand clear of the gate.请不要站在门前。
He stated his view-point clealy.他很清楚明白地阐述了自己的观点。
7.The exam was pretty difficult.这次考试相当难。
Her little girls are always prettily dressed.她的小女孩穿着总是很 漂亮。
(二)这类词主要有wide,widely;close, closely ;high,highly等 等,这两种副词形式不同,含义 也有差别,但是没有第一类的区别明显,而且 翻译成汉语时用词也很接近。所以使用时很容易混淆。这类词含 义及用法上的 主要特点是:不带-ly的副词表示具体的行为和动作,说明的动作或状况有可测 量性和可见性;而 以-ly结尾的同源副词所表达的常常是抽象性的行为和状况。 这时,这些词大都具有"greatly"和"extremel y"的含义。试作如下比较:
1.Do you see that butterfly flying high above the street?你是否看 见那只蝴蝶在街道上方高高飞舞 着?
The distinguished guests were highly praised.贵宾们受到了高度赞扬。 2.He flung the door wide open.他猛地把门开得大大的。
We were widely different on many questions.我们在许多问题上分歧很 大。
3.You will have to pay dear for that telescope.买那个望远镜你得付 很高的价钱。
You will pay dearly for the insult. 对这样的侮辱你将付出高昂的代价。
4.She stood close against the wall.她紧挨着墙站着。
The police were watching him closely.警察在密切监视他。
5.The bird is now flying quite low.鸟儿现在飞得非常低。
He bowed lowly before the queen.他谦恭地给女王鞠了一躬。
6.They had to dig deep to reach water.他们挖得很深才挖到水。
You have offended him deeply.你冒犯他可不轻。
7.Grace is holding tight to Paul.格雷斯紧紧地搂抱着保罗。
The passengers were packed tightly in the train.火车车箱里挤满了乘 客。
8.Mr. Cole tends to speak rather loud.科尔先生说话声音总是很大。
Mr. Cole boasted loudly of his power. 科尔先生大肆夸耀自己的权力。
(三)这类词主要有slow,slowly;quick,quickly等等异形同义词。当 然,现代英语的语言规范性要求 用以-ly 结尾的副词来修饰动词,但由于句子 结构以及搭配的不同,使用时也具有不同的倾向性。在此,主要 探讨一下在什 么情况下常使用不带-ly的副词形式。同时, 把第二类中一些适应于下列规则 的词也包括进去。 总的说来,倾向于使用不带-ly副词形式的情况大致有下列 四种:
Ⅰ 用作比较级或最高级时:
1.Allen was walking quickly, but George was walking evenquicker.艾伦走得很快,但乔治走得更快 。
2.The men were quarreling loudly, but the policemenshouted louder.那些人在大声争吵着,但 是警察喊叫得更响。
3.The car went slower and slower until it came to a stand still.汽车走得越来越慢,最后停了下 来。
4.Let's see who can run quickest.我们来看看谁跑得最快。
5.We must look closer at the problem. 我们必须更加仔细地查看这一问
题。 Ⅱ 有"so"或"too"修饰时:
1.It all happened so quick that I could do nothing. 这一切发生得如 此之快以致于我手足无措无
法 对付了。
2.It is impossible to overtake him; your car goes tooslow.不可能赶 上他了,你的车太慢了。
3.Don't talk so loud; the child is in bed now.别这样大声说话,孩子 已经睡了。
Ⅲ 用于修饰表示移动、天气等常用动词时:
1.Come quick; we are waiting for you. 快来,我们在等你。
2.Drive slow; this part of the road is dangerous.车开慢一点,这段 路很危险。
3.The sun shines bright.阳光明媚。
4.When we left the shelter, the snow was falling thickand the wind was blowing cold.我们 离开那棚屋时,正下着大雪,刮着寒风。
5.Business is going strong.生意兴隆。
Ⅳ 在固定词组中或当用于修饰它经常固定搭配的动词时:
1.Take it easy.不要紧张。
2.Stand firm and hold it tight.站稳抓牢。
3.He often plays high.他赌注常下得很大。
4.The secretary copied the rough draft of her manager outfair.秘书 把经理那份粗潦的草稿很清 楚地誊写出来。
5.They were drinking deep in the fort deep into the night.他们在城 堡中痛饮到深夜。
通过观察,以上三类词中第一类较易区别、掌握和使用。对于后两类词,在 判别使用哪一种副词形式时一 般可以考虑以下几个原则:
第一是具体性与抽象 性的原则。在表示实实在在的物体活动、位置移动或具体可见 的状况和变化时, 常使用不带-ly的副词形式,如:climb high,live close by,open wide,sink deep,tu rn sharp right;反之,具有抽象含义的动词常用以-ly结尾的副词, 如:think highly of,look closely into,love dearly等等。
第二个原则就是常用固定搭配与灵活搭配的不同。 在一些固定词组或经常搭配使用 的词组中,不带-ly 的副词形式使用得很多, 如aim high,run high,fight fair,goeasy with,drink de ep,sleep sound 等等。第三个原则是口语体与标准体的使用区别。如有人说"Speak loudly and clearly. "也有人说"Speak loud and clear."对此情况难说谁对谁错,只能 说前一种说法属于规范性语体;而后一种 说法属于口语体。不带-ly 的简单形 式是早期英语遗留下来的口语体形式。例如现在还有人说"I badneed t his sort of material."就如G.O.寇姆在〈英语句法〉(Syntax)一书中说过的,带-ly 的副词是标准语或 好的口语, 但在松散的口语和大众语中人们仍然坚持使用没 有-ly的简单形式。
根据以上原则,可以解释为什么可以说"Don't talk so loud. "但必须说 "He protested/complained loudly。"Talk loud 是常用的搭配形式,而且talk一词的形象也比较具 体;protest与complain 则是搭配性 很强的词, 还常常和许多别的副词灵活 搭配, 如publicly,sharply,secretly等等。另外,这两个词比tal k更具 感情色彩,所以也就更具抽象性。
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所谓OA,即办公自动化(Office Automation),是办公工作处理的自动化,它利用先进的技术,使人的各种办公业务活动逐步由各种设备、各种人机信息系统来协助完成,达到充分利用信息,提高工作效率和工作质量,提高生产率的目的。然而很多企事业单位的OA系统开发建设完成后,没有有效的措施保障系统的推行,引发使用者的抵触,或者只重视系统软硬件建设,忽视信息化本身对于信息数据的需求,忽视了信息的收集、整理与利用,对数据、文档等资料的数字化转化没有引起足够的重视,使OA系统成为空壳,无法顺利应用实施。针对以上种种问题,本文拟从制度、数据、人员等方面对OA系统的实施提出一些建议。
OA系统实施时需要重点关注的有制度的保证、数据的支持,并辅以一些人性化的设计与管理,实施全面的人员培训,让OA系统能真正融入企事业单位日常工作中,达到提高内部工作效率、节约运营成本、规范企业管理、提高单位竞争力,加强员工凝聚力的作用。
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第三方控件顾名思义,“第三方”解释起来就好比“第三者”。 除了“我”和“你”之外的另外一方。 “我”指用户本身,“你”指系统软件本身。 另外一方相当于别的软件提供商。控件是用户可与之交互以输入或操作数据的对象。控件通常出现在对话框中或工具栏上。以下是读文网小编为大家精心准备的:浅谈基于第三方控件的Android数据库APP的设计与开发相关论文。内容仅供参考,欢迎阅读!
曾几何时,Delphi 是风靡全球的Window 应用程序的快速开发工具,它在数据库编程功能方面尤其强大。但是随着Java、.NET 等开发工具和平台的发展,Delphi 逐渐走向衰落。但是Delphi 并没有甘心衰落,随着Delphi XE 系列的面世,它不仅能够开发出Windows应用平台的软件,还可以开发出基于IOS、Android 和MAC OS 等操作系统的软件,尤其在数据库编程方面具有非常强大的能力。它支持几乎所有的数据库,不仅自带数据库控件,也支持第三方控件。下面将讲述使用Delphi XE5 平台和第三方数据库控件UniDAC 开发移动App。
文章使用的UniDAC 数据库控件是由重庆慧都控件网提供的试用版控件,该控件名为UniDAC(Universal Data Access Components),意为可以访问各种数据库。
第一步,先安装UniDAC。
第二步,启动Embarcadero RAD Studio XE5,新建项目:新建FireMonkey Mobile Application,选择Blank Application。保存项目为phone。在界面上添加UniConnection 和UniTable 两个控件(这两个控件均为第三方提供的数据库控件)。设置属性进行数据库的连接:本案例连接MySql 数据库。因此:将Provider 设置为“MySQL”;将Server 设置为10.194.131.125,如果需要访问则需要设置外网ip,不能设置为127.0.0.1 否则手机登移动终端无法访问Windows 平台的MySQL 数据库;Port 设置为3306,(Apache 端口是80,MySQL的端口是3306);Username 设置为root;Password 设置为root;Database 是要访问' 的数据库设置为db_exam (用于考试成绩查询)。单击connect 按钮。图中连接状态显示为绿色,表示数据库服务器连接成功、数据库选择成功。
设置connection1 的属性图4 Mobile Application 运行效果设置UniTable 控件的属性:Connection 属性设置为Connection1,用于通过Connection1 连接到数据库;设置tablename 为b 网络1 班(保存着网络1 班的考生成绩)。设置Active 为true。添加Edit,将Edit1 绑定到字段fenshu,显示分数为78。至此说明软件环境和网络环境是正常的。下面可以进行第三步。
第三步,添加按钮(Button1)。并编写程序如下。
procedure TForm2.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
beginuniconnection1.Connect; https://连接服务器
unitable1.Active:=true; https://激活unitable1
edit1.Text:=unitable1.FieldByName('fenshu').AsString;https://显示成绩到文本框end;
说明:为了确保程序运行正常,最好进行如下设置:在确信软硬件环境正常的情况下,在运行程序前断开UniConnection 对数据库服务器的连接,断开UniTtable 对UniConnection 的连接,通过代码来进行操作。此外还要配置程序运行环境。选择tool,选择options,将平台选择为Android,并连接手机到电脑。此外,计算机上必须安装Apache 和MySQL 数据库,并启动服务,设置数据库为允许远程访问。如果在外网上访问还需要外部IP 地址,如果在局域网访问则只需要连接wifi 即可。
第四步,编译并运行该Moblie Application 项目,如果有错系统会报错,如果没有错误系统将自动生成Android 安装文件project1.apk,并自动安装到手机,如果没有连接手机也可以手工安装。
第五步,手机上运行程序。
文章讲述了一种最简单的基于Delphi XE5 和UniDAC 控件的移动数据库App 的开发。UniDAC 是一系列第三方控件,它几乎可以访问所有数据库。Delphi XE5 不仅支持开发Android 应用,此外Delphi XE5 还支持开发IOS 和MAC OS 以及Windows 32 位和64位的应用软件。它可以应用于各种移动客户端的开发。作者将该系统应用于考试成绩查询系统,只要输入考生的班级、姓名和密码即可显示考生的成绩,使之和在线考试系统双剑合璧。
【浅谈基于第三方控件的Android数据库APP的设计与开发】相关
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【关键词】医学论文 数字用法
在医学论文撰稿中,数字(特别是阿拉伯数字)是经常使用的词类。数字用法的正确性与规范性是衡量论文质量的重要内容。笔者在编辑加工稿件过程中发现部分作者对数字的用法不够重视,来稿中存在着阿拉伯数字与汉字数字使用混乱现象,影响论文的质量。为引起作者对数字用法的重视,规范医学论文中数字的用法,提高医学论文质量,笔者根据《中国人民解放军医学期刊编排规则》[1]要求,参照《编辑工作手册》[2]和《科技期刊编辑系统工程》[3]中的相关内容,将医学论文中常见的阿拉伯数字及汉字数字的准确使用介绍如下。
3.1 5位数以上,尾数零多的数,可以用“万”、“亿”作单位,但不得以十、百、千、十万、百万、十亿等作单位,多位数阿拉伯数字不能在数字之间插用汉字。例如:3 579 000,可写成357.9万,但不能写成357万9千。
3.2 纯小数必须写出小数点前定位的“0”。数值有效位数末尾的“0”不能省略,应全部写出。例如:0.46不得写成.46、1.750不能写成1.75 等。
3.3 数值的修约方法不再使用旧的“四舍五入”法,而应按GB 8170?87的规则修约,其规则为:“4舍6入5看齐,5后有数进上去,尾数为零向左看,左数奇进偶舍弃”。例如:修约到一位小数,12.149修约为12.1;12.169修约为12.2;12.152修约为12.2;12.150修约为12.2;12.250修约为12.2。
3.4 附带长度单位的阿拉伯数值相乘时,每个数值后的单位不能省略。例如:40mm×20mm×30mm,不能写成40×20×30mm或 40×20×30mm3。
3.5 分数分号一般用斜线表示。例如:3/5 、不用35。
3.6 检验结果的构成比统一用小数表示,不用百分号。例如:白细胞分类,中性粒细胞75%应为0.75。
3.7 数字的增加和减少应注意用词的概念,增加可用倍数或百分数。例如:原来为100现在是200,应为增加了1倍或为增加了100%;减少不能用倍数,只能用百分数或分数表示。例如:原来为100现在是50,应为减少了50%或减少了1/2,不能用减少了1倍。
3.8 表示参数与偏差范围数值时的书写形式。(1)数值范围:例如:5至10应写成5~10;5万至10万应写成5万~10万,不能写成5~10万;3×109至5×109应为3×109~5×109,或(3~5)×109(以采用前者为宜),不能写成3~5×109;(2)百分数范围:例如:53%至86%,应写成53%~86%,不能写成53~86%;(3)具有相同单位的量值范围:例如:50mg至70mg,应写成50~70mg,不必写成50mg~70mg,同理10℃至20℃,应写成10~20℃,不必写成10℃~20℃,不能写成10°~20℃;(4)偏差范围:例如:15.2mm±0.2mm可写为(15.2±0.2)mm,但不得写为15.2±0.2mm,(25±1)℃不能写成25±1℃;(85±2)%不能写成85±2%。
3.9 数字上标、下标的书写形式。例如:青霉素80万u不能写成青霉素80万u,维生素B12不能写成维生素B12,白细胞计数4.0×109不能写成白细胞计数4.0×109等。
3.10 4位和4位以上的数字,采用三位分节法,节与节之间空半个阿拉伯数字的位置,不用“千分撇”(“,”)分节法。年份、部队代号、仪器型号、邮政编码等非计量数字不分节.
3.11 对星期序列的表示一律用汉字,不用阿拉伯数字。例如:星期三,不能用星期3来表示。
3.12 多位数阿拉伯数字书写的数值应避免断开移行撰写。
目前,医学论文中数字的使用比较混乱,尤其是在不该使用阿拉伯数字的地方使用阿拉伯数字,如在带“多”“余”“左右”的均数前使用阿拉伯数字等。为避免以上错误,作者在撰写医学论文时,应对有数字的地方反复琢磨,进行正确地书写,并充分考虑到全篇论文数字应用体例的统一,使医学论文中数字的用法规范化,从而提高医学论文和刊物质量的整体水平。
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