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下面是大学英语辩论赛比赛规则及具体流程,希望读文网小编整理的对你有用,欢迎阅读:
大学英语辩论赛比赛规则及具体流程
1)内容:观点陈述明确,有条理,论点和论据内容是否正确、充实,引用资料和实例是否恰当。 30%
2)技巧:语言连贯,反应迅速,辩手语言是否流畅,说理、分析是否透彻,反驳和应变能力是否强,说服力和逻辑性是否强。 20%
3)各队在POI环节中的识辩能力、说明能力和逻辑性是否强,接句是否合适,回答是否中肯,反驱是否有力、有理,反应是否机敏,用语是否得体。 20% 4)遵守比赛规则,准确把握时间。 10%
5)形象气质:仪表,着装整齐辩手的表情、动作是否恰当,是否有风度及幽默感。 10%
6)团队合作:全队各辩手的论点是否一致,结构是否完整,队员之间的配合、合作是否默契。 10%
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辩论赛有三人制,两人制,四人制,比较常见的是四人制,今天读文网小编给大家分享一些四人智辩赛的规则,希望对大家有所帮助。
1.时间提示
自由辩论阶段,每方使用时间剩余30秒时,记时员用计时板提示一次;用时满时,由主席终止辩手发言。攻辩小结阶段,每方使用时间剩余10秒时,记时员用计时板提示一次,用时满时,主席终止辩手发言。其它阶段,每方队员在用时尚剩30秒时,记时员用计时板提示一次,用时满时,主席终止辩手发言。终止声响时,发言辩手必须停止发言,否则作违规处理。
2.陈词
提倡即兴陈词,引经据典恰当。
3.开篇立论
开篇立论无须在理论的层面上过多纠缠。立论要求逻辑清晰,言简意赅。
4.攻辩
1).攻辩由正方二辩开始,正反方交替进行。
2).正反方二、三辩参加攻辩。正反方一辩作攻辩小结。正反方二、三辩各有且必须有一次作为攻方;辩方由攻方任意指定,不受次数限制。攻辩双方必须单独完成本轮攻辩,不得中途更替。
3).攻辩双方必须正面回答对方问题,提问和回答都要简洁明确。重复提问和回避问题均要被扣分。每一轮攻辩,攻辩角色不得互换,辩方不得反问,攻方也不得回答问题。
4).正反方选手战立完成第一轮攻辩阶段,攻辩双方任意一方落座视为完成本方攻辩,对方选手在限时内任意发挥(陈词或继续发问)。
5).每一轮攻辩阶段为1分30秒,攻方每次提问不得超过10秒,每轮必须提出三个以上的问题。辩方每次回答不得超过20秒。用时满时,以钟声终止发言,若攻辩双方尚未完成提问或回答,不作扣分处理。
6).四轮攻辩阶段完毕,先由正方一辩再由反方一辩为本队作攻辩小结,限时1分30秒。正反双方的攻辩小结要针对攻辩阶段的态势及涉及内容,严禁脱离比赛实际状况的背稿。
5.自由辩论
这一阶段,正反方辩手自动轮流发言。发言辩手落座为发言结束即为另一方发言开始的记时标志,另一方辩手必须紧接着发言;若有间隙,累积时照常进行。同一方辩手的发言次序不限。如果一方时间已经用完,另一方可以继续发言,也可向主席示意放弃发言。自由辩论提倡积极交锋,对重要问题回避交锋两次以上的一方扣分,对于对方已经明确回答的问题仍然纠缠不放的,适当扣分。
6.总结陈词
辩论双方应针对辩论会整体态势进行总结陈词;脱离实际,背诵事先准备的稿件,适当扣分。
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“外研社杯”全国英语辩论赛创始于1997年,每年举办一届,是目前国内规模最大、水平最高的英语口语赛事。今天读文网小编给大家分享一些“外研社杯”全国大学生英语辩论赛校园选拔赛组织规范,希望对大家有所帮助。
一、“外研社杯”全国大学生英语辩论赛校园选拔赛(下称校选赛)组织单位:
“外研社杯”全国大学生英语辩论赛的通知由团中央学校部下发至各高校团委。原则上,组织单位应为共青团各高校委员会,也可为各高校的英语学院(或英语系)。
二、校选赛举办形式:
校选赛可以有多种举办形式,目前主要有单一高校组织的校级规模的校选赛和多所高校联合组织的更大规模的校际联赛。
三、校选赛举办时间:
校选赛的举办时间一般为本年度10月至次年3月间。
四、校选赛参赛人群:
校选赛参赛人群为具有中国国籍的全日制在校大学本科生和研究生,专业不限。
五、注意事项:
1.校选赛应严格按照BP赛制进行选拔,相关赛制应在赛前作好培训。
2.校选赛应严格辩题审核,避免政治导向和文化安全问题,辩题不应涉及政治敏感内容。
3.单一高校组织的校选赛应组织不少于3轮比赛,应尽量安排前4名决赛对决。
4.多校组织的校际联赛应组织不少于5轮比赛,须安排前4名决赛对决。校际联赛没有保护原则,当同一赛场出现多支同校队伍时,不作排他处理。
5.所有参赛选手都应在大赛官网或微信平台注册报名,未注册报名的队伍,将不予以晋级资格。
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随着英语越来越广泛应用,用英语进行辩论的比赛也越来越普遍,今天读文网小编给大家分享一些英语辩论赛的程序和步骤,希望对大家有所帮助。
1、时间提示
自由辩论阶段,每方使用时间剩余30秒时,记时员以一次短促的铃声提醒;用时满时,以钟声终止发言。攻辩小结阶段,每方使用时间剩余10秒时,记时员以一次短促的铃声提醒,用时满时,以钟声终止发言。其它阶段,每方队员在用时尚剩30秒时,记时员以一次短促铃声提醒,用时满时,以钟声终止发言。终止钟声响时,发言辩手必须停止发言,否则作违规处理。
2、陈词
提倡即兴陈词,引经据典恰当。
3、开篇立论
由于本次比赛辩题大都富于生活化色彩,所以开篇立论无须在理论的层面上过多纠缠。立论要求逻辑清晰,言简意赅。
4、攻辩
(1) 攻辩由正方二辩开始,正反方交替进行。
(2)正反方二、三辩参加攻辩。正反方一辩作攻辩小结。正反方二、三辩各有且必须有一次作为攻方;辩方由攻方任意指定,不受次数限制。攻辩双方必须单独完成本轮攻辩,不得中途更替。
(3)攻辩双方必须正面回答对方问题,提问和回答都要简洁明确。重复提问和回避问题均要被扣分。每一轮攻辩,攻辩角色不得互换,辩方不得反问,攻方也不得回答问题。
(4)正反方选手战立完成第一轮攻辩阶段,攻辩双方任意一方落座视为完成本方攻辩,对方选手在限时内任意发挥(陈词或继续发问)。
(5)每一轮攻辩阶段为1分30秒,攻方每次提问不得超过10秒,每轮必须提出三个以上的问题。辩方每次回答不得超过20秒。用时满时,以钟声终止发言,若攻辩双方尚未完成提问或回答,不作扣分处理。
(6)四轮攻辩阶段完毕,先由正方一辩再由反方一辩为本队作攻辩小结,限时1分30秒。正反双方的攻辩小结要针对攻辩阶段的态势及涉及内容,严禁脱离比赛实际状况的背稿。
5、自由辩论
这一阶段,正反方辩手自动轮流发言。发言辩手落座为发言结束即为另一方发言开始的记时标志,另一方辩手必须紧接着发言;若有间隙,累积时照常进行。同一方辩手的发言次序不限。如果一方时间已经用完,另一方可以继续发言,也可向主席示意放弃发言。自由辩论提倡积极交锋,对重要问题回避交锋两次以上的一方扣分,对于对方已经明确回答的问题仍然纠缠不放的,适当扣分。
6、观众提问
观众提问阶段正反方的表现算入比赛成绩。观众提出的问题先经2位以上规则评委判定有效后,被提问方才能回答。正反方各回答两个观众提出的问题,双方除四辩外任意辩手作答。一个问题的回答时间为1分钟,如一位辩手的回答用时未满,其他辩手可以补充。
7、结辩
辩论双方应针对辩论会整体态势进行总结陈词;脱离实际,背诵事先准备的稿件,适当扣分。
看了“"英语辩论赛的程序和步骤"”
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“外研社杯”全国英语辩论赛创始于1997年,每年举办一届,是目前国内规模最大、水平最高的英语口语赛事。今天读文网小编给大家分享一些第十三届“外研社杯”英语辩论赛的辩题,希望对大家有所帮助。
1. Culture
a. THW require study of the traditional style Chinese writing.
b. TH opposes the private ownership of artifacts deemed to be national treasures.
c. THBT Shanzhai culture is bad for China.
2. Education
a. THW base teachers? pay on their students? performance.
b. THW make community service compulsory for all college students.
c. THBT Chinese compulsory education should be extended to 12 years
3. Economy
a. TH supports a new international trading currency.
b. THB that China should stop buying US debt.
c. China should issue consumption vouchers to stimulate the economy.
4. Global climate change
a. Developed nations should accept global warming refugees
b. Those affected by global climate change should have the right to sue major carbon-emitting nations.
c. China should cap its carbon emissions.
5. East Asia
a. Immediate elections are in Thailand抯 best interest.
b. ASEAN should expel Myanmar
c. Direct negotiations between the US and North Korea are preferable to the Six-Party Talks.
6. Family & Population
a. THBT women should be allowed to sell their eggs
b. TH would require the father抯 consent for abortions.
c. China should legalize marriage between homosexuals.
7. Crime & Punishment
a. Criminals sentenced to life imprisonment without parole should be allowed to choose death instead.
b. China should establish a national DNA database of all citizens for the purposes of criminal investigations.
c. This house would make parents liable for their children抯 crimes.
8. Governing & Government
a. THW make one-year military service a qualification for public servants.
b. TH would require government officials to make full financial disclosure to the public.
c. THW make all NPC representatives full-time, professional legislators.
9.Campus Life
a. China abolish English as a compulsory subject in postgraduate entrance examinations.
b. China make military training compulsory for all college students.
c. All major corporations operating in China should be required to offer student internships.
Octofinals: Medical service
a. China should ban hymen reconstruction surgeries.
b. China should legalize physician-assisted suicide.
c. The World Health Organization (WHO) should have the authority to quarantine in times of health crises.
Quarterfinals: Judiciary
a. China should apply capital punishment only to homicide cases.
b. China should fully establish a jury-by-peers system.
c. Judges should be elected.
Semifinals: International Issues
SEMIFINAL #1
a. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization should admit Iran as a full member.
b. The United Nations should take control of Jerusalem.
c. NATO should fully withdraw from Afghanistan before 2012.
SEMIFINAL #2
a. The USA should stop promoting democracy as part of their foreign policy.
b. Pre-emptive strikes on Somalia to curb piracy are justified.
c. This house supports Spain criminal prosecution of members of the Bush administration.
看了“"第十三届“外研社杯”英语辩论赛辩题"”
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“外研社杯”全国英语辩论赛创始于1997年,每年举办一届,是目前国内规模最大、水平最高的英语口语赛事。今天读文网小编给大家分享一下第十三届“外研社杯”全国英语辩论赛辩题,希望对大家有所帮助。
0. Campus Life
a. China abolish English as a compulsory subject inpostgraduate entrance examinations.
b. China make military training compulsory for allcollege students.
c. All major corporations operating in China shouldbe required to offer student internships.
1. Culture
a. THW require study of the traditional styleChinese writing.
b. TH opposes the private ownership of artifactsdeemed to be national treasures.
c. THBT Shanzhai culture is bad for China.
2. Education
a. THW base teachers? pay on their students? performance.
b. THW make community service compulsory for all college students.
c. THBT Chinese compulsory education should be extended to 12 years
3. Economy
a. TH supports a new international trading currency.
b. THB that China should stop buying US debt.
c. China should issue consumption vouchers to stimulate the economy.
4. Global climate change
a. Developed nations should accept global warming refugees
b. Those affected by global climate change should have the right to sue major carbon-emitting nations.
c. China should cap its carbon emissions.
5. East Asia
a. Immediate elections are in Thailand抯 best interest.
b. ASEAN should expel Myanmar
c. Direct negotiations between the US and North Korea are preferable to the Six-Party Talks.
6. Family & Population
a. THBT women should be allowed to sell their eggs
b. TH would require the father抯 consent for abortions.
c. China should legalize marriage between homosexuals.
7. Crime & Punishment
a. Criminals sentenced to life imprisonment without parole should be allowed to choose deathinstead.
b. China should establish a national DNA database of all citizens for the purposes of criminalinvestigations.
c. This house would make parents liable for their children抯 crimes.
8. Governing & Government
a. THW make one-year military service a qualification for public servants.
b. TH would require government officials to make full financial disclosure to the public.
c. THW make all NPC representatives full-time, professional legislators.
Octofinals: Medical service
a. China should ban hymen reconstruction surgeries.
b. China should legalize physician-assisted suicide.
c. The World Health Organization (WHO) should have the authority to quarantine in times ofhealth crises.
Quarterfinals: Judiciary
a. China should apply capital punishment only to homicide cases.
b. China should fully establish a jury-by-peers system.
c. Judges should be elected.
Semifinals: International Issues
SEMIFINAL #1
a. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization should admit Iran as a full member.
b. The United Nations should take control of Jerusalem.
c. NATO should fully withdraw from Afghanistan before 2012.
SEMIFINAL #2
a. The USA should stop promoting democracy as part of their foreign policy.
b. Pre-emptive strikes on Somalia to curb piracy are justified.
c. This house supports Spain抯 criminal prosecution of members of the Bush administration.
Finals
The PRC should ban the production, sale and consumption of all tobacco products.
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安乐死是医学界最有争议的问题之一,人们在对待安乐死上看法不一致。有些人认为他是对的,但其他的不这样认为。今天读文网小编给大家分享一篇有关安乐死的英语辩论赛,希望对大家有所帮助。
一、赞成
1.If a person loses the survivability of the community has not contributed to lose the meaning of life.reduce reliance on others and a burden on society.
如果一个人失去了生存能力,对社会没有了贡献,也就失去了生命的意义,减少对别人的倚赖和对社会的负担。
2.the complete elimination of euthanasia patients can be painful diseases, mental stress and depression thinking exists.
安乐死可以彻底消除病人的疾病痛苦,精神压力和思想懮愁
3.a person bound to die sooner or later die; One hundred dead, the living dead are free, patients and relatives reflex happy
人总难免一死,早晚都是死;一死百了,死人活人都解脱,患者与亲朋皆大欢
4.the lives of their own people, individuals have the right to end their lives, which is opposed to the human rights and personal freedom.
人的生命属于自己,个人有权结束生命,这是个人自由和独享的人权
5.we believe that euthanasia is a form of respect for life.
安乐死是尊重生命的一种方式。
6. 首先,从主观方面来讲,安乐死对于病人自身,是一种减少生命痛苦的方式。人,总是趋利避害的,没有人会说“我要去寻找痛苦,我要去远离快乐”。当一个人处于精神和躯体的极端痛苦之下,当生命的存在已成为一场噩梦,我们难道还要 提及道德和伦理吗?生存这个基本的“长度”都已经不能够维持,还要来谈及生命的宽度,还要去顾及伦理的重量吗?
First,from a subjective point of view.Euthanasia for the patients themselves, is a way to reduce human suffering.People always seek
advantages and avoid disadvantages, and no one would say, "I am going to look
painful, I had to go far from happy."When a person is
under extreme suffering in the body and the spirit, when the very existence of life has become a nightmare.Should we mention the
moral and ethical?The basic survival of the "length" are not able to maintain, but also to talk about the breadth of life,we still
have to take into account the weight of ethics?
7.We feel this suffering, we have come with this then you have no choice in the circumstances, we have chosen euthanasia.This is not contempt for life, nor is it moral decline.Instead, it was a time in the lives of torment and suffering to the loved ones around us to the people we love.more acceptable alternative to the road.Therefore, we believe that euthanasia is a form of respect for life.
我们感受着这种痛苦,我们体会着这个中滋味,在无法选择的情况下,我们选择了安乐死。这不是对生命的藐视,也不是道德的沦丧。反而,这是一种
在生命面临煎熬和磨难的时候,为我们身边的亲人,为我们爱着的人,选择另一条更容易接受的道路。因此,我方认为,安乐死是尊重生命的一种方式.
二、反对
1. Euthanasia is a rejection of the importance and value of human life
安乐死是拒绝了人类生活的意义和价值
2,"euthanasia" if legal form confirm down, may be some people use to depriving the life of others. In addition, to the understanding of the disease in humans is still very limited circumstances, without legal license and others end life, contrary to the right to live moral principles.
“安乐死”如果以法律形式确认下来,可能会被一些人利用,用以非法剥夺他人的生命。另外,在人类对疾病的认识还十分有限的情况下,未经法律许可而结束他人生命,有悖于生存权利的道德准则。
3.Oppose euthanasia people have argued that the euthanasia is a violation of the laws of nature and death against natural behavior, weaken the human overcome the disaster of the strength and courage.
反对安乐死合法化的人士则认为,安乐死是违反生老病死自然规律的反自然行为,削弱了人类战胜灾难的力量和勇气。
4.Euthanasia is disguised violations of the right to life
安乐死是变相侵害生命权
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要想参加一场英语的辩论赛就要提前知道它的流程是怎么样的?今天读文网小编给大家分享关于英语辩论赛流程的小知识,希望对大家有所帮助。
(一)阐明立场阶段(2分钟):
由双方一辩进行观点说明。也就是辩论双方针对辩论赛主题进行观点阐述。
1)正方一辩发言(1分钟)
第1分钟结束时--举牌提示,最后15秒--举牌提示。
2)反方一辩发言(1分钟)
第1分钟结束时--举牌提示,最后15秒--举牌提示。
(二)攻辩阶段(2分钟):
1)正方二辩选择反方二辩(1分钟)
提问时间为10秒,回答时间为50秒。
2)反方二辩选择正方二辩(1分钟)
同上
(三)自由辩论阶段(2分钟):
时间是双方各2分钟。由正反双方(四个辩手均可发言)自由轮流发言。发言辩手落座为发言结束,同时另一方开始发言,另一辩手必须紧接着发言,若有间隙,累计时间照常进行。同一方的发言次序不限。如果一方用时已完,另一方可以继续发言,也可以向主持人提出不发言。
(四)讨论时间(2分钟):
在讨论时间内,观众可向正反方各提一个问题,由双方选派一名选手作答。该环节主要是增加比赛观赏性,不影响比赛结果。
(五)结辩陈词阶段(2分钟):
由双方2辩进行结辩陈词。也就是辩论双方针对辩论赛整体态势进行总结陈词。
1)反方2辩总结(1分钟)
最后15秒--举牌提示。
2)正方2辩总结(1分钟)
最后15秒--举牌提示。
3、主持人致辞:
比赛结束。
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中文的辩论赛已经被很多人所崇拜了,那么英语的辩论赛是不是让更多的人望尘莫及呢?今天读文网小编给大家分享一些英语辩论赛中的小技巧,希望对大家有所帮助。
记得你这个是英语辩论赛,全程是用英语进行的,你的对手在你说话快的程度可能会听得到明白你在说话,但大部分听众对于你说得快的情况就会不知道你在说什么,这样就是失去辩论的意义。
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英语辩论赛不同于中文辩论赛,很多语言上的出错就可能导致这一场辩论赛的失败。今天读文网小编给大家分享一些英语辩论赛中的常用语,希望对大家有所帮助。
I’m not sure really.
Do you think so?
Well, it depends.
I’m not so certain.
Well, I’m not so sure about that.
I’m inclined to disagree with that.
No, I don’t think so really.?
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中文辩论赛不同于英文辩论赛,那么英语辩论赛的主席是怎么样发言的呢?今天读文网小编给大家分享一篇英语辩论赛主席的发言稿范文,希望对大家有所帮助。
Good afternoon boys and girls, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the English Speech contest of ~~~. Firstly, let’s introduce today's honorable leader and guests: the only leader and judge ,our teacher~~~~and all the schoolmates of class two , welcome!!! Now please welcome Ms ******* to give us a speech..
Thank you, Ms *******
This class will be our stage to show our strong ability in debating and I'm your chief judge.
I think you all have known the topic today Should different cultures Merge into each other or maintain their unique factures?
比赛要求
First,let`s introduce the two teams : Sit on my right hand side is the positive side, They hold the opinion different cultures should Merge into each other. Welcome!!
正方发言
thank you for the Wonderful opening of positive side.
Sit on my left hand side is the negative side, They hold the opinion different cultures should matain their unique factures. Welcome~!!!
反方发言
thank you for the Wonderful opening of negative side.
As everybody is ready now, here starts the debate. Let us listen to both sides of the opponent.
Then, entered the first stage, let's listen to the debater one of positive is how the first. Time for three minutes. Timing begins.###
Thank you for the wonderful speech. now let’s listen to the debater one of negative’s speech. time is also three minutes. Timing begins!
You can see the specification in speech, both the opponent is assurance. Next we will enter the test individual should debate the ability of attack of the argument. Please debater two of positive side select debater two or three of negative side to the questions. ##Time is one and half minutes. Timing begins!
Time is up! Please debater three of positive side select debater two or three of negative side to the questions. ##Time is one and half minutes. Timing begins!
Time is up!! Now Please debater two of negative side select debater two or three of positive side to the questions. Time is one and half minutes. the timer starts.
Time is up! Now Please debater three of negative side select debater two or three of positive side to the questions. Time is one and half minutes. the timer starts.
Time is up! Thank you, after just both a debate, next is their talent, is also the time for the most wonderful moments -- debate free debate. Well, now I declare the official start of free debate, please speak first square, time began.
Well, everyone audience, just this free debate has been very exciting, but both contestants on the fourth summary statement to be done, often more important. We start with four anti-party debate, and the time is 2 minutes, time began.
Thank you, we now please do contend for four square square summarizing statements, time is 2 minutes, timer starts.
Well, thank you for the wonderful debator, party win debates, please give everyone a objective and impartial judge the answer, please judges contestants and evaluation, and the audience friends, please wait a moment.
Below I announced a game best debator is:~~~The team won the game is: ~~~~
Up to now, the game has all over.
Once again thank guests as coming, thank you for your attention and support! Thank you!
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中文的辩论赛已经被很多人所崇拜了,那么英语的辩论赛是不是让更多的人望尘莫及呢?今天读文网小编给大家分享一些英语辩论赛中的小技巧,希望对大家有所帮助。
Clarity: Avoid use of terms which can be interpreted differently by different readers. When we are talking to people who substantially agree with us we can use such terms as "rednecks" or "liberals" and feel reasonably sure that we will be understood. But in a debate, we are talking to people who substantially disagree with us and they are likely to put a different interpretation on such words.
Evidence: Quoting an authority is not evidence. Quoting a majority opinion is not evidence. Any argument that starts with, "According to Einstein..." is not based on objective evidence. Any argument that starts with, "Most biologists believe..." is not based on objective evidence. Saying, "The Bible says..." is not evidence. Authorities and majorities can be wrong and frequently have been.
Emotionalism: Avoid emotionally charged words--words that are likely to produce more heat than light. Certainly the racial, ethnic, or religious hate words have no place in rational debating. Likewise, avoid argumentum ad hominem. Personal attacks on your opponent are an admission of intellectual bankruptcy. Also, slurs directed at groups with whom your opponent is identified are usually nonproductive. Try to keep attention centered on the objective problem itself. There is a special problem when debating social, psychological, political, or religious ideas because a person's theories about these matters presumably have some effect on his own life style. In other words, rather than saying "and that's why you are such an undisciplined wreck" say, "a person adopting your position is, I believe, likely to become an undisciplined wreck because ..."
Causality: Avoid the blunder of asserting a causal relationship with the popular fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc which declares that because some event A happened and immediately afterward event B happened that event A was the cause of event B.(I knew someone whose car stalled on the way to work. She would get out and open the hood and slam it and then the car would start. Singing a song would have been just as effective to allow time for a vapor lock to dissipate!) Also avoid the popular fallacy that correlation proves causation. People who own Cadillacs, on average, have higher incomes than people who don't. This does not mean that if we provided people with Cadillacs that they would have higher incomes.
Innuendo(影射):Innuendo is saying something pejorative about your opponent without coming right out and saying it but by making more or less veiled allusions to some circumstance, rumor, or popular belief. If you want to see some excellent examples of innuendo, watch Rush Limbaugh. Politicians are, unfortunately, frequently guilty of using innuendo. It is an easy way to capitalize on popular prejudices without having to make explicit statements which might be difficult or impossible to defend against rational attack.
Be sure of your facts. What is the source of your information? If it is a newspaper or a magazine, are you sure that the information hasn't been "slanted" to agree with that publication's political bias? Where crucial facts are concerned, it is best to check with more than one source. Often international publications will give you a different perspective than your hometown newspaper. Check to see whether the book you are using was published by a regular publishing company or whether it was published by some special interest group like the John Birch Society or a religious organization. These books cannot be trusted to present unbiased evidence since their motivation for publishing is not truth but rather the furtherance of some political or religious view.
Understand your opponents' arguments. It is good practice to argue with a friend and take a position with which you do not agree. In this way you may discover some of the assumptions your opponents are making which will help you in the debate. Remember that everybody thinks that his position is the right one, and everybody has his reasons for thinking so.
Do not impute ridiculous or malevolent ideas to your opponent.
An example of this is the rhetorical statement, "Have you stopped beating your wife?" This imputes or presupposes that your opponent has beaten his wife. One frequently sees references by conservative speakers and writers to the idea that gay activists want "special privileges." This would be ridiculous if it were true. It isn't true, but speaking as if it were true and well known to all is egregiously unfair to listeners or readers who may not be well informed. It is probably always wise to treat your opponent with respect, even if he doesn't deserve it. If he doesn't deserve respect, this will probably soon become obvious enough.
Regression to the mean(逻辑退化): Another source of error which occurs very frequently is the failure to take into account regression to the mean. This is a bit technical, but it is very important, especially in any kind of social or psychological research which depends upon statistical surveys or even experiments which involve statistical sampling. Rather than a general statement of the principle (which becomes more and more unintelligible as the statement becomes more and more rigorous) an example will be used.
Let's consider intelligence testing.
1. Perhaps we have a drug that is supposed to raise the IQ of mentally retarded kids. So we give a thousand intelligence tests and select the 30 lowest scoring individuals.
2. We then give these low scoring kids our drug and test them again.
3. We find that there has been an increase in the average of their IQ scores.
4. Is this evidence that the drug increased the IQ?
Not necessarily! Suppose we want to show that smoking marijuana lowers the IQ. Well, we take the 30 highest scoring kids in our sample and give them THC and test them again. We find a lower average IQ.
Is this evidence that marijuana lowers the IQ?
Not necessarily! Any statistician knows that if you make some kind of a measurement of some attribute of a large sample of people and then select the highest and lowest scoring individuals and make the same measurement again, the high scoring group will have a lower average score and the low scoring group will have a higher average score than they did the first time. This is called "regression to the mean" and it is a perfectly universal statistical principle.
There are undoubtedly more points to be made here. Suggestions will be gratefully received. Larry has made the following suggestions:
· Apply the scientific method. (运用科学方法)
· Cite relevant personal experience. (合理引用相关的个人经历)
· Be polite. (辩论过程中有礼待人)
· Organize your response. (Beginning, middle, end.) (对你辩词进行合理的组织)
· Treat people as individuals.
· Cite sources for statistics and studies used.
· Literacy works. Break posts into sentences and paragraphs.
· Read the post you are responding to.
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辩论赛多种多样,今天读文网小编给大家分享美式公共论坛制辩论赛规则,希望对大家有所帮助。
1. 具体辩论的流程是怎样的?
简单来说,两只队伍中的A辩手各有五分钟的立论时间和两分钟的总结时间,这个过程中选手不能打断对方发言。之后两队的A辩手有三分钟的交叉质询时间,在此期间双方可以互提问题并可以打断对方发言。随后,两只队伍的B辩手各有四分钟的驳论时间和两分钟的总结时间。在驳论环节可以选择自我陈述也可以选择质询对方,并且对方只能够回答,不能够提出相关问题。具体的比赛流程在官网上有详细说明,也可以以邮件的形式咨询组委会。
2. 每一个环节是两支队伍各有四分钟准备时间还是一共只有四分钟?如何监 督?
各有4分钟的准备时间。参赛队伍可以根据自己的需要在相应环节进行中随时提出暂停,但注意这一暂停时间对方同样会享有,因此选手需要根据时间调整相关战略。双方相互监督。
3. 质询是一共三分钟还是各自三分钟?
两队加起来一共三分钟。但是在这三分钟里并没有规定每支队伍固定的发言时间,完全自由。因此要注意战术的调整。
4. 比赛中允许使用其他手段,比如图片、音频等来辅助辩论吗?
比赛中只允许以语言的形式进行辩论。选手可以使用电脑等设备来进行自我提示。组委会不主张选手过度依赖相关资料,提倡选手根据临场情况随机应变。
5. 在立论时可以直接念稿子吗?评委是否会根据读稿子来决定胜负?
选手可以在立论时直接读稿子,但是这种行为可能会影响到最终得分,不过这不会是决定比赛胜负的关键性因素。在之后的环节,选手很难有机会再去读稿子。
6. 一支队伍两个辩手的位置是否可以互换?
可以。
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赤壁之战里诸葛亮借用对方的箭来达到自己的目的,那么在辩论中如何借别人的论点来反击呢?今天读文网小编给大家分享一些辩论赛中的小技巧,希望对大家有所帮助。
1.时间提示
自由辩论阶段,每方使用时间剩余 3秒时, 记时员以一次短促的铃声提醒,用时满时, 以钟声终止发言。
攻辩小结阶段,每方使用时间剩余 1秒时,记时员以一次短促的铃声提醒,用时满时, 以钟声终止发言。
其他阶段,每方队员在用时尚剩 3秒时,记时员以一次短促的铃声提醒,用时满时,以钟声终止发言。终止钟声响时,发言辩手必须停止发言,否则作违规处理。
2.陈词
提倡即兴陈词,引经据典恰当。
3.开篇立论
由于比赛辩题大都富于生活化色彩,所以开篇立论无须在理论的层面上过多纠缠。 立论要求逻辑清晰,言简意赅。
4.攻辩
攻辩由正方二辩开始,正反方交替进行。正反方三辩各有且必须有一次作为攻方; 辩方由攻方任意指定,不受次数限制。攻辩双方必须单独完成本轮攻辩,不得中途更替。
攻辩双方必须正面回答对方问题,提问和回答都要简洁明确。重复提问和回避问题均 要被扣分。不得以长时间提问影响对方答辩,不得以长时间答辩妨碍对方提问。主持人有 权终止一方过长的提问或答辩。
正反方选手站立完成每一轮攻辩阶段。攻辩双方任意一方落座视为完成本方攻辩,对 方选手在该轮攻辩剩余时间内任意发挥(陈词或继续发问) 。
每一轮攻辩阶段不得超过 2 分钟,攻方每次提问不得超过 1秒时间。
四轮攻辩阶段完毕,先后由正、反方一辩为本队作攻辩小结,限时2 分钟。正反双方 的攻辩小结要针对攻辩阶段的态势及涉及内容,严禁脱离比赛实际状况的背稿。
5.自由辩论
这一阶段,正反方辩手自动轮流发言。发言辩手落座为发言结束即为另一方发言开始 的记时标志,另一方辩手必须紧接着发言,若有间隙,累积时照常进行。同一方辩手的发 言次序不限。如果一方时间已经用完,另一方可以继续发言,也可向主席示意放弃发言。 自由辩论提倡积极交锋,对重要问题回避交锋两次以上的一方扣分,对于对方已经明确回 答的问题仍然纠缠不放的,适当扣分。
6.结辩
辩论双方针对辩论会整体态势进行总结陈词。
7.观众提问
观众提问阶段作为与观众互动环节,裁判进行最后的裁决。正反方的表现不算入比赛成绩,但对评选最佳辨手可以产生影响。观众随意对正反方选手提问。
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中文的辩论赛已经被很多人所崇拜了,那么英语的辩论赛是不是让更多的人望尘莫及呢?今天读文网小编给大家分享一些英语辩论赛中的主持词,希望对大家有所帮助。
Welcome to the debating competition of the issue “the advantages s and disadvantages of Qinghai—Tibet railway”. We have 8debators today,4 on each side and the positive side is leaded by XXX,the rest debaters are XX, XX. And the members of the negative team are XX,XX is the leader of their team .ok ,good luck to they(.or hot welcome to them.)
Next, I want to introduce today’s judges, they are our dear instructor mrsyan,and our classmates XX ,XX,XX ,XX, hot welcome to all of you .and thanks to all for joining today’s debating competition.
Now, I would like to introduce the rules for the contest.
The first is the time .each debater is allowed to express in limited.
Secondly, speakers are not allowed to bring any notes in hand.
Thirdly,
Welcome comeback ,after our judges’ discussion, the most exciting moment is coming, the winner of today’s debating competition is the---.and the best debater is .congratulation!
i hope we can express ourselves on the stage in English ,I hope we can show what we have learned in the competition, I hope we can exchange experience of how to learn English better, I hope we all make good use of this opportunity to improve ourselves.
Ok, this is the end of today’s English debating competition .thank you all for join us today, I hope all of you can have a good time .thank you .
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我们经常参加中文性的辩论赛,那么英语的辩论赛是怎么样的呢?今天读文网小编给大家分享英语辩论赛的具体程序和步骤。
1、时间提示
自由辩论阶段,每方使用时间剩余30秒时,记时员以一次短促的铃声提醒;用时满时,以钟声终止发言。攻辩小结阶段,每方使用时间剩余10秒时,记时员以一次短促的铃声提醒,用时满时,以钟声终止发言。其它阶段,每方队员在用时尚剩30秒时,记时员以一次短促铃声提醒,用时满时,以钟声终止发言。终止钟声响时,发言辩手必须停止发言,否则作违规处理。
2、陈词
提倡即兴陈词,引经据典恰当。
3、开篇立论
由于本次比赛辩题大都富于生活化色彩,所以开篇立论无须在理论的层面上过多纠缠。立论要求逻辑清晰,言简意赅。
4、攻辩
(1) 攻辩由正方二辩开始,正反方交替进行。
(2)正反方二、三辩参加攻辩。正反方一辩作攻辩小结。正反方二、三辩各有且必须有一次作为攻方;辩方由攻方任意指定,不受次数限制。攻辩双方必须单独完成本轮攻辩,不得中途更替。
(3)攻辩双方必须正面回答对方问题,提问和回答都要简洁明确。重复提问和回避问题均要被扣分。每一轮攻辩,攻辩角色不得互换,辩方不得反问,攻方也不得回答问题。
(4)正反方选手战立完成第一轮攻辩阶段,攻辩双方任意一方落座视为完成本方攻辩,对方选手在限时内任意发挥(陈词或继续发问)。
(5)每一轮攻辩阶段为1分30秒,攻方每次提问不得超过10秒,每轮必须提出三个以上的问题。辩方每次回答不得超过20秒。用时满时,以钟声终止发言,若攻辩双方尚未完成提问或回答,不作扣分处理。
(6)四轮攻辩阶段完毕,先由正方一辩再由反方一辩为本队作攻辩小结,限时1分30秒。正反双方的攻辩小结要针对攻辩阶段的态势及涉及内容,严禁脱离比赛实际状况的背稿。
5、自由辩论
这一阶段,正反方辩手自动轮流发言。发言辩手落座为发言结束即为另一方发言开始的记时标志,另一方辩手必须紧接着发言;若有间隙,累积时照常进行。同一方辩手的发言次序不限。如果一方时间已经用完,另一方可以继续发言,也可向主席示意放弃发言。自由辩论提倡积极交锋,对重要问题回避交锋两次以上的一方扣分,对于对方已经明确回答的问题仍然纠缠不放的,适当扣分。
6、观众提问
观众提问阶段正反方的表现算入比赛成绩。观众提出的问题先经2位以上规则评委判定有效后,被提问方才能回答。正反方各回答两个观众提出的问题,双方除四辩外任意辩手作答。一个问题的回答时间为1分钟,如一位辩手的回答用时未满,其他辩手可以补充。
7、结辩
辩论双方应针对辩论会整体态势进行总结陈词;脱离实际,背诵事先准备的稿件,适当扣分。
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辩论赛是有时间限制的,那么辩论赛如何计时呢?今天读文网小编给大家分享一些辩论赛中的计时规则。
1.主席宣布比赛开始并提醒计时员准备计时。
2. 立论发言阶段,计时员分别对正方一辩,反方一辩计时,各自发言时间不得超过3分钟。
3. 盘问阶段,计时员对正方二辩计时,每个问题的盘问时间不得超过25秒,然后按照顺序,对反方四名辩手计时,反方辩手每人回答问题的时间不超过35秒,然后反方依据形式对正方盘问。(注:如果超时,请计时员提醒主席时间到)
4.一对一攻辩阶段,首先由正方三辩选反方任意一名辩手进行攻辩,时间三分钟;然后反方依据此形式挑选正方任意一名辩手进行攻辩,时间三分钟。(注:必须给对方发言时间,任何一方不得连续发问)
5. 自由辩论阶段,按照“哪方发言,时间算哪方的原则”累计计时,各方均有6分钟的发言时间。(注:一方发问完毕后,即立刻开始计算对方时间,无论是否发言,均算对方发言时间)
6.总结陈词阶段,计时员分别对正方,反方四辩计时,每方发言时间不得超过3分钟。
记时员都是有软件的,辩手开始时点开始,差半分钟提醒一次,结束时提醒。自由辩论是有个建,按了自动切换到对方。
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一个辩论赛的主持人的表达能力也对整场辩论赛的观众起到一定的影响,今天读文网小编给大家分享一篇辩论赛英语主持开场的范文。
Welcome to the debating competition of the issue “the advantages s and disadvantages of Qinghai—Tibet railway”. We have 8debators today,4 on each side and the positive side is leaded by XXX,the rest debaters are XX, XX. And the members of the negative team are XX,XX is the leader of their team .ok ,good luck to they(.or hot welcome to them.)
Next, I want to introduce today’s judges, they are our dear instructor mrsyan,and our classmates XX ,XX,XX ,XX, hot welcome to all of you .and thanks to all for joining today’s debating competition.
Now, I would like to introduce the rules for the contest.
The first is the time .each debater is allowed to express in limited.
Secondly, speakers are not allowed to bring any notes in hand.
Thirdly,
Welcome comeback ,after our judges’ discussion, the most exciting moment is coming, the winner of today’s debating competition is the---.and the best debater is .congratulation!
i hope we can express ourselves on the stage in English ,I hope we can show what we have learned in the competition, I hope we can exchange experience of how to learn English better, I hope we all make good use of this opportunity to improve ourselves.
Ok, this is the end of today’s English debating competition .thank you all for join us today, I hope all of you can have a good time .thank you .
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