为您找到与普京记者采访相关的共16个结果:
2008年2月14日,俄罗斯总统普京在克里姆林宫举行其任期内最后一次大型记者招待会。面对来自全球的1000多位记者,普京不失时机地又一次展示了他非凡的口才。他时而玩笑调侃,时而严肃质询,纵横捭阖,妙语连珠,令众多大牌记者赞叹不已。
普京不愧为俄国政坛的“妙语之王,正如《时代》周刊对他的评价:“普京不仅是一位具备超凡领导水平的政治家,还是练就纵横捭阖金口才的外交家。他短小、精干、直击要害的只言片语,常常轻而易举地击败对手华丽而言不及义的长篇大论。”
然而,小时候的普京沉默寡言,口语表达能力很差。他出身于普通的工人家庭,少年时生活在大杂院附近,无所顾忌的言辞往往会招来别人的一顿狂揍。所以,那时的普京信奉的是不以奉承讨好人,不讲大话取笑人,不开玩笑激怒人。总之,很少开口说话。
后来,当他立志成为一名政治家时,他才意识到口才对成功的重要意义,没有一个大人物不是伟大的演说家。于是,他开始锻炼口才。他的方法,不是对着镜子狂喊乱叫,,也不是南辕北辙的闲扯,学习树,更不是大话连篇,而是废寝忘食地泡在图书馆博览群书。他深知:肚子里面没有学问,是讲不出优雅、睿智的话语来。成为伟大演讲家的前提应该是:丰富的学识和缜密的思考。
普京读书的原则是,不动笔不读书,不思考不读书,不开口不读书。只要翻开诱人的书卷,他总要把那些发人深省的至理名言或经典段落认真抄写到笔记本上,并用不同颜色,写上自己的评语或感悟。有时,遇到一本好书,他会整本书全抄下亚。这样,即加强了记忙忆,又拓深了思维。
普京博览群书,但并非随手翻来即读,而是有所选择。诸如文学、历史、哲学和法律等,尤其是这方面的经典著作。然后,他利用大量时间把记录的知识饱含感情地朗读出来。他觉得:金口才的练就,需要极具磁性张力的浑厚嗓音作陪衬。渐渐地,他变得口齿伶俐起来,往往能随机应变,侃侃而谈。
一次.当同学样忙着交友约会时,普京却一个人站在昏暗的路灯下痴迷于歌德的诗歌,他情不自禁地朗诵:“我在人世的日子会留下印记,任万代光阴飞逝也无法抹去……甚至在圣诞节那天,班里举行舞会,仍看不见他的身影。此时的他,一个人捧着大部头的马恩全集,俯身书案边看边记下自己批判性的思考。偶尔,他会闭上眼睛,休息的同时,掩卷沉思,有时候甚至还会不自觉地读出声来。
经过大量的阅读,普京的演讲与说话水平有了质的飞跃。他不开口则已,开口便语惊四座。每次讲话,他不是长篇大论,而是一语中的。他还获得了全校最佳辨手的称号,他的口才让同学们佩服不已。他的恩师索布恰克曾夸赞他说:普京讲话字字千金,针针见血。
后来,当有人问他练就卓越口才的秘诀时,普京毫不掩饰地回答说:我的口才是读出来的!
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古往今来,胜者多为能言善道之辈,败者则多不善言辞。“说话”,这是生活中必须使用的交流工具,一生中的每一件事的运作,都需要用语言来推动。在关键时刻,每一个字,每一句话,都可能影响你事业的进展,改变你在生活中的位置。
有一次,著名作家冯骥才随团去法国访问,几天的行程下来,大家都惊叹于法国风景之优美,社会人情之和谐、友善。可是,就在一次欢迎宴会上,外国记者们接二连三地向他提问。其中有一位记者问道:“尊敬的冯先生,贵国改革开放,学习西方资本主义的东西,你们就不担心变成资本主义吗?”
冯骥才面带微笑,十分自信并迅速地回答道:“不!人吃了猪肉不会变成猪,吃了牛肉不会变成牛,吃了羊肉不会变成羊……”他举起右手连连挥动,示意否定,幽默机智的回答,博得了在场所有人的一致喝彩,就连提问的那位记者也羞愧地躲到一边去了。
赏析:类比反推,即由两个对象的某些相同或相似的性质,推断出它们在其他性质上也有可能相同或相似的一种推理形式。冯骥才不仅是一个才华横溢的作家,也是一个才思敏捷、口若悬河的演讲家,他总是出口成章,妙语惊人。面对众多外国记者的穷追猛问,他没有慌乱,反而更加镇定自若。对于外国记者所提的“贵国改革开放,学习西方资本主义的东西,你们就不担心变成资本主义吗?”这种不怀好意的提问,如果直接否定或肯定的回答,显然是会钻进提问者设计的“圈套”中的。冯骥才机智灵活地采用了“人吃了……不会变成……”的类比反推法,既回答了对方的提问,更是不露声色地批驳了似此刁难中国的言论。妙语惊人,扬眉吐气。
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兜圈子的谈话技巧是一种迂回战术,当直言的正面进攻不能奏效时,不妨退一步,拐个弯,兜个圈子,然后慢慢缩小这个圈子,直至到达圈子的圆心,达到自己的目的。这种谈话术,尤其适用于求人办事之时,而对于以采访为业的记者朋友来说,更有着非同一般的作用。
记者宋清泉在张国荣去世十周年忌时,前往采访毛舜筠。他很想了解这个唯一被张国荣承认追求过的女人内心最真实的感受。但对于这样有些敏感的话题,当然不能直接触及,因为前面已经有很多记者都吃了闭门羹。于是,宋清泉首先抛出一个试探性的问题:“张国荣忌日快到了,十年了,我发现香港街头还有很浓的悼念气氛,你感受到了吗?”试探的结果是她没有抗拒,而是点了点头。见状,宋清泉立马追问:“你最想对还怀念他的歌迷们说什么?”毛舜筠答道:“我想对国荣的歌迷们说:‘阿仔跟他的歌一样永存’!”这时,宋清泉这才抛出最中心的问题:“你最想对离去的他说什么呢?”“阿仔,你虽然已经离开十年了,但在心底里,你永远是我最好最亲的朋友,你并没有走远,就生活在我们当中……”毛舜筠打开心扉,开始述说。接下来的采访进行的很顺利。
宋清泉采用的兜圈子方法是通过试探一步一步往内圈走,一直走到内圈。试探时没有遭到抗拒,就再进一层,慢慢的直达中心。最终,顺利让毛舜筠谈到了她对张国荣想说的心里话。采访公众人物,对于可能触及其敏感的话题,开门见山是见不到“山”的,只有递进式的试探,步步诱“敌”深入,并根据对方反应,适时调整策略,才能达成采访目的。
一次,著名足球评论员黄健翔受命采访荷兰球星古力特。然而,刚一开始交谈,古力特就直截了当地拒绝说:“对不起,我不接受记者的采访。”还没进入话题,门就封死了。然而,黄健翔没有退却,而是微笑着对古力特说:“您误会了,我不是想采访您。我只是想向您祝福,您看我手中这摞信,都是喜欢您的球迷写给您的,这些信内容虽然各不相同,但都表达了一个意思,就是向您祝福。”古力特动容地说:“哦,谢谢,中国球迷真让我感动!”黄健翔不失时机地说:“那么,我能不能代表中国球迷问您几个问题?”古力特爽快地点头道:“当然可以。”至此,采访在不知不觉中就已经开始了。
在古力特拒绝采访的情况下,黄健翔选择了“兜圈子”的技巧,否认自己是采访,而是变换为球迷的提问,绕开了对方不愿触及的话题。转过了山路十八道弯,再回到起点,顺利地达到了自己的目的。别人拒绝采访,是记者经常遭遇的。此时,不妨来个否认,避开对方的敏感话题,将其转化为对方易于接受的话题,兜个圈子,迂回前进,最终达到采访的目的。
1936年,美国著名记者埃德加·斯诺在延安采访毛泽东,他想知道毛泽东的人生经历,但毛泽东顾左右而言他,想回避这个问题。埃德加·斯诺见状,突然说道:“主席先生,我来自美国,在美国听到最多的,就是对你的种种传说和谣言,比如,国外盛传你喜欢战争,你是一个民族主义者,你带的共产党是堕落、愚昧无知的土匪,只知道烧、杀、抢掠,这些都是真的吗?”毛泽东听了,感到很意外,甚至有些惊愕,略一沉思后,他说:“这完全是不可能的。我就给你谈谈我的个人经历吧,相信这些经历,能够澄清和纠正那些传说和谣言……”埃德加·斯诺顺利达到了自己的采访目的,并最终录笔完成了著作《毛泽东自传》。
毛泽东不想说及自己的人生经历,让埃德加·斯诺碰了钉子,但埃德加·斯诺没有放弃,而是立即转移话题,说起国外对毛泽东的负面评价。对于这些,毛泽东自然必须澄清,而要澄清这些,就必须用自己的历史作为根据。埃德加·斯诺兜了个圈子,又回到了原来的问题上来,实在是高明。在采访中,很多人不愿意谈及某些话题,这时,就需要懂得兜个圈子,找到一条最合适的路径,让对方不得不说及。
著名作家二月河“落霞三部曲”火了之后,宣布暂时歇笔,谢绝一切采访。半岛都市报记者王晓菁联系上他后,刚提出采访要求,他说了句“抱歉”就挂了电话。王晓菁没有放弃,她从外围了解到,二月河患有严重的糖尿病,他特别疼爱女儿,健康和女儿是他生活的关键词。弄清这些情况后,王晓菁又拨通了二月河的电话:“您好!一直想去拜访您,又怕您不便,现在终于可以放心地打这个电话了。”二月河不解地问:“现在有什么不同吗?”王晓菁说:“因为您女儿告诉我,您现在的身体状况不错,糖尿病控制地很好,很有希望回到以前那种创作状态中,这让我们这些读者特别欣慰也特别期待。您女儿让我在这个时间段给您打电话,现在您应该刚刚做完健身,正在品茶小憩了吧?听出来您现在心情不错。我想请您出来坐坐,向您讨教几招健身秘诀。您可要不吝赐教哦。”这次,二月河终于答应了采访。
王晓菁第二次电话里,没有提及采访,而是以他女儿朋友的身份说话,谈的都是二月河的健康,就这样,让二月河感受到了温暖,最终接受了采访。记者采访时,直言遭拒,不妨先做足前戏,了解对方的喜好,聊聊对方最为关注的话题,以轻松愉快的谈话,冲淡对方的设防。事实上,只要沟通顺畅,话匣子打开了,何愁兜不到圈子的中心,达不到自己目标呢?
英国著名军事战略家利德尔·哈特说:“在战略上,最漫长的迂回道路,常常又是达到目的的最短途径。”迂回虽然是兜圈子,却是达到目的的最短途径。不管是记者采访别人,还是普通人求人办事,都要善于兜圈子,让别人绕进圈子里,如此,我们也就能很好地达到谈话的目的了。
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刚过而立之年的芮成钢是迄今为止成功采访外国政界商界领袖最多的中国财经记者,他总有办法让那些看起来高不可攀的、惜字如金的精英们在他面前侃侃而谈。那么,他究竟是凭借什么魔力敲开了数百名世界政要、经济“巨鳄”、学界名流的心门呢?我们来看他几段采访实录:
实录一
在采访韩国现代商社株式会社总裁、首席执行官郑在馆时,芮成钢感觉对方有着韩国人特有的严肃,言谈举止比较拘谨。为了让对方放松情绪,他灵机一动,半开玩笑地对郑在馆说:
“几年前我曾在大学里采访过来北京访问、当时还是在野党领袖的金大中先生,结果金先生回国后不久当选为韩国总统;几个月前,我在上海采访了贵国财政部长李宪宰先生,结果几星期后李先生被任命为韩国。这样看来,我这个中国新闻工作者,总能够为贵国的领袖人物带来心想事成的好运气。希望今天的采访,也能为您带来吉祥如意。”听完他的一席话后,郑在馆哈哈大笑,说:“谢谢,如果真如你所说的话,我回国之后,一定组织一个韩国企业家代表团,专程到北京来,一个一个轮流接受你的采访!”就这样,芮成钢仿佛心理辅导师一样,让郑在馆慢慢不再拘谨,两人也越谈越投机。
“玩笑”口吻,打开话匣:面对情绪没有放松,尚有心理防备的郑在馆,机敏的芮成钢把自己采访韩国名流金大中、李宪宰的往事一一道来,用的虽是近似玩笑的口吻,但却是一语双关,吉祥的话语中蕴含着“您接受了我的采访,也会像他们那样心想事成”的潜台词。试想,听了这样的祝福话,还有谁不愿意接受采访,并畅所欲言呢?芮成钢正是巧妙利用了人们喜欢听吉立话的心理,三言两语就打开了对方的话匣子,取得了采访的成功。
实录二
2003年,芮成钢采访美国前总统克林顿,让他始料不及的是,他进去的时候,克林顿正发脾气,糟糕的情绪根本不适合接受采访。如果按原计划一开始就让克林顿谈小布什的经济政策,可能性不大,即使勉强谈了,效果也不会好。于是芮成钢这样开场:
“希拉里在她的新书中说,她第一次喜欢上您是在耶鲁大学图书馆,您翻书的手很美,像钢琴师的手,很有魅力。”克林顿听了笑笑,脸上的阴霾渐渐散开。芮成钢继续拉近距离,“这么多年过去了,我想知道您喜欢她是从哪个‘部分’开始的?”脉脉的温情融化了紧张的气氛,克林顿渐渐进入状态,侃侃而谈,说希拉里镇静淡定、沉着于胸的气质吸引了他。看到克林顿情绪明显好转。芮成钢才旁敲侧击地引导,最后克林顿自己倒忍不住了,把对布什经济政策的满腹牢骚一股脑儿地端了出来。
“闲聊闲砍”,活跃气氛:在克林顿情绪不佳,不适合接受采访的时候,芮成钢不谈采访,却以其夫人希拉里新书内容为话题,与他闲聊起两人的爱情故事来。在轻松惬意的闲聊中,不但缓和了紧张的气氛,而且转移了克林顿的注意力,让他在极短的时间内迅速从“糟糕的情绪”中摆脱出来,进入到接受采访的最佳状态。芮成钢利用浪漫的爱情故事活跃气氛,以闲聊闲侃的方式轻松开场,收到了“闲话”不闲、一“语”双雕的妙用。
实录三
弗里德•缪拉德是1998年诺贝尔医学和生理学奖获得者。这位科学巨人有个坏毛病,嗜烟如命,且不喜欢跟媒体打交道。2002年,芮成钢采访缪拉德。没想到对记者采访一向很排斥的缪拉德径直从口袋中掏出一包万宝路问:“对不起,芮先生,我可以抽烟吗?”
芮成钢幽默地说:“您要抽烟,当然可以,但条件是您得给我一根!”缪拉德笑了:“你抽烟吗?”“我不抽,但为了和您有共同语言,我可以学着抽。”芮成钢微笑作答。缪拉德笑着摆了摆手:“好,那我也不抽了!”原来有点紧张的气氛一下子缓和了,接下来的访谈十分顺利。采访快结束时,缪拉德实在忍不住了才抽了根烟,芮成钢问道:“缪拉德博士,我的最后一个问题是:作为诺贝尔生化医学奖获得者,您能否告诉我,吸烟是不是真的有害健康?”缪拉德大笑,沉吟了半晌后说:“是有害健康,但如果没有它,我恐怕拿不到诺贝尔奖!”
幽默示"敬”,打破僵局:针对缪拉德要抽烟的要求,显然不能断然说不,那样,既拒之不恭,显得无礼,又会影响情绪,有碍采访。芮成钢先用“您得给我一根”的话,幽了对方一默,再将幽默进行到底:“为了和您有共同语言,我可以学着抽”一语,既表示了他对缪拉德喜好的尊重以及对缪拉德本人的敬重,同时也拉近了自己和缪拉德之间的心理距离。在一个有点怪脾气的科学大师面前,芮成钢充分地展示了他聪慧机智而不失幽默诙谐的一面。对采访对象的尊敬和恰到好处的幽默话语,使访谈僵局顺利得以化解。
有人评价芮成钢“用地道的英语穿越东西方文化,用麦克风揭开这个世界的真相,用超乎青春的智慧和气质征服了一批掌握世界游戏规则的人,是一个充满智慧的对话者。”是啊,在一个个看起来似乎高不可攀的世界级大人物面前,聪明的芮成钢总能在瞬间把双方的心理距离缩短,最终达到“用心交流,巧妙沟通”的境界。我们衷心希望芮成钢继续踩着智慧的阶梯向上攀登,做一个世界顶级的交流者。
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前不久,胡玫执导,周润发、周迅等主演的史诗巨作《孔子》正在北京热拍。在此期间,有记者问周润发:“在拍摄《孔子》期间,有媒体传您不仅要住高级公寓楼,还要高级房车时刻不离身边,3个月就要花掉大约37万,别人说您这是‘耍大牌’,您是怎么看的?”
眼看气氛将陷入僵局。
周润发略一沉默,随即微笑着说:“其实我坐什么车都可以啊,只要车能准时。”停了一会,又继续说,“我妈妈曾说了一句话很好:当艺人就是在十字街头中间,每个人从不同方向过来,看到的我都是不一样的。如果说我每个方向都要照顾到,那是不可能的。”记者听后,对发哥的回答赞不绝口。
【点评】名人容易成为媒体的焦点。提问者的刁钻和被提问者的困窘,似乎成了一种习惯状态。如何巧妙处理这对矛盾?周润发做了很好的示范:
首先,心平气和,语含尊重。得知被问到“耍大牌”一事,周润发既没有雷霆大发质疑记者的业务素养,也没有拒绝回答讽刺记者的人品,而是微笑相待,缓和僵局,从容应对,在充分尊重记者中保护自己;其次,逐一解答,回答做到滴水不漏。“其实我坐什么车都可以啊,只要车能准时。”既否认了豪车时刻不离身边的“事实”,又阐述了自己的敬业精神和时间观念。然后,巧妙借母亲之口,运用借喻手法,含蓄地将艺人做的事情比喻成处于“十字街头中间”, 局外人的看法宛如“每个人从不同方向过来”,于是“看到的我都是不一样的”,委婉地表达出自己被人误会的无奈。周润发巧妙地回答不仅化解了现场这一窘境,同时给了影迷们一个很好的解释,可谓一箭双雕。
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在卡特竞选美国总统时,一名记者采访他的母亲。尽管这位母亲对频繁的采访感到厌烦,但出于礼貌,她还是说:“见到您,非常高兴!”
记者说:“您的儿子竞选时说,如果他曾经对人们说过谎,就不要选他。您能不能诚实地告诉我,您的儿子是不是从来没有撒过谎?”
卡特的母亲坦诚地说:“说过,但都是善意的。”
记者追问:“什么是善意的谎言?您能不能给我下一个定义,或者举一个例子?”
卡特的母亲笑了:“比如说,您刚才进门的时候,我说‘见到您,十分高兴’。”
记者一听,灰溜溜地告辞了。
【赏析】
记者的提问将卡特的母亲推到了两难境地:承认儿子撒过慌,等于向人们宣告不要选卡特;矢口否认,无疑是在撒谎,由母及子,更证明了选民对卡特说过谎的判断。于是母亲选择了折中的做法。首先承认事实,“说过”,表现出真诚的一面;话锋一转,又解释了谎言的性质是善意的,因为人们都接受善意的谎言。
不怀好意的记者不依不饶地追问,要她给“善意的谎言”下个定义或举个例子,意味着对这一话题的纠缠不休。她如举一个儿子说谎的例子,无疑又给媒体和竞选对手留下了话柄,因为任何事物都可以多角度地去理解,弄不好会给儿子造成麻烦。这位聪明的母亲借力打力,举一个自己的例子,坦率地承认刚才说的“见到您,十分高兴”是“善意的谎言”,巧妙地表示自己对记者打扰的不满,让采访就此打住。卡特母亲一箭双雕的妙语,不但回击了对方的挑衅,而且还利用自己的睿智为儿子的竞选增加了砝码!
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背景资料:刘翔,1983年7月13日出生于上海市普陀区,中国男子田径队110米栏运动员。中国体育田径史上、也是亚洲田径史上第一个集奥运会冠军、室内室外世锦赛冠军、国际田联大奖赛总决赛冠军、世界纪录保持者多项荣誉于一身的运动员。
2004年雅典奥运会上,刘翔勇夺金牌,一名外国记者不怀好意地问他:“亚洲人在短跑上一直是弱势,许多人怀疑你的成绩的真实性,认为可能是服用了查不出的兴奋剂,请问你怎么看这个问题?”
刘翔盯着对方,略加思忖,从容地答道:“贵国的医学一向比中国发达,服用兴奋剂的历史也比中国悠久得多,如果有这种药,你们的运动员一定用过了。不过可以肯定的是,你们就算服了兴奋剂,也进不了世界前三。”一番话,把这位记者噎得满脸通红,哑口无言。刘翔机智的回击赢得了在场中外人士的尊重与钦佩。
赏析:这是刘翔在雅典奥运会上获得110米跨栏金牌后,与一位外国记者的对话。很显然,这位记者的提问别有用心,企图让刘翔的金牌蒙上“兴奋剂”的阴影。
刘翔的“嘴上功夫”与“腿上功夫”一样出色,回答得颇为机智巧妙。他没有花费过多口舌为自己辩解,而是用了一个二难推理,先褒后贬,把对方置于两难境地:如果说有这种兴奋剂,那么就得承认本国的运动员用过了;如果说没有这种兴奋剂,又与刚才的说法自相矛盾,无异于自己打自己的嘴巴。“你们就算服了兴奋剂,也进不了世界前三”,则一语道破了对方国家的选手在实力上的差距,充分表达了自己凭实力获得金牌的壮志豪情。刘翔的回答逻辑严谨,无懈可击,令外国记者哑口无言,最终搬起石头砸了自己的脚。
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背景资料:詹姆斯·厄尔·卡特 (James Earl Carter) 习称吉米·卡特(Jimmy Carter),1977年任美国第39任总统。1980年争取连任落选。1982年起在亚特兰大的埃默里大学任名誉教授。2002年获诺贝尔和平奖。
记者的提问将卡特的母亲推到了两难境地:承认儿子撒过慌,等于向人们宣告不要选卡特;矢口否认,无疑是在撒谎,由母及子,更证明了选民对卡特说过谎的判断。于是母亲选择了折中的做法。首先承认事实,“说过”,表现出真诚的一面;话锋一转,又解释了谎言的性质是善意的,因为人们都接受善意的谎言。
不怀好意的记者不依不饶地追问,要她给“善意的谎言”下个定义或举个例子,意味着对这一话题的纠缠不休。她如举一个儿子说谎的例子,无疑又给媒体和竞选对手留下了话柄,因为任何事物都可以多角度地去理解,弄不好会给儿子造成麻烦。这位聪明的母亲借力打力,举一个自己的例子,坦率地承认刚才说的“见到您,十分高兴”是“善意的谎言”,巧妙地表示自己对记者打扰的不满,让采访就此打住。卡特母亲一箭双雕的妙语,不但回击了对方的挑衅,而且还利用自己的睿智为儿子的竞选增加了砝码!
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电视现场报道中,主持人要做的是通过“提问”和“倾听”,将新闻事实或观点如实全面地传达给受众,本文对主持人“提问”与“倾听”技巧进行了分析。主持人与采访对象的交谈是一个主题与表现形式整合的过程,提问是为了将事实的真相全面多角度的呈现,倾听是为了得到采访对象的精彩谈话。
在倾听的同时需要思考话语的衔接、贯穿以及如何去结束、切断嘉宾和打进热线听众的话;对倾听到的内容要充分理解分析、去粗取精,留下有价值的信息;在与对方对话的同时,始终考虑谈话的主题,以及如何通过自己的话语使主题清晰;要掌握快速思考的能力,对一些新信息,积极引导发掘,将节目推向高潮。
柴静在《北大屠夫》节目中,听完陆步轩关于尊重知识分子的回答后,进一步提问“你一直在心里还是把自己当做一个知识分子?”“对”陆步轩说,接着他扶了一下眼镜,并且说“说到这儿我很动情……”然后就是目光凝视前方。为什么陆步轩会如此动情,因为柴静与他的对话触动了他心灵深处最柔软的部分。正是柴静学会倾听并给自己留下了思考的空间,才不露痕迹地把主题步步引向深入,自如地驾驭了现场。倾听是交流的基础,也是完成节目意图的基础。在谈话节目中,主持人只有在现场认真地倾听,才能知道嘉宾和观众所表达的是否合乎节目的创作意图,是否能完成节目的传播目的,在偏离主题的时候加以引导。
主持人与采访对象的交谈是一个主题与表现形式整合的过程,提问是为了将事实的真相全面多角度的呈现,倾听是为了得到采访对象的精彩谈话。二者相辅相成、相互融通才能相得益彰。
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兜圈子的谈话技巧是一种迂回战术,当直言的正面进攻不能奏效时,不妨退一步,拐个弯,兜个圈子,然后慢慢缩小这个圈子,直至到达圈子的圆心,达到自己的目的。这种谈话术,尤其适用于求人办事之时,而对于以采访为业的记者朋友来说,更有着非同一般的作用。
记者宋清泉在张国荣去世十周年忌时,前往采访毛舜筠。他很想了解这个唯一被张国荣承认追求过的女人内心最真实的感受。但对于这样有些敏感的话题,当然不能直接触及,因为前面已经有很多记者都吃了闭门羹。于是,宋清泉首先抛出一个试探性的问题:“张国荣忌日快到了,十年了,我发现香港街头还有很浓的悼念气氛,你感受到了吗?”试探的结果是她没有抗拒,而是点了点头。见状,宋清泉立马追问:“你最想对还怀念他的歌迷们说什么?”毛舜筠答道:“我想对国荣的歌迷们说:‘阿仔跟他的歌一样永存’!”这时,宋清泉这才抛出最中心的问题:“你最想对离去的他说什么呢?”“阿仔,你虽然已经离开十年了,但在心底里,你永远是我最好最亲的朋友,你并没有走远,就生活在我们当中……”毛舜筠打开心扉,开始述说。接下来的采访进行的很顺利。
宋清泉采用的兜圈子方法是通过试探一步一步往内圈走,一直走到内圈。试探时没有遭到抗拒,就再进一层,慢慢的直达中心。最终,顺利让毛舜筠谈到了她对张国荣想说的心里话。采访公众人物,对于可能触及其敏感的话题,开门见山是见不到“山”的,只有递进式的试探,步步诱“敌”深入,并根据对方反应,适时调整策略,才能达成采访目的。
一次,著名足球评论员黄健翔受命采访荷兰球星古力特。然而,刚一开始交谈,古力特就直截了当地拒绝说:“对不起,我不接受记者的采访。”还没进入话题,门就封死了。然而,黄健翔没有退却,而是微笑着对古力特说:“您误会了,我不是想采访您。我只是想向您祝福,您看我手中这摞信,都是喜欢您的球迷写给您的,这些信内容虽然各不相同,但都表达了一个意思,就是向您祝福。”古力特动容地说:“哦,谢谢,中国球迷真让我感动!”黄健翔不失时机地说:“那么,我能不能代表中国球迷问您几个问题?”古力特爽快地点头道:“当然可以。”至此,采访在不知不觉中就已经开始了。
在古力特拒绝采访的情况下,黄健翔选择了“兜圈子”的技巧,否认自己是采访,而是变换为球迷的提问,绕开了对方不愿触及的话题。转过了山路十八道弯,再回到起点,顺利地达到了自己的目的。别人拒绝采访,是记者经常遭遇的。此时,不妨来个否认,避开对方的敏感话题,将其转化为对方易于接受的话题,兜个圈子,迂回前进,最终达到采访的目的。
1936年,美国著名记者埃德加·斯诺在延安采访毛泽东,他想知道毛泽东的人生经历,但毛泽东顾左右而言他,想回避这个问题。埃德加·斯诺见状,突然说道:“主席先生,我来自美国,在美国听到最多的,就是对你的种种传说和谣言,比如,国外盛传你喜欢战争,你是一个民族主义者,你带的共产党是堕落、愚昧无知的土匪,只知道烧、杀、抢掠,这些都是真的吗?”毛泽东听了,感到很意外,甚至有些惊愕,略一沉思后,他说:“这完全是不可能的。我就给你谈谈我的个人经历吧,相信这些经历,能够澄清和纠正那些传说和谣言……”埃德加·斯诺顺利达到了自己的采访目的,并最终录笔完成了著作《毛泽东自传》。
毛泽东不想说及自己的人生经历,让埃德加·斯诺碰了钉子,但埃德加·斯诺没有放弃,而是立即转移话题,说起国外对毛泽东的负面评价。对于这些,毛泽东自然必须澄清,而要澄清这些,就必须用自己的历史作为根据。埃德加·斯诺兜了个圈子,又回到了原来的问题上来,实在是高明。在采访中,很多人不愿意谈及某些话题,这时,就需要懂得兜个圈子,找到一条最合适的路径,让对方不得不说及。
著名作家二月河“落霞三部曲”火了之后,宣布暂时歇笔,谢绝一切采访。半岛都市报记者王晓菁联系上他后,刚提出采访要求,他说了句“抱歉”就挂了电话。王晓菁没有放弃,她从外围了解到,二月河患有严重的糖尿病,他特别疼爱女儿,健康和女儿是他生活的关键词。弄清这些情况后,王晓菁又拨通了二月河的电话:“您好!一直想去拜访您,又怕您不便,现在终于可以放心地打这个电话了。”二月河不解地问:“现在有什么不同吗?”王晓菁说:“因为您女儿告诉我,您现在的身体状况不错,糖尿病控制地很好,很有希望回到以前那种创作状态中,这让我们这些读者特别欣慰也特别期待。您女儿让我在这个时间段给您打电话,现在您应该刚刚做完健身,正在品茶小憩了吧?听出来您现在心情不错。我想请您出来坐坐,向您讨教几招健身秘诀。您可要不吝赐教哦。”这次,二月河终于答应了采访。
王晓菁第二次电话里,没有提及采访,而是以他女儿朋友的身份说话,谈的都是二月河的健康,就这样,让二月河感受到了温暖,最终接受了采访。记者采访时,直言遭拒,不妨先做足前戏,了解对方的喜好,聊聊对方最为关注的话题,以轻松愉快的谈话,冲淡对方的设防。事实上,只要沟通顺畅,话匣子打开了,何愁兜不到圈子的中心,达不到自己目标呢?
英国著名军事战略家利德尔·哈特说:“在战略上,最漫长的迂回道路,常常又是达到目的的最短途径。”迂回虽然是兜圈子,却是达到目的的最短途径。不管是记者采访别人,还是普通人求人办事,都要善于兜圈子,让别人绕进圈子里,如此,我们也就能很好地达到谈话的目的了。
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演讲作为一门学问越来越受到人们的重视。一个成功的演讲,固然少不了观点鲜明,逻辑严谨,论理充分,感情真挚。然而,准确的手势对于演讲取得好的效果,也是一个不可忽视的因素。以下为你推荐于丹在演讲中惯用的手势图集,希望对你有帮助!
于丹演讲手势集
于丹演讲手势集
于丹演讲手势集
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每界大学新生都存在很多的问题。以下是读文网小编整理了采访大学新生的问题。供参考。
大学生就业采访问题
1.就业率呈下降趋势
2.就业渠道不畅
3.实践与理论缺乏紧密联系
4.就业观亟待改变
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弗拉基米尔·弗拉基米罗维奇·普京,俄罗斯第2、4任总统。曾担任俄罗斯、统一俄罗斯党主席、俄白联盟部长会议主席。以下是读文网小编整理了名人经典演讲稿系列之普京,希望对你有帮助。
亲爱的俄罗斯公民!
尊敬的各位来宾!
三军将士们!
今天是伟大胜利的纪念日,是和平的节日,是正义胜利的节日,是善良战胜邪恶、自由战胜暴虐的节日。我向你们表示祝贺。
已经过去60年了。但每一年的5月9日我们都哀悼那些逝者,回顾那场战争。那是一场呼唤我们的理性、呼唤我们崇高责任感的战争。它使我们深深地意识到,当时的世界处于怎样的悬崖之边缘,暴力和种族仇视、屠杀和凌辱会导致多么可怕的后果。
我们将永远牢记这些暴行给人类带来的恐惧、屈辱和死亡。
我们将永远尊敬所有在当时献出生命的人、浴血奋战过的人和在后方忘我劳动的人。
普京经典演讲
我们将永远缅怀死者。作为被拯救者,我们向他们致以人类最崇高的谢意。
第二次世界大战的烈焰席卷了61个国家,殃及全球近80%的人口。熊熊战火不仅横扫欧洲,而且席卷亚非国家,蔓延到埃及和澳大利亚,一直波及大洋彼岸的新大陆和阿拉斯加。 然而,决定这场惨无人道战争的局势以及最终结果的那些最残酷和决定性的事件则发生在苏联境内。法西斯分子妄图以闪电战的方式奴役我们的人民。实际上他们是妄想消灭我们的国家。 他们的图谋破产了。苏联军队先是在莫斯科城下挡住了纳粹分子的攻势。在接下来的三年里,苏军不仅顶住了敌人的压力,而且最终将其赶回了老巢。
莫斯科和斯大林格勒战役的胜利、重重围困中的列宁格勒的英勇不屈、库尔斯克弧形地带和第聂伯河沿岸所取得的战果决定了第二次世界大战的最终结局。而通过解放欧洲和发动柏林战役,苏联红军为战争的胜利划上了句号。
亲爱的朋友们!
我们从没有把胜利分成是自己的和他人的。我们将永远牢记盟友的帮助,包括美国、英国、法国、反希特勒联盟的其他国家,以及德国和意大利的反法西斯人士。
今天,我们在这里向所有抵抗过纳粹的欧洲人致敬。
然而我们还知道,苏联在战争的年代里失去了数千万公民。那些在战场上牺牲的战士来自前苏联各个民族。 苏联各族人民和所有加盟共和国当时遭受了无法弥补的损失。伤痛降临到每一座房屋、每一个家庭。因此,5月9日对独立国家联合体的所有成员国来说都是一个神圣的日子。
我们有着同样的不幸,有着同样的记忆,对子孙后代也有着同样的责任。
我们应当将这种同史同源、同心同德和同愿同望之精神传递给后人。
我相信,除了和睦相处、友好相待,我们别无选择。 俄罗斯愿意与我们的近邻和世界上所有国家建立友好关系,这种关系不应仅仅依靠过往的教训来维系巩固,而且应面向我们共同的未来。
历史告诉我们:各国和各民族都应尽一切努力,不再忽略这样一个问题:新的致命学说如何产生,新的威胁如何形成,由什么转变而来。
战争的教训警示我们:纵容暴力、漠不关心和等待观望必将导致可怕的世界性悲剧。因此,面对当前客观存在的恐怖主义威胁,我们应当忠实于我们的父辈,应当捍卫以安全与公正为基础的,以既不允许“冷战”也不允许“热战”重演的相互关系为基础的国际秩序。
从全球对抗时代结束以来,我们已经向确保欧洲的和平与安宁这一崇高的目标迈进了一大步。
我们正在建设以自由和民主为理念的政治架构,我们认为每个国家都有权选择自己的发展道路。我们的政策是建立在各民族相互信任并共同谋求文明前景这一基础之上的。这其中包括那些曾经历对抗、而后又成功地找到对话与合作之路的民族。
俄罗斯和德国历史性的和解便是这种政策成功的典范。我认为这一和解是战后欧洲最宝贵的成就之一。这一典范应当在当今国际政治中推而广之。 尊敬的俄罗斯公民!
尊敬的各位来宾!
对我国来说,无论是过去还是将来,5月9日永远是一个神圣的日子,永远是一个使我们大家受到鼓舞、得到升华的节日。
这一天,我们的内心百感交集--有高兴也有哀伤,有悲悯也有崇敬。
这一天唤起我们最崇高的道德良知,使我们有机会再一次向那些施予我们生存、劳作、快乐、创造和相互理解之自由的人表达敬意。
在我国,胜利日是最具亲情和真情的全民节日。对前苏联各族人民来说,胜利日永远是人民创建丰功伟绩的日子。而对欧洲和全球各国来说,胜利日永远是一个拯救世界的日子。
我们的祖辈与父辈为了国家的荣誉和自由不惜付出生命。他们团结一心,捍卫了自己的祖国。
今天,我要向所有参加过伟大卫国战争的老战士们深鞠一躬,祝你们健康长寿。
胜利属于老兵! 光荣属于俄罗斯! 祝你们胜利日快乐!
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弗拉基米尔·弗拉基米罗维奇·普京,俄罗斯第2、4任总统。曾担任俄罗斯、统一俄罗斯党主席、俄白联盟部长会议主席。今天读文网小编整理了普京“马拉松”答记者问秀口才,很不错的哦。
俄罗斯总统弗拉基米尔·普京14日在克里姆林宫召开总统任期内最后一次年度大型记者招待会。4小时40分钟的问答时间也创下了普京任期内回答记者提问的最长时间纪录。
面对来自全球各地的1000多名记者,普京时而玩笑调侃,时而妙语质疑,以特有的风格展示自己的口才。
“布什容易么”
当记者问普京自己任期内的主要成功与失败时,普京说,自己没有看到任何严重失败之处,所有既定目标和任务均已实现。
“在这8年中,我像奴隶那样工作,从早到晚,”普京向记者解释自己8年来的工作时说,“面对逆境时,国家元首没有权利因为任何理由而抱怨或者说胡话。”
说到这里,普京还对美国总统乔治·W·布什表示同情。他说:“有时,你不得不对其他人难以决定的事做决定,你们觉得布什容易么?”
面对女记者提问,普京经常会在回答中添加幽默元素,活跃会场气氛。一名俄罗斯女记者似乎想就社会人口与经济状况话题提问,于是先引述自己的情况,称想生一个孩子。
此时,普京回应道:“祝贺你(生孩子)……为什么你要问我啊?”这句话顿时引来全场笑声与应和的掌声。
一语切中要害
轻松调侃之余,普京面对许多西方国家记者的尖锐提问却是毫不嘴软地“反击”。美联社说,最能体现普京口才特色的,便是他那短小、精悍、而又直入要害的只言片语。
有记者问,俄罗斯为什么没有与欧洲安全与合作组织相关机构就派遣观察员赴俄监督选举达成协议,普京回答道,欧安组织内部一些团体试图“教”俄罗斯怎样做。
“还是让他们去教自己的老婆怎么做卷心菜汤吧,”普京说。
由于俄罗斯总统选举中俄第一副德米特里·梅德韦杰夫优势明显,竞选场面颇为冷清,一些西方国家借机指责俄政府阻挠反对派参选。普京则把俄选举的“安静”场面和乌克兰纷争不断的选举场面做对比,称“民主不是菜市场”。
一次提问中,一名记者援引美国民主党总统竞选人希拉里·克林顿的话说,前国家安全委员会(克格勃)官员都“没有灵魂”,请问出身克格勃的普京有何感想。普京讥讽正在竞选总统的希拉里道:“至少来说,一个国家的元首应该有个脑子。”
对于科索沃可能在近日宣布独立的问题,普京认为,这会为分裂主义开一个危险的先例。虽然美国在这一问题上始终坚称“特殊案例”,但普京认为这是“谎言”。
“我们为什么要鼓励分裂呢?”普京问道。
“不挂新总统照片”
根据最新民调,普京支持的梅德韦杰夫很有可能当选俄下任总统。梅德韦杰夫先前已表示,如果当选将邀请普京出任。
普京本人则在这次记者会上证实了外界猜测,称自己已准备好出任。这让外界对普京由总统到的戏剧性角色转换产生兴趣:将来的“梅普”组合孰轻孰重,各自权限如何?
普京说,“国家最高行政权力在俄罗斯联邦政府,责任已非常大”。如果梅德韦杰夫当选,两人在未来能够分配好总统和间的权限。
不过,普京说,作为例外,他如果出任,将不会按照俄政府上下的惯例,在自己的办公室中挂上新总统的肖像。
普京说,总统“像勋章、国旗和国歌一样是一个国家的标志”,所以政府官员悬挂总统肖像无可厚非。不过,“如果我成为政府首脑(),情况比较特殊,那就是我已经当了8年总统,而且当得不坏……如果他当选总统,我没有必要挂他的肖像”。
夫人感到不快
据俄新网报道,俄罗斯第一夫人柳德米拉·普京娜在获悉丈夫在总统任期结束后打算出任政府这一消息后感到不快。
在克里姆林宫举行的记者招待会上,来自科斯特罗马的一名记者向普京提问,夫人在获悉他将出任政府的消息后有何反应。普京回答说:“她对此感到不快。”
一名女记者说,几年前,普京夫人柳德米拉在获悉丈夫将出任总统的消息后哭了,因为她认为普京会因此没有时间享受家庭生活。
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下面是读文网小编总结的5个有关回答记者提问的技巧, 供你参考。
一、回答记者提问是演说中经常碰到的情况,而在这种时候,记者或提问者有的往往想通过问题刁难演说人,这个时候千万不能冲动。
二、要冷静思考问题的要点,寻找完全的解答方式,不能给刁难者继续下套的机会,同时也要给自己保留退路,留下周旋的余地。
三、回答记者提问可以参考下面的建议进行准备,在临场时,再结合自己的知识阅历,进行现场的灵感发挥,不要急,要面带微笑听取问题,有板有眼地回答。只有经过大量准备,才能达到画龙点睛的回答效果。具体做法如下:
◆先不要下结论
◆立刻举例
◆题目大:从小处入手
◆题目尴尬:谈别人
◆一无所知:谈相近的
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乔治·索罗斯(George Soros),1930年8月12日生于匈牙利布达佩斯,犹太人。本名是捷尔吉·施瓦茨(Gyoumlrgy Schwartz),匈牙利出生的美国籍犹太裔商人,著名的慈善家,货币投机家,股票投资者和政治行动主义分子。下面读文网分享了索罗斯达沃斯接受彭博采访全文,供你阅读。
George Soros: Well, it's one of the -- basically, the key issue is deflation. Now, you don't -- it's a condition that we are not used to. None of us have lived in a deflationary environment. The last time we had that is in the 1930s. And the -- while I was around, I was not yet engaged in the markets.
So we just don't know how to handle it. It's a different environment. But now, we have to fix it.
LACQUA: On China, do you expect, actually, a -- a hard landing?
George Soros: Well, it's -- it has happened. We -- I'm merely -- I'm not expecting it, I'm just observing it. But China can manage it. It's got -- it's got resources. It has a greater latitude in using policies than most other countries because it has over $3 trillion of reserves and so on.
However, they have a way of inflicting their problem, passing it on to the rest of the world.
So they can -- they can handle it, even if they don't get the position right. They can certainly continue for two or three years on the wrong course.
But the effect on the rest of the world -- and that is actually mainly deflation. It's a source -- it's one of the sources of deflation. You've got basically three major root causes. One is China. The other one is oil and raw material prices. And the third is competitive devaluation or beggar thy neighbor policies. And you have all three.
LACQUA: How difficult is it for central banks to fight deflation? We're at zero band, almost. Is there any ammunition left?
George Soros: Well, it's -- it's difficult because whether you have minus 20 basis points or minus 30 basis points is not going to stimulate the economy. Quantitative easing has worked. It has saved the world from the deflation, the great depression. That's the lesson we have learned from the 1930s. It's Ben Bernanke who learned it. He knew it. And when he realized that he underestimated the magnitude of the problem, he used his knowledge and he engaged in a two-pronged, which is when you lose control of the -- of a car, right, you have to turn the wheel in the direction in which the skid is taking you. And when you have regained control, then you correct direction.
So the first step was to flood the money -- the market with money. And it's a long-term maneuver. The Fed was being (INAUDIBLE) was the first one to reach the point where it wanted to correct the second curve and reached it last year and started talking about it.
But they didn't act.
And by the time they act -- that they acted, the window of opportunity closed. So they acted at the wrong time. One year too late, by raising interest rates when the European economy is already -- not the European, the U.S. economy is already slowing down.
And that's because of deflation, because -- and that was the -- it really became apparent in December when you had the benefit of lower oil prices, which is -- which gave you effectively a tax cut, but the households, instead of spending the extra money, saved it to -- used it to improve their own finances because they felt they could buy the same goods cheaper next year.
LACQUA: If you're saying that the Fed hike in December is a mistake, so the Fed, at that moment, is telling us four rate hikes this year. The market believes two rate hikes.
Do you think that actually Janet Yellin will have to revert -- reverse and cut rates?
George Soros: Yes, well...
LACQUA: This year?
George Soros: -- it is -- I -- I would be very surprised if you had another increase in the rates. There were supposed to be four. And effectively, they were aiming at getting up to 3 percent. That would have been back to normal. It would have given them more ammunition to then -- to ease when the -- you have downward pressure.
But they can't get there.
LACQUA: But do you think she'll have to cut? And if she does cut, does...
George Soros: Who does?
LACQUA: Janet Yellin. If the Fed has to cut rates, to reverse that rate hike which you think is a mistake, what does it do to her credibility...
George Soros: No. Well, a mistake has happened and if you have to correct it, it's the right thing and not to stick to it.
But so it could happen that they cut it. But that won't be much of a stimulus. In other words, the quantitative easing works, but it has a diminishing return.
LACQUA: But how did quantitative easing actually work if deflation has to do with oil prices? I mean it's quite difficult in this environment, even if you look at Mario Draghi, he's been trying to get inflation up and it hasn't quite worked. Do we have to look through the oil price to -- to look at the pressures of deflation?
George Soros: Yes. Well, you can't look through it, because it's right there. So Draghi is going to expand the -- because he now has, apparently, that's what he said today, he has the support of the Bundesbank. And he has the evidence of the slowdown. So he will do it.
LACQUA: How would you play the markets in this kind of environment? What do you buy?
George Soros: Yes. Well, I -- I'm no longer, you know, in the markets, so I don't know the details. I'm -- I've become the -- the Eisi (ph) Berlin's hedgehog, you know, one big idea. The one big idea is deflation.
And therefore, since I don't know the market, I shorted SNPs, I shorted the raw material producing countries and Asian countries' currencies against the dollar and I went long, government -- U.S. government bonds.
LACQUA: This was at the end of last year?
George Soros: This was at...
LACQUA: And do you approved (INAUDIBLE)?
George Soros: Yes.
LACQUA: For this year? When -- when does deflation start being a concern? What will kick start inflation?
George Soros: Well, no, you -- I think this year is going to be a difficult year and the balance is at the -- is on the down side. So I think -- I don't -- you may hit a bottom, you know, I mean it's been declining rather rapidly. And, actually, it hit some kind of a bottom yesterday, because there was a give-up, there was a beginning of a panic. And it took -- it turned around. But it wasn't a classic bottom, because it didn't have the big shift. And it still ended down. Today, there is a follow-through. So you could have a bounce.
But I don't think this is a good entry point here, because you already have, let's say, normally you recover one third to two thirds of the -- of the loss. Well, you have almost recovered one third already.
So it's -- and if you have a real bottom, it's always retested. So this -- this is not a time to buy, in my opinion, but rather to -- for those who have to sell, sell.
LACQUA: Wait, because we will probably see another correction. Do you worry about the U.K. leaving the EU?
George Soros: Well, I don't know too much about -- I notice the currency made a new low. That's probably good for stimulating (INAUDIBLE). I don't know enough about that. As I said, I'm a hedgehog.
LACQUA: Talking about new lows, we also had the ruble touching a new low.
George Soros: Pardon?
LACQUA: We also had the ruble touching a new low.
George Soros: Yes. You -- yes.
LACQUA: A record low.
George Soros: Yes.
LACQUA: What's your take on Russia?
George Soros: Well...
LACQUA: How much do we understand about what President Putin wants to do next?
George Soros: Well, I think it's very clear that Russia is in a very, very weak position. It can, again, it has enough reserves that it can last a couple of years.
There's a big year for it in 2017, when a lot of debt comes due.
So I would say that's -- they have to do something now. And, in fact, they are doing something, because they're -- their balance -- budget will drop to 6 percent and they have to cut it to 3 percent. So they want a -- an overall reduction between 5 percent and 10 percent in their -- in their budget.
And that actually violates the social compact that has made him so popular, which is basically financial stability and a steadily slowly but steadily rising standard of living.
And that, you know, is violating. And he has to do something about it.
So he, you know, he's acting from a very weak position. And that's why -- that's what makes him adventurous. That's what -- that's why he takes big risks, because he knows he needs to do something. And that's why he went into Syria, as well, hoping that it would improve his conditions.
So actually, you now have a race against time. There's a -- the impeding collapse of the Russian economy and the actually occurring collapse of the European Union. And it's a question which -- who collapses more and sooner.
And unfortunately, the EU is winning that race. And that's why I am so thrilled by (INAUDIBLE) turning around and I'm really an enthusiastic supporter, because that's what you need to do something when you are in -- you are in danger.
And it it's a U-turn for him, because he's, you know, opposed to adding to the debt. But when should you use the debt, except when you are in -- you are in danger, right?
So I am all for it.
LACQUA: What is the solution for -- on the refugee crisis in Europe?
George Soros: Well, it's, basically, you have to set a high enough target for refugees to be accepted. Let's say a million a year. And you have to make it clear that you will keep that open until those who qualify are actually accepted.
And then, you can demand that they should stay where they are and wait their turn. And that way, they won't rush, as they do now, to get here while the door is still open.
And that will reduce the flow to manageable proportions, where because now, we have past a tipping point where the influx reduces the ability -- capacity of the receiving countries to assimilate or to integrate the refugees.
So you have a panic. With -- without a common European asylum policy, there is a panic. It's like a cinema on fire without exit signs.
And that effects every -- the population, the general population, the refugees and the authorities that are in charge of maintaining law and order.
So there's a genuine panic.
And then it's everybody out for himself. I can't blame Victor Urban (ph) for trying to protect Hungary's borders under those conditions. I can blame him for refusing to participate in a common asylum policy. That is the problem. And he's not the only one.
You have now got a lot of countries opposed. But this is what you need.
And then, you then have to have a comprehensive policy that reaches beyond the borders of the European Union and you look after the refugees where they're currently situated.
And that is about to happen. We are on the -- we are doing it. There's going to be a summit on February 4th in London, co-chaired by Cameron and (INAUDIBLE)...
LACQUA: (INAUDIBLE).
George Soros: -- Maco (ph). And this will be directed at Jordan, which is a small country, 6.8 million people, with 25 percent of the population is Syrian refugees.
So there's a tremendous number. And now, the -- there are new refugees coming from Syria because the Russians are bombing the civilian population in the south of Syria and pushing them into Jordan.
So unless you did something to make the plan is now to open the common market to special economic zones, where people can -- multinationals and local and Syrian entrepreneurs can set up businesses and they have free access to a European market.
And their -- that will give employment both to the refugees and to the local population. And that should help to stabilize the situation and make it possible for them even to accommodate the newly coming refugees.
So that's a step in the right direction. And the same negotiations argon with Turkey. Turkey has now passed a law which allows 10 percent of companies to be Syrian refugees. So that will provide employment for them.
And you also have to improve the education of the children. And then they will not come, so the flow will be brought under control.
LACQUA: (INAUDIBLE).
George Soros: And that...
LACQUA: Mr. Soros, are you -- are you worried so about the political future of Angela Merkel?
Will she have to backtrack on the promises she's made to refugees because of the backlash at home?
George Soros: Yes, unfortunately, she uncharacteristically risked her political capital on this issue. She realized that the migration could tear Europe apart. She was -- unfortunately, she was right. And she wanted to stop it.
So she risked her political capital and she lost, because the -- her gesture of opening up Germany was not properly prepared. You see, you should have created this asylum policy, etc.
But actually, by doing it, she has made it possible to speak about accepting a million refugees because effectively, Germany is accepting them.
So in a way, by making that imaginative response, she made it now possible to have an asylum policy.
That's the sine quo non.
LACQUA: Will we find more of a solution in the Middle East in the next 12 months?
And -- and, again, what role does Russia have to play in this?
George Soros: Well, unfor -- as I say, the situation is not good because Putin, since he's in a race with the European Union, he wants the European Union to collapse and therefore he's generating -- he's using the refugee crisis as a -- a way of disintegrating Europe.
So the bombing is going on. So there is a -- there is a negotiations. But the bombing is still. And the Americans are trying to find out whether he's serious when he's talking about a political settlement or whether he's just playing with us.
And unfortunately, I'm afraid the latter is the case. So because of that, you can't expect a solution at the root, namely Syria.
LACQUA: Given all this, the market turmoil, China, concerns about deflation, geopolitics and also the risk of (INAUDIBLE), is there anything that would make us hopeful about the next 12 months?
George Soros: Look, I can see the building stones being placed for solving all the problems. There are six of them, the crises, with the exception of Greece.
And all you need to do is to put it somehow together, because all those con -- they are all interconnected. And you have to put it together and you have to solve one problem, which is the, to my mind, the key is this asylum policy.
So I've been very much engaged in bringing this apart -- about. We are engaged in all over Europe on this issue. This is a major -- it has always been a major issue for my foundations. You know, I was myself a stateless person, a migrant, for 15 years. But the migrants in those days were better treated. So I could study, I could get a job, I could have a travel document. You know, I had a plan to make $100,000 and then retire on the proceeds. And I could outperform that target. All this while I was a displaced person.
So unfortunately -- so now that I am a bit of a senior statesman, my loyalty is for the stateless people.
LACQUA: I'm going to take questions from the floor, so if you do have any questions, please e-mail themsorosdavos2016@gmail.com. And whilst you do, then I already have a couple of questions.
Mr. Soros, just give us a sense of how you were talking about these problems and the refugees also bursting at the seams.
Is there a chance that actually the world economy falls into recession because of everything we've talked about just now?
George Soros: Yes. No, I mean the -- the deflation and the global slowdown makes everything worse. It's a bad background for sectoral changes. So it compounds the difficulties.
But as I say, I see the turnaround afterwards. So I see the end -- the light at the end of the tunnel, I just don't know how to get there.
LACQUA: One question which is coming in, which is greater, the amount of money you made on your deflation trade or the amount of money you gave away in 2015?#p#副标题#e#
George Soros: Unfortunately, I didn't make enough because I give away a billion dollars a year. And that's -- it's a smaller trade.
LACQUA: We have another question.
What do you think of social impact bonds as a way to fund critical human needs?
George Soros: I think it's a -- those are interesting proposals. I haven't been deeply involved in them. But I think it's a -- I've heard about the proposal that was launched here in Davos and I think it's a good initiative.
LACQUA: So we've mentioned a lot of crises, but we didn't talk about the U.S. elections. How worried are you by the popularity of Donald Trump?
George Soros: Well, it's un -- Donald Trump is doing the work of ISIS.
(LAUGHTER)
George Soros: ISIS and before that al Qaeda discovered the Achilles' heel of Western civilization, the fear of death. And when it -- it's -- it interferes with reason and people do things out of fear which is actually harmful.
And that's what -- by fear-mongering, Donald Trump and the others, Cruz and so on, are doing the work of ISIS.
And the -- I actually listened to the debates. And it's a very simple message. I found it difficult to resist it. I was -- you know, it's a -- because it's so elemental.
The only thing that stopped me is the knowledge that it must be wrong to do what your enemies want you to do. They want people to turn against Muslims, to treat them as -- with suspicion and convince the Muslim community that there is no alternative except terrorism.
And so the -- it turns the young Muslim population into a breeding ground for terrorists. And we must resist that, because we are doing the work of ISIS.
But at the same time, I don't think the threat by ISIS should be overestimated because they are very successful in exploiting this fear of death in the Western society.
But they are losing ground on the -- in their -- in Syria, in the caliphate. And they know that their days are numbered, because their -- in Iraq, the Iraqi Army is going to squeeze them out and I think in Syria, they have to govern. And they've turned the local population against them.
So ISIS is also doing this from a very weak position.
So this is the amazing thing in the world today, that it's sort of a competition of weakness.
LACQUA: But what does the fact that Donald Trump is not fading, right, that he -- he is still very popular -- tell us about the angst or fears about voters and -- and what are the polities -- policies that the voters in the U.S. should be focusing on?
George Soros: Well, here, I have to confess to a little bit of bias, so take that into account. I think it all -- it's going to lead to a landslide for Hillary Clinton in the popular vote, not in the electoral vote, because there, paid political announcements will have a big role.
And so the electoral thing will be closer. But the popular vote will be a landslide because she is campaigning for the general elections, whereas the Republicans are fighting for the primary. And the primary is a small minority of extremists.
And so they are all moved -- moving in that direction. And while I don't think that Donald Trump has any chance of being elected, he will -- may have the role of kingmaker, because he will have -- he's lasted long enough, he will get quite a bit of -- quite a few votes.
LACQUA: But you think Hillary Clinton is a done deal...
George Soros: I think I...
LACQUA: -- for -- for the Democrats?
George Soros: Yes. And I do think, actually, she's the one who's most qualified. But that's my bias.
LACQUA: I have another question. How does reflexivity fit into the current deflationary theme?
George Soros: Well, that would -- have to tell you more about the conceptual framework that I use for the analysis. And that's -- I call it the human uncertainty principle. And it's built on two pillars -- fallibility and reflexivity. And the main idea is that natural science has been more successful in bringing the force of -- forces of nature, understanding the forces of nature and bringing them under our control than we have been able to govern ourselves.
So as a result, our ability to destroy our civilization has increased and our ability to govern ourselves hasn't.
And so we are -- we have the capacity to destroy ourselves, with obviously a global (INAUDIBLE) climate changes, manmade, is a typical example or a -- of that. And we haven't got international governance. In fact, it's breaking down.
So that's the situation.
However, I think we are learning more about how markets and societies function, so there is a revolution in the social sciences.
I set up The Institute for New Economic Thinking, INET, in 2009. And I think we have already convinced the world that the prevailing economic doctrine of efficient markets and rational expectations is false.
But we haven't yet produced new insights. But it's now happening. And we are learning a lot. And I am hopeful that we'll learn enough and fast enough that we will learn to bring deflation under control.
And there, I think actually at that turn, we'll see the chairman of INET, who was, you know, before the head of the British equivalent of the SEC and so on. He will -- he wrote a book which I think gives a -- the -- the solution, actually, because he says that we have more that -- the difference between now and 1930s, that we go into the crisis already over indebted.
And therefore, you can't just increase the debt. What you need to do, actually, is to print money.
LACQUA: You can't just print money.
George Soros: What?
LACQUA: You cannot just print money.
George Soros: Well, you can, but it's against -- against the rules, particularly in the European Union. So you have to find a way around it. And you can do it.
LACQUA: I have a question on China. There is a lot of pessimism in China, but will the crisis situation also be an opportunity to push through reforms?
George Soros: China is at a crossroads. Xi Jinping wants to impose party discipline and at the same time he's trying to find a market solution. And the two can't be reconciled. So one or the other has to give.
Either the -- there has to be political reforms, as well as economic reforms, or the transition will fail, the market-based transition.
We have a great interest that it should succeed. So we have to sort of support it as much as one can from the outside.
But it's really up for grabs. And it's one of the big unresolved questions. I hope that the -- actually, there is a lot of resistance inside China to this tight party control. There's a lot of open society people inside the government. And they are putting up a pretty strong resistance.
And I hope they will succeed.
LACQUA: If you have questions, do e-mail them in. We still have just one or two questions. On China, the vice president of China was here in Davos. And he says they are not actively pursuing a policy of devaluating the yuan.
Do you believe him?
George Soros: No, I think that they made a commitment to -- when Xi Jinping was in Washington. He made a commitment that he will bring the depreciation of the currency. But the depreciation against a basket of currencies, which nevertheless involves depreciation against the dollar, because the current -- the renminbi was tied to the dollar. Now, it's a basket.
And if the dollar appreciates, it -- then the renminbi depreciates. And that's still happening.
So...
LACQUA: I have -- I have two final questions.
What do you -- why do you think Poland is copying Hungary in its politics and political choices? And where will this lead to?
George Soros: Poland and that...
LACQUA: Poland...
George Soros: -- Poland...
LACQUA: Poland copying Hungary.
George Soros: Yes, well, Poland is copying Hungary and that's a very unfortunate development because Poland is a big country compared to Hungary. It's been a very successful coun -- country, also. The economy has been one of the strongest in Europe. And the new regime has taken the play book from Orban (ph) and introduced it.
And it really violates the laws of the European Union. And the European Union is -- has responded to it rather vigilantly and is now cracking down.
And (INAUDIBLE) has downgraded, so the zloty has fallen and I think the polish population has woken up that they've made a mistake.
They were voting against the previous government, but there was no loyal opposition. There was only a disloyal opposition.
So they brought the disloyal, anti-European party into power. But Poland -- the polish population is very much committed to Europe and very worried about Russia.
So there is now serious resistance and I hope it will succeed.
LACQUA: One final question.What is the biggest threat to the open society today?
George Soros: Well, the open society always -- is always under threat. Right now, you have this -- the ISIS -- the jihadi extremism, for instance. But open society has always some excesses that it has to combat.
In my generation, it was communism, actually. So every generation has to go through every experience that open society could collapse.
It's a -- how should I say, it's a very advanced process and reason doesn't naturally prevail. And let's say the fear of death now can really undermine the rule of reason. And that's what's happening.
LACQUA: George Soros, thank you so much.
George Soros: Good. Thank you.
索罗斯的经典名言:
1、市场总是错的。
2、重要的不是你的判断是错还是对,而是在你正确的时候要最大限度地发挥出你的力量来!
3、"我生来一贫如洗,但决不能死时仍旧贫困潦倒。”——挂在办公室的墙壁上。
4、如果你经营状况欠佳,那么,第一步你要减少投入,但不要收回资金。当你重新投入的时候,一开始投入数量要小。
5、不知道未来会发生什么并不可怕,可怕的是不知道如果发生什么就该如何应对。
6、要想获得成功,必须要有充足的自由时间。
7、在股票市场上,寻求别人还没有意识到的突变。
8、股市通常是不可信赖的,因而,如果在华尔街地区你跟曾别人赶时髦,那么,你的股票经营注定是十分惨淡的。
9、身在市场,你就得准备忍受痛苦。
10、如果你的投资运行良好,那么,跟着感觉走,并且把你所有的资产投入进去。
11、人们认为我不会出错,这完全是一种误解。我坦率地说,对任何事情,我和其他人犯同样多的错误。不过,我的超人之处在于我能认识自己的错误。这便是成功的秘密。我的洞察力关键是在于,认识到了人类思想内在的错误。
12、我不愿意花很多时间和股票市场的人们在一起,我觉得他们讨厌,和知识分子在一起比和商人在一起感觉要舒服得多。
13、很多年我都拒绝把它(投资)作为我的职业。它是达到目的的手段。我很乐意去接受——事实上,这就是我一辈子的事业。
14、我已经和公司打成一片。它以我为生,我也和它生活在一起,日夜形影不离……它是我的情人。我害怕失去它也担心做失败,并尽量避免失误。这是一种悲惨的生活。
15、我完全投入这一工作,但这确实是非常痛苦的经历。一方面,无论什么时候我在市场中如果作出了错误决策,我得忍受非常巨大的精神折磨。另一方面,我确实不愿意为了成功而把赚钱作为必需的手段。为了找出支配我进行金融决策的规则,我否认我已经成功。
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