为您找到与敦煌莫高窟英文导游词相关的共200个结果:
尊敬的各位游客.欢迎大家到敦煌旅游,欢迎来到莫高窟。
你们好,现在我带大家去参观举世闻名的佛教艺术宝库--敦煌莫高窟。莫高窟呀离敦煌市区东南25公里处,我用这段时间,就莫高窟先做一点简单的介绍。
敦煌莫高窟和洛阳龙门石窟、大同的云冈石窟并称为中国三大石窟。莫高窟的开凿比龙门石窟早128年、比云冈石窟早94年。莫高窟以它创建年代之久。建筑规模之大、壁画数量之多、塑像造型之多、保存之完整,其艺术价值之博大精深而闻名天下,享誉国内外。一年中游客接踵而来,络绎不绝,对促进文化交流,传播学说,弘扬民族艺术,进行爱国主义教育起了举足轻重的作用。莫高窟的壁画艺术是龙门、云冈石窟所没有的,是世界上任何石窟寺所无法相比的,它是莫高窟艺术的精髓。如果所45000平方米壁画一张张连接起来将长达25公里,要把这些壁画哪放在路边的话,可以构成个从市区到莫高窟的一条长长的画廊。其规模之宏大,题材之广泛,艺术之精湛,被日本学者称之为“一大画廊”;法国学者称之为“墙壁上的图书馆”;正如一位学者看了莫高窟后感慨的说:“看了离煌石窟就等于看到了世界的古代文明”。
项高窟俗称千佛洞,“千”这个数字在这里不指具体的数目,而是喻指很多,因为这里有许多佛教塑像、壁画的洞窟,所以俗称为“千佛洞”。莫高窟这个名称最早出现在隋代洞窟第423号洞窟题记中,其名称的由来众说纷纭,莫衷一是,大抵有三种说法:其一,是说菲高窟开凿于沙漠的高处而得名,在古汉语中“沙漠”的“漠”和“莫高窟”的“莫”是通假字;其二是说从藏经洞出土的文书和许多唐代文献都记载,唐代沙州敦煌县境内有“漠高山”、“漠高里”之称,据此考证,鸣沙山在隋唐也称漠高山,因此将石窟以附近的乡、里名称命名;其三是说在梵文里“莫高”之音是解脱的意思,“莫高”是梵文的音译。
由于敦煌自汉魏以来,是汉族和许多少数民族聚集杂居之地,各民族文化在这里交汇、融合;敦煌又是西出西域,东入中原的咽喉要道,自古以来,人们笃信佛教,地方的官使吏、豪门贵族、善男信女以及贫苦的老百姓都拿出银两来开窟、造像、绘画作为自己的家庙来供养佛和菩萨;来往于丝绸古道的商人、使者、僧侣等为了祈佑自己能平安突起塔克拉玛干大沙漠,或取福佑,死后进入天国的投资。于是在鸣沙山的崖壁上,大大小小的窟龛不断涌现。
大家看前边有绿色的地主就是莫高窟,它背靠鸣沙山,面对三危峰,窟区南北全长1600多米,现存洞窟492个,洞窟大小不一,上下错落,密布崖面,每个洞窟里面都有栩栩如生的塑像,婀娜多姿的飞天,精美绝伦的壁画,构图精巧的花砖,构成了一个充满宗教氛围的佛国世界。莫高窟始建于前秦建元二年,也就是公元366年,历经北凉、北魏、西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、宋、西夏、元等朝代,在现存的洞窟中有壁画45000多平方米,塑像2400余身,最大塑像主, 30多米,最大壁画约50平方米。这些壁画、塑像,在不同程度上反映了我国从4世纪到14世纪上下延续千年的不同时代的社会、生产、生活、交通、建筑、艺术、音乐、舞蹈、民情风俗、宗教信仰、思想变化、民族关系、中外交往等情况。在我国三大石窟中,莫高窟是开凿最早,延续时间最长,规模最大,内容最丰富的石窟群。在世界文化史上也具有珍贵的价值。有“人类文化珍藏”、“形象历史博物馆”、“世界画廊”之称。
现在我进入洞窟参观,首先我们去参观有名有“藏经洞”。这个洞窟位于系统工程号洞窟甬道的北侧,编号为17窟,洞窟原是晚唐时期河西都僧统洪的“影窟”,有碑文载这一事实。1900年5月的一天,管理莫高窟的道士王圆录在一个偶然的机会,打开了秘百多年的“藏经洞”,这些珍贵无比的文物终于重见天日了,但是清王朝的腐败加之王圆录的愚昧,使这些珍贵的文物遭到了帝国主义分子的肆无忌惮的掠夺和盗劫。1905年沙皇俄国的奥勃鲁切夫来到莫高窟,以六包日用品为诱饵,骗取了一批文物。1907年,英国人斯坦因,仅用数十块马蹄银,劫取了约一万多卷,同时还有佛教绣品和佛画五百多幅,现藏于大英博物馆;1908年法国人伯希和盗走文物六千多卷,现在藏于巴黎法国国立图书馆和吉美博物馆。1911年10月日本大谷光瑞探险队的吉川小一郎和桔瑞超盗走约九百余卷。直到1910年清政府才将被劫余的文物运往北京,收藏在北京图书馆。在运输途中及运到北京后不少文物被偷、损坏、遗失,是中国考古史上一次难以估量的损失。“藏经洞”发现的这些文书内容包括宗教经典和多种文字写的世欲文书,它涉及到许多学科,是研究古代宗教、政治、经济、军事、文化的重要资料,经过国内外学者几十年的研究、开拓出一门全新热门的学科--敦煌学。
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
敦煌莫高窟最具代表性的文化艺术是壁画,而在壁画中蕴藏着无与伦比的古代服饰文化资料。敦煌莫高窟地处暖温带干旱大陆性气候区,年温差和日温差都很大。本文是敦煌莫高窟的导游词,仅供参考。
大家好,这里是敦煌莫高窟景区。我是你们的导游,我姓龚,大这可以叫我龚导。 敦煌莫高窟是祖国西北的一颗明珠。她坐落在甘肃省三危山和鸣沙山的怀抱中,也就是我们这个地方。大家向下望,四周丰满沙丘,再抬头望一望,492个洞窟像蜂窝似的排列在断崖绝壁上。大家可以想象,修筑这宏伟的敦煌莫高窟的人民多么不容易。为了保护这些遗产,请大家在内不扔垃圾,不拍照。
现在我闪已经到了彩塑展厅。这里的彩塑个性鲜明,神态各异,精妙绝伦。我左边这尊是慈眉善目的菩萨,右边这尊是威风凛凛的大王;右上方这尊是强壮勇猛的力士。最宏伟的是我身后这尊卧佛了。它一共有16米长,侧身卧着,眼睛微闭,神态安祥。相信大家看了以后,会禁不住啧啧赞叹。
接下来,我们来欣赏壁画展厅。这里的壁画有很多,内容丰富多彩。我左边是记录佛教故事的描绘神佛形像的,右边的是反映民间生活的和描摹自然风光。大家知道我身后的壁画是什么吗?对了,那就是引人注目的飞天。这一个飞天臂挎花篮,采摘鲜花;这一个飞天怀抱琵琶,银拨银弦;这一个飞天倒悬身子,自天而降;这一个飞天彩带飘拂,漫天遨游;而这一个飞天舒展双壁,翩翩起舞。你们看了这些壁画是否觉得进入了艺术殿堂?是的,我告诉你们,莫高窟是举世闻名的艺术宝库,这里的每一幅壁画,每一尊彩塑,都是我国古代劳动人民智慧的结晶。>导游词
好了,下面是自由活动时间,请大家细细游赏,有什么问题可以来问我。
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
莫高窟不仅有精妙绝伦的彩塑,还有四万五千多平方米宏伟瑰丽的壁画,很多游客慕名来参观,导游要给游客做好敦煌莫高窟景点的解说。下面是读文网为大家准备的敦煌莫高窟导游词,希望大家喜欢!
去年放暑假,我们一家游览了敦煌的莫高窟。听说莫高窟被称为千佛洞,今天我终于可以看到这神奇的地方了。
于是我们跟导游进入了莫高窟,展现在我眼前的是人山人海的景象和一个个石窟。据导游解说这里共有492个石窟,彩塑2415尊没,壁画45000多平方米,唐宋木结构建筑5座。导游还说隋代人们想象力不够所以雕刻的比较呆版。到了唐代人们对美的认识有所改变,雕刻的也更生动了……可是导游说的一句话我也没有听进去,因为我的心早已飞入石窟了。
导游终于带着我们进入了石窟,里面可真神奇有释迦牟尼佛及其他的弟子枷难、玄业,还有那就是世界有名飞天了……各个栩栩如生。
导游还给我们讲了一个关于释迦牟尼佛成佛前前世的故事,故事是这样的从前有三个王子,他们都很善良,可最善良的还是小王子。有一天三位王子出门游玩,王子的两位哥哥被一只美丽的鹿吸引,哥哥们只顾着追鹿丢下了小王子,突然小王子发现了一只快要饿死的老虎,于是小王子躺下让老虎吃,可是老虎连咬人的劲都没有了,于是王子把衣服脱下让老虎吃……这个故事流传至今。导游还带我们看了32个石窟中的佛像,各个栩栩如生,有的盘坐、有的手托白玉瓶、还有的脚踩祥云……真让我难以忘怀。
啊!我喜欢着神奇而美丽的莫高窟。
猜你感兴趣的:
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
敦煌莫高窟所珍藏艺术珍品是中外交流的瑰宝。人们都把莫高窟称为甘肃中的一颗明珠。下面是读文网为大家带来的敦煌莫高窟导游词350字,希望可以帮助大家。
女士们、先生们:
大家好!我是这次敦煌莫高窟一日游的导游,我姓陈,你们就叫我陈导吧!你们的眼前就是莫高窟的大门,想知道莫高窟是什么样的吗?听我慢慢道来。
莫高窟,位于敦煌市东南部,距城约25公里,洞若观火窟开在鸣沙山东的断崖上。它是中国最大的古典艺术宝库,也是佛教艺术中心。
游客们,洞窟数目达到492个,塑像2000尊以上,其中最大者33米,最小者仅10厘米。所以,塑像在莫高窟中最有名。
壁画总面积为45000平方米,若将所有壁画排列起来,就有30公里长。如果说是莫高窟使的敦煌闻名全球的话,那么,使得莫高窟闻名的就首推这些壁画,是旅游时的参观重点。
1987年莫高窟被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产,受最重点的文物保护。
好了,现在我介绍到这儿,请大家漫步欣赏。不能乱扔果皮等垃圾,不能在壁画上乱涂乱画,要保护文物。
谢谢!
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
莫高窟以它创建年代之久。建筑规模之大、壁画数量之多、塑像造型之多、保存之完整,其艺术价值之博大精深而闻名天下,享誉国内外。下面是读文网为大家带来的敦煌莫高窟导游词500字,希望可以帮助大家。
各位朋友:
你们好。现在我带大家去参观举世闻名的佛教艺术宝库--敦煌莫高窟。莫高窟呀离敦煌市区东南25公里处,我用这段时间,就莫高窟先做一点简单的介绍。
敦煌莫高窟和洛阳龙门石窟、大同的云冈石窟并称为中国三大石窟。莫高窟的开凿比龙门石窟早128年、比云冈石窟早94年。莫高窟以它创建年代之久。建筑规模之大、壁画数量之多、塑像造型之多、保存之完整,其艺术价值之博大精深而闻名天下,享誉国内外。一年中游客接踵而来,络绎不绝,对促进文化交流,传播学说,弘扬民族艺术,进行爱国主义教育起了举足轻重的作用。莫高窟的壁画艺术是龙门、云冈石窟所没有的,是世界上任何石窟寺所无法相比的,它是莫高窟艺术的精髓。如果所45000平方米壁画一张张连接起来将长达25公里,要把这些壁画哪放在路边的话,可以构成个从市区到莫高窟的一条长长的画廊。其规模之宏大,题材之广泛,艺术之精湛,被日本学者称之为“一大画廊”;法国学者称之为“墙壁上的图书馆”;正如一位学者看了莫高窟后感慨的说:“看了离煌石窟就等于看到了世界的古代文明”。
项高窟俗称千佛洞,“千”这个数字在这里不指具体的数目,而是喻指很多,因为这里有许多佛教塑像、壁画的洞窟,所以俗称为“千佛洞”。莫高窟这个名称最早出现在隋代洞窟第423号洞窟题记中,其名称的由来众说纷纭,莫衷一是,大抵有三种说法:其一,是说菲高窟开凿于沙漠的高处而得名,在古汉语中“沙漠”的“漠”和“莫高窟”的“莫”是通假字;其二是说从藏经洞出土的文书和许多唐代文献都记载,唐代沙州敦煌县境内有“漠高山”、“漠高里”之称,据此考证,鸣沙山在隋唐也称漠高山,因此将石窟以附近的乡、里名称命名;其三是说在梵文里“莫高”之音是解脱的意思,“莫高”是梵文的音译。
由于敦煌自汉魏以来,是汉族和许多少数民族聚集杂居之地,各民族文化在这里交汇、融合;敦煌又是西出西域,东入中原的咽喉要道,自古以来,人们笃信佛教,地方的官使吏、豪门贵族、善男信女以及贫苦的老百姓都拿出银两来开窟、造像、绘画作为自己的家庙来供养佛和菩萨;来往于丝绸古道的商人、使者、僧侣等为了祈佑自己能平安突起塔克拉玛干大沙漠,或取福佑,死后进入天国的投资。于是在鸣沙山的崖壁上,大大小小的窟龛不断涌现。
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
莫高窟,位于敦煌市东南部,距城约25公里,洞若观火窟开在鸣沙山东的断崖上。下面是读文网为大家带来的敦煌莫高窟导游词结尾,希望可以帮助大家。
女士们、先生们:
大家好!我是这次敦煌莫高窟一日游的导游,我姓陈,你们就叫我陈导吧!你们的眼前就是莫高窟的大门,想知道莫高窟是什么样的吗?听我慢慢道来。
莫高窟,位于敦煌市东南部,距城约25公里,洞若观火窟开在鸣沙山东的断崖上。它是中国最大的古典艺术宝库,也是佛教艺术中心。
游客们,洞窟数目达到492个,塑像2000尊以上,其中最大者33米,最小者仅10厘米。所以,塑像在莫高窟中最有名。
壁画总面积为45000平方米,若将所有壁画排列起来,就有30公里长。如果说是莫高窟使的敦煌闻名全球的话,那么,使得莫高窟闻名的就首推这些壁画,是旅游时的参观重点。
游客们,你们知道吗?莫高窟始建于东晋太和元年(公元366年)。传说有个名叫乐尊的各党路过此地,忽然见到金光闪耀,似有千佛显现,认为这就是佛家的圣地,遂四处募捐,开掘了第一个石窟。消息传开后,商旅纷纷差使在此修造石窟,以期旅途平安。这样一直延续到元代,经历1000多年。
1987年莫高窟被联合国教科文组织列为世界文化遗产,受最重点的文物保护。
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
莫高窟又名千佛洞,坐落于中国西部甘肃省敦煌市东南二十五公里处鸣沙山的悬崖上,下面是读文网为大家带来的敦煌莫高窟英文导游词,希望可以帮助大家。
Everybody is good! Welcome to the mogao grottoes of dunhuang. I'll give you a introduce myself: my name is Wang Yi, to you is my pleasure, I'm here to give you reminder, the treasure here do not touch, otherwise the consequence is proud. We now know each other, we will get to the point, talk about the mogao grottoes of dunhuang!
Is the ancient silk road town of dunhuang. Dunhuang mogao grottoes treasured art treasures is the treasure of the Chinese and foreign exchange. People called the mogao grottoes in gansu a pearl. Dunhuang mural image lifelike, especially: "flying" pattern, you see, this is what I call the "flying". Also by the tang dynasty people hailed as "day float in the sky, full wall pneumatic", become the symbol of dunhuang murals. Dunhuang mogao grottoes is within the territory of mogao grottoes of dunhuang city, gansu province is the floorboard of the west thousand-buddha grottoes, is one of China's famous four big grottoes, also is the world's most ambitious scale of existing, the best-preserved buddhist art treasure house. Mogao grottoes mainly reflects in the aspect of mural, here is the mural to the mogao grottoes is famous for. Now everybody's understanding about it? I'm going to continue to speak!
Everybody look at here! To go to the learning attitude. Foreign tourists to the evaluation of the mogao grottoes, is: "see the mogao grottoes in dunhuang, is equivalent to see the ancient civilizations in the world." "The mogao grottoes is the world's longest, largest and most abundant content gallery." "It is existing the greatest treasure of buddhist art in the world." "Human life must go to a place, mural painting and the art of figure of Buddha is really impressive."
Was that: although the mogao grottoes in the long years by nature and man-made destruction, has retained from the sixteen, makes, northern wei, wei, their, sui, tang, five dynasties, song and xixia and yuan 493 to ten dynasties such as hole, murals of more than forty-five thousand square meters, like two thousand, is the world's existing the greatest treasure of buddhist art. If the mural arrangement, can extend more than 30 kilometers, is the world's longest, largest and most abundant content in a gallery. Have to make everyone happy happy now, can't old immersed in pity, in recent decades, scholars at home and abroad interested in dunhuang art extremely, ongoing research, has formed a specialized subject "dunhuang studies". The mogao grottoes is the combination of ancient buildings, sculptures and murals art palace, especially well known for its rich and colorful murals. Hope I can success!
Finally is going to tell you is: mural art! Grottoes murals richly colorful, all kinds of buddhist stories, scenery of mountains and rivers, pavilions, painting, landscape painting, flower design, such as flying figure of Buddha and the working people for production of a variety of scenes, etc., is the sixteen to more than 1500 years in the qing dynasty folk art representation style and historical change, grand magnificent. Can also be found in the large mural art, ancient artists on the basis of nationalization, learned the countries such as Iran, India, Greece, the ancient art is long, is the symbol of advanced civilization of the Chinese nation. Dynasty murals show the different painting style, reflects the political, economic and cultural condition of feudal society in China, is a glorious chapter of the ancient Chinese art history, provide the image of the precious historical materials for the research on ancient Chinese history.
My explanation to this end, I wish you all a pleasant journey!
敦煌莫高窟英文导游词相关
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
莫高窟是世界上最长、规模最大、内容最丰富的画廊。下面是读文网为大家带来的敦煌莫高窟英语导游词,希望可以帮助大家。
Ladies and gentlemen:
Everybody is good! I am the guide from the dunhuang mogao grottoes day trip, my name is Chen, you can call me Chen guide! Your eyes is the mogao grottoes, want to know what kind of mogao grottoes is? To listen to me slowly.
The mogao grottoes, located in the southeast of dunhuang city, about 25 kilometers away from the city, 'spoilers wat to open in China east cliff. It is China's largest classical art treasure, it is a center of buddhist art.
Number of tourists, cave 492, more than 2000 statues statue, 33 meters, the largest minimum only 10 centimeters. So, the most famous statue in the mogao grottoes.
If the total area of 45000 square meters, the mural to arrange all the paintings, there are 30 kilometers long. If say the mogao grottoes of dunhuang is famous the world, so, make the mogao grottoes is famous for its first these murals, is traveling to visit.
The mogao grottoes in 1987 UNESCO world cultural heritage, is the most key cultural relics protection.
Okay, now I introduce to here, please walk. Can't throw the peel and other trash, graffito of the scribble on the murals, to protect cultural relics.
Thank you very much!
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
敦煌莫高窟和洛阳的龙门石窟、大同的云冈石窟、天水麦积山石窟,都被称为中国“四大石窟”。下面是读文网为大家带来的甘肃敦煌莫高窟导游词,希望可以帮助大家。
各位朋友:
大家好!
今天,我将带大家参观举世闻名的“佛教艺术宝库—敦煌莫高窟”。请大家保护好环境,莫高窟在敦煌的东南方向,距市区二十五公里,乘车需要三十分钟。现在,我把莫高窟的情况做一简介。
敦煌莫高窟和洛阳的龙门石窟、大同的云冈石窟、天水麦积山石窟,都被称为中国“四大石窟”。莫高窟以它创建年代之久,建筑规模宏大,壁画多,塑像造型独特,保存完整而闻名天下,享誉国内外。并于一九六一年被国务院列为重点文物保护单位,一九八七年被联和国组织列入世界文化遗产保护项目。一九九一年授于“世界文化遗产”证书。
以前,有一位学者看了莫高窟后感慨地说:“看了敦煌莫高窟,就等于看到了世界的古代文明”。
在我们的正前方就是寺区了,首先映入眼帘的是“大牌坊”雄伟壮丽、气势不凡,枋额上有“石室宝藏”四个苍劲有力的字,是二十世纪四十年代国民党元老于右任题写的。
现在我们进入洞窟,要仔细看的话,一个月时间都看不完,这里开放洞窟有60多个,就是走马观花地看也得两三天。
壁花艺术是莫高窟艺术的精髓,它直接或间接的反映了我国历史上各民族、各阶层劳动生活,也是一部丰富的文化史。
现在的莫高窟以崭新的姿态迎接来自五湖四海的游客,在日益频繁的国际文化交流中发挥着重要的作用。
甘肃敦煌莫高窟导游词相关
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
敦煌是国家级历史文化名城,距今已有2000多年的历史。下面是读文网为大家带来的甘肃敦煌英文导游词,希望可以帮助大家。
Dunhuang is located in the western end of the hexi corridor in gansu province is located in gansu, qinghai, xinjiang, the junction of three provinces (area), the south qilian mountain, mazong mountain are north, east, and west sides of the gobi desert, an average elevation of 1138 meters, the formation of the north-south high, intermediate low, from the west to the northeast tilt basin plain, the city's total area of 3.12 square kilometers, of which the oasis area of 1400 square kilometers, accounted for only 4.5% of the total area, and surrounded by a desert gobi, reason has "gobi oasis". Dunhuang is located in the interior, obvious is characterized by dry climate, large temperature difference between day and night, less rainfall, evaporation, sunshine time is long, clear four seasons. Due to the lack of rain, the annual average rainfall of 39.3 millimeters, evaporation is 2486 mm, so has the obvious desert climate characteristics, belongs to the typical continental arid climate.
Oasis by DangHe tonic, originated in qilian mountain north flow DangHe, total length of 390 km, the basin area of 1.68 square kilometers, the annual runoff is 328 million cubic meters, is an important water conservancy lifeblood of dunhuang, except DangHe in surface water east and west ditch, ditch, south lake springs, spring always overflow volume of 3.14 cubic meters per second, annual runoff is 99.023 million cubic meters. The development and utilization of groundwater, dunhuang has become the main source of people's living water and industrial water. The city's total population of 150000 people, including agricultural population 94600 people. In han Chinese population accounts for the vast majority, hui, Mongolian, Tibetan, uygur, miao, manchu, earth, tujia, kazak, dongxiang, abundant solid 10 ethnic minorities accounted for only 1.06%. City governs 2 town 10 townships, 79 villagers committee, 381 villagers group. Sand town is home to the municipal party committee and municipal government, the state is the city's political, economic and cultural center. Seven 7 kilometers from west of the town is a new type of oil city building is very beautiful, who is now an affiliated stations in qinghai petroleum administration bureau, the population of permanent residents in more than 30000.
The total land area of 265600 mu, all is irrigated. Because of the fertile soil, irrigation condition is good, suitable for all kinds of crops. The main crops are wheat, corn, cotton, sesame, melons, vegetables and so on. Oasis in the orchard area of 43318 mu, the main variety of fruit is apple, pear, peach, apricot, jujube, grape, etc., can produce a variety of fruits a year more than 2000 kilograms.
甘肃敦煌英文导游词相关
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
敦煌莫高窟(即千佛洞)是我国最大的古典艺术宝库。下面是读文网为大家带来的莫高窟英文导游词,希望可以帮助大家。
Everybody is good! I am the "dunhuang tour guide, my name is xiao, people call me xiao guide. Today, I will take you to visit all of dunhuang mogao grottoes. China's three major grottoes, the mogao grottoes is digging at the earliest, continuation of the longest, largest and most abundant content of the group. In the cultural history of the world also has precious value. "Human culture treasure", "image history museum", "the world gallery," said.
Now I enter the caves to visit, first we went to visit a famous "published". This cave is located in the system engineering, caves, on the north side of the aisle number 17 wat, caves were during the late tang dynasty monk hong "shadow wat" of hexi is, the fact that there are inscriptions carry. One day in May 1900, management of the mogao grottoes of Taoist Wang Yuanlu in an accidental opportunity, opened the secret "published" over the years, these valuable cultural relics finally rediscovered, but the foolishness of corruption of the qing dynasty and Wang Yuanlu make these precious cultural relics by imperialists unscrupulous plundering and taken. Tsarist Russia in 1905, Mr Lu, came to the mogao grottoes, in six packages daily necessities for bait, defraud a batch of cultural relics. In 1907, the British stein, only use dozens of pieces of silver water chestnuts, rob took about more than ten thousand volumes, as well as Buddhism embroidery and painting more than five hundred, courtesy of the British museum; In 1908 the French pelliot stole more than six thousand cultural relics, now hidden in Paris, the French national library and the museum. In October 1911, the Japanese otani light ray of the expedition yoshikawa small ichiro stole more than nine hundred volumes and orange red. Until 1910, the qing government will be more than looted relics to Beijing, in Beijing library. During transit and transported to Beijing after many relics stolen, damage, loss, is one of the most difficult to measure in Chinese rubbings. "Published" find these documents written content including religious classics and a variety of the instrument, it involves many disciplines, is the study of ancient religious, political, economic, military and culture of the important information, after decades of research, scholars both at home and abroad to creat a new popular subject, dunhuang studies.
So why when is published, sealed? A say: at the beginning of the 11th century, when xixia invasion, dunhuang hidden in order to protect the classic; A say: no, but can't discarded sacred scripture stored; Say again: in order to prevent damage and hidden muslims. Later to collect these classic monk, fled, the secularization of secularization, dead dead. Until we found the cave at the turn of the century, no one knows anything about it.
Below 328 wat, I take you to visit the caves of the exciting part of statue, before enter the caves, is painted sculpture to introduce general situation for everyone. The mogao grottoes colorful plastic round plastic, plastic, plastic film, etc. The shortage of the small surplus ", the biggest 34.5 meters high, is the world's fourth Buddha. General statue is made from wood step-stone, tangle on straw, straw, reed, linen, silk, etc., and then use a special glue plastic coated, plastic sculpture, color painting on the final. Statues are mainly four categories: (1) the figure of Buddha, Buddha, maitreya, the medicine guru Buddha, amitabha, and iii, vii Buddha; (2) the bodhisattva as, including guanyin, manjusri, samantabhadra and make offerings to the bodhisattva, etc.; (3) the disciple like, including kasyapa, difficult; (4) god like, including pop, guinness, lohan, etc., there are some ghosts and gods and god beast, animal figures. Because of the different production s style is completely different, especially the wei jin southern and northern dynasties period of the "show bone like", "tsao water" and "wu zone when the wind" of the tang dynasty style, fully embodies the masters of the art extraordinary imagination and thinking.
Sculpture is the main part of the cave, a combination of 2 to 1 Buddha bodhisattva, the thin thick and gradually evolved and post. Since the sui, tang there was a shop portraits of seven or nine of the body, also appeared a large statues, such as 148 wat, wat, and 158 of more than two at 16 meters of nirvana
The interpretation of how time flies, I finished. The following please free activities. Before the activity, I am still an old saying goes: please protect the environment, cherish every inch of the land of the mogao grottoes. She is not only a showplace, still the pride of our China! Ok, come to here to 12 o 'clock. We are going to have lunch at the hotel.
看过莫高窟英文导游词
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
颐和园位于北京市西北郊,它是清代的大型皇家园林之一,也是其中保存最完整的一座大型天然山水园。下面是读文网为大家带来的颐和园导游词英文,希望可以帮助大家。
Everybody is good! I am your tour guide Su Xiaoyue, would be glad to accompany you to visit the Summer Palace. Is the qing dynasty imperial garden and palace, the Summer Palace is China's key cultural relics protection units, has been included in the "world heritage", visit when you can't throw rubbish!
We first came to the Summer Palace, one of the most famous promenade. Look, the pillars of the green paint, red paint of the railing, how beautiful! The aisle has more than seven hundred meters long, divided into 273, it is the world's longest art gallery, each cross on the sill between has a colorful picture, painted with figures, flowers, landscapes, thousands of picture no two are the same. Do you believe that?
Now, we have arrived at the foot of longevity hill, please raise your head and the anise three layers of pyramid building stands on the hillside, yellow glazed tiles shine, that is, buddhist incense under the palace called cloud temple.
Next we go to kunming lake appreciate once! Bank long around it. Have you seen that island on the lake center? Through the long stone bridge can be to play in the island. The stone is called the marble seventeen-arch bridge which, railing on the hundreds of pillar, pillars are carved with a lion, no two are the same.
Okay, now you can go to the lake cruise, original fully appreciate the beauty around us! But, can I remind everyone must pay attention to safety! Finally, I wish you all visitors have fun!
看过颐和园导游词英文
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
一提起古运河,那是临清的骄傲。它全长1800米,有2500年的历史。它是世界上开凿最早,长度最长的人工河,在历史上起到了沟通南北的重要作用。下面是读文网为大家带来的杭州运河英文导游词,希望可以帮助大家。
Dear visitors: hello! Welcome to the south of the lower reaches of the yangze river city - wuxi!
Xu take you go today is a special water line - the ancient canal. Hope you pay attention to safety, don't fall into the water, otherwise, we noon a dish - "drowned rat" oh:)
Wuxi belonging to the beijing-hangzhou grand canal jiangnan ancient canal section, its by wuxi northwest five flows, wear and the city, to flow at wuxi, total length of 40.8 km. Because the ancient water transport as the main mode of transportation, the boat here is like a boat, so called "golden waterway", it is also the most main wuxi is one of the river.
At this point you have to put the beijing-hangzhou grand canal to introduce: there are four dragons in China, the Yangtze river, Yellow River and the beijing-hangzhou grand canal and the Great Wall. Is given by the nature of the two, the latter two are artificial creation miracle. The beijing-hangzhou grand canal is the longest artificial canal all over the world, the total length of 1794 km, north Beijing tong county, south to hangzhou, through Beijing, tianjin, hebei, shandong, jiangsu and zhejiang provinces. Among them, it is said that the excavation is the earliest a berth to blaspheme river, wu taber led locals excavation is 3200 years ago. 2500 years ago, the prince fu in order to cut qi and excavation Han ditch, 1400 years ago, the emperor yangdi digging the jiangnan canal, in 1292 AD, the back has completed all the beijing-hangzhou grand canal, at this point, for our country's ancient transport is a lifeline.
The wuxi section of the canal is a best so far retained intact. Today nearly 1 km of water alley south temple area had many artists and archaeologists are sent a heartfelt admiration. Because there is no water in other parts of the ancient canal is basically the history of the scenery, but also retain the small bridge, flowing water, somebody else here and many historical sites.
Ok, now our ship came to a piece of the wide water, in the three rivers converge here, was originally a lake, called "lotus lake", also called "wuxi lake", the ancient lake has 15300 acres, which is now about a third of the taihu lake, in wuxi, jiangyin, three XianJing wujin. As human reclamation and natural silted up, after the lake area is smaller and smaller, to the late qing dynasty is just a small lake, but there still left many monuments, including the port pier and huang rong lake in front of the village.
Surface high overhead on a bridge, known as "bridge", there is no bridge, original during the Ming and qing dynasties is the water transport center here, next to the ferry, crossing, but in all people often fell down, so the businessman, called Wu Zijing, out of the 27000 two silver, imitation of Shanghai Bai Duqiao and built a copper iron bridge, people in order to commemorate him, put the bridge named "wu". Wu Zijing, anhui people, stagnation, xuantong qing has embroidery factory in wuxi, Shanghai is open, so he every year to wuxi, died after Shanghai, but his contribution to the wuxi is played, the bridge rebuilt until 1965, when only dismantled the iron beam, called "jiefang", but in 1982, formerly known as again, now the bridge is rebuilt in 1993, won the ministry of construction is "luban prize". Actually near here besides wuqiao, there are three mile bridge and bridge with lotus-paste, name three, bridge has four! Because the three mile bridge has two!
Beside the island surrounded by water, is the mouth during the warring states period left at ChuGuoChun shen jun huang2 xie governance lotus lake site - yellow port pier. Wuxi people compared the ancient canal to a dragon, it is bibcock, it is said that it will be as the water rises up, impinges down! Its also known as jinshan, area of only 220 square meters, but have two emperors in history, the three prime minister, a sky came to this place. During the warring states period in the spring shen jun in the east, in the governance of lotus lake, water conservancy, and yellow port pier is also named after him. Another prime minister Li Shen is wuxi, the famous "farmer" Benjamin is his creation, "behold dishes, each all pain" in his poetry has to sing praise for the people.
Another is the prime minister of the southern song dynasty, wen tianxiang, when he was sent to yuan barracks in negotiations, and sent by the Lord to sell, yuan army detention, escorted wen tianxiang back to mostly through wuxi, he held on the pier, on both sides of the common people kneel cry tears send, wen tianxiang also made "wuxi" a poem; A sky is harry in the Ming dynasty, he also wrote on his yellow port pier "play in the mountain water first floor" plaques. Two under the emperor's six jiangnan kangxi and qianlong. Qianlong also imitation in the south lake of the Summer Palace, a "phoenix pier", but is not now, he also wrote the "two water back to encircle a continent, not only on boats" verse. Because of its magic, so wuxi people think it is "day off".
The market here is the famous three mile bridge, three mile bridge, there are two bridge, a bridge in wuqiao new three mile below, one is in the left hand side of old bridge, so the three of the four Bridges. It is said that from the old bridge to the old north gate just three mile name. Wuxi is the hometown of fish and rice, water transportation is convenient, wuhu, anhui, jiangxi and hunan changsha jiujiang said "China's four big market", and wuxi in its first. Keeping original wuxi market eight, three mile bridge is the busiest of the most lively, but now has been gradually replaced by new village, in those days many grain, lively grain retailer has ceased to exist, but three mile bridge market is a sum of wuxi's history. "FuRongLou" beside this there are beautiful in that year, it is not only tea and eat breakfast place, also is grain retailer, merchants who talk about the place of business, can say is "food trading center" of the year.
In front of the big island under the bridge there is a tall, wuxi is called "jiang pointed in zhu", the ancient canal here is divided into two streams: first-class eastward, a flow to the south, and the beam river intersection. Liang Xi is wuxi nickname, because of the eastern han dynasty Liang Hong to celebrities and his wife named meng had in wuxi iron mountain seclusion. This pointed in zhu jiang had piled up a lot of POTS and pans and VAT, pile was tall and pointed, so named "cylinder tip", wuxi words "river" and "VAT" in Chinese. The pottery shop of Trinidad and Tobago, and into the river or ferry, or across the street, lane, so there is the saying of "around on pointed in zhu jiang". Ancient on July 30, the people here will be placed in the water tower lamp, in honor of one of uprising leader prince gathering at the end of the yuan. But now I don't have this custom, the island also transformed into a free of the park.
The west gate of the river-crossing pointed nagisa is near to wuxi. The bridge on the canal is called "renmin bridge". A listen to is revolutionary, but it is said that this is wuxi has the earliest historical records of the bridge. Under the original ancient street, is in front of the street, followed by the river, all with shade out rain connects the arbor, so the name "shelter under street". Originally is the granary of the wuxi oh here, but now is already beautiful five love home village.
Nearby street, called "lane", originally called "lime lane" actually, because inside the lane were piled with lime and name, but not the name, to do with partial tone change "lane". Here is original, with, very lively.
Appeared in front of a small island, called "west water block". Here is the wuxi "floor", and "day off" yellow port pier mutual echo. Originally is five Qin Jin ministers villa is located in the Ming dynasty, so called "Pacific pier". Later Ming dynasty wuxi magistrate of a county Liu Wuwei for private good, wash the grievance, water conservancy, and to control floods went bankrupt and was suffering time, wuxi to thank him, and in the build temple worship, named him "narcissus", so called "western" water block. Has now been transformed into jiangxin park and the museum. There is also a stage, the above points inside and outside, the outside is to see fishermen people acting, there is show "narcissus master".
Near the pier has a lounge Bridges are connected to the side of the flour factory name. So we have covered the wuxi early. Next to the mau new flour factory pioneered the national industry and commerce wonderful people founded in 1900, originally named "bao xing flour mills. Here the production of warships brand flour was famous in the country. My grandfather was the workers in the factory. Here is the birthplace of China's national industry and commerce of a microcosm. Although there has been discontinued, but has built the city museum of the national industry and commerce, records the development of China's national industry and commerce, is well worth a look.
To the other side of the river is xue fucheng's former residence. Times.he is the ambassador to Europe countries in the late qing dynasty, at the same time, he is also one of the founders of the national industrial and commercial development, his son Xue Na styles is wuxi first chamber of commerce. His house covers an area of big, "xue half city" in wuxi. Wuxi city government have to repair the house now.
看过杭州运河英文导游词
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
艺圃地处金、阊二门间的文衙弄。园景开朗,风格质朴,较多地保存了建园初期的格局。下面是读文网为大家带来的苏州艺圃英文导游词,希望可以帮助大家。
Art field is located in gold, Chang second between the official figure. Landscape bright, style simple, more to save the pattern of the early days. With its high historical and artistic value. Dominated have only about five acres, centered on accounts for about one 5 of the water. Water concentration, the southeast and southwest two horns, each have water bay stretched out, and on the nozzle shape different masonry bridge, so the surface appear open flow, no sense of congestion constraint. The water of the north building, boya main hall hall for the garden, the south has a small courtyard, a lake rock flowers, courtyard south LinChi, built waterside pavilion 5, on both sides of the wing is connected to the east, and west sides of the water wing.
The water of the south as the rockery, mound, in the place, with lake stone fold into a precipice, diameter, change more and more natural. In pool looks at here, the north rock mountain, lush trees, give a person with the beauty of the under well, mountain forest of, become the main places of the garden. Such as water, stone, unique combination of technique, commonly used by suzhou Ming and qing dynasties generation home gardening, determining the nature and strive to go beyond nature. Have milk fish pavilion, e of water system in the Ming dynasty relic, a path and everywhere is same. The water of the west, qin lu, small courtyard to round David connected to other scenic spot and apart. Into the gates, that the courts have small pool, with a big pool. It also belongs to the outlier in the suzhou gardens. The courts scattered stone flowers and trees, the lake for the retreat in the park.
Former Ming Wen Zhenmeng (Wen Zhiming great-grandson of medicine field, change, placed at the beginning of the qing dynasty, also called JingTing mountain house. Area of about 5 acres, now generally still remain in the Ming dynasty and early qing. Art field plane are slightly north and south long and narrow rectangle, north of the courtyard, is composed of the main hall of boya hall and waterside pavilion; Cut pool, the central area of about one mu for dominated the center, the surface concentration, southeast and southwest have water bay, on the structure low stone bridge. In addition to the north for the waterside pavilion revetment, the remaining pool shore flexor nature, while the pool surface from nearby for low small building is open, take nets garden. Fanaw stacking rockery, structure bridge pavilion, southwest a rear yard. ChiBeiAn five waterside pavilion, low floating in waves, both sides has a separate buildings.
The elevation of all these buildings occupy the pool in the north, which are rare in the suzhou gardens. Stone angeles fanaw near water, followed by heap heaped-up mountains, mountain near water side wall lake stone with the dangerous path. Southwest hospital with wall, water diversion bay in the small pond, stone mountain also delay pulse at this point. Courtyard west hall, between two weeks column stone lake, cultivation of camellia, magnolia flower, see a new world. Pool pavilion, southeast of fish for traces of Ming dynasty. Next to its slow QuShiQiao that also belongs to the early days, is very precious.
Art nursery for suzhou cultural relics protection units. Has been UNESCO world cultural heritage.
看过苏州艺圃英文导游词
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
广州白云山为南粤名山,自古就有“羊城第一秀”之称,白云山,是新“羊城八景”之首、国家重点风景名胜区、全国文明风景旅游区和国家5A级景区。下面是读文网,为大家准备的广州白云山导游词英文,希望大家喜欢!
Dear visitors:
Everybody is good! Welcome to visit guangzhou baiyun mountain. Baiyun mountain is located in baiyun district, guangzhou is the famous scenery resort, since ancient times in the history of the "baiyun night at" yangcheng eight sights, such as "cloud" chrysanthemum lake in baiyun mountain.
Came to the foot of baiyun mountain, you first see the fragrant garden yuntai garden, there are many plants. The most magical is the middle of the garden there is a huge bell, the flower clock is made up of 12 different time open flowers, each to a moment, there will be a flower open, tell you what time is it.
Baiyun mountainside, along the boulevard, eyes see is scattered around the lakes and mountains and dense forests can benevolence temple Huang Po cave reservoir, etc. About Huang Po cave reservoir, there is a beautiful legend. Yuan dynasty female home textile ecliptic husband's mother home poor in childhood, then to study in hainan textile technology. Twinkling of an eye, as the decades passed, the ecliptic husband's mother by the young girl into a white-haired old woman, particularly homesick, on the road to home. The road through the guangzhou baiyun mountain, to see people living in poverty, is left to you to teach the textile technology. Later, to commemorate the ecliptic husband's mother, people called the ecliptic husband's mother lived Huang Po hole.
Upward along the winding mountain, we came to the scenic baiyun mountain. Here is the famous scenic spots have sound spring valley, mount star ridge, nine longquan, etc. Spring valley in the middle of the mountain, is the largest in a natural birdcage. It is located in baiyun mountain scenic area in the south and drop of water on rock valley between nine longquan, covers an area of about fifty thousand square meters, large cage by natural scenic spot, songbirds hanging corridor area, rare and precious birds area three parts. The birds here much more special, not only quantity and variety. They chirp is ringing, the indirect songs reverberated in the valley, let a person listen to the relaxed and happy, even with fatigue and worry is gone. The entrance door side still can be seen in the valley of sound in the spring of extremely rich appeal "bird performance", a bike, a bird bird flag-raising, treasure bird and so on, particularly interesting. The star mountain is the highest peak of baiyun mountain, elevation 382 meters, height overlooking, could see the whole view of the guangzhou city.
Baiyun mountain for south guangdong famous mountains, since ancient times "yangcheng first show," said. It gathered more than 30 peaks, mountain is quite wide, with a total area of 20.98 square kilometers. Whenever she continuous rain, fog in black mountain green, half is plain, so the name of baiyun mountain.
Finished visiting the beautiful scenery of baiyun mountain, our trip over. Your valuable advice is most welcome to our work, with high quality and good service in the future, we will take the more travel assistance for you. Thank you very much!
看了广州白云山导游词英文
浏览量:3
下载量:0
时间:
苏州园林以山水秀丽,典雅而闻名天下,有“江南园林甲天下,苏州园林甲江南”的美称。下面是读文网,为大家准备的苏州园林英文导游词,希望大家喜欢!
Ladies, gentlemen,
Welcome to the" land of fish and rice" - - Suzhou.Suzhou ,one of the Chinese'"Cities of gardens"tops all others in both number and artistry of gardens.Starting from Pijiang Garden of the Eastern Jin Dynasty,Suzhou's art of gardening has undergone a history of1500 years.The concept of Suzhou classical gardens has gone beyond the city the regions of the Yangtze. The four classical gardens of Suzhou are The Surging Waves Pavilion.The Lion Grove Garden Garden .The Humble Administrator'Garden.The Lingering Garden.In a nutshell ,represent the different architectural styles of Song.Yuan.Ming.Qing dynasties.
My friends, now we are in The Lingering Garden. It is located in Liuyuan Road, Suzhou City. It was built by Xutaishi in Ming Dynasty. At that time it was named Eastern Garden.
There are three treasures in The Lingering Garden. The first treasure are Stones.The stone in front of us is the most distinguishing stone "Guangyun Peak". With a weight of 5 tons and a height of 6.5 meters, it is one of the four Wonderful Stones in the regions of the Yangtze.
The calligrapher and painter Mifu in Song Dynasty sum up the features of Lake Tai stones as the following: slender ,wrinkling , leaking , penetrating. Just take the "guangyun Peak" as an example and you will have some idea about the features of the stones. In addition, it is endowed with the personal characters of faithfulness because of its nature of stiffness and unchangeable outlook. Thus it has been worshipped by people since old time.
The second treasure is "Five peak fairy Hall" "Five peaks fairy hall" gets the reputation of "The first hall in the regions of Yangtze" . The name comes from the lines of the great poet Libai. The four Chinese characters on the plaque were written by Wuda---the famous calligrapher. Nanmu Hall used to be the place for important banquets and ceremonies, such as birthday parties, weddings , funerals .
The hall is divided into two sections__the south section and the north section. The south section host male guests, while the south section host female guests.
The hall is elegantly designed with oversized windows on east and west sides . Through the windows, the outside sceneries of the two courtyards can be extended as parts of the hall, thus to ensure enough lights into the building.
Five peaks fairy hall was built out of luxury materials. Beams and pillars are all Nanmu, which is a kind of timber only produced in China. That is also the reason why "five peaks fairy hall" is also commonly called "Nanmu Hall". The "Fossil Fish" we are enjoying is the third treasure of Lingering Garden. It is a natural marble picture. In the middle of the picture are the clutters of mountains which are Partly hidden and partly visible; below are flowing Streams,above are floating clouds; right on the middle top is a round white spot like a sun or a moon.It is a picture drawn by the nature. The marble stone has a diameter of 1 meter or so and a thickness of 15 mms . It was produced in Diancang Mountain, YunNan province. It is a wonder how such big a stone was delivered in a good condition from YunNan which is over one thousand mile away from Suzhou.
China is most famous for its elegant classical gardens.
Among these, the lingering Garden is one representative. If you would like to know more about Chinese culture, we welcome you to visit Suzhou again.
看了苏州园林英文导游词
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间:
如果把苏州园林比做一位“樱桃小口,杨柳蛮腰”“眉目如画”的少女,那么便可以说她出生于春秋,成长于唐宋,而成熟于明清。下面是读文网,为大家准备的苏州运河英文导游词,希望大家喜欢!
Ladies, gentlemen,
Welcome to the" land of fish and rice" - - Suzhou.Suzhou ,one of the Chinese'"Cities of gardens"tops all others in both number and artistry of gardens.Starting from Pijiang Garden of the Eastern Jin Dynasty,Suzhou's art of gardening has undergone a history of1500 years.The concept of Suzhou classical gardens has gone beyond the city the regions of the Yangtze. The four classical gardens of Suzhou are The Surging Waves Pavilion.The Lion Grove Garden Garden .The Humble Administrator'Garden.The Lingering Garden.In a nutshell ,represent the different architectural styles of Song.Yuan.Ming.Qing dynasties.
My friends, now we are in The Lingering Garden. It is located in Liuyuan Road, Suzhou City. It was built by Xutaishi in Ming Dynasty. At that time it was named Eastern Garden.
There are three treasures in The Lingering Garden. The first treasure are Stones.The stone in front of us is the most distinguishing stone "Guangyun Peak". With a weight of 5 tons and a height of 6.5 meters, it is one of the four Wonderful Stones in the regions of the Yangtze.
The calligrapher and painter Mifu in Song Dynasty sum up the features of Lake Tai stones as the following: slender ,wrinkling , leaking , penetrating. Just take the "guangyun Peak" as an example and you will have some idea about the features of the stones. In addition, it is endowed with the personal characters of faithfulness because of its nature of stiffness and unchangeable outlook. Thus it has been worshipped by people since old time.
The second treasure is "Five peak fairy Hall" "Five peaks fairy hall" gets the reputation of "The first hall in the regions of Yangtze" . The name comes from the lines of the great poet Libai. The four Chinese characters on the plaque were written by Wuda---the famous calligrapher. Nanmu Hall used to be the place for important banquets and ceremonies, such as birthday parties, weddings , funerals .
The hall is divided into two sections__the south section and the north section. The south section host male guests, while the south section host female guests.
The hall is elegantly designed with oversized windows on east and west sides . Through the windows, the outside sceneries of the two courtyards can be extended as parts of the hall, thus to ensure enough lights into the building.
Five peaks fairy hall was built out of luxury materials. Beams and pillars are all Nanmu, which is a kind of timber only produced in China. That is also the reason why "five peaks fairy hall" is also commonly called "Nanmu Hall". The "Fossil Fish" we are enjoying is the third treasure of Lingering Garden. It is a natural marble picture. In the middle of the picture are the clutters of mountains which are Partly hidden and partly visible; below are flowing Streams,above are floating clouds; right on the middle top is a round white spot like a sun or a moon.It is a picture drawn by the nature. The marble stone has a diameter of 1 meter or so and a thickness of 15 mms . It was produced in Diancang Mountain, YunNan province. It is a wonder how such big a stone was delivered in a good condition from YunNan which is over one thousand mile away from Suzhou.
China is most famous for its elegant classical gardens.
Among these, the lingering Garden is one representative. If you would like to know more about Chinese culture, we welcome you to visit Suzhou again.
看了苏州运河英文导游词
浏览量:2
下载量:0
时间: